paradigm使用手册--自己

泰格软件商霸管理系统用户手册.前言泰格商霸管理系统可以有效的帮助企业对物流、资金流和信息流进行集成管理，做到内部网络和互联网络的高度统一，实现企业从数据-信息-决策-控制的完善管理，为企业管理决策提供及时和科学的依据。

泰格商霸管理系统不仅可以帮助客户快速有效地管理仓库、存货、进货、批发、零售、应收款、应付款、合同、供应商、客户等各项业务，还可以帮助商业企业合理控制进销存各个环节，降低库存成本和管理成本，提高资金的利用率和结算速度，实现管理的高效率、实时性、安全性、科学化、智能化。

泰格商霸管理系统的推出，不仅凝聚了泰格全体工作人员的心血和智慧，同时也有众多的泰格产品用户为此付出的努力，但有可能存在不完善的地方，希望广大的用户提供更多的宝贵意见，以待今后的版本中进一步的改进和提高，更好地满足用户的需要。

在此，对所有支持泰格公司的朋友以及广大用户表示衷心的感谢！（泰格公司保留使用手册的解释权及软件更新权利）目录第一部分系统概述 (1)第二部分后台业务管理 (3)第一章系统通用操作 (3)第二章系统设置 (16)第三章基本信息 (26)第四章进货管理 (45)第五章批发管理 (54)第六章仓库管理 (61)第七章财务管理 (73)第八章卖场管理 (78)第九章联营管理 (105)第十章总经理查询 (109)第十一章系统管理 (111)第十二章工资管理 (115)第十三章配送管理 (119)第十四章连锁分店业务管理 (127)第十五章二代机接口模块 (129)第三部分前台POS收银管理 (130)第一章POS前台系统设置 (130)第二章税控设置 (135)第三章功能键介绍 (137)第四章商品销售 (139)第五章付款方式 (144)第六章会员卡 (146)第七章查询交易/重新打印小票 (148)第八章前台盘点 (149)第九章前台销售日结 (149)第一部分系统概述首先感谢您购买并使用泰格软件，本系统共分为两部分：前台POS销售系统，和后台业务管理系统。

1介绍这本手册会对Guitar Rig5中的每个效果模块进行更加深入地介绍，会帮助您更好地对声音进行塑形，以及当作是对每个模块每个旋钮参数的工具手册，在以下章节中，将对Guitar Rig 5中的所有放大器、效果器、以及工具模块进行介绍，顺序与在Guitar Rig5的模块浏览器中的顺序是相同的。

要学习Guitar Rig5的基础操作，我们推荐您先从Getting Started（快速开始）手册开始，然后可以阅读Application Reference（软件使用手册）来对Guitar Rig本身的操作功能有更深入地了解。

您可以通过Guitar Rig软件界面的Help（帮助）>Open Manual（打开手册）命令来打开各个英文使用手册。

2Amplifiers（放大器）除了乐器本身以外，对吉他和贝斯的音色调节通常都是从放大器开始（俗称箱头）。

Guitar Rig 5精挑细选了一些1950年到现在的经典放大器模块。

就像真实的放大器一样，不同的放大器和参数设置会直接影响到其他模块处理后的声音，所以使用放大器来作为探索声音效果的最开始是非常必要的，另外，在每个放大器模块中都有一部分额外的扩展参数，这些参数可以模拟真实世界的各种因素对音色的影响，这些额外的参数在几乎所有的放大器上都是相同的，下一章节会先对这些额外的控制功能进行介绍。

2.1额外控制功能点击模块界面右上角的三角标志按钮可以展开额外控制面板，这里提供了绝大多数放大器都具有的相同控制功能：·POWER SUPPLY（电源设置）可以将放大器的电源在50Hz和60Hz之间进行切换，用于对放大器电源内部的DC电压进行校正，不正确的电压可以对声音产生一点微妙的调制效果。

·VARIAC（变压器）会尽力模拟一种AC电源中的可调变压器效果，从而实现可变电压的特点（著名的‘brown sound’效果），或者是超过正常电压值（可以让声音显得更加‘凶猛’）。

药物筛选完全解决方案Wherever you are looking for new drugs, you will findMolecular DevicesDrugTargetsGPCRs Kinases,Phosphatases, PDEsMembraneTransportersIonChannels药物筛选简介药物筛选流程 1药物筛选主要靶点 1GPCR药物筛选GPCR药物筛选简介 2 Molecular Devices为GPCR提供的解决方案 2激酶药物筛选激酶药物筛选简介 7 Molecular Devices为激酶提供的解决方案 8离子通道药物筛选离子通道药物筛选简介 13 Molecular Devices为离子通道提供的解决方案 14膜转运体筛选方案神经递质转运体和脂肪酸转运体简介 19 Molecular Devices为膜转运体提供的解决方案 19Molecular Devices 提供的技术平台21药物筛选是现代药物开发流程中检验和获取具有特定生理活性化合物的一个步骤，系指通过规范化的实验手段从大量化合物或新化合物中选择对某一特定作用靶点具有较高活性化合物的过程。

是临床新药开发的必经过程。

一个新药从研发到临床使用历时十年以上，耗资10亿美金。

平均而言，每一百万个化合物中最终能被FDA批准上市的只有一个，而上市的药物中，也只有30%的药物能够获得利润，收回其研发成本。

制药公司年收入的20%用在新药的研发上，全球每年在新药上的投资超过300亿美金。

在先导化合物的后续筛选过程中，40%到60%的先导化合物在后续的ADME/T（药物吸收、分布、代谢、分泌和毒性检测）中被淘汰。

72%的药物研发费用被浪费在日益增长的临床耗费、体内无法预测的调控环境以及药物的副作用方面。

因此，选出优良品质的先导化合物是药物筛选的一个至关重要的过程。

各制药公司在药物开发的早期都会收集尽可能多的关于靶点、待测化合物性质、以及现有筛选方法手段优劣性的信息，以确保尽快剔出阴性化合物，拿到优良品质的先导化合物，降低药物筛选的成本。

