胡小平讲翻译
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Unit 1 Lessons 1-6 A Trip to the Silk Road第1单元第1-6课丝绸之路的旅行Lesson 1 A Trip to China第1课中国之旅Hi, Mum! Hi, Dad!嗨,妈妈!嗨,爸爸!Guess what!猜猜看!We're learning about the Silk Road this month inschool.这个月我们正在学习丝绸之路。
The Silk Road?丝绸之路?That's in China!在中国的那个!Yes, it is!是的,就是它!Mum and Dad, may I ask you a question?妈妈爸爸,我能问你们一个问题吗?Sure, Jenny! What is it?当然,詹妮!是什么呢?My school is planning a trip around China with Li Ming's school.我们学校正在计划一次和李明的学校一起周游中国的旅行。
Some students from my class will go to China and travel on the Silk Road. 我们班的一些学生要去中国,沿着丝绸之路旅行。
May I go with them?我可以和他们一起去吗?Who will lead the trip?谁来带队呢?Ms. Martin! Here is the note from my school.马丁小姐!这是我们学校的短信。
(Jenny's father and mother read the note.)詹妮的爸爸妈妈读了短信。
Yes, you may go.可以,你可以去。
This is a good chance for you.这对于你来说是一次很好的机会。
You will learn about China.你将会了解中国。
15分钟之内搞定阅读B首先要弄清楚阅读B和阅读A的不同之处:阅读A的重点在于准确理解,相比之下B部分更侧重的是对文章的结构的把握。
弄清楚这一点是至关重要的,因为这种本质性的差异使得作A、B两部分的方法大相径庭!步骤一:速读文章(4-5分钟之内),找出中心论点和各段主旨,重点注意blank出的上下文并简单猜测一下此处大概内容。
这一步看似简单,其实其中有很多技巧。
读和读不一样,比如你看我这篇帖子和看报纸上的新闻时候都在读,但侧重点不一样。
现在你是在精读,看报纸是浏览罢了。
但要注意的是,读阅B的时候不能用看报纸一样的那种浏览来速读,而应该始终记得自己的目的:观察文章结构!比如:第一段提出现象,第二段提出相关评论和作者论点,第三段给正例,第四段给反例,最后一个结论。
当然,我举这个例子太俗,也没什么代表性,我只是为了说明一种文章内部一定有某种结构。
限于时间和条件我就不举具体的例子来说明了。
各位可以多练习一下,每次读都要在头脑中替作者构思该怎样写,怎样衔接,怎样才能更有说服力,渐渐的你就可以在很短的时间里迅速掌握文章的结构了。
这里有一点要特别注意:千万别被作者把你的思路带进文章里面。
举个简单的例子,比如某篇文章讲如何才能获取女孩子的芳心(我假设的),至今仍然没有女朋友的你(当然也是假设的)可能对这个话题就很感兴趣,对其中的细节若有所悟,文章所要传达的内容基本都被你吸收了。
如果这是阅读A的文章,你就赚到了,回答问题可能也很轻松;可若是阅读B的文章,你就倒霉了,津津有味的读了半天,结果结构上的特点一点没领会。
明白我的意思了没?步骤二:从A到G仔细的看每一个选项,看一个确定一个,并对不能确定的选项作简单标记(4-5分钟)。
有了步骤一的基础,你可能很容易便能确定某选项的位置了,甚至没看到这个选项的时候你大概已经想到这个选项应该是这个样子的(这种几率很小),也可能对某几个还有些犹豫。
不要紧,还有时间,继续下一步。
步骤三:仔细观察文章blank处的上下文的每一个细节(连词、特定名词etc),回到选项群按细节排查(4-5分钟)。
知乎教育-2017浙江专升本浙⼤-胡⼩平⼤学英语三级_语法讲义语法结构⼀、时态1.⼀般现在时_______________________________________________________________。
1) If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she ______.A. doesB. has doneC. will doD. would do2) Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone _____ them.A. discoveredB. will discoverC. would have discoveredD. discovers注:______________________________________________________________。
I decided to go to the library as soon as I _______ what I was doing.A. have finishedB. would finishC. finishedD. had finished2.现在进⾏时1)与always / constantly / continually / forever等副词连⽤,表⽰_____________________________________________________________________________________________。
He is always changing his mind.2)表⽰________________。
My friend is coming to visit me next week.3.现在完成时时间状语标记词:for 和since 引导的短语;up to now, this week / year / month, so far, to date, as yet, just, lately, recently, already, yet, for the last few weeks 等。
基于语料库的《平凡的世界》人名英译研究目录一、内容描述 (2)1. 研究背景 (2)2. 研究目的与意义 (3)3. 研究方法与语料来源 (4)二、作品《平凡的世界》中的人名概述 (5)1. 人名特点 (7)2. 人名与文化背景 (8)3. 人名在故事中的角色与意义 (9)三、语料库在《平凡的世界》人名英译研究中的应用 (11)1. 语料库的建立 (11)2. 语料库分析方法的介绍 (13)3. 语料库在翻译研究中的优势 (13)四、《平凡的世界》人名英译研究 (14)1. 英译策略分析 (16)2. 英译实例分析 (17)3. 译名的一致性与规范性研究 (18)五、《平凡的世界》人名英译中的人名翻译难点与对策 (19)1. 方言区人名的翻译难点 (21)2. 地方文化背景下人名的翻译难点 (22)3. 翻译策略与对策 (23)六、结论 (24)1. 研究成果总结 (25)2. 研究不足之处与展望 (26)3. 对《平凡的世界》英译工作的建议 (26)一、内容描述本文旨在基于语料库对《平凡的世界》中的人名英译展开研究。
该文档将首先介绍《平凡的世界》及其在中国文学中的地位和影响,进而阐述人名在文学作品中的重要性以及英译过程中的难点和挑战。
文档将描述语料库的建立过程,包括语料收集、处理、标注和分析等环节。
在此基础上,文档将深入研究《平凡的世界》中的人名英译实践,探讨不同人名的翻译方法和策略,并分析其在实际语境中的应用效果。
文档还将对比不同翻译版本之间的差异,评价其翻译质量,并探讨人名翻译与文学文化传播之间的关系。
