Fossilization vs Stabilization

fossilization的定义英文回答：Definition of Fossilization.Fossilization is the process by which organic remains from past life are preserved in the Earth's crust. It is a complex process that involves the replacement of the original organic materials with minerals, such as silica, calcite, or pyrite. This process prevents the organic materials from decaying and allows them to be preserved for millions of years.The process of fossilization begins with the death of an organism. The organism's body must be buried quickly in order to prevent it from being scavenged or decomposed. The burial process must also be in an environment that is conducive to fossilization. This environment is typically characterized by the presence of oxygen-poor water and a high concentration of minerals.Over time, the minerals in the environment will beginto replace the organic materials in the organism's body. This process is called mineralization. The minerals will gradually fill in the spaces that were once occupied by the organism's soft tissues. Over millions of years, the organism's body will be completely replaced by minerals.The end result of the fossilization process is a fossil. Fossils are the remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms that have been preserved in the Earth'scrust for millions of years. Fossils provide valuable information about the history of life on Earth. They can be used to reconstruct the appearance and behavior of extinct organisms. They can also be used to study the evolution of life on Earth.中文回答：化石化的定义。

地球化学专业英语词汇摘要：地球化学是一门研究地球及其组成、结构、演化和变化的自然科学。

地球化学专业的学习需要掌握一些基本的英语词汇，以便阅读和理解相关的文献、报告和数据。

本文根据地球化学的主要内容，将英语词汇分为以下几个部分：地球构造、岩石和矿物、地球化学过程、地球化学分析和方法、地球化学应用和专业术语。

每个部分给出了一些常用或重要的英语词汇，并列出了中文和英文的对照。

一、地球构造地球构造是指地球内部的结构和组成，以及它们之间的相互作用。

地球构造是影响地球表面形态和动力学的重要因素，也是地球化学研究的基础。

以下是一些与地球构造相关的英语词汇：中文英文地球Earth地核core内核inner core外核outer core地幔mantle上地幔upper mantle下地幔lower mantle地壳crust大陆地壳continental crust海洋地壳oceanic crust岩石圈lithosphere滑动圈asthenosphere板块plate板块运动plate tectonics板块边界plate boundary构造带tectonic belt构造单元tectonic unit构造环境tectonic setting构造活动tectonic activity二、岩石和矿物岩石和矿物是地球化学研究的主要对象，它们记录了地球历史上发生过的各种物理、化学和生物过程。

岩石是由一个或多个矿物组成的固态聚合体，根据形成方式可以分为火成岩、沉积岩和变质岩。

矿物是具有一定的化学成分和结晶结构的自然形成的无机固体。

以下是一些与岩石和矿物相关的英语词汇：中文英文岩石rock火成岩igneous rock沉积岩sedimentary rock变质岩metamorphic rock岩浆岩magmatic rock火山岩volcanic rock侵入岩intrusive rock喷出岩extrusive rock碎屑岩clastic rock化学沉积岩chemical sedimentary rock生物沉积岩biogenic sedimentary rock原生变质岩protolith metamorphic rock接触变质岩contact metamorphic rock区域变质岩regional metamorphic rock热变质岩thermal metamorphic rock压力变质岩pressure metamorphic rock矿物mineral晶体crystal晶面crystal face晶轴crystal axis晶系crystal system对称元素symmetry element对称性symmetry矿物学mineralogy矿物化学mineral chemistry矿物物理mineral physics矿物光学mineral optics三、地球化学过程地球化学过程是指地球内外发生的各种化学反应和物质迁移，它们造成了地球各部分的化学组成和同位素比例的差异和变化。

fossilization名词解释Fossilization是指在学习第二语言时，学习者在语言使用中出现的一种错误，这种错误已经变成了学习者的习惯性错误，难以纠正。

