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第一讲绪论内容提要：时代呼唤翻译，翻译促进时代的发展。
信息时代的特点之一是知识的交流与共享。
翻译同一个民族的文明程度密切相关。
中国的翻译事业任重而道远。
介绍外国和对外介绍中国同样紧迫。
翻译的理论研究、实践指导和课堂教学都亟待加强。
一、为什么要学翻译翻译是语言工作者一项不可或缺的技能，是语言交流的一种手段，是不同语言使用者之间一种重要的交流工具。
在今天这个信息化时代，随着社会的发展和进步，随着各国人民交流的日益频繁，翻译更是各国进行经济、文化、政治交流的有效工具，是世界各国谋求发展的重要途径。
二、翻译的定义、过程和性质翻译是一种交际方式，可以从广义和狭义两方面来理解。
广义上的翻译包括所有的符号之间、非符号之间、符号和非符号之间的转换行为。
比如，一个手势变成一种语言，把汉语的文言文转变成白话文（语内翻译），把语言转化为计算机符号，甚至把你的所想所思诸于笔端，都是一种翻译。
狭义上的翻译就是将一种语言转化成另一种语言，即语际翻译（interlingual translation）。
这样的一种活动包括口头的和笔头的，即口译(interprettion)和笔译(translation)。
异化(foreignizing)指的是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。
例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。
异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。
但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。
异化和同化具有相对性，随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。
归化（domestication）是指遵守目标语言文化当前的主流价值观，公然对原文采用保守的同化手段，使其迎合本土的典律，出版潮流和政治需求（Venuti,2001:240）〔1〕；或指在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格(transparent, fluent style)，最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感(strangeness)的翻译策略（Shuttleworth&Cowie,1997:43-44）〔2〕。
UNIT 1To excavate发掘['ekskə,veit]Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇陵墓[,mɔ:sə'liəm]Metropolis n. 大都市；首府；重要中心[mi'trɔpəlis, me-] Proper 严格意义上的（用于名词后面）Mansion n大厦；宅邸['mænʃən]China World Trade Tower 国贸中心Expressway 高速公路Overpass/ flyover 高架道路；立体交叉Footbridge 天桥Underpass / underground （在铁路等下面通过的）地道Passageway 高架桥下通道Pedestrian adj. 徒步的；缺乏想像力的n. 行人；步行者The lama temple 雍和宫lama ['lɑ:mə] n. 喇嘛Cloud Pillar华表Chang‟an Boulevard长安街Star Boulevard星光大道Boulevard […bu: lvɑ: d, 'buləvɑ: d ] n. 林荫大道；（美）大马路adj. 娱乐性的vt. 给…提供林阴大街；把…建成林阴大街Locale [ləu'kɑ:l , -'kæd ] n. 场所，现场posterity 子孙，后代sedan chair 轿子sedan [si'dæn] n. [美]轿车；轿子To garrison ['ɡærisən] n. 要塞；卫戍部队vt. 驻防；守卫Thoroughfare 大街/大道；干线公路，干道Traditional single-story houses with rooms around the four sides of a courtyard 四合院Freestanding 【建】独立式的Impediment阻碍Symposium研讨会，专题报告会Terrace 平台Beacon tower烽火台The Warring States Period战国时代Nomad游牧部落的一员Terrain地形Juyongguan Pass居庸关Battlement 城垛At regular interval每隔一定距离Hectare 公顷The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest 祈年殿The Imperial Vault of Heaven 皇穹宇The Circular Mound Altar圜丘坛The Hall of Abstinence 斋宫Lath 【建】板条Rafter 【建】椽Triple eaves 三重檐Twelve divisions of day and night 十二时辰Solar terms / the twenty-four divisions of the solar year 节气Tier （阶式看台等的）（一）排/ 屋Balustrade栏杆，扶栏Railing 栏杆，围栏，扶手Concentric 同心的Winter solstice 冬至To offer sacrifice to 祭祀Spirit tablet (for the dead ancestors, deities, or other objects of worship) 牌位Supreme Ruler of Heaven 皇天上帝Echo Wall 回音壁Acoustic 听觉的，声学的周边外围circumference渤海湾Bohai Gulf流域面积drainage area珠江the Pearl River京韵大鼓story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment豆汁a fermented drink made from ground beans纪念品souvenir避暑胜地summer resort护城河moat宫palace殿hall亭，阁pavilion水榭pavilion on the water阁tower塔（舍利塔式的）dagoba塔（宝塔式的）pagoda寺院monastery寺；庙temple圣坛；祭坛altar假山artificial hillock; rockery角楼，岗楼watchtower鼓楼drum tower钟楼clock tower古代钟楼bell tower牌楼pailou ; ceremonial / memorial arch围墙enclosure