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①本文系菏泽医学专科学校校级课题“基于奈达‘功能对等’理论视角下汉语新词英译研究”（课题编号：H18S07）的部分研究成果。
［摘要］汉语新词的出现体现了中国社会的发展，做好汉语新词的翻译工作对外国友人了解中国有重要的意义。
通过运用“功能对等”理论，从不同新词类型角度出发，分析适用的翻译方法，为汉语新词的英译工作提供有效的方法探讨。
［关键词］“功能对等”理论；汉语新词；英译［中图分类号］G712［文献标志码］A ［文章编号］2096-0603（2020）33-0066-02“功能对等”理论视角下的汉语新词英译对策①张慧惠（菏泽医学专科学校，山东菏泽274000）由于社会发展迅速，汉语新词在各领域出现，因此英译工作方法也要随之更新。
“功能对等”理论是由美国语言学家尤金·奈达所提出的，对准确地进行汉语新词英译工作有重要意义，有助于中国文化的世界性传播。
一、功能对等理论指导翻译所谓语言的“功能”，就是指它在使用过程中所发挥出不同的言语作用，形形色色的语言所具有的表达形式不可避免地会有所不同，不是发音、词条或语法知识不同，就是表达形式或用法习惯不同，但是它们却在一定程度上具有彼此相似甚至相同的功能。
尤金·奈达认为对等的程度取决于原文和译文在文化上的差异性，差异越大，对等程度越低。
尤金·奈达的“功能对等”理论于二十世纪八十年代传入中国，对汉语翻译产生了重大影响。
奈达认为：不同语言的表达形式必然不同，因而无论是语内翻译还是语际翻译，两种不同话语之间都无法做到绝对的对等。
译者的目标应该是让译文能够尽量贴合原文意义，同时语言的使用要自然流畅，不带翻译腔。
此外，不同语言之间的表达方式和习惯虽然不尽相同，但是总是存在类似的语言表述可以代替。
因此，译者应该以流畅的语言表达展现作品的本真内容和风格，从而使读者得到相对等的阅读体验。
二、不同词类采取多种翻译方法（一）汉语新词的来源汉语新词不仅指那些新造字词，而且也存在一些旧词被赋予新的含义。
汉语新词英译探索摘要汉语新词具有典型的时代特征，在翻译中往往可能会产生不恰当甚至错误的译法。
本文基于“雅贿”一词的误译提出汉语新词的误译问题，并结合汉语新词的特点和译名规范要求，利用具体例子分析出汉语新词英译的原则和方法，以期为汉语新词翻译提供方法论指导。
关键词：新词译名规范翻译原则翻译方法中图分类号：h059 文献标识码：a新词指新造的术语、字、词或短语，它们通常在某一段时间某一群体中出现并逐渐流行起来。
随着我国社会快速进步和网络的发展，每年都会出现大量的汉语新词。
为了更好地传递我国的发展变化、社会生活和文化观念，汉语新词的英译也就具有了重要意义。
目前国内对于新词翻译的研究主要集中在英语新词的汉译方面（李德凤，2003；韩庆果，2003），而关于汉语新词英译研究较少。
季绍斌（2003：89-91）对汉语新词新语翻译原则及其翻译质量进行了讨论，而杨全红（2003a：70）则认为汉语新词翻译是“一项费力难讨好的活儿”，也有一些研究者（金其斌，2007；陈小全、丁衡祁，2003；杨全红，2003b：144-147；刘金龙，2010：180-181）对具体的汉语新词英译进行了个案研究。
但汉语新词英译仍然出现误译现象，如“雅贿”译为“elegant bribery”。
因此，新词的英译对于规范译名、让国外读者更好地了解中国文化等方面，都具有重要意义。
一“雅贿”的英译误译探析“雅贿”指以文雅古玩为行贿的方式贿赂官员，目前其英译为“elegant bribery”。
但实际上，该译名并没有真实表达出原词的真正意思。
到底该译名错在哪里呢？从当前的社会文化语境看，雅贿指行贿人不再以真金白银、香车豪宅和有价证券等物质行贿，而改送天价香烟、名家字画、珍奇古玩、周鼎宋瓷等，从而从主观上规避行贿风险，也为被行贿者贴上附庸风雅的标签，满足其心理需求，达到行贿的目的。
从该词的构词特征看，该新词的重点是“贿”，而雅只是相应的修饰成分，其结构属于偏正结构。
空军(kong1jun1)believer in housing price dropThis term, meaning literally “airforce,” is now used to describe people who insist that housing prices will drop. They have waited for years but finding prices keep rising to new highs. The word “air” in Chine se may also mean “empty” or “nothingness.”城市依赖症(cheng3shi4 yi1lai4zheng4)city addictionThis term refers to people who refuse to live outside cities because they are used to the colorful and convenient life. They would rather live in cities with no jobs than live in suburban areas with good opportunities.后群体(hou4qun2ti3)post-x generationNow many people like to label “post-80” to those born in the 1980s and accuse them of being too indulgent in material pleasures. “Post-70” and “post-60” and post-whatever are also popular in daily conversation and media reports. 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Their family takes good care of them and never lets them do any housework. 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They enjoy the subtle feelings, but avoid betraying their families.指付通(zhi3fu4tong1)fingerprint payment terminalThis is a newly developed payment method in Shanghaiwhich allows shoppers to pay for their purchases by pressing fingerprints on a terminal. More than 1,000 retailers have adopted the terminals, which are attached to a bank's network.食膏族(shi2gao1zu2)tonic loversAs the colder autumn months proceed, many Shanghai people like to take various herbal tonics, especially those made according to traditional Chinese medicine.维他命电影(wei2ta1ming4dian4ying3)vitamin movieAudience will have some fun from such movies, which may even teach them some simple but useful tips or principles of life. But don’t expect these movies to shock audiences’ nerves by staging grand scenes. instead they leave audiences feeling relaxed and happy.凑份子(cou4fen4zi0)whip-roundChinese people have the tradition of pooling funds orcollecting money from a group of people to pay for a public project or buy a joint present for someone.弃车族(qi4che1zu2)car-sparing clanIt is reported that many private car owners living near subway lines in Beijing have opted to use public transport for daily commutes, so saving their cars for longer trips.金九银十(jin1jiu3yin2shi2)peak sales seasonThe Chinese term literally means “Golden September” and “Silver October,” the two months that usually see brisk sales of cars, houses or other major consumer products in China.打新族(da3xin1zu2)new-stock investorsDue to the hefty profit potential, newly listed securities have become a hit choice for Chinese investors over the past few months.