这种错误通常是由于学习者在学习语言时，没有正确掌握语言的规则和结构，或者是由于学习者在使用语言时，没有得到及时的纠正和指导，导致错误一直存在并且不断加深。

Fossilization是一个非常普遍的现象，尤其是在学习第二语言的初期。

学习者在学习语言时，往往会犯一些错误，这些错误可能是由于语言的复杂性和多样性所导致的。

如果这些错误得不到及时的纠正和指导，那么这些错误就会逐渐变成学习者的习惯性错误，最终导致学习者难以纠正。

Fossilization的原因有很多，其中最主要的原因是学习者在学习语言时，没有得到正确的指导和纠正。

另外，学习者的学习方法和学习环境也会对Fossilization产生影响。

如果学习者的学习方法不正确，或者学习环境不利于语言学习，那么Fossilization的发生率就会更高。

为了避免Fossilization的发生，学习者应该采取正确的学习方法，同时也应该选择一个良好的学习环境。

在学习语言时，学习者应该注重语言的规则和结构，尽可能地避免犯错误。

如果学习者在使用语言时犯了错误，那么应该及时得到纠正和指导，避免错误逐渐加深。

总之，Fossilization是学习第二语言时常见的现象，它会对学习者的语言能力产生负面影响。

为了避免Fossilization的发生，学习者应该采取正确的学习方法，注重语言的规则和结构，同时也应该选择一个良好的学习环境。

如果学习者在使用语言时犯了错误，那么应该及时得到纠正和指导，避免错误逐渐加深。

只有这样，学习者才能够有效地避免Fossilization的发生，提高自己的语言能力。

"Fossilization" 是一个语言习得领域的术语，指的是学习者在学习第二语言时，错误或不准确的语言特征在其语言表达中变得固定，难以纠正的现象。

这种现象可能会影响学习者的语言表达，使其在特定语言方面无法达到更高的水平。

以下是一些"fossilization" 的例子：1. **语音：** 学习者可能在学习第二语言时，保留了母语的语音特点，导致发音错误。

例如，一个中国学生在学习英语时可能保留了汉语中的声调特点，导致在英语发音中出现声调错误。

2. **语法：** 学习者可能在特定语法结构上出现固定的错误，难以纠正。

例如，一个学习英语的学生可能经常在使用被动语态时出现错误，这种错误可能在其语言表达中形成一种固定的模式。

3. **词汇：** 学习者可能在使用特定词汇时出现固定的错误。

例如，学习者可能在用法上错误地使用了某个词汇，这种错误可能在语言表达中变得难以更正。

4. **语用学：** 学习者可能在语用方面出现固定的错误，无法准确使用语言来表达自己的意思例如，在某些文化中的语用习惯可能与目标语言不同，导致在交际中出现误解。

5. **语篇连贯性：** 学习者可能在语篇连贯性方面出现问题，难以将句子和段落组织成清晰的逻辑结构。

这可能导致学习者的写作和口语表达显得杂乱或不连贯。

这些例子展示了"fossilization" 在语言习得中的不同表现形式。

这种现象通常是由于学习者在一定程度上固化了早期的学习习惯，或者由于持续性的错误反馈不足，导致这些错误得不到纠正。

在教学中，了解"fossilization" 可以帮助教师更好地理解学习者的语言发展，并针对性地提供支持和指导。

二语习得理论对英语教学的启示作为一门独立的学科，二语习得研究始于20世纪60年代末70年代初，80年代中期开始在我国起步。

20多年来，这一研究领域得到了迅速发展，并在各分支领域都有比较突出的成果面世。

与此同时，二语习得研究日益呈现出跨学科的特点，借鉴了如社会学、心理学、人类学等许多其它相关学科的研究成果，已远远超出了单纯的语言学范畴。

二语习得研究对英语学习的实践有着多维的指导意义，本文仅从英语教师的角度出发，浅析该理论中几个对于教学有启发的理论，并探讨将其应用于教学实践的可能性，以期改善教学效果、提高学生英语学习的水平和效能。

