第八节词汇
Islam伊斯兰教
mosque[mɑsk]清真寺,
the Koran[k?'rɑ:n]（古兰经）,
Allah[?l?, ɑl?]（真主）,
Moslem[mɑzl?m]/muslim[m?zl?m],穆斯林Christianity[kr?st?i?n?ti]基督教,
the Bible圣经,
Jesus Christ,
the cross（十字架）,
the virgin['v?:d?in] Mary圣母玛利亚, Christianity hymn[him]/psalm[sɑ:m]（赞美诗）,
baptism['b?p,t?z?m]洗礼,
Catholicism[k?θɑl?s?z?m]天主教,
catholic[k?θ?l?k] church天主教教堂, protestant[prɑt?st?nt]基督教徒,
Buddhism佛教，
Sanskrit梵文,
gate to the temple, 山门
the great Buddha’s hall大雄宝殿, depositary[di'p?zit?ri] of Buddhist texts 藏经楼,
a stone pillar inscribed with Buddha’s name or Buddhist sutr a['su:tr?]经幢,
grotto['gr?t??]石窟,
Sitting Buddha,
Sleeping Buddha,
bodhisattvas[,b?udi's?tv?]菩萨,
Arhat['ɑ:h?t]罗汉,
Maitreya[meitri儿]弥勒佛,
Manjusri文殊,
Samantabhadra普贤,
god of earth地藏,
goddess of mercy观音,
the four heavenly kings四大天王，
niche[n?t?]佛龛,
Main Buddha,
offertory[?f?t?ri] box香资箱,
incense[?n‘s?ns] money香火钱,
altar['?:lt?] table供桌,
offerings供品,
candle蜡烛,
incense burner['b?:n?]香炉, incense stick香,
pilgrim香客、朝圣者、宗教朝拜,
rosary[‘roz?ri] /beads[bid]数珠, Lamaism['l ɑ:m??z?m]喇嘛教,
lamasery[‘lɑ:m?s?ri],喇嘛庙
prayer[pr??] wheel经轮,
prostrate[‘prɑs’tret] oneself in worship 五体投地.
cremation['kri:,me?tion]火化, personification[p??sɑn?f??ke??n]化身, nirvana[n?r'vɑ?n?]涅磐,
enlightenment[?n?la?tnm?nt]觉悟, congregation[?kɑ?ɡr??ɡe??n]全体教徒, meditation[?m?d??te??n]静坐
Taoism[?ta???z?m]道教,
Golden plaque[pl?k]护身符
第八节文章中的词汇：
Four noble Truths (四缔)
Buddhist sutra佛经
mendicant[?m?nd?k?nt]乞丐
friar['fra??]修道士
linen[?l?n?n]-bag monk布袋和尚
diamond[?da??m?nd] club金刚杵
trance[tr?ns]昏睡状态
Bodhi Gaya[ɡ?'jɑ:]菩提伽耶
Bodhi tree菩提树
enshrine [?n??ra?n]供奉
tower style楼阁式,
multi-eave[i:v] style密檐式,
pavilion style亭台式,
lamaist ['lɑ:m?ist] style喇嘛式
第九节词汇
Pavilion, tower, upturned eaves飞檐, flying eaves,
covered corridor[?k?r?d?]回廊, ornamental[?rn?m?ntl] column[kɑl?m]雕梁, color painting画栋,
inscription,
memorial[mi'm?:ri?l]纪念碑
archway/decorated archway牌楼
corbiestep ['k?:bistep]马头墙,
suspension [s??sp?n??n] roof悬山顶,
gabled['ɡeibl] roof硬山顶,
saddle鞍状物roof/gabled and hip roof歇山顶, hip roof庑殿顶,
pointed roof攒尖顶,
conical[?kɑn?k?l] roof圆攒尖顶, paraboloid[p?'r?b?l?id] roof卷棚顶, pyramid roof四角攒尖顶
roof decoration/roof charms/roof-figures檐兽,
volute[v?'lju:t]正吻,
glazed光滑的ceramic [si'r?mik]陶器的mythological[?m?θ??lɑd??k?l]神话的immortals[??m?rtl]仙人走兽,
five-clawed[kl?] dragon五爪龙,
cylindrical[s??l?ndr?k?l] tile筒瓦,
flat tile板瓦,
tile pin瓦钉,
eaves tile瓦当,
dripping eaves滴水屋檐,
corbel['k?:b?l]arch/bracket[?br?k?t]斗拱, carved angle brace雀替,
cartouche[kɑ:'tu:?]挂落,
coffered[?k?f?] ceiling(天花板)藻井,
based[be?st]of Buddhist-style building须弥座,
balustrade[?b?l??stred] /parapet['p?r?pit]栏杆,
stone steps,石阶
carved drum-like stone抱鼓石
