Part One Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
Part TwoA Comparison
ofThought Patterns between
Chinese andWesterners
..............................2
Part ThreeA Comparison between Chinese and English
Languages................................................4
Part Four Translation Strategies......................................................................................................10
Part One Introduction
1.
GeneralTranslation
Principles
“信、达、雅” “化境” “传神” “直译” Vs“意译”―― impressionist.
遵循译语句法和惯用法规范，采取适当的变通和补偿手段，以保证特定上下文中最重要
意义的优先传译为前提，尽可能多和正确地传递原语信息地多重意义，以争取原文和译文最
大限度地等值。(柯平)
1)译语句法和惯用法规范 扫盲班 literacy class. 冒冷汗 #sweat cold sweat, break
out in cold
sweat. 我和她在公园分手了。
2)适当地变通和补偿手段，即“翻译技巧” 。包括：加注 (annotation)、增益 (contextual
amplification)、 视点转换 (shift of
perspective)、 具体化 (specification)、 概略化
(generalization)、释义(paraphrase)、归化(adaptation)和回译(bask translation)。
3)上下文中最重要意义的优先传译 :
争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收
For better (athletic) records andsportsmanship (程镇球译)
4)多重意义，最大限度的等值
小的扣紧，大的放松，池子里捕鱼，太湖里放生。（夏衍：《考验》）
Fussy about trifles, careless about big things. Penny
wise, pound foolish. (YingYu 译)
如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。
It would be appreciated
if samples and /or brochures could be soon forwarded to
us.(程镇球译)
2.
Requirements
forthe translator:
(1)
Mastery of boththe source language and the receptor language
He lost a cool thousand dollars. /我在校门口和他分手了。
We
must all
hang together, or assuredly
we shall all
hang
separately.我们必须共同上战场，
否则就得分别上刑场。或：我们必须共赴沙场，否则就得分赴法场
(2)
Beknowledgeable.
社会保障 Social security. 国际法庭 theWorld Court.
（3）
Be responsible.不要想当然。
“入学”to be enrolled in, 而非 to start school.
“新闻照片”不是“ news photo”而是“press photo”
“白酒”非 while wine（白葡萄酒），而是 spirits 或 liquor
“干货”不是“ dry goods”（纺织品），而是 dried food and
nuts.
3.
Tools
and
resources.
Dictionaries:《汉英词典》（外研社）；《朗文当代英语词典（英文版）》；《辞海》；
ENCARTA(微软百科全书)
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7412664319.html,
4.
Recommended Books
and
W
ebsites
1.The
Translator’s Guide
to Chinglish
(中式英语之鉴
), Joan
Pinkham
with
the
collaboration
of
Jiang Cuihua. Foreign Language
Teaching and Research
Press
2《浮生六记》
(Six Chapters of a Floating
Life)Translated by林语堂
Foreign Language
Teaching
and Research
Press
3. 《英汉与汉英翻译教程》柯平编著 北京大学出版社
4．《汉英翻译基础》 陈宏薇主编 上海外语教育出版社
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7412664319.html,/ https://www.doczj.com/doc/7412664319.html,
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7412664319.html,/ https://www.doczj.com/doc/7412664319.html,/keping/
Part Two A Comparison ofThought Patterns between
Chineseand Westerners
American
linguist Robert
B.
Kaplan
illustrates
the major
thought
patterns
in
“Cultural
Thought
Patterns
in
Intercultural
Education,” published on
Language
Learning
in 1966.（Semitic languages
include Arabic and Hebrew.
Romance
.
English
.
Semitic
.
Oriental
.
Romance
.
Russian
languages
refer to
French,
Italianand Spanish,
whichcome fromLatin.）
Examples:
Francis Bacon 培根（15611626）:
Of Studies
Studies serve
for
delight, for
ornament,
and
for
ability. Their chief
use
for
delight,
is
in
privateness and
retiring.
for
ornament, is
in
discourse. and
for
ability, is
in
the
judgment and
disposition
of business.
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最
见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。 (王佐良译 )
诗经《关雎》：关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。
1 Concreteness(具象)vs abstractness（抽象）
In
line with
latest
trends
in fashion,
a few dress
designers have been
sacrificing
elegance
to audacity.