这些理论包括关键期理论、“i+1”理论和中介语石化理论。

一、关键期理论对关键期理论（critical period hypothesis）的研究始自1959年。

神经生理学家Penfield 和Roberts从大脑可塑性的角度，提出十岁以前是学习语言的最佳年龄。

哈佛大学心理学教授Lenneberg则从医学临床经验，以神经生理学的观点系统地解释语言学习的关键期。

他认为人的大脑从二岁开始侧化（lateralization，也叫做边化。

人的大脑左半球主要负责语言，而右半球感知非语言声音及音乐旋律，同时也支配着视觉和空间技能。

认知功能和感知功能位于大脑的某一半球上被称为侧化。

由于大脑的每个半球都有独特的功能优势，因此两个半球的专长是互利的。

侧化的过程被认为是一种发育成长的过程，即大脑侧化在基因中已安排好，但尚需时间逐渐实现侧化。

）在侧化完成前，人是用全脑来学习语言，约在11-19岁左右，大脑会完成侧化，从此，语言学习主要由左边大脑负责。

人脑“侧化”后的语言学习不如全脑学习时期来得好。

因此，语言学习最好在大脑完成侧化之前，这段时间被称为“语言学习关键期”。

后来的语言学家对这一假设多有论述。

虽然关键期理论还停留在假设层面，但是却似乎已经被国内的很多英语教师和家长奉为金科玉律了。

大家都把英语学习的年龄重心一再下移，外语学习者日益呈现低龄化特征。

2025年教师资格考试高级中学英语学科知识与教学能力模拟试卷与参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题有30小题，每小题2分，共60分）1、Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of communicative language teaching (CLT)?A. Emphasis on accuracy over fluencyB. Use of authentic materialsC. Focus on meaningful communicationD. Learner-centered approachAnswer: AExplanation: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) emphasizes the importance of using the language for communication and interaction. It encourages fluency over accuracy, which means that while making errors is seen as a natural part of the learning process, the ability to communicate effectively is prioritized. Authentic materials, a focus on meaningful communication, and a learner-centered approach are all key features of CLT, making option A the correct choice as it contradicts the principles of CLT.2、In second language acquisition, the term ‘fossilization’ refers to:A. The process by which learners acquire grammatical rulesB. The point at which a learner’s interlanguage stops developingC. The initial stage of language learning where vocabulary is emphasizedD. The technique of using physical objects to teach language conceptsAnswer: BExplanation: Fossilization is a phenomenon in second language acquisition where the errors made by learners become permanent and resistant to change. This typically occurs when a learner reaches an intermediate level but fails to progress further, resulting in a stabilization of their interlanguage, which is the learner’s current state of knowled ge about the target language. Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe fossilization, thus B is the correct answer.3、The teacher is about to introduce a new topic in the English class. Which of the following phrases can best be used to engage the st udents’ interest and prepare them for the lesson?A. “Now, class, let’s dive into the depths of this new topic.”B. “Alright, everyone, it’s time to turn the page and explore something new.”C. “Today, we’re going to embark on an adventure through the worl d of literature.”D. “Let’s start by reviewing what we learned last class, and then we’ll move on to our new topic.”Answer: C. “Today, we’re going to embark on an adventure through the worldof literature.”Explanation: Option C uses an engaging and vivid phrase (“embark on an adventure”) that can capture the students’ interest and create a sense of excitement about the new topic. It also clearly indicates the direction of the lesson, which is beneficial for setting expectations and preparing the students for what to expect.4、In a reading comprehension activity, the teacher wants to ensure that students understand the main idea of a passage. Which of the following methods is most effective for this purpose?A. “Find the first sentence of each paragraph and summarize it.”B. “Circle the keywords in each paragraph and then discuss their meaning.”C. “Read the passage aloud and pause after each paragraph to discuss the main point.”D. “Write a one-sentence summary of the entire passage and share it with the cl ass.”Answer: D. “Write a one-sentence summary of the entire passage and share it with the class.”Explanation: Option D encourages students to think critically about the passage and distill its main idea into a concise statement. This method promotes active engagement with the text and helps students internalize the key information. It also allows the teacher to monitor each student’s understanding and provide feedback accordingly.5、Which of the following teaching methods emphasizes student-centered learning and encourages active engagement in the classroom?A、Lecture methodB、Auditory methodC、Interactive methodD、Cooperative methodAnswer: CAnalysis: The interactive method (选项C) is a student-centered approach that encourages active participation and interaction among students. This method promotes collaborative learning and discussion, which helps students develop critical thinking and communication skills.6、In the context of English language teaching, which of the following activities is most suitable for achieving the communicative competence of advanced high school students?A、Translating short paragraphs from English to ChineseB、Listening to and discussing authentic English-language podcastsC、Writing detailed summaries of poetryD、Parroting back English-language vocabulary listsAnswer: BAnalysis: Listening to and discussing authentic English-language podcasts (选项B) is the most suitable activity for achieving the communicative competence of advanced high school students. This activity provides real-worldlanguage input and encourages students to engage