SpectraMax Paradigm Microplate ReaderUser-upgradeable Multi-Mode Detection PlatformGrowing array of SpectraMax ParadigmDetection Cartridge capabilitiesThe flexible nature of the design allows for single or dual excitationand emission, to address existing needs and future expansion.Automatic Z-height optimizationZ-Height focusing is enabled for both top- and bottom-read configurations for all appropriate read modes. By performing the Z-Height optimization, a lens is adjusted to address low volumes or varied well geometry.No more gainFluorescence measurements no longer require you to adjust the gain. The SpectraMax Paradigm Detection Cartridge design utilizes an energy intensityFluorescence Intensity• D NA/RNA/protein quantitation • E ndpoint qPCR• G reen fluorescent protein • R eceptor-ligand bindingFluorescence Polarization • S NP genotyping• P rotein-protein interactions • D rug receptor studies Absorbance• D NA/RNA and protein purity• E LISA• C ell viability• E nzyme kinetics• L ow volume applicationsTime-Resolved Fluorescence• E nzyme Activity• T R-FRET Eu+3 chelates• P rotein-protein interactions• W estern blot detectionGlow Luminescence• L IA• R eporter gene• c AMP• T oxicity• S creens• K ineticsWestern blot applicationsThe ScanLater™ Western Blot Detection System enables first-of-its-kind western blot membrane detection in a multimode microplate reader platform. This system includes the ScanLater Western Blot Detection Cartridge, ScanLater Western Blot Kit and image acquisition software powered by SoftMax Pro® Software. Users can install the ScanLater Western Blot Detection Cartridge in the SpectraMax Paradigm System in just minutes to add western blot detection capability, rather than investing in dedicated western blot detection systems.Molecular Devices’ unique SpectraDrop™ Micro-Volume Microplate offers the highest throughput solution for low volume measurement available on the market today. Innovative and flexible design features enable accelerated sample preparation time and increased laboratory productivity of DNA, RNA and protein samples as low as two μL. The SpectraDrop Micro-Volume Microplate assures uniform and reproducibleAbsorbance (ABS)• Low Volume ApplicationsScan Later Western Blot (WB)Fluorescence Intensity (FI)Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF)• Kinases and ATPases • Cytokine AssaysTUNE Multi-ModeGlow Luminescence (LUM) Dual Fluorescence Polarization (FP)Custom Cartridges Now AvailableTime-Resolved Fluorescence (TRF)Simple setupSoftMax® Pro Microplate Data Acquisition and Analysis Software helps take advantage of an instrument’s capabilities by providing:• Automatic instrument recognition• Over 140 pre-written protocols for popular assays• A wide variety of scan types: Endpoint, Kinetic, Spectral Scanning, Flexible calculations and formulasUse the extensive set of predefined Reductions, Columns, and Summary formulas, or create custom calculations with ease thanks to our Syntax Helper.• Perform extensive mathematical calculations within and across multiplecolumns of data• Apply a single standard set across multiple plates to perform cross-plate analysis and interpolationFOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES. The trademarks mentioned herein are the property of Molecular Devices, LLC or their respective owners. ©2013 Molecular Devices, LLC | 10/13 | Printed in USA | PN: 0120-1526.DContact UsPhone: +1-800-635-5577Web: Email:***************Check our website for a current listing of worldwide distributors.Regional OfficesUSA and Canada +1-800-635-5577Brazil +55-11-3616-6607China (Beijing) +86-10-6410-8669China (Shanghai) +86-21-3372-1088Germany 00800-665-32860Japan (Osaka) +81-6-7174-8831Japan (Tokyo) +81-3-6362-5260South Korea +82-2-3471-9531United Kingdom +44-118-944-8000SpectraMax Paradigm System injector option。