Quadrangle['kw?d,r??g?l]四合院,
gate, gateway门洞,
atehouse/doorman’s room门房,
outer/inner courtyard, 内院、外院
festoon[fes'tu:n] /inner gate垂花门,
wing courtyard偏院,
east wing-rooms/ the east wing东厢房,
main room正房,
side room耳房;
passway过道,
back gate,
horse-mounting[ma?nt??] stone上马石, threshold[?θr???old]门槛,
knocker['n?k?]门环,
screen wall影壁
Ridge屋脊, eaves屋檐,
drip tile滴水瓦,
rafter[?r?ft?]椽子,
ridgepole[?r?d??pol]大梁,
purlin['p?:lin]檩,
cross/vertical[?v?t?k?l] beam横梁,
post/pillar柱,
gable山墙,
partition[pɑr?t???n]隔墙,
wall, lintel['lintl]门楣,过梁
doorframe门框,
window lattice[?l?t?s]窗格子
Bay开间,
section进深
第九节文章中的词汇
natural caves天然石洞;
cave dwelling[?dw?l??]窑洞
nesting residence巢居;
pit-style houses穴居;
thatched[θ?t?] cottage茅草房；
on-the-ground houses/platform-style houses 平顶房;
adobe[??dobi] and tiles house土坯瓦房; Palatial[p??le??l] building宫殿式
Timber[?t?mb?]and rammed earth (土木结构) rammed earth夯土 :
yellow clay (黄土),
lime (石灰),
glutinous[?ɡlutn?s] rice juice (糯米汁) or kiwi fruit juice (猕猴桃汁)
post and lintel frame (梁柱框架)
Mortise[?m?:t?s]卯眼-and-tenon[t?n?n]凸椎joint (斗拱);
plank building (板筑)
Sift yellow clay (精筛黄土)
mix with some lime, fine sand and straw (掺入少量石灰、细砂和麦秸) ,
ram after thorough mix (拌匀后夯打) Consolidate[k?n?sɑl??det]巩固、加强 with vertical posts （竖柱）and horizontal[?h?r ??zɑntl] beams (横木)
第十节词汇
tower-like building (牌楼 or que 阙)
sacred['seikrid] way" (神道)
officials (文官), generals (武官)
fabulous['f?bjul?s] beasts[bist](麒麟天祿). main hall (正殿)
dedication hall (献殿),
gate towers (阙楼)
A pair of octagonal[?k t?g?n?l] cloud pillars (华表)
A pair of winged houses (翼马)
A pair of scarlet[skɑrl?t]birds(朱雀)
Five pairs of stone horses
Ten pairs of armed stone guarding generals 石翁仲
a main passage (墓道),
five door ways (过洞),
six skylights (天井),
a corridor (甬道),
eight niches[n?t?] (便房),
ante-chamber[ei] (前墓室)
a burial[b?ri?l] chamber (后墓室).
第十一节词汇
Military project,防御工程
city wall, moat护墙河,
ditch沟, fortress[f?rtr?s]堡垒、要塞, stronghold要塞、据点,
castle城堡,
loess[lo?s]黄土,
mud,泥、烂泥 gateway大门口、关口,
gate tower城门楼,
watch-tower瞭望塔,
battlement垛口,
rampart墩台, (城堡等周围宽阔的)防御土墙
relief/intaglio[in'tɑ:li?u] carve浮雕/漏雕, crenel['kren?l]垛口,
parapet[p?r?p?t]女儿墙, 护墙, 矮墙；〈军〉(战壕前作掩护用的)胸墙
infantryman[?nf?ntrim?n]步兵，
第十一节文章词汇：
draw bridge（闸楼）
draw bridge tower（吊桥）arrow[?r?u]tower（箭楼）central tower（正楼）compound[kɑm?paＵnd]（瓮城）/enclosure[?nklo??] walls
watch tower（角楼）
ramparts（敌楼，马面）
sentry（步兵）building (岗楼)
crenellation（雉堞、城墙）开垛口
第十二节文章中词汇
Seal[sil]Script: 篆书Official Script: 隶书Regular Script: 楷书Running Script: 行书Cursive[k?s?v] Script: 草书
inscriptions (铭文) 题词、献词
pictographs[?p?kt??ɡr?f] (象形图画) . pictographic characters[k?r?kt?s](象形文字) big seal style (大篆).