in meaningful communication, understand cultural nuances, and practice comprehension in an authentic context.7、The teacher is demonstrating a new vocabulary word to the high school students. Which of the following techniques would be most effective in helping the students retain the information?A. Using a direct translation from a familiar language.B. Providing a visual representation of the word in context.C. Asking students to repeat the word without giving any examples.D. Starting a brainstorming session about the word’s origin.Answer: B. Providing a visual representation of the word in context.Explanation: Visual aids, such as showing a picture of the object or situation that the word describes, can help students connect the new vocabulary with concrete examples and incidents. This concrete association is generally more effective in memory retention than a purely auditory or semantic approach.8、Which of the following is the most appropriate method to use when reviewing the structure of a complex literary text with advanced-level English language learners?A. Providing a comprehensive outline of the text structure.B. Encouraging students tomemorize a list of the text’s main structural elements, such as introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.C. Having students summarize the text in their own words before discussingthe structure.D. Asking students to rearrange the text elements without any prior guidance or explanation.Answer: C. Having students summarize the text in their own words before discussing the structure.Explanation: Reviewing the structure of a text is best accomplished by first having students summarize what they have read. This summarization phase activates prior knowledge and encourages students to engage more deeply with the content. Following this, d iscussion about the text’s structure can be conducted in a way that connects the new information to their personal understanding of the text. This method leads to a more active and meaningful learning experience.9、Which of the following activities best pr omotes students’ communicative competence?A) Completing grammar worksheets.B) Memorizing vocabulary lists.C) Role-playing a conversation at a restaurant.D) Writing a formal essay on a given topic.Answer: CExplanation: Communicative competence involves the ability to use language effectively in real-life situations. Role-playing a conversation at a restaurant (Option C) provides students with an opportunity to practice usinglanguage in a practical context, thereby enhancing their communicative skills. The other options focus more on discrete aspects of language learning, such as grammar, vocabulary, or writing, which do not necessarily promote communicative competence.10、When teaching pronunciation, what is a key factor that teachers should consider to help students improve their listening and speaking skills?A) Encouraging students to read aloud texts they have never seen before.B) Focusing solely on the pronunciation of individual sounds.C) Providing authentic listening materials that reflect natural speech patterns.D) Asking students to write down new vocabulary words and their phonetic transcriptions.Answer: CExplanation: To improve listening and speaking skills, it is essential for students to be exposed to authentic listening materials that reflect natural speech patterns (Option C). This exposure helps students become familiar with the rhythm, intonation, and connected speech features of the language, which are crucial for effective communication. While reading aloud and focusing on individual sounds can also be beneficial, they are not as effective in isolation as providing authentic listening practice. Writing down phonetic transcriptions can aid memory but does not directly enhance listening or speaking abilities.11、The teacher is using a visual aid to illustrate the concept of present perfect tense. Which of the following statements best describes the visual aid?A) A timeline showing events that started in the past and continue to the present.B) A series of photos of students from different eras.C) A chart comparing present perfect and present continuous tenses.D) A map showing the progression of a story.Answer: A) A timeline showing events that started in the past and continue to the present.Explanation: The present perfect tense is used to describe actions that started in the past and continue to the present. A timeline is an effective visual aid to demonstrate this concept by showing the continuity of events.12、In the context of teaching reading comprehension, which of the following strategies is most appropriate for helping students identify the main idea of a text?A)Paraphrasing sentences from the text.B)Summarizing the text in their own words.C)Asking students to predict the outcome of the story.D)Focusing on specific details and facts from the text.Answer: B) Summarizing the text in their own words.Explanation: Summarizing the text in their own words is a key strategy for identifying the main idea because it requires students to distill the essential information and concepts, rather than focusing on specific details or predictions. This helps them understand the overall message and purpose of the text.13、In which of