翻译理论与实践_曾剑平_词语的理解与翻译
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《翻译理论与实践》课程教案《翻译理论与实践》课程讲义第一章翻译概述学时:1周,共2学时教学目的:了解翻译的实质,翻译的标准以及翻译(笔译)常用的两种方法教学重点:翻译(笔译)常用的两种方法——直译与意译教学难点:正确理解句子,运用适当的方法翻译句子教学内容第一节翻译的实质和标准一、翻译的实质翻译是一种语言文字的实践,是利用一种语言文字把另外一种语言文字所表达的思想确切而完善地重新表达出来的实践。
二、翻译的标准清代学者严复明确提出“信、达、雅”三条标准,可以说在所有提法中影响最大。
我们认为一切理论都应该坚持对立统一的观点, 都应以“正确”和”通顺”作为准则。
在此基础上,还要注意原文的语言形式和文体风格。
翻译的方法正确理解句子要正确理解句子需要三方面的知识:1.词汇知识 2.语法知识 3. 上下文知识三、直译和意译直译和意译是翻译中最常用的两种方法. 如果原语的词汇意义、句法结构、文体风格与译语风格一致或相似,即可用直译. 如:Still waters run deep, 译为”静水流深”. 但如果两种语言在表达同一思想内容时,词汇意义、句法结构、文体风格相差悬殊,就只有采用意译手段才能达到翻译标准的要求.练习题:1.Every state is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security.2. It is possible that they never imagined that any considerable amount of public opinion would be rallied in their favor.3. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change as a resultof which it is possible to reform a new substance.4. There was nothing mass produced about the school, but if it was individualistic, it also had discipline.第二章词语理解学时:1周,共2学时教学目的:正确理解词义,并对词义做出判断。
《翻译理论与实践》30问(附答案)1 什么是翻译?翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。
翻译的过程不仅是语言转换过程,且是反映不同社会特征的文化转换过程。
翻译是科学,因为它有规律可循;是艺术,因为它是译者对原文进行再创造的过程;是技能,因为译文的信息需要用译语以恰当的方式再现。
2 翻译的可能性和局限性是什么?翻译的可能性,建立在文化的共性上,而局限性建立在文化的个性上。
文化是一种复杂概念,大致可分为三类:物质文化、制度文化和心理文化。
语言属制度文化,因为它由社会中的人创造,有其使用规律,为全社会的人共有。
人类在同一个地球上生活繁衍,不同国家不同民族的人民都拥有上述三种文化,它们的许多共同之处便是翻译的基础。
由于人类居住的生态环境有别,各国社会历史不完全相同,各国人民表情达意的手法也有差别,它们都是文化交流的障碍,有些障碍甚至不可逾越,这便是造成翻译局限性的原因。
3 翻译和其它学科有关系吗?翻译是一门博大精深的学问,但它和语言诸学科和文化诸学科的关系最密切。
由于翻译至少涉及两种文化和两种语言,是跨文化、跨语言的交际,运用语言或文化科学指导翻译实践时,均需将有关学科进行对比。
所以,译学是“百科学”和译者是“杂家”的比喻,是一点也不过分的。
4 译者应该具备哪些素养?译者应能较熟悉地运用原语和译语,通达人情世故,了解作者和读者的心理,尊重作者和读者,尽力是自己成为沟通他们心灵的桥梁;译者要能“忘我”,尽量再现作者的意图和风格,而不是用自己的风格取而代之;译者应谦虚、大度,热爱学习、锲而不舍,要有将人类创造的全部知识来丰富自己的决心。
译无涯,学无涯。
5 翻译的从属性和创造性是什么?翻译是在科学指导下的艺术活动,需要译者在透彻理解原文的基础上进行再创造,但创造的目的是再现原文的意义和功能,创造的原则是服从于原文,从属于原文。
译者在翻译时好比是走钢丝的杂技演员,无论如何随着音乐的节奏和旋律手舞足蹈或前滚后翻,始终不能离开脚下的钢丝。
Chapter Two: Translation: Theory and Practice Part 1.Understanding of Translation1. Definition of translation:Definitions of proper translating are almost numerous and varied as the persons who have undertaken to discuss the subject. This diversity is in a sense quite understandable; for there are vast differences in the materials translated, in the purposes of the publication, and in the needs of the prospective audience. Moreover, live languages are constantly changing and stylistic preferences undergo continual modification. Thus a translation acceptable in one period is often quite unacceptable at a latter time.(Eugene Nida) Translation is the expression in one language (or target language) of what have been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalence. (Dubois. J.et al)Translation is craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Peter Newmark) 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
《翻译理论与实践》学习心得王敏 200821110104何谓“翻译”?其过程不外乎于两个过程:理解(comprehension)和表达(representation)。
初学翻译,对翻译技巧是缺乏认识的,还没有形成一套系统的翻译理论。
经过半年的学习,从单句翻译到段落翻译再到篇章翻译,通过这种层层递进的学习,翻译的轮廓也被逐渐勾勒出。
因此,对原文的理解又可细分为:对词的理解、对句子结构的理解、对篇章语境的理解。
在一个前后联系正确的逻辑关系下,忠实于原文,对译本层层剖析达到全面理解原文作者的写作思路和意图;成为作者本身,对原文进行再创造(rewriting)。