wall（敦煌）壁画(Dunhuang) Murals复制品reproduction / replica仿制品imitation扇面fan leaf装裱mount(ing)浮雕木刻wooden carving(s) in relief泥塑clay figure modeling人像image / figure塑像moulded figure小塑像figure塑像；铸像statue半身雕塑像bust与真人大小相等的泥像life-size clay figure古玩antique / curio坠子pendant镯子bracelet胸针brooch景泰蓝cloisonné, cloisonnéenamel漆器lacquerware, lacquerworkUNIT 2奖牌榜medal tally广播体操set exercises to radio music《准备劳动与卫国》体育制度（简称“劳卫制”）sports system to strengthen labor and defense capabilities 国家体育锻炼标准Athletic Fitness Standard全民健身计划Whole-People Health-Building Plan居民小区residential community / housing estate (英)密切注意；关心（体育）的发展状况to follow (sports) 授予（称号，学位，权力等）to confer复兴，振兴to revitalize使有系统；整理systemize / systematize历史悠久的time-honored牦牛赛yak race跳板springboard秋千swing石弓，弩crossbow五禽（指虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟）戏five-animal exercises 挡to repel形意拳imitation boxing九节鞭nine-section whip生理的physiological疗法therapy呼吸respiration平衡equilibrium体格constitution开业医生practitioner生物电流bioelectricity亚运会the Asian Games东亚运动会East Asian Games亚洲冬季运动会Asian Winter Games远南残疾人运动会the Far South Para-Olympics远东及南太平洋地区残疾人运动会Far East and South Pacific Games for the Disabled世界大学生运动会the Universiade / World University Games容纳——名观众to accommodate….spectators最高级，最高精尖，尖端state-of-the-art举行场所，会场venue延……的三倍to triple the length of…提高地铁载客量4倍to quadruple the capacity of the subway system具有国际先进水平的体育场馆state-of-the-art sports venues曲棍球场hockey field冰球场ice hockey rink高架桥elevated walkway奥林匹克公园the Olympic Green中华民族博物馆Chinese Nationalities Museum综合体育馆sports complex首都体育馆the Capital Stadium建筑面积floor space套路set exercises内功exercises to benefit the internal organs外功exercises to benefit the muscles and bones发展体育运动，增强人民体质promote physical culture and improve the people‟s physical fitnesspromote sports, get fit锻炼身体，保卫祖国build a good / sound constitution to defend the country;get fit, defend the homeland为祖国争光to win honors for the motherland / homeland胜不骄，败不馁do not become cocky / be dizzy with success, not downcast over /discouraged by defeat体育道德sportsmanship打出水平，打出风格up to one‟s best level in skill and style of play竞技状态好in good form失常not in shape/ good form比分领先to outscore……胜…wins打成平局to draw; to tie; to play even/ level the score; to end in a draw/tie; to tie with one‟s competitor扳成平局to equalize the score屡次出现平局the score was tied again and again……次平局…draws失利to lose……负…loses竞技性体育athletic sports; competitive sports健身性体育health-giving sports; health-building sports; body-building sports娱乐性体育entertaining sports; recreational sports中华人民共和国运动委员会（国家体委）Sports Commission of the People‟s Republic of China 中华全国体育总会All-China Sports Federation执行委员会executive board秘书处secretary department / secretariat体育中心sports center / complex运动会sports meets; athletic meeting; games比赛地点competition / sports venue(s)国际比赛international tournament邀请赛invitational tournament锦标赛championship体育场stadium; sports field / ground体育馆gymnasium, gym; indoor练习场地training gymnasium and stadium检录处call room兴奋剂检测中心drug-testing center操场playground; sports ground; drill ground课间/ 工间课physical exercises during breaks体育工作者physical educator, PE workers; sports organizer运动爱好者sports fan / enthusiast啦啦队cheering-section主队home team客队visiting team教练员coach裁判员referee裁判长chief referee男子项目men‟s events女子项目women‟s events全能冠军all-round champion冠军champion; gold medalist亚军runner-up; second; silver medalist第三名third; bronze medalist世界记录保持者world record holder种子选手seed player; seed优秀选手top-ranking/ topnotch athlete田径运动track and field; athletics田赛field events径赛track events跳高high jump撑杆跳高pole jump; pole-vault跳远long / broad jump三级跳远hop, step and jump; triple jump标枪javelin throw铅球shot put铁饼discus throw链球hammer throw马拉松赛跑Marathon (race)接力relay race, relay跨栏比赛hurdles; hurdle race竞走walking; walking race体操gymnastics [dʒim'næstiks]自由体操floor / free exercises蹦床trampoline ['træmpəli:n]技巧运动acrobatic gymnastics [,ækrəu'bætik]垫上运动mat exercise单杠horizontal bar ['hɔri'zɔntəl]双杠parallel bars高低杠uneven bars; high-low bars吊环rings跳马vaulting horse [vɔ:lt]鞍马pommel horse ['pʌməl, 'pɔm-]足球场field, pitch篮球场basketball court乒乓球拍racket, bat羽毛球运动badminton羽毛球shuttlecock; shuttle ['ʃʌtlkɔk]球拍racket垒球softball棒（垒）球场baseball (softball) field / ground手球handball; team netball手球场handball field曲棍球hockey; field hockey现代五项modern pentathlon [pen'tæθlən]铁人三项（三项全能运动）triathlon [trai'æθlɔn]水上运动water/ aquatic sports [ə'kwætik]水上运动中心aquatic sports center水球（运动）water polo水球场playing pool滑水water skiing游泳馆natatorium [,neitə'tɔ:riəm]自由泳freestyle; crawl (stroke)蛙泳breaststroke侧泳sidestroke蝶泳butterfly(stroke)海豚式dolphin stroke / kick蹼泳fin swimming跳台跳水platform diving跳板跳水springboard diving帆船运动yachting; sailing [jɔt]皮划艇运动kayak ['kaiæk]赛艇运动rowing [rəu]赛龙舟dragon boat racing举重weightlifting重量级/中量级/轻量级heavyweight / middleweight / lightweight 击剑fencing射击shooting靶场shooting range射箭archery拳击boxing拳术quanshu , barehanded exercises; Chinese boxing气功qigong, breathing exercises打擂台to fight a challenge fight in an arena [ə'ri:nə]康复医疗体育recuperative medical sports自行车运动cycling; cycle racing室内自行车赛场indoor velodrome ['vi:lədrəum]赛马场equestrian park [i'kwestriən]骑术horsemanship马术equestrianism [i'kwestriənizəm]国际象棋(international) chess中国象棋xiangqi，Chinese chess象棋大师master特级大师grandmaster围棋weiqi, go航空模型aero model; model aero plane航海模型marine model ; model ship定点跳伞accuracy jump; precision landing无线电定向radio direction finding造型跳伞relative work滑翔运动gliding; sailing planning技巧sports acrobatics拔河tug-of-war毽子shuttlecock踢毽子shuttlecock kicking毽球jianqiu, shuttlecock playing冰球运动ice hockey冰球场rink冰球puck [pʌk] , rubber ['rʌbə]速度滑冰speed skating花样滑冰figure skating冰场skating rink; ice rink人工冰场artificial ice stadium高山滑雪alpine skiing ['ælpain]冰壶curling ['kə:liŋ]蹦极bungee jumping ['bʌndʒi:]台球billiards滑板skateboard溜旱冰roller skating定向越野orienteering民族传统体育traditional ethnic sports蒙古族的摔跤、赛马、射箭Mongolian wrestling, horsemanship and archery回族的踢毽、拔河kicking the shuttlecock and tug-of-war of the Hui藏族的赛牦牛Tibetan yak racing苗族的荡秋千、划龙舟Miao people‟s swinging and dragon-boat racing壮族的“投绣球”Zhuang people‟s “throwing balls made of colored silk”朝鲜族的荡秋千、跳板Korean swinging and see-sawing侗族的骑木马(踩高跷) walking on stilts of the Dong people瑶族的打陀螺whipping tops of the Yao People高山族的放风筝kite-flying of the Gao-shan柯尔克孜族的“追姑娘”the “girl chasing” of the Kirgiz扭秧歌yangge dancing奥林匹克精神是互相了解、友谊、团结和公平竞争。