LabVIEW Real-Time Module™Release and Upgrade NotesVersion 8.6This document provides system requirements, installation instructions,descriptions of new features, and information about upgrade andcompatibility issues for version 8.6 of the LabVIEW Real-Time Module.Refer to the Getting Started with the LabVIEW Real-Time Module manualfor exercises you can complete to familiarize yourself with the Real-TimeModule.ContentsSystem Requirements (2)Installing the Real-Time Module 8.6 (3)Activating the Real-Time Module (3)RT Target Configuration (4)New Real-Time Module 8.6 Features (5)CompactRIO Scan Mode Support (5)NI Distributed System Manager Support (6)New VIs for Managing Memory and CPU Resources (7)Reliance™ File System Support (7)Software-Triggered Timing Sources (7)Easier IP Address Setup for RT Targets (7)TDMS Support for VxWorks Targets (8)Improved Ethernet Compatibility (8)Real-Time Execution Trace Toolkit 2.0.1 (8)Activating the Real-Time Execution Trace Toolkit (8)Upgrade and Compatibility Issues (9)Upgrading from RT Module 8.5.x (9)Upgrading from RT Module 8.2.x and Earlier (9)Real-Time Module Examples (10)Known Issues with the Real-Time Module 8.6 (10)System RequirementsTable1 describes the system requirements to run version 8.6 of theReal-Time Module. The Real-Time Module system requirements are inaddition to the LabVIEW system requirements listed in the LabVIEWRelease Notes.Table 1. System Requirements for the Real-Time Module 8.6Platform Media and SystemRequirements Important NotesWindows 2000/XP/Vista National Instrumentsrecommends that you haveat least 300 MB of diskspace for the minimumReal-Time Moduleinstallation or 750 MB ofdisk space for the completeReal-Time Moduleinstallation, which includesthe Real-Time andEmbedded drivers from theNational InstrumentsDevice Drivers media.You might need more memory than the LabVIEW-recommended 1 GB of RAM depending on the size of the application you design in LabVIEW on the host computer.To view and control the front panel of a VI running on an RT target remotely using a Web browser, National Instruments recommends Internet Explorer 5.5 with Service Pack 2 or later.Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade © National Instruments Corporation 3Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade NotesInstalling the Real-Time Module 8.6This section includes information about installing the Real-Time Module on a development, or host, computer from the CD included in theReal-Time Module kit. If you installed the Real-Time Module from the LabVIEW 8.6 Platform DVD, you do not need to reinstall the Real-Time Module from the CD.Note You must install LabVIEW 8.6 before attempting to install the Real-Time Module 8.6. Refer to the LabVIEW Release Notes for the LabVIEW installation instructions.Complete the following steps to install the Real-Time Module on the host computer.1.Disable any automatic virus detection programs before you install. Some virus detection programs interfere with the installation program.2.Log on as an administrator or as a user with administrator privileges.3.Insert the LabVIEW Real-Time Module installation CD into theCD-ROM drive. The LabVIEW Real-Time Module installationprogram runs automatically.4.Follow the instructions that appear on the screen. The prompt directsyou to install the Real-Time Module and activate your Real-TimeModule license. Refer to the Activating the Real-Time Module sectionof this document for more information about activating the Real-TimeModule.5.Install the Real-Time and Embedded drivers and any other drivers thatyou require from the National Instruments Device Driver media.Activating the Real-Time ModuleRefer to the Activation Instructions for National Instruments Software for information about activation. You also can activate software at /activate.RT Target ConfigurationUse Measurement & Automation Explorer (MAX) to configure RT targetsand to install software and drivers on targets.•Networked RT Targets—Refer to the Max Remote Systems Helpbook in the Measurement & Automation Explorer Help, available byselecting Help»MAX Help from MAX, for information aboutconfiguring networked RT targets.•Desktop PC Targets—Refer to the Using Desktop PCs as RT Targetswith the LabVIEW Real-Time Module document for information aboutconfiguring a desktop PC as a networked RT target. You can access thedocument from Windows by selecting to install the Real-Time Moduledocumentation when you install the Real-Time Module. Select Start»All Programs»National Instruments»LabVIEW 8.6»LabVIEWManuals to open the labview\manuals directory and thendouble-click RT_Using_PC_as_RT_Target.pdf to open thedocument.Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade New Real-Time Module 8.6 FeaturesThe Real-Time Module 8.6 includes the following new features. Refer tothe LabVIEW Help, available by selecting Help»Search the LabVIEWHelp, for more information about the following new features.CompactRIO Scan Mode SupportThe Real-Time Module 8.6 supports the new CompactRIO Scan Modefeatures. Refer to the Getting Started with CompactRIO and LabVIEW:Scan Mode Edition manual for an introduction to using the newCompactRIO Scan Mode features.NI Scan Engine SupportThe Real-Time Module 8.6 includes support for the NI Scan Engine. TheNI Scan Engine enables efficient access to coherent sets of I/O channelsusing a scan that stores data in a global memory map and updates all valuesat a single rate. Refer to the Real-Time Module»Real-Time ModuleConcepts»Accessing I/O with the NI Scan Engine»Using the NI ScanEngine topic on the Contents tab of the LabVIEW Help for moreinformation about the NI Scan Engine and related features.I/O Variable SupportIf you have an RT target with the NI Scan Engine installed, you can takeadvantage of the I/O variable, a new variable type that simplifies I/Oaccess. LabVIEW automatically detects I/O modules connected to targetswith the NI Scan Engine installed, and creates an I/O variable in theProject Explorer window for each connected I/O channel. Refer to theReal-Time Module»Real-Time Module Concepts»Accessing I/O withthe NI Scan Engine»Using I/O Variables topic on the Contents tab of theLabVIEW Help for more information about I/O variables.I/O Forcing SupportI/O variables support forcing for debugging and manual control of I/O. Usethe NI Distributed System Manager to force and unforce I/O valuesmanually. Use the Forcing VIs on the NI Scan Engine palette to force andunforce I/O values programmatically. Refer to the VI and FunctionReference»Measurement I/O VIs and Functions»NI Scan EngineVIs»Forcing VIs book on the Contents tab of the LabVIEW Help for moreinformation about the Forcing VIs.© National Instruments Corporation5Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade NotesScan Engine FaultsRT targets with the NI Scan Engine installed use faults to addressasynchronous error conditions. Refer to the Real-Time Module»Real-Time Module Concepts»Accessing I/O with the NI ScanEngine»Scan Engine Faults topic on the Contents tab of the LabVIEWHelp for more information about faults.Scan Engine VIsThe Real-Time Module 8.6 installs the new NI Scan Engine palette as asubpalette of the Measurement I/O palette. You can use the NI Scan EngineVIs to programmatically interface with the scan engine running on thetarget. Refer to the VI and Function Reference»Measurement I/O VIsand Functions»NI Scan Engine VIs book on the Contents tab of theLabVIEW Help for more information about the NI Scan Engine VIs.Project & System Comparison DialogThe Real-Time Module 8.6 includes a new Project & SystemComparison dialog box that you can use to resolve conflicts that resultfrom project configuration or hardware changes involving targets with theNI Scan Engine installed.Function BlocksThe Real-Time Module 8.6 includes standard function blocks defined inthe IEC 1131-3 specification. The functionality of the Real-Time functionblocks partially overlaps with functionality provided by LabVIEW VIs andfunctions. Use function blocks if you want to publish parameter values withshared variables or if you want to use the IEC 1131-3 function blockprogramming paradigm. Refer to the Real-Time Module»Real-TimeVIs»Function Blocks book on the Contents tab of the LabVIEW Help formore information about using function blocks in LabVIEW.NI Distributed System Manager SupportYou can use the new NI Distributed System Manager to monitor andmanage variables, faults, scan engine modes, and system resources on RTtargets. From LabVIEW, select Tools»Distributed System Manager tolaunch the NI Distributed System Manager. Refer to the NI DistributedSystem Manager Help for information about using the NI DistributedSystem Manager.Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade New VIs for Managing Memory and CPU ResourcesThe Real-Time Module 8.6 includes new Real-Time Utilities VIs you canuse to monitor target CPU and memory usage programmatically. TheReal-Time Module also includes new SMP CPU Utilities VIs you can useto specify the set of CPUs available for automatic load balancing on amulti-CPU target with the NI RT Extensions for SMP installed. Refer to theReal-Time Module»Real-Time VIs»Real-Time Utilities VIs book on theContents tab of the LabVIEW Help for information about the Real-TimeUtilities VIs. Refer to the Real-Time Module»Real-Time VIs»SMP CPUUtilities VIs book on the Contents tab of the LabVIEW Help forinformation about the SMP CPU Utilities VIs.Reliance™ File System SupportThe Reliance™ file system provides fast disk access and data preservationin the event of a power interruption. Refer to the Using Desktop PCs as RTTargets with the LabVIEW Real-Time Module document for informationabout installing the Reliance™ file system on an RT Desktop PC target.Reliance™ is a trademark of Datalight, Inc. Copyright 1989–2008Datalight, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Datalight® is a registered trademarkof Datalight, Inc.Software-Triggered Timing SourcesThe Real-Time Module 8.6 supports software-triggered timing sources.You can use software-triggered timing sources to trigger timed structuresbased on software-defined or user-defined events, rather than a hardwareclock. Refer to the Fundamentals»Loops and Structures»Concepts»Timed Structures»Selecting a Timing Source for a Timed Structuretopic on the Contents tab of the LabVIEW Help for information aboutcreating and using software-triggered timing sources.Easier IP Address Setup for RT TargetsRT targets with the Real-Time Module 8.6 installed include automaticnetwork connection capabilities. When you plug an RT 8.6 target into anetwork and turn the target on, the target uses the target name to attempt aDHCP network connection. If the target is unable to initiate a DHCPconnection, the target connects to the network with a link-local IP address.© National Instruments Corporation7Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade NotesTDMS Support for VxWorks TargetsThe Real-Time Module 8.6 includes TDMS support for VxWorks targets.Refer to the VI and Function Reference»Programming VIs andFunctions»File I/O VIs and Functions»TDM Streaming VI andFunctions book on the Contents tab of the LabVIEW Help for informationabout the TDM Streaming VI and functions.Improved Ethernet CompatibilityThe Real-Time Module 8.6 includes expanded Ethernet chipset support forRT Desktop PCs. Refer to the National Instruments Web site at /info and enter the info code etspc for more information about whichEthernet chipsets are compatible with RT Desktop PCs.Real-Time Execution Trace Toolkit 2.0.1The LabVIEW 8.6 Real-Time Module includes a 30-day full-featuredevaluation of the Real-Time Execution Trace Toolkit 2.0.1. The Real-TimeExecution Trace Toolkit includes the Real-Time Execution Trace Tool andthe Execution Trace Tool VIs. You can use the Execution Trace Tool VIsto capture the timing and execution data of VI and thread events forapplications running on an RT target. The Real-Time Execution Trace Tooldisplays the timing and event data, or trace session, on the host computer.In LabVIEW, select Tools»Real-Time Module»Execution Trace Tool todisplay the Real-Time Execution Trace Tool.Refer to the Real-Time Execution Trace Toolkit book in the LabVIEWHelp for information about using the Real-Time Execution Trace Toolkit todebug real-time applications. Select Help»Search the LabVIEW Help todisplay the LabVIEW Help. In the LabVIEW Help, browse to Toolkits»Real-Time Execution Trace Toolkit to view the Real-Time ExecutionTrace Toolkit book.Activating the Real-Time Execution Trace ToolkitRefer to the Activation Instructions for National Instruments Software forinformation about activation. You also can activate software at /activate.Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade Upgrade and Compatibility IssuesUpgrading from RT Module 8.5.xYou might encounter the following compatibility issue when upgrading tothe Real-Time Module 8.6 from the Real-Time Module 8.5.x.Floppy Disk Support DiscontinuedThe Real-Time Module no longer includes updated versions of the PXI andDesktop PC Floppy Disk Utilities. You can still use Measurement &Automation Explorer (MAX) to create previous versions of the RT floppydisks, which will continue to work with newer versions of the Real-TimeModule. However, older versions of the RT floppy disks do not supportdevice drivers added to subsequent versions of the Real-Time Module. Ifyou need to use the latest device drivers, you mush use MAX to create anRT 8.6 USB Utility drive.FieldPoint 20x0 Support DiscontinuedThe Real-Time Module no longer supports FP-20x0 and cFP-20x0 targets.You can still use FP-20x0 and cFP-20x0 targets with LabVIEW, but youcannot install the Real-Time Module 8.6 on FP-20x0 and cFP-20x0 targets.Upgrading from RT Module 8.2.x and EarlierYou might encounter the following compatibility issues when upgrading tothe Real-Time Module 8.6 from the Real-Time Module 8.2.x and earlier.RTX Support DiscontinuedThe Real-Time Module no longer supports RTX desktop targets and nolonger contains the Shared Memory VIs. Refer to the Using Desktop PCsas RT Targets with the LabVIEW Real-Time Module document forinformation about configuring a PC as an ETS RT target.IrDA Support DiscontinuedThe Real-Time Module no longer supports the IrDA protocol and no longercontains the associated IrDAVIs.Timed Loop Priority RestrictionThe Timed Loop does not support Priority values greater than 65,535.© National Instruments Corporation9Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade NotesCompatibility with VxWorks 6.1When you install the Real-Time Module 8.6 on the host computer, you alsomust install version 8.6 of the Real-Time Module software on cRIO-901xtargets. The Real-Time Module 8.6 updates the operating system oncRIO-901x targets from VxWorks 6.1 to VxWorks 6.3. Some functions inVxWorks 6.3 are not compatible with VxWorks 6.1. If you use customC code in a LabVIEW application running on a cRIO-901x target, you mustrecompile the .OUT files for VxWorks 6.3. Refer to the NI Web site at/info and enter the info code rtvx for more information.Front Panel:Open Method ErrorIn the Real-Time Module 8.2.1 and earlier, the Front Panel:Open methodfailed without returning an error. The FP.Open method now returnserror53.Real-Time Module ExamplesUse the NI Example Finder, available by selecting Help»Find Examplesfrom LabVIEW, to browse or search for RT example VIs. You also canaccess example VIs from the labview\examples\Real-Time directory. Known Issues with the Real-Time Module 8.6Refer to the readme_RT.html file on the LabVIEW 8.6 Real-TimeModule installation CD for information about known issues with theReal-Time Module 8.6.You also can launch the readme_RT.html file from Windows after youinstall the Real-Time Module. Complete the following steps to access thereadme_RT.html file from Windows.1.Select Start»All Programs»National Instruments»LabVIEW 8.6»Readme to open the labview\readme directory.The labview\readme directory contains the HTML readme files forLabVIEW and any installed LabVIEW modules and add-ons.2.Double-click readme_RT.html to open the LabVIEW Real-TimeModule Readme.Real-Time Module Release and Upgrade National Instruments, NI, , and LabVIEW are trademarks of National Instruments Corporation.Refer to the Terms of Use section on /legal for more information about NationalInstruments trademarks. Other product and company names mentioned herein are trademarks or tradenames of their respective companies. For patents covering National Instruments products, refer to theappropriate location: Help»Patents in your software, the patents.txt file on your CD, or/patents.© 2000–2008 National Instruments Corporation. All rights reserved.371374E-01June08。