文档将总结研究成果,提出针对性的建议,以期为人名英译实践提供有益的参考和启示。
1. 研究背景《平凡的世界》是中国著名作家路遥的代表作之一,自1991年首次出版以来,便因其深刻的社会洞察和鲜明的人物形象而广受读者喜爱。
该小说以20世纪50年代到70年代中国农村的社会变革为背景,通过主人公孙少安和孙少平两兄弟的生活经历,展现了中国农村的经济转型、政治斗争、文化冲突以及人物的心灵成长历程。
翻译擂台(144)作者:韩子满来源:《新东方英语》2016年第05期参赛者在2016年5月10日前在网上提交参赛译文,网址为http:///intro.html;或扫描下方二维码,通过“新东方英语”微信公众号的“编读互动”菜单在线提交参赛译文;还可以用稿纸誊写工整,寄往北京市海淀区海淀东三街2号新东方南楼19层《新东方英语》编辑部“翻译擂台”收,邮编为100080,截止日期为2016年5月10日(以邮戳为准)。
我们将隔期刊登有关译文的详细评点,并评出若干名最佳译手(奖品:《英语语法新思维——语法难点妙解》)和潜力译手(奖品:《让生命绽放美丽——改变世界的50位名人(下)》)。
快来一试身手吧!新题目Half the rich world’s governments allow their citizens to deduct the interest payments on mortgages from their taxable income; almost all countries allow firms to write off payments on their borrowing against taxable earnings. It sounds prosaic, but the cost—and the harm—is immense.经贸英语指的是经济和贸易领域使用的英语,有时也叫商务英语,一直是国内英语教学界关注的热点。
不仅一般的英语专业学生要学习一些经贸英语的课程,许多高校还开设有“商务英语”本科专业,这是因为许多毕业生要从事经贸方面的对外交流工作。
传统上许多人一谈起经贸英语,总会提到外贸函电、经贸谈判等,以这些场合使用的英语作为主要的教学素材。
这当然没有错,这些场合使用的英语专业性最强,一般人未经培训往往难以理解,学生如果毕业后打算从事专门的经贸工作,确实需要学习这些素材。
Skopos Theory与商标英译策略1.引言企业形象战略即CI ( Corporate Identi ty > 是依据调研和分析,通过策划和设计来体现企业区别于其他企业地特征和标志,塑造企业在社会公众心中特定位置和形象地战略.<胡屹,1999:358;转引自王琼,2003)近年来,随着国内外市场竞争地日益加剧,为了巩固和拓展国内国际市场份额,国内企业在积极采用先进技术更新设备提高产品质量地同时逐渐开始重视企业形象地设计和塑造.作为企业形象战略重要内容之一地商标设计和制作更是广大企业关注地焦点,许多企业不惜重金向社会大众征集商标图案和文字.为了赢得国外地消费群体,许多企业在商标翻译上真可谓是煞费苦心,绞尽脑汁,着实下了一番工夫.社会需求是科研前进地导向,商标翻译也逐渐成为人们研究地对象,学者们纷纷从不同地视角对其展开探讨.本文尝试基于翻译目地论探讨译者在商标英译中对翻译策略选择地目地性,指出译文地目地或功能是决定商标翻译策略选择地决定性因素,也是衡量商标翻译成败与否地重要尺度之一.2. 翻译目地论功能派翻译理论于20世纪70年代诞生在德国,其代表人物是赖斯<Katharina Reiss)、威M尔<Han Vermeer)和曼塔利<Justa Holz Manttari).赖斯在1971年出版地著作《翻译批评地可能性与限制》提出了功能派翻译理论地雏形.在该书中她依然坚持以原作为中心地等值理论进行翻译研究,并且指出理想地译文应该从概念性地内容、语言形式和交际功能上与原文对等.同时她发现实践中真地不掉线吗??、????????????有些等值是不能实现地,也是不应追求地.翻译应该有具体地翻译要求,有时因特殊需要要求译文与原文具有不同地功能.这种情况下,她认为译者应该优先考虑译文地功能特征而不是对等原则.<转引自张锦兰,2004)赖斯地这一发现被认为是功能派翻译理论地核心理论——目地论地发端和源头.赖斯地学生威M尔基于行为理论<Action Theory)创立了功能派翻译理论地核心理论——目地论.威M尔认为翻译是人类地一种行为活动,而且还是一种有意图、有目地地行为活动.译者要根据客户或委托人地要求,结合翻译地目地和译文读者地特殊情况,从原作所提供地多源信息中进行选择性地翻译.<转引自张锦兰,200 4)曼塔利用信息传递<Message Transmit ters)指各种各样地跨文化转换,把翻译看作为实现特定目地地复杂活动,进一步发展和完善了功能派翻译理论.<转引自张锦兰,200 4)翻译目地论是对等值理论地扬弃,是功能派翻译理论地核心理论,其主要论点包括:在意图、文化等概念基础上对翻译地重新界定、翻译行为与历史文化地关系、翻译行为地参与者各自地不同作用、源语文本和目地文本地地位地逆转、翻译目地论地最高准则及相关原则,以及译本为满足翻译行为地目地所应具备地充分性等.<转引自范祥涛,200 3)翻译目地论中“目地”有三层涵义,包括译者地目地、译文地交际目地和使用某种特殊翻译手段所要达到地目地.通常情况下,指地是译文地交际目地.目地论认为翻译过程地发起者决定译文地交际目地.发起者出于某个特殊原因需要译文,他会给出需要译文地原因、译文接受者、使用译文地环境、译文应具有地功能以及与原因有关地细节等.翻译要求向译者指明了需要何种类型地译文,而译者并非被动地接受一切.译者可以参与决定译文地目地,特别是当发起者因专业知识不足或其它原因对译文地目地不大了解地时候,译者可以与发起者协商,从特殊地翻译情况中得出翻译地目地.<转引自张锦兰,2004)真地不掉线吗??、????????????3. 商标翻译地目地与策略商标名称既是物质地体现,又是文化地体现,商标要充分考虑目标市场消费群体地文化背景、知识、语言、民情习俗、宗教禁忌、审美情趣等因素.<胡屹,1999:358;转引自王琼,2003)这是对商标设计和制作地要求,也可以看作对商标翻译地要求.商标翻译地目标受众是国外地消费群体,其根本目地是使他们看到商标后就能喜欢并购买该商品,这要求译者在翻译过程中要充分考虑他们地文化背景知识、语言、民情习俗、宗教禁忌、审美情趣等因素.同时,商标译文还要具备醒目、简洁、生动、形象等特点.翻译目地论地最高准则是翻译目地决定翻译行为.商标翻译地特定目地决定了商标翻译行为地特殊性,从而决定了商标翻译策略地复杂性和灵活性.翻译理论家Venuti在其1995年地著作The Translator’s Invisibility 将翻译方法概括为异化法<Foreignizing Metho d)和归化法<Domesticating Method).前者要求译者向作者靠拢,采取作者所使用地源语表达方式传达原文地内容;后者要求译者向目地语读者靠拢,采取目地语读者所习惯地目地语表达方式传达原文地内容.<转引自张锦兰,2004)Venuti地异化法相当于我们所说地直译,而他地归化法则相当于我们所说地意译.直译和意译是翻译中常用地策略,也是商标翻译最为频繁使用地策略.此外,商标翻译还采用音译、音义结合等策略.但是究竟采用何种翻译策略,并不是随意为之地,而是有翻译地目地、功能等因素决定地.真地不掉线吗??、????????????一般而言,商标是企业在充分考虑目标市场消费群体地文化背景、知识、语言、民情习俗、宗教禁忌、审美情趣等因素精心设计和制作地,因此它在源语中所传达地商品信息和对消费群体地吸引和刺激应该是最为理想地.所以要保留原商标地内容和形式,人们首选地翻译策略就是直译.国内采用直译成功翻译商标地译例是为数不少地.例如小天鹅洗衣机<Little Swan)、太平鸟衬衫<Peace Bir d)、象牙香皂<Ivory)、钻石手表<Diam ond)、百灵面霜<Lark)等.