翻译是语言的一个双向过程,若想要成为一名合格的翻译,则要对两种语言进行长期积累。
下面从句、段、篇三个层次对本学期的《翻译理论与实践》学习进行了如下总结:一、单句翻译:本学期开始以单句翻译开始入门,单句翻译的重点是对句子结构进行语义和句法分析,将句子的表层结构转化为深层结构:掌握句子的主谓结构和主次意义,将复杂的长句划分为若干的小句,再进行逐一翻译。
就句子结构而言,分清英语前中心与汉语后中心分布的区别,在译文时进行适当转换;分清从句和主句的修饰关系,划分句子主次。
就词语的词义分析而言,从转换(Conversion)、替代(Substitution)和省略(Omission)等等方面进行分析,如对名词与动词之间的转换;对代词进行名词替代、省略或保留重复等等。
一个句子是由若干词组成,处理好词与句子结构之间的关系是翻译的基础。
二、段落翻译:在句子结构分析的基础上,紧接着是过渡到段落翻译,过渡的关键是理清句与句之间的衔接——句子前后衔接的逻辑关系;明白原文与汉语的语言中心分布不同:英语前中心,汉语后中心——汉语与英语的修饰习惯:将英语的前置修饰语转换为汉语的后置修饰语;注意语言表达的差异性:将英语的抽象表达转化为汉语的具体表达,从而决定对译本是进行直译(Literal Translation)还是意译(Liberal Translation)。
文化词语分为文化词(cultural words)和文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases)。
文化含义词视其构成和意义特点可以分为三类:(1)切分和归类不同的文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases due to different classification),如称谓词语;(2)联想不同的文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases due to different association),如猪的联想;(3)语用规范不同的文化含义词(culturally loaded words/phrases due to different cultural norms),如Would you like to have high tea?是邀请你去吃便饭。
文化词的处理法:(1)全式借用(full borrowing),如来字法语的garage, reservoir, detente9缓和)等;(2)半式借用(semi-borrowing),基本保持原状,只是拼写和发音略作改动,如senenade(小夜曲)来自法语的senerade。
(3)音译(transliteration, loan words);(4)半音译(semi-transliteration),如tong oil来自汉语的桐油;(5)仿译(loan translation, calque),合成词或复合词可以采取按构成全部意译的办法借用。
如蜜月来自honeymoon等。
翻译下列句子,注意划线部分的翻译。
1. 有个老李带来个八九岁的小姑娘,因为没有吃的,愿意把姑娘送给人家逃个活命。
二诸葛---就替小二黑收作童养媳。
(Lao Li brought his daughter of about eight or nine years with him. To avoid starvation, he was willing to give the girl to anybody who wanted her. Kong Ming the Second---took her into his house as little Erhei’s future wife.)2.袭人握了自己的嘴,笑的说不出话来,半日才说道:“那是新娶的二奶奶。
1、词语的意义:(1)指称意义:是语言符号和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体和事件之间的关系。
指称意义和字面意义(literal meaning)虽然在大部分情况下是重合的,却是两个不同角度去看的两个不同概念。
字面意义是单个词语最先在语言使用者脑中唤起的概念或形象。
如Indian meal(指称意义指“玉米粥”,字面意义是“印第安饭”)和Indian summer (指称意义指“小阳春”,字面意义是“印第安夏天”)。
类似的有American Beauty(月月红)和German wool(细毛线)。
(2)言内意义:是语言符号之间的关系,包括传统语义学的系统意义(即词在特定语言词汇结构系统中的地位,即词的值)。
言内意义可以从音系意义,语法意义和词汇意义上考虑。
(3)语用意义:包括表征意义、表达意义、社交意义、祈使意义和联想意义等。
2、翻译下面划线部分的词语(1)我因坎坷一生碌碌无为而遗憾。
(I regret few achievements in a troubled(不安的,忧虑的,动乱的)life.)(2)龙船节,是黔东南清水江上苗族人民最盛大的节日。
节日里,聚会的苗族同胞,每年有三四万。
(The Dragon-Boat Festival is the most important celebration(庆祝,庆祝会)of the Miao people, who live along the Qingshui River in southeastern Guizhou Province. Every year between 30000 and 40000 Miao participate in the festivities(节日,节日活动).)(3)吃、穿、住、行、用等各方面的工业品,包括彩电、冰箱、洗衣机,都大幅度增长。
(Production of processed food, clothing, housing, transportation and commodities for daily use, including major appliances such as colour TV sets, refrigerators and wahing machines, increased by a wide margin.)(4)全部成品出厂前必须在实验室里进行检验,严格把关,一丝不苟。
(All products must be inspected strictly and scrupulously in the lab of the factory before delivery.)(5)我记得那时我的打扮挺滑稽的,穿着蓝布大褂、小坎肩,戴瓜皮小帽。
(I still remember how funny I looked the way I was dressed---in a blue cloth gown(长袍,长外衣)with a short sleeveless jacket over it and a skull cap (室内便帽)on the head.)(6)他听傅芳把共产党说成神出鬼没似的,便觉得非常有趣。