1Advantages of Reciprocation and the RECIPROC ® blue System IIIA great file. Even better. User guideContentI Reciprocation 4 II The RECIPROC®blue system 8 III Advantages of reciprocation and the RECIPROC®blue system 15 IV Preparation with RECIPROC®blue 16 V Obturation with RECIPROC®blue20 VI Retreatment with RECIPROC®blue R2521 VII RECI ROC®blue product range 22ReciprocationIReciprocating historyCanal curvature has always introduced complexity into canal preparation. The “balanced force concept”, i.e. small clockwise and counter-clockwise movements, was developed over a period of twelve years, and proposed in 1985 by Roane as a means of overcoming the curvature influence. Using the balanced force technique, it is possible to shape curved canals with larger diameter hand instruments. The use of stainless steel hand instruments, however, is time-consuming and strenuous, and there is a high frequency of preparation errors.The development of continuous rotary preparation with nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments solved some of these issues, although it is still necessary to use several hand and rotary files in different steps, and there may be a lengthy learning curve before proficiency can be achieved.Inspired to find a simpler and more convenient safe way to successfully prepare a root canal, Prof. Ghassan Yared, who was at that time Professor of the Endodontic Undergraduate and Graduate Programmes at the University of Toronto, started researching and testing mecha-nical reciprocation with NiTi instruments. In 2008, he published a clinical article on canal preparation using only one engine-driven NiTi instrument and joined together with VDW to develop RECIPROC®, a system specifically for use in reciprocation.4Reciprocation IReciprocation by VDWIn reciprocation, the instrument is driven first incutting direction and then reverses to releasethe instrument. One complete rotation of 360°is completed in several reciprocating movements.The angle in the cutting direction is greater thanthe angle in the reverse direction, so that theinstrument continuously progresses towards theapex. The angles of reciprocation are precise andspecific to the design of the RECIPROC® instru-ment and to VDW endo motors. They are designedto be smaller than the angle settings where theelastic limit of the instrument would be met, thusminimizing the risk of instrument fractures.5I ReciprocationThe standard with rotary systems up until now:initial hand filing to create a glide path.With continuous rotary NiTi systems it is necessary to create a glide path in order to mini-mize the risk of fracture due to instrument binding. During the use of a rotary instrument, the tip of the instrument may bind in the canal. For this reason, it is necessary to create an initial glide path, or a minimal canal enlargement, before using continuous rotary instruments. Just as with any continuous rotary NiTi system it is possible to use the RECIPROC® range instruments after creating an initial glide path with hand instruments (e.g. C-PILOT® File) to an ISO size 10 or 15. However, RECIPROC® and the reciprocating movement has opened a new option: using RECIPROC® without initial hand filing in the majority of cases.A paradigm shift in endodontics:using RECIPROC® without initial hand filing to create a glide path in the majority of cases.67System overview+o rRECIPROC ® blue is the new generation of a proven system. Back in 2011, VDW released RECIPROC ®, its biggest success in its history with over 7.5 million files sold and over 60 publications, becoming the market leader for reciprocating instruments worldwide.The RECIPROC ® blue system II9The RECIPROC ® blue system IIRECIPROC ® blue instrumentsRECIPROC ® blue is designed to be used as a single instrument. That means that one instrument only is required to prepare a root canal. One RECIPROC ® blue instrument does the job of several instruments which would need to be used for preparation with regular hand or continuous rotary instruments. The shape obtained by the RECIPROC ® blueinstrument enables effective irrigation and obturation with both cold and warm techniques.Narrow canalsR25 prepares the root canalto a diameter of 0.25 mmwith a taper of .08 over thefirst apical millimeters.Medium canals R40 prepares the root canal to a diameter of 0.40 mm with a taper of .06 over the first apical millimeters.Wide canals R50 prepares the root canal to a diameter of 0.50 mm with a taper of .05 over the first apical millimeters.ø16 mm 1.05 mm 3 mm 0.49 mm 2 mm 0.41 mm 1 mm 0.33 mm 0 mm0.25 mmø16 mm 1.17 mm 3 mm 0.65 mm 2 mm 0.60 mm 1 mm 0.55 mm 0 mm0.50 mmø16 mm 1.10 mm 3 mm 0.58 mm 2 mm 0.52 mm 1 mm 0.46 mm 0 mm 0.40 mmThe stopper, in the ISO color of the specificinstrument tip size, supportsinstrument when it is inserted in the contra-angle.The three points represent three movementsinstruments haveradiograph visible depth markingsWorking length 21 mm 25 mm 31 mm ShaftRECIPROC of 11 mm enabling better access to molarscompared to many other instruments which havea shaft of 13 mm or longer.w o r k i n g l e n g t h non-cutting tipFrequency of useA RECIPROC®blue instrument is designed for single use in maximum one molar.As with all NiTi instruments, it should be examined during the treatment and discarded if signs of wear, such as untwisting, can be seen. If an instrument appears to be bent after being used in a strongly curved canal, it should be discarded.Single use convenienceThe RECIPROC®blue system stands for convenience and safety. The instruments are delivered ready to use, pre-sterilizedin blister packaging and should simply be discarded after use, making work flow more efficient; eliminating the need to clean and sterilize instruments, considerably reduces the risk of contamination to office personnel and eliminating the risk of cross contamina-tion between patients.The RECIPROC®blue instrument cannot be autoclaved due to its non-autoclavable handle. This safety feature protects