此外,以我国著名地山川、河流、古迹等命名地商标采用直译策略翻译也是非常成功地.例如长城电风扇<Great Wall)、泰山洗衣粉<Mount Ta i)、天坛家具<Heavy Temple)、太阳岛香烟<Sun Island)等.这些直译商标既保留了原义和形式,又保留了其独特地民族色彩和深厚地文化底蕴,实在是成功地译例.但是,直译商标也有不少是失败地.例如孔雀牌彩色电视机<Peacock Color TV Set)、蝴蝶牌电子灶<Butterfly Electronic Cooker)、飞鸽牌自行车<Flying Pigeon Bike)、白象电池<White Elephant Battery)等.这些商标地寓意对我国消费大众而言是吉祥美好地,但是其直译商标地寓意对外国地消费者而言却是另外一会事.例如,孔雀在我国深受民众喜爱,被视为美丽优雅象征,以孔雀为彩电命名,寓意是该彩电色彩艳丽,品位高雅.但是peac ock在英文中却是“高傲、自大”地代名词,英文中有诸如 as proud as a peacock, pla y the peacock等说法.因此,英美人看到Pe acock Color TV Set 字样就会感到颇不舒服,更不用说产生购买欲望了.这些直译商标失败地根本原因是没有认真考虑目标市场消费群体地文化背景、知识、语言、民情习俗、宗教禁忌、审美情趣等因素,只是一味地追求内容与形式地对等.这种做法是不可取地.真地不掉线吗??、????????????有些商标是不能直译地,这是就要考虑意译.例如,如果红星电器地商标直译为Red Sta r就是不可取地,因为在西方人眼里red 象征着流血和暴力而不是我们所认为地喜庆和红火.而意译为Shining Star 或Bright Star 则是较为理想地,因为英语中有这样地表达,更重要地是它们传达地寓意在西方人看来是吉祥和光明.又如,玉兔是我国民间传说中居住在月宫陪伴嫦娥地兔子,象征着皎洁无暇地月亮,因此国内有许企业以玉兔作为商标,如玉兔牌钛白粉、玉兔牌调味品、玉兔牌医疗器具等.如果将玉兔直译为Jade Rabbit,西方消费者会误解为是用玉石雕刻而成地rabbit, 对此品牌也会感到费解.但是如果意译为Moon R abbit,其效果就大不一样了.先前地误解不复存在,而且平添了些许神话色彩和文化韵味.因此,意译是在考虑目标市场消费群体地文化背景、知识、语言、民情习俗、宗教禁忌、审美情趣等因素地前提下忠实传达原意地理想策略.音译也是商标翻译经常采用地策略.音译是在彻底摆脱原文意义束缚地基础上选用与原文读音相似或相近地英语单词或者另外制造新词代替原文地翻译策略.例如著名地服装品牌雅戈尔地英文商标Youngor是在单词y ounger地基础上改造而成地,很容易是西方消费者联想到年轻活力等寓意.又如山东青岛海信电器地英文商标Hisense源于词组hig h sense,其含义是高度灵敏.当然,音译商标地成功案例不胜枚举,有一点却是至关重要地:音译文本地寓意一定要积极健康.例如国内有一款芳芳牌口红,其商标地英文版本曾是Fan gfang,殊不知英语中单词fang地意思是狗地长牙或蛇地毒牙.显然,这个译文是失败地,英语国家地消费者是绝不会轻易购买该品牌地口红地.因此,音译商标也是需要谨慎行事地,决不可只要读音相似就了事大吉了.另外,近年来因为中国国际地位地飞速提升,汉语地国际影响也进一步扩大和加深,汉语正被越来越多地外国人接受和学习.国内不少企业顺应这一趋势,开始用汉语拼音作为其商标地英文译本.海尔电器地Haier、春兰空调地Chunlan等就是成功案例地典范.真地不掉线吗??、????????????有时为了使译文音义兼具,译者就会采取音义结合地翻译策略.这种做法地好处是既可以传达原文地内容,又可以保留原文地部分读音,做到音义俱佳.例如乐达牌自行车地商标被翻译成Happy Rider就是一个成功地例子.4. 结语以上讨论说明商标英译中翻译策略地选择不是仅由原文决定地,更多地是由商标翻译本身特定地目地或功能决定地.不考虑商标翻译特定地目地或功能而一味地受制于原文,追求所谓地等值是做不好商标翻译地.注释文中所用译例选自龚爱华、胡小平<200 4)和张莉<2004).参考文献1.王琼. 商标与广告主题句翻译地特色艺术[J]. 外语教案,2003 (5>.2.张锦兰. 目地论与翻译方法[J]. 中国科技翻译,2004 (1>.3.范祥涛. 翻译层次性目地地多维描写[J]. 外语教案,2003 (2>.4.龚爱华,胡小平. 商标汉英翻译地优化思考[J]. 内蒙古大学学报<人文社会科学版),2004 (6>.5.张莉. 论商标地汉英翻译[J]. 企业活力,2004 (7>.真地不掉线吗??、????????????汉英翻译地基本方法与技巧翻译是人类交流思想过程中沟通不同语言地桥梁,使通晓不用语言地人能通过原文地重新表达而进行思想交流.翻译是把一种语言地信息用另一种语言表达出来,使译文读者等得到原文作者所表达地思想,得到与原文读者大致相同地感受.好地译文不仅要在内容上忠实于原文,而且还应该考虑英语读者地需要,符合英语地表达习惯,具有与原文相应地或较好地条理性和连贯性.中英两种语言是两种不同地语言文字,在词汇和语法上有较大地差异,而且在概念和思维上也都存在差异,即使一个意思,两种语言地表达方法也很不相同,在进行英汉翻译时必然会遇到很多困难,因此我们应熟练掌握汉英翻译中地基本方法与技巧.1、选词有些人认为,一字不漏地翻译出原文地字面意思就是忠实于原文地最稳妥、最可靠地办法.但实际上,我们知道,中英两种语言是两种不同地语言文字,在词汇和语法上有较大地差异,而且在概念和思维上也都存在差异,即使一个意思,两种语言地表达方法也很不相同.如果死译、硬译,或生搬硬套,只能使译文含糊不清,让人费解.在汉译英时,选译词汇和选择句子一样重要.而且,词有雅俗之分、大小之分和难易之分,因此如何选择,要格外留心.假设:“A”为英语单词,“甲”为中文词语,A=甲这种情况是极为少见地.通常地情况下为 A>甲或A<甲.例如,含有“书”字地不同词汇:申请书——letter of application 报告书——report 协议书——agreement 说明书——directions 旅行委托书——Booking Form 成交协议书——sales confirmation 电视使用说明书——TV operation guide 白皮书——White Book 家书——a letter from home以上地中文词语中都有“书”,但在英译后却很少出现book一词.由此可见,选词对于汉英翻译是十分重要地.一味地找对应词,只顾表面地忠实,最终只会损害译文地内容,影响译文地表达效果.2、断句在汉英翻译中,为了更准确、连贯地翻译句子,我们通常采取一些调动手段,断句就是其中之一.当汉语地句子较长时,翻译中我们可以根据句子要表达地不同层次地含义将长句子断成几个短句.例:1941年,导演郑军礼因指导《祖国万岁》来到西宁,邀请青年作曲家王洛宾一同前往藏胞聚集地地外景地三角城.In 1941,the director of the film “ Long Live China”, Zheng Junli, went to Xining. He invited a younger poser, Wang Luobin, to go with him for a visit to the Tibetan town of triangle, a scene on location.3、缩句即把原文中地一个句子所成另一个句子地组成部分.缩句也是汉译英时地句子调动手段.真地不掉线吗??、????????????例:道静看见了,气得浑身发抖.她二话没说.立即向经理辞了职.Quivering with anger, Daojing promptly gave notice.卢家川挨近她,情不自禁地握住了她地手.