有些时装设计师为了赶时髦，舍弃了优雅别致的样式，而一味追求袒胸露体的奇
装异服。
Wisdomprepares
for
the worst.but
folly
leaves
the worst for
the dayit
comes.
聪明人防患于未然，愚蠢者临渴掘井。
His
additioncompleted the list.把他添上，名单就全了。
Something inside me seemed to stopmomentarily.我顿时呆住了。
His
weariness
and the increasing heat
determined him
to
sit
down
in
the first
convenient
shade. 他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热。他于是下了决心，一碰到舒适
的阴凉处，就坐下休息。
2 本体型思维与客体型思维
国学大师钱穆：中国文化以人文为中心，以人生为本位，最富人文意识，最重
人文精神，中国文化本质上是一种人本文化。这种人本文化的长期积淀，形成了
汉民族本体型的思维方式，即以人为中心来观察、分析、推理和研究事物西方文
化则以物本为主体，以自然为本位，比较偏重于对自然客
体的观察和研究。这种
思维方式的差异反映在语言上，当涉及行为主体时汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的
词(animate)做主语，而英语则常用非生物名词(inanimate)做主语。
The thick carpet killed the sound of
my
footsteps.
(Joseph)我走在厚厚的地毯上，
一点脚步声也没有。
An
idea
suddenlystruck/occurred to/dawned on/ me.
His
passioncarried himastray.他因感情冲动而误入歧途。
His
illness
kept
her inhospitalfour
weeks.他因病在医院住了四个星期。
Dawn
met
himwellalong the way.在东方欲晓的时候，他早已走了一大段路了。
The May
Fourth
Movement
of
1919 saw the beginning of
the “New
Redology”,
represented byscholars
suchas
Hu Shi
and Yu Pingbo.
1919 年“五四”运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适、俞平伯
这样一些学者。
Memoranda were prepared inadvance
ofprivate meetings
onmatters to
be discussed.
在举行个别交谈之前，我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。
3 顺向思维与逆向思维
“您先请！” After you!
Back and forward vs以前和以后：In
measuring forwards
from
a point
of
time in
the past,onlythe following construction
is
normal:…(《英语语法大全》，P944)
当从过去某个时间向后算起时，下列结构才是常用的。
可是我们已经说到故事的后面去了。But
wearegetting ahead ofthe story.
毛泽东诗句“一桥飞架南北” Abridge will
flyto spanthe northand south.
“九五折” a five percent
discount.“自学”selftaught.
油漆未干 wet paint.“乘
客止步” crew only.
Part ThreeA Comparison between ChineseandEnglish
Languages
1.
Subjectprominent
language vs
Topicprominent
language
English: the grammatical
units
of
Subject
and Predicate are
basic to the structure
ofsentences.（主语突出的语言）
Chinese: the informationalunits
oftopic and comment
are
basic to the structureof
sentences.（主题突出的语言）
We shouldn’t
mention
it
any
more. 这件事我们不要再提了。
The Chinese people have experienced too
manyof
suchsocialupheavals.
这样的社会动荡，中国人经历得太多了。
2.
Hypotactic vs
Paratactic
Hypotaxis
(形合法)
refers
to
the placement
of
related clauses,
constructions,
etc,
in
a series
using connecting words,
for
example, I
shalldespair
if
you don’t
come.
Parataxis（意合法）refers
to the placement
ofrelated clauses,
constructions,
etc.
in
a series
without
the use of
connecting words,
e.g.
Veni,
vidi,
vici.
(I
cam,
I
saw,
I
conquered.)
天净沙(秋思)马致远
枯藤老树昏鸦。小桥流水人家。古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下，断肠人在天涯。
Tun
e: Tian Jing Sha
Withered
vines hanging on old braches,
Returning crows croaking （to
make a harsh and low sound）at dusk.
A few houses hiddenpast
a narrow bridge,
And
below the bridge a quiet creek running.
Down
a worn
path, in
the west wind,
A lean
horse comes plodding (walk slowly and
heavily).