第十四节词汇
Spring festival, new year’s eve除夕夜, year-end household cleaning大扫除, dumpling, kowtow[ka??ta?]磕头，
money given to children as a lunar new year gift压岁钱,
window paper-cuts窗花，
spring festival couplets春联,
the first/second line of a couplet上/下联, a horizontal[?h?r??zɑntl] scroll bearing an inscription横批,
firework/firecracker,爆竹、鞭炮
Paying a New Year call, 拜年
temple fair庙会,
Lion dance, 舞狮
dragon lantern[l?nt?n] dance, 龙灯舞
boat that runs on land跑旱船,
waist drum dance腰鼓舞,
walking on stilts[st?lt]踩高跷,
head-mask dance大头舞,
sugar-coated haws[h?:] on a stick冰糖葫芦, pinwheel风车,
monkey show耍猴,
village theatrical[θi?tr?k?l] performance 社戏,
lantern festival, lantern riddles灯谜, cross talks相声,
conjuring[kɑnd??]魔术，spring festival gala[ɡel?, ɡ?l?, ɡɑl?]春节晚会,
drums and gongs[ɡ??]锣鼓，bonfire party篝火歌舞
bumper[b?mp?]特大的、丰盛的 harvest of the five cereals ['s??r??l]五谷丰收,晚会,
clapper[kl?p?] talk快板, octagonal[ɑk t?ɡ?n?l] drum八角鼓,
monologue[m?n?l?ɡ]storytelling评书, Shandong clapper ballad['b?l?d] 山东快书，
mime哑剧，comic performance滑稽表演,diabolo[di'ɑ:b?l?u] juggling['d??ɡl]抖空竹,
第十四节文章中词汇
mugwort['m?ɡw?:t]艾叶, spray[sprei]喷、浪花 realgar[ri'?lɡ?]雄黄 water in the room, and drink realgar wine雄黄酒,
with the hope to get rid of calamities[k?l?m?ti] and prevent poisonous[p??z?n?s] creatures 避瘟逐疫.
Mongolian People’s Nadam Fair那达慕
Dai people’s water splashing[spl??] festival傣族泼水节The Korban festival古尔邦节
The Torch Light festival火把节 The Flower fair花儿会
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
试题三 第一部分选择题 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.(30%) 1.According to the degree of similarity, homonyms can be classified into ( ) A. perfect homonyms B. homonyms C. homophones D. all the above 2.Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example ( ) A. ad for “advertisement” B. dish for “food" C. fond for “affectionate” D. an editorial for “an editorial article" 3.It is a general belief that the meaning does not exist in the word itself, but it rather spreads over ( ) A. the reader’s interpretation B. the neighbouring words C. the writer's intention D. the etymology of the word 4.Which of the following is a prefix of time and order? A. extra- B. pro- C. re- D. semi- 5.Which of the following dictionaries is not a specialized dictionary? A. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology B. Chamber's Encyclopedic English Dictionary C. Longmont Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs D. Webster's New Dictionary of Synonyms 6.Which of the following statements is Not true? A. Reference is the relationship between language and the world. B. The relationship between a word and its referent is arbitrary. C. Concept is universal to all men alike. D. Sense denotes the relationships outside the language. 7.The words which occur before or after a word and may affect its meaning form ( ) A. physical context B. grammatical context C. lexical context D. linguistic context 8."Smith is an architect. He designed World Trade Center. "The clue provided in the context is ( ) A. definition B. explanation C. example D. hyponym 9.The term "vocabulary" is used in different ways because of all the following reasons EXCEPT that ( ) A. it can refer to the common core of a language B. it can refer to the total number of the words in a language C. it can represent all the words used in a certain historical period D. it can stand for words in given dialect or field 10.The idiom "a dark horse" is a ( ) A. simile B. metaphor
英语导游词汇表 China's category A travel agency 一类社China's category B travel agency 二类社China's category C travel agency 三类社Clothes, bearing and appearance 服装仪表guidebook 旅游指南 guild practice 导游实践 international tourism 国际导游 itinerary 旅行计划,节目 local guide 地陪,地方导游 local tourist organization 地方旅游组织low season 淡季 minimum tour price 最低旅游价格multilingual guide 会多种语言的导游national guide 全陪,全程导游 national tourist organization 全国旅游组织off-peak season 淡季 off season 淡季 on season 旺季 peak season 旺季 professional (staff) 旅游专业人员program 节目
receiving country 旅游接待国 regional tourist organization 区域旅游组织 season-high 旺季 season-low 淡季 selling season 旺季 shoulder period/season 平季 sightseeing 游览 slack season 淡季 state-list famous historical and culture cities 国家级历史文化名城tour arrangement 旅游安排 tour brochure 旅游小册子 tour catalog 旅游团目录 tour code number 旅游代号编码 tour escort/conductor/director 旅游团陪同 tour leader 领队,团长 tour operation 旅游业务 tour route 旅游路线 tour talker 自动导游磁带机 tourism 旅游业,旅游 tourism activities 旅游活动 tourism circles 旅游界 touring 游览
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