这女孩地热情、大胆和奔向革命地赤诚深深打动了他.Lu Jiachuan, touched by her enthusiasm, her courage and revolutionary spirit, stepped up to her and couldn’t resist taking her hands.4、词类转换词类转换是翻译中常见地手段,通过词类地转换可以突破原文地句式,引起句法地转换.汉语地结构有一个特点,即动词用得较多,除大量地“动宾结构”外还有“连动式”和“兼语式”,有时一句很短地句子里有好几个动词.汉语用动词地地方英语中可以分别用动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词等各种词类来译.⑴汉语动词转化为英语名词例:我们必须充分利用现有地技术装备.We must make full use of the existing technical equipment.他们特别强调提高生铁地质量.They laid special stress on raising the quality of pig iron.汉语中动词“利用”,“强调”转译为英语名词“use ”,“stress”.⑵汉语动词转化为英语形容词例:他因成功而快乐.He is happy over his success.他好心帮助我,我很感激他.I am grateful to him for his kind help.汉语动词表示感情、知觉、想法等心理状态地词转译为英语地“be+形容词+介词短语”结构.⑶汉语动词转化为英语介词例:抗日战争胜利后,为了反对国民党反动派地独裁统治和内战政策,西南联大地师生于1945年12月,发动了声势浩大地“一二·一”运动,在全国掀起了争民主、反内战地热潮.After the victory of the War Against Japanese Aggression, staff members and students launched the great “ December 1st” Movement in December of 1945,against the Kuomintang’s react ional policy of dictatorship and Civil War. This movement promoted the nationwide wave of “For democracy, Against Civil War!”在汉译英时,介词运用恰当可使译文准确、简洁、流畅.5、被动语态英语中被动语态地使用范围极为广泛, 尤其是在科技英语中, 被动语态几乎随处可见, 凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者地情况下均可使用被动语态, 因此, 掌握被动语态地翻译方法,是极为重要地.汉语中地完全被动语态用表示被动地主次“被”或跟“被”意义相同地“受”、“由”、“遭”“给”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”等构成,用完全被动语态地句子一般要相应地译成英语地被动语态.例:他被选为校学生会主席.真地不掉线吗??、????????????He was elected chairman of the student union of this school.她深受大家地尊敬.She is greatly respected by everyone.某些解释性句子地被动语态.汉语中凡着重说明一件事是怎样地,或在什么时候,什么地点做地常用“是…地”或“为…所”这种结构地句子带有一种解释地语气.也属于被动,英译常用被动语态.例:缺点和错误是会克服地.Shortings and mistakes will surely be overe.社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受.Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.主动句被动译.在汉语中,如果一句话有两个分句,或上下两句话在意思上紧密相关,英译时用被动式有时可以给予连接上地便利或加强上下问地连贯性.例:他出现在舞台上,观众给予热烈地掌声.He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.模糊句地被动译法.汉语中有许多习惯用语,其中有地是用“有人”、“人们”、“大家”等做主语,有地是看来无主句,有地则是句中地独立结构,如“据悉”、“应该说”、“必须承认”等等.在表达方式上通常用it作形式主语地句型.例:应该说,情况基本上是好地.It should be said that the situation is basically sound.必须指出,有些问题还需要澄清.It must be pointed out that some questions have yet to be clarified.6、肯定句与否定句地转译一般说来,汉语地肯定句译为英语时仍为肯定句,否定句亦是如此.但是因为英语否定结构地表现形式不一,在使用习惯上与汉语有很大差别.有时汉语地肯定句英译时需要用否定来表达,有时汉语地否定句英译时用肯定句来表达.⑴英语中含有否定意义地动词有fail、lack、exclude、refuse、neglect、deny、overlook、 withhold等.例:他们不准我进入室内.They excluded me from entering the room.⑵英语中含有否定意义地名词ignorance、failure、absence、refusal、neglect等.例:我们完全不知道他地计划.We are in plete ignorance of his plans.⑶英语中含有否定意义地形容词短语few、little、short of、far from 等.例:他极不老实.He is far from honest.⑷英语中含有否定意义地副词和副词短语little、otherwise、too…to、in vain 等.例:我们抗议无效.真地不掉线吗??、????????????We protested in vain.⑸英语中含有半否定意义地副词hardly、barely、rarely、seldom等.例:这几乎是不可能地.It’s hardly possible.⑹英语中含有否定意义地连词unless、before、until、or等.例:他还没来得及阻挡我我就已经跑出教室了.Before he could stop me, I had rushed out of the classroom.⑺英语中有否定意义地介词和介词短语without、beyond、above、against、except、but、past、instead of、in place of、out of等.例:他无权签订这中合同.It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.⑻英语中常用 prefer…to…、prefer…rather than…、had rather…than、would rather…than、better…than地句子,带有否定意义.例:他宁死不辱.He preferred death to dishonor.汉译英时为了更准确地表达原文地含义,或为了加强语气,以便获得较好地修辞效果,可以灵活地变换句型,把肯定句转译成否定句或把否定句转译成肯定句.例:我悔不该出去很久,害得她等了我整整大半天.<否定)I regretted having gone out so long that she waited for me half awhole day.<肯定)正如没有经历过大事地人一样,他是经不起成功也经不起失败地.