the following works is the character Pip the main character?A. Oliver Twist - Charles DickensB. Great Expectations - Charles DickensC. Jane Eyre - Charlotte BronteD. Wuthering Heights - Emily BronteAnswer: B解析: Pip is the central character in “Great Expectations” by Charles Dickens. The novel explores Pip’s life and relationships and his journey to becoming a gentleman.14、Which novel features a deterministic theme, where the characters’ actions are largely determined by their environment and societal conditions?A. 1984 - George OrwellB. To Kill a Mockingbird - Harper LeeC. Crime and Punishment - Fyodor DostoevskyD. The Great Gatsby - F. Scott FitzgeraldAnswer: C解析: “Crime and Punishment” by Fyodor Dostoevsky is known for its deterministic themes, where the narrator Raskolnikov’s actions are influenced deeply by his harsh environment and societal conditions, reflecting wider themes of free will versus determinism.15、The following sentence can be properly rewritten as a passive voice without changing the meaning:A)The stone was thrown by Tom.B)Tom threw the stone.C)By Tom, the stone was thrown.D) A stone was thrown by Tom on the ground.Answer: CExplanation: The correct passive voice form changes the subject to the receiver of the action (the stone) and uses the appropriate form of “to be” combined with the past participle. In this case, “By Tom, the stone was thrown” is the proper passive voice construction.16、Which of the following sentences correctly uses the past perfect tense?A)She had finished her homework before dinner time.B)She finishes her homework after dinner.C)She has finished her homework every day.D)She will finish her homework before it’s too late.Answer: AExplanation: The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that happened before another past action. In this question, the sentence refers to an action (finishing homework) t hat happened before “dinner time.” The past perfect tense construction is “had + past participle,” hence “had finished” in option A is the correct choice. The other options use the present simple or future perfect tenses, which are not appropriate for the context.17、Which of the following is NOT a communicative competence skill according to Canale and Swain (1980)?A. Grammatical competenceB. Sociolinguistic competenceC. Strategic competenceD. Discourse competenceAnswer: EExplanation: Canale and Swain’s model of communicative competence includes grammatical competence (knowledge of vocabulary, morphology, syntax, semantics, and phonology), sociolinguistic competence (understanding of how language use varies according to social context), strategic competence (ability to compensate for lack of knowledge), and discourse competence (ability to connect sentences together coherently). The correct choice is not listed among the options, but if we assume that ‘E’ represents an option not given, it would be the correct answer by default. However, if this is a mistake and one of the listed options is supposed to be incorrect, then the question needs to be reviewed.18、When designing a lesson plan, which of the following steps should come first?A. Identifying learning objectivesB. Selecting teaching materialsC. Planning assessment methodsD. Organizing classroom activitiesAnswer: AExplanation: In effective lesson planning, identifying learning objectives is the crucial first step. These objectives guide the selection of teachingmaterials, planning of assessment methods, and organization of classroom activities. They define what students should know or be able to do at the end of the lesson, ensuring that all other components of the lesson are aligned with these goals.19.The following sentence contains an error in verb tense. Which sentence is correct?A. The students are doing their homework in the library.B. The students had done their homework when the teacher came in.C. The students will be doing their homework in the library next week.D. The students were doing their homework when the teacher came in.Answer: DExplanation: Option D is correct because it uses the past continuous tense to describe an action that was happening at a specific moment in the past (when the teacher came in). The other options use incorrect tenses: A uses the present continuous, B uses the past perfect, and C uses the future continuous.20.Choose the word that best completes the sentence.The teacher_______the students to participate in the discussion actively.A. encouragesB. discouragedC. discouragingD. will encourageAnswer: AExplanation: Option A is correct as “encourages” is the correct form of the verb to use in this context, which means “to inspire or motivate someone to do something.” The other options do not fit the context: B is the past tense of discourage, C is the present participle, and D is the future tense of encourage.21、Which of the following best describes the relationship between a thesaurus and a dictionary?A、A thesaurus provides synonyms for words, while a dictionary offers definitions and information about words.B、A thesaurus lists homophones, while a dictionary provides synonyms.C、A thesaurus and a dictionary are both conduits for personal expression.D、A thesaurus and a dictionary are interchangeable tools for writing.Answer: AExplanation: A thesaurus is primarily used for finding synonyms and related words, while a dictionary provides definitions and other information about words, including their etymology, pronunciation, and usage. These tools serve different purposes and are not interchangeable.22、Which层面的理解方式最能体现阅读活动中的深度对话与批判性思维？