(He was immediately tickled (逗乐,使高兴,觉得痒)by Fufang’s account of elusive,(躲避的,难以理解的)will-o’-the-wisp (鬼火,磷火,捉摸不定的东西)communists.)(7)对于我们的这样发展中的大国来说,经济要发展得快一点,不可能总是那么平平静静、稳稳当当。
(For a major developing nation like China, it is impossible to attain a slightly faster economic growth always at such a calm and smooth pace.)(8)南京,她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。
大都会特有的凝聚力,吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄、一逞英豪。
(Nanjing has witnessed the continuous emergence of many distinguished talents and noble hearts as well as monumental achievements that shone through the ages. Attracted by her special appeals, 9感染力,号召力)a great number of powerful figures and people actuated by high ideas have stayed in or frequented this metropolis to contend for the lead (主角,榜样)or to give play to their genius and virtues.)(9)黄色的花淡雅,白色的花高洁,紫色的花热烈而深沉。
泼泼洒洒,秋风中正开得烂漫。
(The yellow ones were simple and elegant; the white ones, pure and noble; and the purple ones, warm and deep; all were in full bloom, dancing in the autumn breeze.)(10)在四川,有一美妙去处。
它背依岷山主峰雪宝顶,树木苍翠,花香袭人,鸟声婉转,流水潺潺。
名胜古迹荟萃,这就是松潘县的黄龙。
(One of Sichuan’s finest scenic spots is Huanglong (Yellow Dragon), which lies in Songpan County just beneath Xuebao, the main peak of the Minshan Mountains. Its lush(茂盛的,葱翠的) green forests, filled with fragrant flowers,bubbling streams, and songbirds, are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty.)(11)西湖如明镜,千峰凝翠,洞壑幽深,风光奇丽。
(The West Lake is like a mirror embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.)(12)他笔下的翎毛花卉,墨彩交融,无不栩栩如生,具有强烈的感染力。
(His resplendent (灿烂的,辉煌的,华丽的)flower-and-bird paintings, executed with easy command of the brush, are noted for their elegant fine lines and delicate colours blended with splash-ink in perfect harmony.)(13)没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。
人,得天天有点什么盼头,生活才不至于暗淡。
(A day without hope would be unimaginably pale. There must be something to look forward to each day to brighten one’s life and keep it out of shadows.)(14)跑了不知多少趟,总算有眉目了,又得往这一处签字,那一处盖章,看种种脸色,候种种传唤,为的是得一份充分的证明,可以去换张票子。
(After making you don’t know how many visits, there eventually appear signs of a positive outcome. Then you have to go here and there to get a signature or a seal, meet with all sorts of cold reception and wait for all sorts of summonses(召唤,命令)-----all for the purposes of obtaining a useful certificate to buy a ticket with.)(15)就四川的名山秀水而论,总是有他们各自的独特风格和个性。
如峨嵋山的“秀”,青城山的“幽”,剑门山的“险”,夔门的“雄”。
(Sichuan Province is rich in scenic wonders, each with its own distinctive features-----the elegance of Mount Emei, the serenity of Mount Qingcheng, the sharp precipice(悬崖,峭壁)of Jiamen Pass, and the grandeur of Kuimen.)(16)打得赢就打,打不赢就走。
(Fifht when you can win, move away when you cannot win.) (17)这小子干活真冲。
(This young fellow does his work with vim(活力,精力)and vigor. be full of vim and vigor精力充沛)(18)(大家快走啊,前面是无锡胜景之一,)先睹为快啊!(The sooner you see, the happier you will be!)(19)抱着书生之见,我决定坐木船。
(It was with this impractical view that I decided to take a wooden boat.)(20)他把事情一五一十都给父母讲了。
(True to type he told his parents the whole story.)(true to type典型的(地),合乎本性的(地),与原样相同的)(21)我的邻居是一位六十多岁的老太太,隔三差五,到街头饭馆改善一次生活。