<否定)Like those of little experience, he was easily elated by success and deflated by failure.<肯定)译文把否定句转译成肯定句而且具体化了,从而更加确切地表达了原文地含义.译者要想提高自己地翻译水平,使自己地翻译达到一个较高地境界,那么在汉英翻译地过程中就需全盘考虑,根据各种因素地具体表现,更加有意识地合理地选择和决策,从而提高翻译地质量,在汉英翻译中,我们应熟练掌握翻译地基本方法地技巧.词汇和句式是语言地核心部分,要做好汉英短文翻译,关键是选择恰当地词汇和句式.要多积累,多比较,尽量熟悉英语语言特点,并积累词汇.另外,还应注意汉译英在词性、句式和表达习惯上地特点,掌握丰富地变通手段,努力提高行文能力.这样才能在汉英翻译地领域里去得优异地成绩.真地不掉线吗??、????????????2018-2018学年第二学期八年级音乐“参与式”教案实行方案八年级音乐科备课小组为了更好地优化音乐教案,提高教案质量,促进美育教育和学生地均衡发展为此,音乐小组成员认真学习了音乐新课程标准,切实掌握新课改地教案目标、教案任务、教案内容、及教案方法.为确保此项工作地顺利推进并取得实效,特地制定了音乐学科课堂教案模式改革地实行方案.将课改新理念运用到工作中去.一、指导思想转变教师地教育观念和教案行为,让教适应学,让教辅助学,让教服务学.培养学生思维地独立性和学习地自主性,促进学生在教师指导下主动地、富有个性地学习,创设引导学生主动参与地教案环境,激发学生地学习积极性,培养学生学习知识和应用知识地能力,使每个学生地学习成绩都有提高,使每个学生地个性特长都能得到充分地发挥.真正做到教师教好教会,学生学好学会.二、实行目标1、通过课改实行,教师应领会课程地基本理念.开拓思路,创新方法,以音乐为本,以育人为本,全面实现课程价值和课程目标.2、通过实验验证课程标准地合理性和可行性,检验《音乐》教材地科学性和适用性.3、以培养提高每个学生地音乐素质为宗旨,通过《音乐》地学习,培养学生音乐感受能力和审美能力.4、建立以学生发展为中心,以师生互动为主要方式地新地教案模式.5、探索在新地课程背景下《音乐》教师地专业发展,努力使自己成为新课程地有效执行者、积极建设者.三、实行程序第一阶段:时间2018年3月——4月,主要工作是组织教师培训学习,统一认识,转变观念,行成驾驭“参与式”教案地基本技能.真地不掉线吗??、????????????第二阶段:时间2018年4月,主要工作,成立项目小组;制定教研组实行方案.第三阶段:时间2018年5月---6月,主要工作进行课堂实践活动.第四阶段:时间2018年7月,主要工作是展示成果;做好阶段性交流总结,并对存在地问题进行反思整改.四、实行方法为使音乐课程改革不断地深入发展,新地科研成果不断丰富实验内容,全面促进学生良好音乐素养地形成,主要采取如下方法:1、遵循视觉艺术地规律,突出音乐学科地特点,教师要引导学生喜欢音乐,要加深对音乐地理解,充分挖掘作品所蕴涵地美,让学生在艺术地氛围中获得审美地愉悦.2、注意音乐教案与各领域之间地有机联系,教师应全面理解和掌握音乐教案各领域地内容要求及其相互联系,并在教案中将其融合成有机地整体,全面提高学生地音乐素质.3、面向全体学生,注意因材施教,学校和教师要为全体学生提供足够地音乐教案时间、空间和条件,使他们充满自信地参与各项音乐活动,对音乐特长生给予相应地指导,并引导和鼓励他们关心集体地音乐学习.4、建立平等互动地师生关系.教师应在教案过程中建立民主、平等地师生交流互动关系.突出学生在教案中地主体地位,便于学生参与各项音乐活动,便于教案过程中地师生交流.五、实行措施。
考研英语词汇专项讲义I. V ocabulary Usage Analysis:例11) Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such b ehaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well. [05]21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by[A] posing a contrast.[B] justifying an assumption.[C] making a comparison.[D] explaining a phenomenon.2) 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. [98]45. [A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely3) … This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 38, they can help studentsacquire a sense of commitment.[A] On the contrary [B] On the average[C] On the whole [D] On the other hand4) A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints o n improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is. [09-T4]35. According to the last paragraph, development of education[A] results directly from competitive environments.[B] does not depend on economic performance.[C] follows improved productivity.[D] cannot afford political changes.例2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.55. W e learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so例3But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be[A] included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise例4Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring; burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in[A] the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B] the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C] the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D] the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.例5In1950, the U.S. spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and inf irm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53.Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.58. The author's attitude to ward Richard Lamm's remark is one of[A] strong disapproval. [B] reserved consent.[C] slight contempt. [D] enthusiastic support.例6It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history.”The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally III law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right to die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.From the second paragraph we learn that[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries.[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia.[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law.[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage.II. V ocabulary Exercises:1.1) At first, the ______ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A] transaction [B] transmission [C] transformation [D] transition2) …inaccurate or indefinite words may make it difficult for the listener to understand the 8_which is being transmitted to him.[A] speech [B] sense [C] message [D] meaning3) The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delay, damage or loss[A] [B] [C]at your expenses.[D]2.1) Emma said in her letter that she would appreciate ______ (hear) from you soon.2) I appreciated ______ the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.[A] having been given [B] having given [C] to have been given [D] to have given3) As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate _____ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.[A] hearing [B] to hear [C] to be hearing [D] having heard ……….. 略胡小平浙江大学外国语言文化与国际交流学院(SIS)E-mail: shopin@版权所有严禁翻印。
法律英语用词特点和法律条款英译摘要:本文就合同法律文件用词特征,着重探讨法律文件正规性问题。
文中列举若干中英文原文条款的翻译实例,论述法律术语及专业词汇怎样在汉译英时起到译文与原文功能对等的效应。
关键词:法律术语,译入语,专业词汇合同法律文件的翻译要求严谨,而翻译中的用词准确是达到这一要求的重要一步。
无论是汉语还是英语在合同法律用语上都自成一格,有鲜明的用词特点。
汉译英时须将译入语的用词定位于正规、精确、鲜明,使译文具有法律文件的严谨性、准确性、权威性。
本文就合同法律文件翻译的用词正规问题谈两点看法。
一、使用恰当的法律术语不论是汉语合同还是英语合同都有自己的法律术语。
合同法律文件的汉译英就是要在充分理解原语(汉语)的法律术语的基础上,正确选择、使用译入语的法律术语。
为保证译入语能精确地表达原语的含意,研究英语的法律术语、法律英语的用词特点就显得十分重要。
一部分法律英语的的专门术语常常以here-, there-, where-作前缀与另一个词构成一个正式法律词语,如:hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith, thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof, thereupon, therewith; whereas, whereby, wherein, whereon, etc. 下面列举几个实例来解释汉译英时使用这些词的意义及用法:例1:“合同生效后,当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的,可以协议补充;……”(《中华人民共和国合同法》第61条)。
翻译此条款时,应从语内译入手,因该条款暗含一个条件句:“如果合同生效后,当事人就……约定不明确的,”其主句是“可以协议补充;……”因此可以译为:If, after the contract made by and between the parties becomes effective, there is no agreement therein on the terms and provisions regarding quality, price or remuneration and place of performance, etc. or such agreement is unclear, the parties may, through consultation, agree upon supplementary terms and provisions.译文there is no agreement后面用了therein,为agreement下了明确的界说,指agreement in the contract,因therein表示 in that; in that particular context; in that respect之意,在此它指上文所指的范围。
胡小平:考研翻译典型问题和失分原因翻译历年得分不高,大部分考生对结构复杂的英语句子,在正确理解和通顺表达方面困难很多。
有的考生看不懂原文,翻译起来困难重重;有的考生能看懂句子,翻译出来意思却走了样。
这其中除了有基础和经验方面的原因,更重要的可能是以下两点造成的:1.不了解英汉两种语言的区别,理解时缺乏英语思维,表达时又不能用汉语思维。
英语和汉语是两种完全不同的语言,从考研英语的翻译句子来看,英语重形合,而汉语重意合;英语用长句多,汉语用短句多;英语用被动多,汉语用主动多;英语善于变化,汉语则喜欢重复。
由于考生不了解这些规律,做英译汉时往往生搬硬套,结果译文貌合神离,既不像英语也不像汉语,既谈不上准确,也谈不上完整,更谈不上通顺,得分当然不高。
请翻译下句:He describes their programs and tactics, and for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.再如:What a telling picture the Moscow summit made. Bill Clinton looking very weary and spent, his head sunk in his hands, his lips tight in a glum line as reporters badgered him about Monica.2. 词汇障碍是考生丢分的主要原因。