A、表层理解B、中层理解C、深层理解D、超层次理解Answer: CExplanation: Deep understanding (深层理解) refers to a comprehensive and critical interpretation of a text, including its themes, symbols, and underlying messages. It involves not just comprehension at a surface level (表层理解) or a medium level (中层理解), but a deeper engagement with the text that encourages critical thinking and reflection.23.The following sentences highlight the flexible use of grammar in English. Which sentence demonstrates the use of “have” and “has” to indicate possession?A. Harry/typescripts well.B. The books/on my desk are all new.C. She/have a cat named Lily.D. Her sister has a car.Answer: C.Explanation: The correct usage is “She has a cat named Lily” because “has” is used with “she,” the third-person singular pronoun.24.In English, adjectives can have comparative and superlative forms. Which sentence uses the superlative form to suggest that a particular class of students is the best in terms of punctuality?A. The chemistry students are more punctual than the biology students.B. The chemistry class is the most punctual at our school.C. The biology class is more punctual than most classes in our school.D. While chemistry students are punctual, biology students have a few late minutes.Answer: B.Explanation: The sentence “The chemistry class is the most punctual at our school” uses the superlative form “most punctual” to indicate that the chemistry class is the best or most punctual compared to other classes.25.Which of the following activities best promotes students’ comm unicative competence in an English language classroom?A)Memorizing vocabulary listsB)Reading silently from a textbookC)Engaging in role-play dialoguesD)Writing essays on given topicsAnswer: C) Engaging in role-play dialoguesExplanation: Communicative competence refers to the ability to use language appropriately in different social contexts. Role-play dialogues provide learners with opportunities to practice using language in a way that simulates real-life situations, which is essential for developing their ability to communicate effectively. The other options, while useful for building specific skills, do not directly promote the interactive and communicative aspects of language learning.26.In the context of teaching grammar, what does the term ‘form-focused instruction’ refer to?A)Teaching grammar rules as a separate subject without integrating them into languagepracticeB)Focusing solely on the accuracy of pronunciation and intonationC)Integrating attention to grammatical forms within the context of meaningfulcommunicationD)Encouraging students to learn grammar through trial and error without explicitguidanceAnswer: C) Integrating attention to grammatical forms within the context of meaningful communicationExplanation: Form-focused instruction is an approach to language teaching that involves drawing students’ attention to grammatical features during meaningful communication. This method aims to improve both form (the structure of the language) and meaning (the content of the message) simultaneously, thereby enhancing students’ overall language proficiency. It contrasts with approaches that treat grammar as an isolated set of rules or those that avoid direct instruction on grammar altogether.27.The teacher in the following scenario demonstrates which principle of classroom management?A)ConsistencyB)FlexibilityC)AutonomyD)ParticipationAnswer: A) ConsistencyExplanation: Consistency is a key principle of classroom management thatinvolves maintaining the same rules, expectations, and consequences for students. In the scenario, the teacher consistently applies the same rules and consequences, which helps to create a stable and predictable learning environment.28.Which of the following is an effective strategy for promoting student engagement in a reading activity?A)Reading the entire text aloud to the classB)Providing students with a list of vocabulary words to memorizeC)Encouraging students to work independently on a reading passageD)Asking students to predict the outcome of a story based on the title and illustrationsAnswer: D) Asking students to predict the outcome of a story based on the title and illustrationsExplanation: Encouraging students to predict the outcome of a story based on the title and illustrations is an effective strategy for promoting engagement because it activates their prior knowledge and encourages critical thinking. This activity also helps to build anticipation and interest in the text.29、Which of the following is NOT a principle of teaching pronunciation to high school students?(A) Emphasizing the phonetic environment and structural analysis.(B) Incorporating pronunciation practice into listening and speaking activities.(C) Using minimal pairs to distinguish similar sounds.(D) Focusing solely on spelling of words.Answer: (D) Focusing solely on spelling of words.解析: 教师在教授高中学生的英语发音时，不应仅强调单词的拼写，因为发音和拼写之间存在复杂的关系，而且强调拼写容易忽视发音的实际实践。