The sun
dips down in
the
west
And
the lovesick traveler is still at the
end of the
world. (丁祖荫&Burton Raffel, trans)
Directly Ibegan to
cross theCommon IrealizedI hadthe
wrong
umbrella…
我刚准备穿过公共草坪，就发觉自己拿错了雨伞。（柯平译， 比较：当我刚开始穿越公共草
坪的时候，我发觉我拿错了雨伞。）
2.1 关系词和连接词，如 who, whose, which
,what,
when, why, how, and, or, but, yet ,so,
however, until, since, unless, lest…
When I
try
to
understand what it
is
that prevents
so
many
Americans from
being as happy as
one
might expect, it
seems to
me
that there
are
two
causes, of
which one
goes much
deeper
than
the other.
为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二， 而两者之间又有深
浅之分。
2.2 介词， with, to, in, of, about, between, through, inside, onto, upon, within, according
to,
along with, apart from, because
of. 据 G. Curme统计，英语各类介词共约 286 个。
The
many colors of
a rainbow range from
red on the
outsideto violet on the inside.
彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。
Change
of
information, if
any, concerning the
contents of
this
section
will be
found in the
appendix at the
end of
this book.
本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。
汉语重意合而不重形合，词语之间的关系常在不言之中，语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在
字里行间。汉语的意合往往采取以下手段：
2.3 词序
人不犯我，我不犯人。
We will
not
attackunless
we are attacked.
说是说了，没有结果。I’ve made
proposals,
but
theyproved futile.
2.4 反复、排比、对偶、对照等
他不来，我不去。If
he won’t
come here,
I’llnot go there.
聪明一世，胡涂一时。 Smart
as
a rule, but
this
time a fool.
2.5 紧缩句。
有饭大家吃。Let
everybodyshares
the food ifthere is
any.
不到黄河不死心。Untilall
is
over,
ambition
never
dies.
2.6 四字格
不进则退 He
who
does
not
advance falls
backward./ Move forward,
or
you’ll
fall
behind.
物极必反 Once
a certain
limit
is
reached, a change in
the opposite direction
is
inevitable.
酒醉智昏: Whenwine is
in,
wit
is
out.
Summery of
the first two differences:
1.
SubjectvsTopic prominentlanguage－－信息结构
2.
Hypotactic vs
Paratactic－－句法结构
What
light
canthese differences
shed onthe ECtranslation?
Recallthe first
translationprinciple:遵循译语句法和惯用法规范
在英译中时适当运用主题句，突出信息主题；少用甚至不用形式连接手段，多以
意义连接译文。
3.
Complexvs.
Simple (繁复与简短）
“Subordination（从属结构）,
the placing of
certain elements
in
modifying roles,
is
a
fundamentalprinciple ofwriting.”Crews
据统计，对英语而言，专业作者写的句子平均长度为 20 个词，受过教育的
人写的句子平均长度为 25个词。而汉语以中短句居多，最佳长度为 7至 12字。
两种语言不同的造句方式
英语造句主要使用“楼房建筑法”(architecture style)，句子一般有完整的结构，
许多有关的成分通过各种表示关系和连接的手段组成关系词结集 (conjunctive
nexus)，直接或间接的粘附在这个句子结构的里外，前后、左右或中间，整个句
子成了庞大复杂的“建筑物”。
汉语主要采用“流水记事法”（chronicle style)，常用分句或流水句来逐层叙述
思维的各个过程(streamline the thoughts)。
根据上述英汉特点，英译汉是常常要破句重组，化繁为简。
Inthe doorwaylayat
least
twelve umbrellas
ofallsizes
and colors.
门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
Can
you answer
a questionwhichI
want
to ask and which
is
puzzling me?
我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
汉语的分句或流水句译成英语时，常常要化简为繁，组合成复合句或长句。
因为距离远，又缺乏交通工具，农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态，
由于通讯工具不足，就变得更加严重了。
The isolation
of
the rural
world because of
distance and the lack of
transport
facilities
is
compounded by
the paucityofthe information
media.
原来悟空手疾眼快，正在那混乱之时，他拔下一根毫毛，叫声 “变！”就变做
他的本相。（吴承恩《西游记》）
As
Sun
Wukong was
deft
of
hand and quick of
eye,
he plucked one of
the hairs
from
his
body
in
the midst
of
the fray
and shouted
“Change!” It
changed into
his
own
double.
4.