against metal fatigue caused by over-use.The RECIPROC®blue system IIRECIPROC®blue Paper PointsThese are highly absorbent, pre-sterilized RECIPROC®Paper Points corresponding to instrument sizes R25, R40 length control.RECIPROC®blue Gutta-PerchaThe RECIPROC®blue system includes RECIPROC®blue Gutta-Percha Master Cones. These master cones mirror the variable taper and shape of the corresponding RECIPROC®blue instruments and are available in the sizes R25, R40 and R50. Our injection molding process improves dimensional stability up to 40 % compared to traditional hand rolled gutta-percha cones. This allows a more consistent shape and fit.In addition, the unique gutta-percha formulation heats more consistently, providing better material flow and adaptation to the canal walls promoting a 3D-fill when used with warm vertical condensation for example with the BeeFill®2in1 system. Heat transfers through the gutta-percha cone upto 4 mm beyond the heat source ensuring warm, flowable gutta-percha that reaches all the way to the apex while en- abling the clinician to utilize a lower heat plugger temperature, thereby improving patient safety.II The RECIPROC®blue systemGUTTAFUSION ® for RECIPROC ® blueGUTTAFUSION ® for RECIPROC ® blue obturators havebeen developed for an easy, warm and homogeneous3D-obturation of the whole root canal system. Madeentirely of gutta-percha, the obturators can be heated inthe GUTTAFUSION ® oven and can be placed preciselyinto the root canal either by hand or with tweezers, thanksto the specially designed handle.The obturators correspond to the RECIPROC ® bluepreparation system and are available in the sizes R25,R40 and R50.RECIPROC ® endo motors from VDWVDW.CONNECT Drive ®, VDW.GOLD ®RECIPROC ® and VDW.SILVER ®RECIPROC ® endo motors are designed to enable the use of both reciprocating and continuous rotary NiTi systems. Thanks to the intuitive menu navigation and clearly structured display, the motors ensure easy and convenient use. All VDW motors are fully compatible with RECIPROC ® blue and offer the specific motor settings (RECIPROC ® or RECIPROC ® ALL modes) for a safe operation.VDW.CONNECT Drive ® –the only cordless motor for RECIPROC ®VDW.SILVER ®RECIPROC ®VDW.GOLD ®RECIPROC ®with integrated apex locator The RECIPROC ® blue system IIII The RECIPROC®blue systemRECIPROC REVERSE Comfort FunctionVDW RECIPROC® motors are equipped with the unique RECIPROC REVERSE Comfort Function, which has been specially designed by VDW. This function is a two-stage indicator, which signals when to switch to a brushing file motion in order to reduce stress on the instrument during preparation and to enable an easy advancement towards the apex. RECIPROC REVERSE supports the user in working with the RECIPROC® system by giving a first acoustic signal to indicate an increase in friction experienced by the instrument in the root canal. In order to reduce friction, the instrument should temporarily be used in a lateral brushing motion towards the coronal section. This creates space in the root canal and the instrument can further advance towards the apex by using a pecking motion.If the instrument is subjected to further stress, a second acoustic signal is given and the motor will automatically start rotating in a clockwise direction. In this way, stress on the instrument will immediately be reduced. By releasing and pressing the foot pedal again, the motor will resume the reciprocating motion. However, the instrument must be cleaned, the canal irri- gated and an ISO size 10 C-PILOT® File should be used in order to check that the canal is not blocked before resume its reciprocating motion. The preparation can then be continued by temporarily using lateral brushing motions until the instrument can easily advance towards the apex (see “Canal preparation step by step and recommendations” on page 18).Advantages of reciprocation and the RECIPROC ® blue system One file endo. Less work steps than continuous rotary files.Chair-side preparation isreduced to a minimum, asthe RECIPROC ® blue instru-ment comes pre-sterilized.A root canal can be com-pletely prepared to a greatertaper with only one recipro-cating instrument. There isno need to change instru-ments in the contra-angleduring preparation.RetreatmentGutta-percha filling material and carrier based obturators can be removed with R25. Glide path management RECIPROC ® blue can beused without initial handfiling in the majority of cases.When a reciprocating in-strument binds in the canal,it will not fracture becauseit will never rotate past its specific angle of fracture. Therefore, the creation of a glide path to minimizebinding is not required forthe RECIPROC ® blueinstruments.Time-saving and easy to learn Designed for convenience, RECIPROC ® blue instruments are used on only one patient and then simply discarded, eliminating two work steps – cleaning and sterilizing.Centering ability In reciprocation, the instru-ment stays better centered in the root canal. Large in-struments with a large core can safely and efficiently negotiate even narrow and strongly curved canals.The risk of instrument fracture is minimized The innovative heat treat-ment gives increased resis-tance to cyclic fatigue and additional flexibility to the file. In addition, the angles of reciprocation are specific to the design of the RECIPROC ® blue instrument. They are smaller than the angle settings where theelastic limit of the instrumentwould be met, thus minimi-zing the risk of instrumentfractures.IIISelecting the correct RECIPROC ® blue instrumentApplication examplesPre-Operative Radiograph DECISIONcanal is partially or completelyinvisible canal is completely visible wide or medium canalhand instrument ISO 30goes passively*to working length hand instrument ISO 20 goes passively* to working length(small right left rotations) but without filing action.NoYes Yes No Canal is considered narrow: R25Preparation with RECIPROC ® blue IV Canal clearly visible from access cavity to apex: consideredmedium or wide (R50 was used for the canal preparation:an increased apical enlargement was obtained with a size 70hand file)Clinical orthography, Prof. Ghassan Yared, CanadaPreparation with RECIPROC® blue IVElectronic length determinationNarrow canalsBefore commencing preparation, the length of the root canal is estimated with the help of an adequately exposed and angulated pre-operative radiograph. The silicone stopper is set on the RECIPROC® blue instrument at 2/3 of its length.During preparation with R25, after approximately 2/3 of the root canal has been prepared, use a C-PILOT® File or a K-File ISO size 10 and an apex locator such as RAYPEX®6to determine the length of the root canal. The silicone stopper then can be set on the RECIPROC®blue instrument at this determined length.Medium or wide canalsBefore starting preparation with R40 and R50, determine the working length with an apex locator such as RAYPEX®6 by using a C-PILOT® File or a K-File. Set the silicone stopper of the RECIPROC® blue file at that length. After the coronal and middle thirds of the canal have been prepared, the working length should be re-checked.IV Preparation with RECIPROC ® blueCanal preparation step by step and recommendations*Ensure you have achieved a straight line access to the root canal orifice. It is not necessary to widen the root canal entrance with a Gates Glidden drill or an orifice opener. The design of the RECIPROC ® blue instrument allows any obstructions in the coronal third to be removed. 6. Irrigate the canal.Clean the debris from the flutes in theInterim Stand.*also suitable for MB2 canalsPreparation with RECIPROC ® blue IVContinue root canal preparation with RECIPROC ® blue until approx. 2/3 of the estimatedworking length (WL) has been reached. Then determine WL using a hand instrument ISO size 10(see page 17 “Electronic length determination”).Recommendations• Pull the instrument out of the canal after 3 pecks or when resistance is encountered.• Never apply pressure if the instrument does not advance into the canal.• Do not forget to clean and inspect the flutes regularly during preparation.• Remove the instrument from the canal as soon as working length has been reached.• RECIPROC ® blue instruments can be used in lateral brushing motion to enable preparation of irregularly shaped canals.• It is not recommended to use RECIPROC ® blue nor a continuous rotary system ifthe root canal has an abrupt curvature in the apical section.No to full WL NoYes The creation of a glide pathmay be required in some cases duringthe use of RECIPROC ® blue .Root canals prepared with RECIPROC ® blue instruments have a shape suitable for all obturation techniques. Use RECIPROC ® blue Gutta-Percha with α-phase for both cold and warm obturation techniques. See RECIPROC ® blue Gutta-Percha on page 12 and for further information on VDW obturation products such as BeeFill ®2in1 or 2Seal easymiX ®.For warm vertical condensation select aRECIPROC ® blue Gutta-Percha Master Coneand use downpack and backfill techniques.For an easy and warm 3D root canal fillingGUTTAFUSION ® for RECIPROC ® blue offersobturators entirely of gutta-percha. Select anobturator according to the instrument size used.Gutta-PerchaFor single cone or lateral compaction techniqueselect the variable tapered RECIPROC ® blueGutta-Percha Master Cones. Precision-machinedto match the corresponding RECIPROC ® blueinstrument, providing consistent sizing for pre-dictable fit, every time.Obturation with RECIPROC ® blue VRetreatment with RECIPROC®blue R25VI1.Remove the gutta-percha in thecoronal third e. g. with a GatesGlidden drill, an ultrasonicinstrument such as VDW.ULTRA e R25 as described in thetreatment sequence (steps 1-6) untilworking length has been reached.If resistance is encountered, doe a brushing motionagainst lateral walls toremove residual obturationmaterial.Retreatment of gutta-percha and carrier-based filling –step by stepAfter reaching working length with R25, use R40 or R50 for an increased apical enlargement, as necessary.21RECIPROC ® bluesingle sizesRECIPROC ® blueGutta-PerchaGUTTAFUSION ® for RECIPROC ® blueRECIPROC ® blue assortments22RECIPROC ® blue product rangeVII Interim StandFor quick chair-side storing and cleaning of root canal instruments REFV040495Refills for the Interim Stand Foam discs, 55 pieces REFV040496RECIPROC ®blue product range VIIVDW.CONNECT Drive® Set Medium Blue• Cordless endo motor with iPad application for reciprocating and continuousrotary NiTi systems• RECIPROC®blue System Kit 24 with 24 RECIPROC®blue instruments(12 x R25, 6 x R40, 6 x R50) in 25 mm working length, RECIPROC®bluePaper Points and Gutta-Percha (R25, R40, R50, assorted), Endo Training Tooth• Only non-EU countries: VDW.CONNECT Accessories for iPad miniREF V0411******** (for EU countries)REF V0411******** (for non-EU countries)Blue Smile Package• Cordless endo motor VDW.CONNECT Drive® with iPad application forreciprocating and continuous rotary NiTi systems• 36 RECIPROC®blue instruments (18 x R25, 12 x R40, 6 x R50) in 25 mmworking length, RECIPROC®blue Paper Points and Gutta-Percha (R25, R40, R50,assorted), Endo Training Tooth• Only non-EU countries: VDW.CONNECT Accessories for iPad miniREF V046045000000 (for EU countries)REF V046047000000 (for non-EU countries)RECIPROC®blue System Kit 24• 2 Blister packs of 6 instruments R25, sterile• 1 Blister pack of 6 instruments R40, sterile• 1 Blister pack of 6 instruments R50, sterile• Endo Training Tooth• RECIPROC®blue Paper Points assorted, sizes R25, R40, R50, sterile• RECIPROC®blue Gutta-Percha assorted, sizes R25, R40, R50REF V0412********VDW.GOLD®RECIPROC® Blue 24• Motor with integrated apex locator for reciprocating and continuousrotary NiTi systems• RECIPROC®blue System Kit 24 with 24RECIPROC®blue instruments(12 x R25, 6 x R40, 6 x R50) in 25 mm working length,RECIPROC®blue Paper Points and Gutta-Percha(R25, R40, R50, assorted), Endo Training ToothREF V0411********•*******************000412 0190916。