一、选择题 1．I’d like to________the mall because it’s crowded and noisy. A．visit B．hang out C．walk D．go off 2．It’s ________ of the soldiers to rush into the fire to save people. A．stupid B．proud C．honest D．brave 3．In modern life, shopping online is________ used by many people, especially for teenagers. A．exactly B．badly C．heavily D．widely 4．—Oh, my God! I have ________ five pounds after the Spring Festival. —All of the girls want to lose weight, but easier said than done. A．given up B．put on C．got on D．grown up 5．— Sorry, I can't afford to go abroad. — What about having a country travel with a little________ price? A．cheaper B．higher C．lower D．less 6．My sister Nancy often gets lost because of her bad _____ of direction. A．sense B．feeling C．experience D．information 7．—Help yourselves! The drinks are ________ me. —Thank you. You’re always so generous. A．above B．in C．on D．over 8．Her only problem, ________ you can call it a problem, is that she expects to be successful all the time. A．if B．because C．though D．since 9．We should learn_______ each other. A．to B．from C．for D．of 10．We loved the food so much, ________the fish dishes. A．special B．especial C．specially D．especially 11．— Is your home close to the school, Tom? — No, it's a long way, but I am________ late for school because I get up early daily. A．always B．usually C．never D．sometimes 12．Remember to return the book to the school library in time, ________ you will be fined(罚款). A．or B．and C．but D．so 13．—Billy, you are very confident all the time, how do you make it? —I think confidence is more than just an attitude, it comes from a strong ________ to take responsibility rather than just let life happen. A．present B．care C．promise D．protect 14．—Does she have a ________? — Yes, she ________ in a food shop. A．job; work B．job; works C．work; job
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点
英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new
1 国内航线 domestic flight 2 海关手续 customs formalities 3 手提行李 hand luggage 4 航班号 flight number 5 免税商店 duty-free shop 6 旅客联 passenger coupon 7 行李认领牌 baggage claim card 8 入境签证 entry visa 9 软卧 soft berth 10 旅客通道 passenger route 1自然保护区 natural reserve 2 水上公园 water park 3 风景点 scenic spots 4 民俗风情 folk custom 5 人造奇迹 man-made wonders 6 国际杂技节 International Acrobatic Festival 7 名胜古迹 places of historic interests 8 黄鹤楼 Yellow Crane Tower 9 鱼米之乡 the land of rice and fish 10 建筑技术 construction technology 11 办手续 go through the formalities 12 合单结账 one bill for all 13 储存贵重物品 store the valubles
14外币兑换 foreign currency exchange 1 精选路线 selected itinerary 2 附加旅游项目 add-ons 3 自由活时time for personal arrangements 4 特别服务要special service requirement 5 组团人数 group size 6 民俗旅游 folk custom tour 7 行业考察旅游 trade observation tour 8 路线图 itinerary map 9 旅游者过夜数 guest night 10 延长逗留 extension of stay 1 水族馆 aquarium 2 传统文化 traditional culture 3 自然美景 natural beauty 4 商业区 commercial district 5 工业园 industrial zone 6 高新技术开发区 Hi-tech Development Zone 7 高速公路 expressway 8 立交桥 flyover
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识 点 英语词汇学考试难吗？那么该课程怎么考？要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的，所以考前应该日记月累的学习，在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试，我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。 英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。 1、考前重点词汇复习方法 要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要 考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习
加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。 3、英语主观题拿分技巧 首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。 如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。 点击进入>>>
Key to chapter 1 1 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 2.In what way are words related to vocabulary? V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members. 3.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples . Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write. 4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english words There are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling. 5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spelling Early scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers. 6.What are the characteristics of basic word stock Words of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability. 7.choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the left A tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken coward F .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl 8.given the modern equivalents for the following archaic words haply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bid smooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea 9.Explain neologisms with examples Neologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings. 10.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words By notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words. 11.How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ? Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.