Impersonal vs
Personal （物称与人称）回顾：语言的差异一般源于思维模
式的差异：本体型思维与客体型思维
A prominent tendency in English:
The writer and the reader are out of the
picture, hiding
themselves behind
impersonal language.
英语较注重“什么事发生在什么人身上 ”；汉语注重 “什么人怎么了 ”。
What has happened to
you?你出什么事了？
An
idea suddenly struck
me.我突然想到了一个主意。
Not a sound reached
our ears.我们没有听到任何声音。
A great elation overcame
them.他们欣喜若狂。
Alarm began to take entire
possession
of
him.他开始变得惊恐万状。
“什么风把你给吹来了？ ”“爱情把我们的心连在一起 ”“高山低头，河水让路 ”－－－marked
in Chinese, the
frequency is low.
汉译英时注意英语物称的特点。英语用非人称做主语的句子大体可以分为两大类：
4.1 用抽象名词和无生命的事物名称作主语，同时使用表示人的动作和行为的动词作谓语。
Excitement deprived
me
ofall power
of
utterance.我兴奋的什么话也说不出来了。
The
forty
years, 184080,
brought almost ten
million
migrants toAmerica.(P.Bromhead: Life in
ModernAmerica)从 1840 至 1880 这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。
汉译英时，用 “物称 ”代替 “人称”常常是一种译出地道英文的有效手段。
恕我孤陋寡闻，对此理论一无所知。
Mytotalignorance
ofthe theorymust
plead myapology.
一看到那棵大树，我便想起了童年的情景。
The sight of the big tree always reminds me
of
my childhood.
近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱歉。
I amvery sorry
that the
pressure
of
other occupations has prevented
me from sending an earlier
reply to
your letter.
凭良心讲， 你待我礼貌有加，我却受之有愧。
My conscience told
me that I
deserved
no extraordinary politeness.我很幸运，能够得到你，让我
们永不分离吧。
My
good
fortune
has sent you to
me, and
we will
never
part. (H.Andersen: The little Mermaid)
小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友的这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。
Xiaomei’s kindly and gentle
nature could
not but revolt at her friend’s callous behaviour.
4.2 用非人称代词 “it”做主语
(1)用作虚义词： How is it with the sick
man?那病人怎么样了？
(2)用作强调词： It is a good
horse that never stumbles, (Proverb)
人有失误，马有失蹄。
（3）用作先行词：It is not our view that his
policy
will contribute to creating a lasting
peace in the
Middle East.
我们认为，他的政策无助于在中东建立持久的和平。
我从来也没想到她这么不老实。
It never
occurred to
me that she was so dishonest.
人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长。
It is in the
hour of trial that a man
finds his true profession.
5.
PassivevsActive (被动 vs主动 )
汉语中被动语态较少。 而被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。英语常用被动句主要有
一下几方面的原因：
5.1 不需要、不可能或不便指明施事（ agent）
The
murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he
will be hanged.
Some things have been said
here tonight that ought n
ot to
have been spoken.
今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。
5.2 句法要求：为了使句子平衡，保持末端中心（ end
focus)和末端重量（ end weight),以符合
主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习惯。
I was astounded that he was prepared
to
give
me a job.
他准备给我一份工作，这使我大吃一惊。
而汉语被动的使用受到限制。古代汉语主要用 “为”字或“为 …所…”结构。如《论语》 “”
不为酒困”，杜甫“茅屋为秋风所破” 。现代汉语主要用“被字式” ，如“被捕” ，“被杀” ，“被
压迫”等，辅以 “让”、“给”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”等词。
英语的被动句在译成汉语时常以变换主语，省略主语或采用通称或泛称（如 “人”、“有人”、
“人们”、“大家”、“某人”等方式译为主动句。
John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.
约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。
Language
is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.
人的思想形成了语言，而语言又形成了人的思想。
汉译英时可在适当的场合使用被动句。
注意看看信的地址是否写对了。
Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.
人们常常指责他优柔寡断，虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。
He has often, not always justly, been accused
of indecisiveness.
有人听见呼救的声音。
Voices are heard
calling
for help.