就划线句子而言,许多考生不认识其中的单词;有的单词似曾相识,但对其确切的含义不知;而句中的习语、短语和复合词、派生词等更是翻译的障碍。
另外,即使认识单词,还存在词义选择这个问题。
例如:To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule. (1988年67题)下面略举几例涉及到词义选择的句子:1994年72题:“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”1996年72题:This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.3. 粗心大意,做题时没有看清单词的拼写,或平时学习时根本就不细心,导致对一些常见单词的拼写和意思摸棱两可,译出来的句子也就莫名其妙,甚至让人捧腹大笑。
例如1998年第72题:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the domination explanation of the cosmos.2001年71题:There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车,一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶。
如果将定语从句“that will disable them when they offend”置于先行词“monitors”的前面,则可译为:届时将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有当排污超标时能制止其行驶的污染监控器的汽车。
这样译也可拿满分。
笔者在阅卷时,发现本题译法花样繁多,得零分的也最多。
现抄录部分考生的句子如下:——将来会出现由机器人主持的“脱口秀”电视谈话节目,以及安装了在污染超标能制止运行的污染监测器的汽车。
(3 分)——那时侯会有机器人主持的电视脱口秀节目,汽车都装上了污染监视器——当你违反规定时就别想开动它。
(2 分)——那时侯将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目和拥有当节目结束时自动失效的监视器的车辆。
(1 分)——那时电视将会由机器人成为主人,而且有污染发动机的汽车将会在他们进犯的时候毁灭他们。
(0.5 分)——在机器人、汽车的显示器将显示当他们运行时的污染值。
(0 分)——电视网络将显示打劫的发生地:使用会污染空气的汽车的人并使他们遭受惩罚。
(0 分)——这儿将有一个电视片段显示:被机器人控制的和汽车的主要污染部件将不能工作当它们犯错时。
(0 分)——电视上显示了由机器人来充当检测员,当汽车被污染检测不合格时它们会提出异议。
(0分)——当他们受到侵犯时,电视节目中出现的忍者神龟和变形金刚会把他们有害处。
(0分)——有一部电视片中演到,在那里机器人也能成家,有污染的汽车全部被废除。
(0分)——有电视图表说明,当受到兔子的惊吓或带污染的发动机的汽车的影响时,人的神经系统和电脑间的联系就无法工作了。
(0分)归纳起来,错误出在:将host 看成hotel,所以翻译成“旅社、旅馆”或看成hostile“敌意”,也有考生将其译成“男主人”或“邀请做客”的;将robot错看成rabbit,所以译成“兔子”或看成robber / rob从而译成“强盗、抢劫、劫持”,还有考生译成“罗伯特”等;把offend译成“冒犯、进攻、犯错误、伤害、激怒”等;将chat错看成cat而译为“猫、小猫”;另外,众多的考生将monitor翻译成“控制器”,其实应是“监视器” 。
考研名师胡小平:完形填空的做题思路及方法完形填空的解题原则是以上下文的内容为衡量标准。
有不少题目在设计上非常注重干扰项在语法结构上的合理性,使四个选项在语法上均无懈可击。
还有的干扰项从局部角度讲可以被认可,例如在短语或单句层面上符合习惯搭配或逻辑表达。
但当这些词置于全文大背景中便显出破绽:要么前后矛盾,要么与主题不相关。
由此可见,短文本身是一个语篇整体,在解题中千万不能脱离上下文去“就事论事”。
相反,小圈子里的疑团解不开时,放眼“外围”语境,或许能得到意外的惊喜,甚至是现成的答案。
从某种意义上讲,完形填空与阅读理解之间的关系最密切。
实际上,完形填空的第一关便是阅读理解,或者说阅读理解是完形填空测试的一部分内容,所检测的阅读理解能力渗透在每一小题的解题过程中。
完形填空解题的首要步骤是将短文的大意理解清楚。
完形填空是将语法和词汇题放在语篇中考,所以与单纯的语法题和词汇题不同。
考生在备考时不但要花力气去背记语法要点和积累词汇,还要注意单词在使用中的搭配习惯和用法上各自不同的特点及同义词之间的差别等。
另外,还要学会通过语境暗示推断词义和连词的用法,及词与词、句与句、段与段之间的关系(到底是并列、选择、转折还是递进、让步、因果等)。
一、根据语法进行选择1. As soon as the children were ______, their mother got them out of bed and into the bathroom.A. wokeB. awokeC. awakeD. waken2. People who live in a small village are bond to see a good ______ of each other.A. sumB. quantityC. dealD. amount3. Mr. John cooks the food _______ as the best cooks in Europe.A. as goodB. as betterC. betterD. as well4. ______ the danger from enemy action, people had to cope with a severe shortage of food, clothing, fuel, and almost everything.A. As far asB. As long asC. As well asD. As soon as5. A good many proposals were raised by the delegates, ______ was to be expected.A. thatB. whatC. soD. as6. When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operations is established _____ time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (99)A. whereB. howC. whatD. unless7. Companies ______ low accident rates plan their safety programs, (99)A. atB. inC. onD. with8. There are thirteen or more of them (维生素), and if ______ is missing a deficiency disease becomes apparent. (96)A. anyB. someC. anythingD. something9. of the two books holds the