Coding and Game DesignFacilitator GuideOverviewThe goal of this experience is to develop a STEM mindset while learning the concepts of video game design. Students will learn the basic constructs of a video game using the Scratch interface. Students use Scratch to learn about algorithms and event-driven programming. Object-oriented concepts are introduced through the use of sprites and the stage. Students use critical thinking and creativity to build and enhance Hungry Mouse, a game that they develop using Scratch.MaterialsStudents will need a computer or tablet with a web browser installed.Preparation1. Read through the teacher and student resources.2. Ensure that your students’computers or tablets have internet connectivi ty.3. Decide whether you will have your students use Scratch accounts.Note: Scratch accounts are optional. However, working without them has limitations.a. If students have a Scratch account, they can log in to their Scratch account and savetheir work under their account. It will always be available for them to update in the future.b. If they do not have a Scratch account, then:a. If they are working on a computer, they will have to download the project to theircomputer in order to save their work, and they upload the project from theircomputer back to Scratch whenever they are ready to work on it again.b. If they are working on a tablet, they may be able to download and save filesdepending on the file storage of the tablet. If they are unable to download theproject onto the tablet, they will need to complete their work in Scratch over thecourse of one session only. If they want to save their project; they will need to login with an account.If you decide to have your students use Scratch accounts, you can choose one of the two methods, based on your school’s account creation policies:a. Students can join Scratch independently at https:///join, as long as theyhave an email address.b. You can create student accounts, as long as you sign up as an educator. To do so,request a Scratch Teacher Account at https:///educators#teacher-accounts. Once approved (which takes about a day or so), you can use your TeacherAccount to create classes, add student accounts, and manage student projects. For moreinformation, please refer to the Scratch FAQ page athttps:///educators/faq.Essential Questions•How do you overcome challenges and persist when solving problems?•at are ways you can use programming skills to help yourself and others?Session Length90-120 minutes.Note:1. Set workable time limits. It is so easy for students to spend too much time working on spritecostumes that they run out of time to completely develop the game!2. The Extension Challenges section will add time based on how many extensions the students chooseto complete.Facilitation NotesBegin this experience by watching the Coding and Game Design video with your students to learn more about the day in a life of a game developer.Communicate with your students how they will work on and save their projects. If you have created a Scratch class or student accounts, make sure to share that information with your students.ExploreGo over the contents of Table 1 with your students to make sure they understand the game requirements presented to them.Decide whether you want your students to collaborate using pair programming. In this paradigm, one student will be the driver (the one doing the programming) and the other will be the navigator (the one helping by reviewing code and helping catch errors and making suggestions for improvement). Pair programming’s use in industry has shown that it improves collaboration and communication skills. Moreover, it enhances the quality of the software produced. If you use it in your classroom, make sure to have students switch roles regularly. It can either be every time they complete a task or every set number of minutes (like 15 minutes or so.)CreateEnsure students understand how to access and save their work, whether when logged in or working as guest users.Check i n with students to make sure they understand the pseudocode provided for the Mouse’s behavior. Encourage students to test their code repeatedly. This helps catch any bugs in the code early on. Remind students that solutions rarely work on the first attempt. Solving problems takes patience and perseverance. Testing code often and fixing errors is one aspect of iteration that is common to design and development. The STEM Mindset section focuses further on perseverance.You can view and download the completed code for this game to use as a reference, HungryMouseCompleted, at https:///projects/365616252.STEM MindsetAllow students to follow the directions in the Student Guide to learn how to work in Scratch. Stress that this is a new learning experience. Let students know that evaluation does not solely rely on how the game works, but—more importantly—on how each one participates in the learning process. You will need to model a STEM mindset by stressing the idea that effort builds talent.The following are some phrases to use with students who struggle despite their strong effort: •Mistakes are normal. This is new material.•You are not there, yet.•You might be struggling, but you are making progress.•Don’t give up until you feel proud.•You can do it. It can be tough or confusing, but you are making progress.•I admire your persistence.When students need help with solutions, give them strategies to help themselves (do not always just tell them how to solve the situation):•Which part is not working as expected? What was the expected behavior and how is it different from what is happening right now? What can be causing the issue?•What part is difficult for you? Let’s look at it.•Let’s think together about ways to improve this.•Let me add this new bit of information to help you solve this.•Here is a strategy to try so that you can begin to figure this out.•Let’s ask__________for advice. S/He may have some ideas.Answer KeyExplore5. Make Observationsa. What do you see?Answer: I see two costumes: Mouse and Mouse-hurt.b. What do you think these are used for?Answer: Mouse is used to show a healthy mouse (before it is caught by the cat), andMouse-hurt is used to show the mouse has been hurt by the cat.7. Make ObservationsWhat do you think are the Events blocks used for?Answer: They capture an event that happens, such as when a button is pressed or a sprite (or character) is clicked, and contain code that will run as a response to that event.8. Make ObservationsHow do you predict how each of the following will behave when the game starts?Student answers may vary. The correct predictions are:a. Mouse:Answer: The mouse will count down“get ready,get set,go!”then will spin in placefollowing the direction of the mouse-pointer.b. Cat1:Answer: The cat will move side to side on the screen indefinitely.c. Corn Bread:Answer: Nothing will happen to the corn bread, until touched by the mouse. Then itchanges its look or disappear.d. Stage:Answer: It sets the score to 0 and the stage to the Woods backdrop.Create14. Make Observationsa. What happens when the mouse collides with the corn bread?Answer: The corn bread changes to half eaten the first time, and to completely gone thesecond time.b. What happens when the mouse collides with the cats?Answer: Nothing.c. Do these behaviors match the behavior described in the pseudocode above?Answer: The behavior of the corn bread is accurate, but the behavior of the mouse whenit collides with the cats is incorrect. The mouse should change to a hurt mouse and thegame should stop.23. Make Observationsa. Do the cats stop moving?Answer: No, they keep moving.b. Do all sprites disappear?Answer: Only the mouse disappears.c. Why or why not?Answer: The code for the mouse has the hide block. But the other sprites do not haveany code that tells them to hide when game is over.Extension ChallengesA. Add other pieces of food that the mouse can collect and score more points.Solutions will vary. Students will need to add new sprites that will have event blockssimilar to corn bread.B. Add other predators that can catch the mouse.Solutions will vary. Students will need to add new sprites that will have code that is similarto the cats.C. Change the behavior of the cats to be random across the screen.Refer to the sample solution, HungryMouseWithExtensions, athttps:///projects/367513306.4. Add a“You lose!”backdrop that wil l appear when the mouse is caught by its predators.Refer to the sample solution, HungryMouseWithExtensions, athttps:///projects/367513306.5. Add another level for the game.Solutions will vary.StandardsNext Generation Science Standards (NGSS)MS-ETS1-3 Engineering DesignEvaluate competing design solutions using a systematic process to determine how well they meet the criteria and constraints of the problem.ELA Common Core StandardsCCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.6.7Integrate information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words to develop a coherent understanding of a topic or issue.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.6.1, 7.1 and 8.1Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.6.2, 7.2 and 8.2Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.SL.6.2Interpret information presented in diverse media and formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) and explain how it contributes to a topic, text, or issue under study.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RST.6-8.1Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RST.6-8.3Follow precisely a multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical taskCCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RST.6-8.4Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 6-8 texts and topic.CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RST.6-8.7Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table).CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RST.6-8.9Compare and contrast the information gained from experiments, simulations, video, or multimedia sources with that gained from reading a text on the same topic.CSS.ELA-LITERACY.WHAT.6-8.2Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/ experiments, or technical processes.Computer Science Teachers Association K-122-AP-10Use flowcharts and/or pseudocode to address complex problems as algorithms.2-AP-12Design and iteratively develop programs that combine control structures, including nested loops and compound conditionals.2-AP-13Decompose problems and subproblems into parts to facilitate the design, implementation, and review of programs.2-AP-17Systematically test and refine programs using a range of test cases.。