6.Abstract
vs
Concrete （抽象与具体）
RECALL:中西思维的差异（具象与抽象）
英语的抽象表达法主要见于大量使用抽象名词。这类名词涵义概括，指称笼统，覆盖面广，
往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”的“魅力”，便于表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。
抽象表达法在英语里使用得相当普遍，尤其常用于社会科学论著、官方文章、报刊评论、法
律文书、商业信件等文体。
注意：过分使用名词会使文句冗长（ wordy）、含糊（ vague）,缺乏活力（ lifeless）,许多英语
文体家都反对滥用抽象表达法， 主张多用生动活泼的动词来简化句子结构， 增加表达的生气
和活力。『George Orwell, "Politics and the English
Language" (1946)』
The signs of the times point to the necessity
of the
modification of the system
of
administration.(Times)（＝ It is becoming clear that the administrative system
must be
modified.）
管理体制需要改革，这已越来越清楚了。
Was this the realization
of an anticipated liability? (=Did
you expect you
would have to
do this?)
你有没有预料到你必需做这件事？
汉译英时可注意运用英语的抽象词义。（注意运用场合：书面语）
（1）用名词取代抽象动词
雨无情的下个不停
，我感到惊异。
I
marveled at the relentless determination of
the rain. (N. Rigg)
在决策过程中，他已经不那么抛头露面了。
He had surfaced
with less visibility
in the
policy decision. (B.Barnhart)
这些问题难以归类。
These
problems defy easyclassification.
（2）范畴词翻译时可抽象化。
范畴词（category words）用来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴。
那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。
What they
wanted
most
was an end of
uncertainties.(‘Betrayed Spring’)
他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。
He discussed
greatness and excellence.
我们和中国人双方都是怀着谨慎、不安甚至是惶恐的心情来相互探讨这次初次接触的。
Bothweand theChinese approached that first opening toward eachother
with
caution,
uncertainty, even trepidation. (R. Nixon: The Real War)
其他例子如： 复杂性 complexity； 傲慢态度 arrogance；古怪行为 eccentricity；轻松愉快的
心情 lightheartednes
。
（3）具体的词语可译为抽象词。
任何国家都不应自称一贯正确。
No countryshould claim infallibility. (The SinU.
S. Joint
Communique)
星星在清澈的星空中闪烁。
The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.
岁月增添，游兴更浓。
This rambling
propensity strengthened
with
years.
（4）用形象性词语（如比喻、成语、谚语等）出于行文简洁的需要可以抽象化。
这时人们指责他装聋作哑。
He was open
now to
charges of wilful blindness.
他等着她来，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.
我对他讲的话，虽然逆耳，却是忠言。
I talked to
him
with
brutal frankness.
是啊，不过一看见那张小脸带着害怕淹死的恐惧神情被激流越冲越远， 我们就把明哲保身的
金科玉律统统打破了。
Oh，but all the
rules of selfpreservation
were broken when we saw that little face, filled with
the
terror of death, being sucked downstream.
总结：英汉对比与翻译
1.Subjectprominent
language vsTopicprominent
language（主语突出与主题突出）
2.Hypotactic vs Paratactic （形合与意合）
https://www.doczj.com/doc/7412664319.html,plexvs.
Simple(繁复与简短）
4.Impersonal
vs
Personal （物称与人称）
5.Passive vsActive (被动与主动）
6.Abstract vs
Concrete （抽象与具体）
英汉两种语言的不同特点对于翻译有何启示？
我们的翻译原则是什么？
回顾：遵循译语句法和惯用法规范，采取适当的变通和补偿手段，以保证特定上下文中最重
要意义的优先传译为前提，尽可能多和正确地传递原语信息的多重意义，以争取原文和译文
最大限度地等值。 (柯平)启示：根据英汉特点，正确地读取原文意义
；翻译成英语时，尽
力遵循英语的句法、惯用法和思维习惯，以提高译文的可读性，避免翻译腔。
REFERENCES
1. 包惠南《文化语境与语言翻译》 中国对外翻译出版公司 2001
2．陈定安《英汉比较与翻译》 中国对外翻译出版公司 1998
3.柯平 Contrastive Linguistics南京师范大学出版社 1999
4.连淑能 《英汉对比研究》 高等教育出版社 1993
Part Four Translation Strategies
技巧 vs技能：任何技巧都有适用范围和局限性。不要迷信技巧，但要通过
技巧的学习获得“技能”。
“增省转引释”
1 增译法：“下中农” 和 “上中农” －Lowermiddlepeasants,
uppermiddle
peasants.
