跨文化商务英语课件4

• U.S. women have taken 2/3 of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men. In France, 1/5 of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is 1/3.
Definition of Value
• A value can be defined as a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action.
Chapter 4
Contrasting Cultural V
Social principles, goals, or standards accepted by persons in a culture. They are learned by contacts with the family, teachers, and religious leaders. The media also may influence one’s value system.
• Differences in conception of the self.
– Chinese have high value on group cooperation and individual modesty. – Americans place high value on self-reliance and freedom from externally imposed constraints.
• The next layer out is labeled Rituals, which stand for collective activities such as greeting, paying respect, social/religious ceremonies, etc.
• Beyond Rituals is the layer labeled Heroes, which refers to persons alive or dead, real or imaginary who possess characteristics prized in the culture. According to Hofstede, the cultural purpose of heroes is to provide models for behavior.
Arabs
Family security Family harmony Parental guidance Age
• 5. Individualism
Group consensus
Authority
• 1.1 Comparison Between Chinese Values and Western Values • Differences in expressing gratitude.
Cultural Contrasts in Values
Americans
• 1. Freedom • 2. Independence • 3. Self-reliance • 4. Equality
Japanese
Belonging Group harmony Collectivism Age/Seniority
• Differences in social relationships.
– Chinese formal & Hierarchical – Americans Informal & Equal
2. Cultural Dimensions
• Geert Hofstede is an international authority on intercultural social psychology. • According to Geert Hofstede model, four primary dimensions for differentiating cultures are identified: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty avoidance. • The Fifth Dimension->Long-term versus Shortterm orientation
• 2.1 Power Distance • Power distance means the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations with in a country, expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. It is the distance between the superior and the subordinate.
Cultural Attitudes Toward Work
• Europeans have a relaxed attitude toward work; many businesses close during the month of August when people go on vacation. • Most Europeans do not work on weekends or holidays. • The French take longer vacations than any other country. • Australians value free time; they have the shortest working hours of any country in the world. • The Japanese work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day.
• The final and outermost layer is labeled Symbols. It is in this layer that Hofstede places words (language), gestures, pictures, objects, clothing, hairstyles or other superficial expressions of culture.
1. Cultural Values
• Cultural values are values that tend to permeate a culture.
Hofstede’s “Onion” Diagram
• Hofstede also used an onion diagram to illustrate his view of culture as a manylayered concept. At the heart of everything he places Values. Values are defined as broad tendencies to prefer certain states to others among dichotomies such as ugly-beautiful, dirty-clean, unnaturalnatural, abnormal-normal, paradoxicallogical, irrational-rational, etc.
– Thank you
• Differences in symbolization.
– APEC Summit
• Differences in attitudes towards women.
– See Next slide->
Attitudes Toward Women
• Influenced by cultural roots; U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men while in Kenya women are considered subordinate to men. • Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are deemphasized; women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many corporations.
Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions
United States Australia France Germany Japan United Kingdom 5.1% 1.3% 2.0% 3.0% 6 to 8.9% 3.6%
• 1.2 Comparison Between Chinese Values and American Values • Differences in friendship.
• Cutting through all of these layers he introduces the notion of Practice--the means by which a culture coherently and cohesively inculcates its values at each level of expression