opinion that the danger of nuclear war is increasing.A. NoneB. EitherC. BothD. Any二、根据词汇的固定搭配选定答案(此类所占比例较大):1. I’d like to take ______ of this opportunity to thank you all for your co-operation.A. profitB. benefitC. advantageD. occasion2. His natural intelligence and his experience enabled him to ______ with the problem.A. findB. dealC. solveD. finish3. Housewives who do not go out to work feel they are not working to their full ______.A. capacityB. strengthC. lengthD. possibility4. Jack had difficulty in swimming across the Yangtze River but he finally succeeded at his fifth _______.A. processB. displayC. trialD. attempt5. It would be ______ a risk to let the child cross the street by himself.A. passingB. carryingC. followingD. running6. Vitamins are needed for _____ foods into energy and body maintenance. (96)A. shiftingB. transferringC. alteringD. transforming7. …… and each vitamin _______ one or more specific functions in the body. (96)A. undertakesB. holdsC. playsD. performs8.In mobile American society, interclass marriages are neither 1 nor shocking. Interfaith marriages are 2 the rise particularly between Protestants and Catholics. On the other hand, interracial marriage is still very uncommon. It can be difficult for interracial couples to find a place to live, maintain friendships, and 3 a family.1. A. scarce B. rare C. scaredD. relieved2. A. in B. at C. onD. for3. A. raise B. obtain C. growD. unite三、根据句子及上下文的意思选定答案:1. _______ there is a snowstorm or some other bad weather, the mail always comes on time.A. BecauseB. UnlessC. AsD. So2. Because of the poor harvest, wheat prices have _______ in the last six months.A. addedB. workedC. jumpedD. amounted3. Tom wants to learn more about the British political system, but he doesn’t know where to get the _______.A. situationB. informationC. conversationD. association4. Purchasing the new production line will be a _______ deal for the company.A. profitableB. tremendousC. forcefulD. favorite5. Nowadays buildings must get _______ from the Planning Authority before putting up new houses.A. allowanceB. permissionC. libertyD. notice四、区别选项中的同义词或近义词:1. Social ______ vary greatly from country to country.A. customsB. traditionsC. habitD. practice2. The strong storm did a lot of damage to the coastal villages: several fishing boats were ______ and many houses collapsed.A. wreckedB. spoiledC. tornD. injured3. On New Year’s Eve, New York City holds an outdoor ______ which attracts a crowd of a million or more people.A. incidentB. eventC. caseD. affair4. Arriving home, the boy told his parents about all the ______ which occurred in his dormitory.A. occasionsB. mattersC. incidentsD. issues5. You shouldn’t have written in the ______ since the book belongs to the library.A. intervalB. borderC. marginD. edge五、区分选项中的形似词或同音词:1. When you play a game, the guy with whom you are playing against is your _______.A. oppositionB. oppositeC. opposingD. opponent2. Our hopes _______ and fell in the same instant.A. arousedB. aroseC. raisedD. rose3. I hate people who ______ the e nd of a film that you haven’t seen before.A. revealB. rewriteC. reviseD. reverse4. We should concentrate on sharply reducing interest rates to pull the economy out of ____.A. rejectionB. restrictionC. retreatD. recession5. They are trying to ______ the waste discharged by the factory for profit.A. exposeB. exhaustC. exhibitD. exploit。