Lowermiddleincome
peasants,
uppermiddleincome
peasants
Indeed,
the reverse is
true
实际情况恰好相反。（增译名词）
在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。
In
the field of
human
rights,
China opposes
the practice of
the big oppressing the
smalland the strong bullying the weak.（增译暗含词语）
Noontime came and went.Nixon,
who
rarelyhad lunch,
and Kissinger,
who
rarely
missed it,
skipped t
he mealand went
right
ontalking for
almost
four
hours.
正午到了，又谈到偏午，尼克松是很少吃中饭的，基辛格是很少不吃午饭的，
但这回两人都不曾想到这顿饭，接连谈了差不多四个钟头。
增补必要的搭配词。
Both
the buyer and the seller re busy
t negotiations
of
business,
contract and
draft.
买卖正双方忙于交易磋商，合约谈判和汇票议付。
2 省译法：
“局面”，“问题”，“工作”、“状态”等虚泛之词应省。课本 p150。P145。
中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。
The Chinese government
has
always
attached great
importance
to environmental
protection.
(省译名词)
五光十色：multicoloured
“这断子绝孙的阿 Q!” “AhQ，may
you die sonless!”
3 转换法
1）词性转换法
Too muchexposure to
TV programs
willdo
great
harmto
the eyesight
of
children.
孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词 )
由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。
Thanks
to the introductionofour
reformand opening policy,
our
comprehensive nationalstrengthhas
greatly
improved.
(动词转名词)
2）语态转换法
Insome ofthe Europeancountries,
the people are giventhe biggest
socialbenefits
suchas
medical
insurance.
在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。（被动语
态转主动语态）
His
satisfaction
is
made
concrete by
money.
是他真正体会到这种乐趣的是金钱。
3）句型转换法
时间不早了，我们回去吧！
We don’t
hav
e muchtime left.
Let’s
go
back.
(句型转换 )
4）视点转换法
（1） 在美国，人人都能买到枪。
Inthe United States,
everyone canbuya gun.
(正译)
Inthe United States,
guns
are available to everyone.
(反译)
（2） 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
You canobtainthis
informationonthe Internet.（正译）
This
information
is
accessible/available onthe Internet.（反译）
（3）他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
He
stillcould not understand me. (正译)
Still
he failed to understand me. (反译)
（4） 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
She canhardly
be rated as
abright
student.
(正译)
She is
anything but
a bright
student.
(反译)
（5） Please withhold the document
for
the time being.
请暂时扣下这份文件。（正译）
请暂时不要发这份文件。（反译）
I
couldn’t
agree more. 我百分之百同意。
Catch
me doing that.我不会干这种事情。
It is
a wise father that
knows
his
own
child.再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩
子。
他们是连襟.Their
wives
are sisters.
4 引申法
1）具体化
MY uncle remembered me in
his
will.我叔父指明分给我遗产。
The slums
offered an
ugly
contrast to
the classical
grandour
of
official
WASHINGTON.贫民窟与辉煌的华盛顿官府建筑形成了难看的对比。
“Hired professionalhelp” “雇专业人员来干。”
2）抽象化
The interest
rates
have
seesawed
between10 and 15 percent.
利率一直在 10％到 15％之间不断波动。
Everyone knows
that
John
lost
his
shirt
whenthe business
he had invested failed,
大家都知道，约翰生意失败后就倾家荡产了。
5 释义法
EarlyReaganwas
a
mirrorimage
ofearlyCarter.
里根刚上台时在做法上跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致。
吹得天花乱坠：brag inthe most
fantastic terms
It’s
not easy
to become a member of
that clubthey
want
people who
have plenty
of
moneyto spend,
not just
every
Tom,
Dickand
Harry.一般老百姓。
6 拆句法和合并法
1）I
wishto thank you for
the incomparable hospitalityfor
whichthe
Chinese people are justlyfamous
throughout the world.
我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻名世
界的。（在定语从句前拆译）
2）中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分
之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。
China is
a large country
with
fourfifths
of
the population
engaged in agriculture,
but
only
one tenth
of
the land is
farmland,
the rest
being mountains,
forests
and
places
for
urbanand other uses.（合译）