巴嫂(ba1sao3)re-employed woman bus conductorAuthorities in Guangdong Province have initiated a re-employment program to recruit women in their 50s who were earlier laid off by their employers to work as bus conductors. 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The goal is to foster more direct,free-flowing communication and better exchange of ideas, Intel principal engineer Nathan Zeldes says in a company blog post.鲶鱼效应(nian3yu2 xiao4ying4)catfish effectThis term derives from the practice of a Norwegian fisherman who put catfish into his catch of sardine to keep the latter living longer for a better price. Now, the term means to introduce new competitors to stimulate the whole group. It complies with the modern operational mechanism of HR management.刺青后悔症(ci4qing1 hou4hui3zheng4)tattoo regretThis term refers to a feeling of remorse for having tattoos. According to a study in the United States, about 50 percent of respondents who have tattoos said they suffered from "tattoo regret." In other words, they wish they had opted against getting a tattoo.网络达人(wang3luo4 da2ren2)Net advisorThe term refers to warm-hearted people who give advice to others on the Internet. They cover all kinds of topics, ranging from marriage to home decoration. They are not necessarily professional consultants, but their personal experiences do help others.社交网络服务(she4jiao1 wang3luo4 fu2wu4)social networking service (SNS)This is a kind of social software designed to set up online social networks connecting people of all different types of interests. For instance, Facebook is a popular social networking service.富裕病(fu4yu4bing4)affluenzaThis is a portmanteau word by combining the two words "affluence" and "influenza." It refers to a special form of materialism in which people suffer from an epidemic of stress, overwork, waste and indebtedness as they pursue more goods.搏上位(bo2shang4wei4)strive for bigger successIt refers to an attempt to gain a higher position, bigger fame or success by resorting sometimes to unconventional or indecent means.喝油车(he1you2che1）Chelsea tractorThose gas-guzzling sports utility vehicles are referred to in the United Kingdom as a Chelsea tractor. These urban behemoths have become a status symbol for the middle class in the Western world. The term is a rendering from the English buzzword.穷人跑(qiong2ren2pao3)cheap roadsterSome auto makers in China produce low-priced sportscars for middle-income people. The price for such cars ranges from 100,000 yuan to 300,000 yuan, compared to those exceeding one million yuan targeting high-end income earners.喝油车(he1you2che1）Chelsea tractorThose gas-guzzling sports utility vehicles are referred to in the United Kingdom as a Chelsea tractor. These urban behemoths have become a status symbol for the middle class in the Western world. The term is a rendering from the English buzzword.穷人跑(qiong2ren2pao3)cheap roadsterSome auto makers in China produce low-priced sports cars for middle-income people. The price for such carsranges from 100,000 yuan to 300,000 yuan, compared to those exceeding one million yuan targeting high-end income earners.试药族(shi4yao4zu2)drug-test subjectIt is reported that a growing number of college students in the country have participated in the clinical trial of new medications to earn more money, some of whom do it to support their living.陪拼族(pei2pin1zu2)shopping companionThe flip side of love is that the boyfriend or husband of young women who are in the mood to shop has to keep her company all the way round, and might well drop before her shopping drags to a lengthy end.高疯贝(gao1feng1bei4)crazy gamesThe Chinese term sounds like 高分贝, which means "high decibel." It actually refers to highly exciting rides like roller coasters.一口价(yi1kou3jia4)no-bargain priceA seller who is sure of a deal whatsoever the price, or is unwilling to accept a bargain because the marked price is the seller's bottom line, will call it yikoujia in colloquial Chinese. Yikou indicates no room for bargaining.知音体(zhi1yin1ti3)“zhiyin” style“zhiyin”(Confidant) refers to a well-known Chinesetabloid magazine which always publishes sensational, agitating and moving love stories. Since many people are addicted to reading them, some authors or editors use a "zhiyin"style headline on some stories to attract more readers.贵族乞丐(gui4zu2qi3gai4)rich beggarIt refers to those professional beggars who reportedly are rich enough to own a car and keep a mistress.痛快吧(tong4kuai4ba1)pressure-venting shopThis term refers to shops where a customer pays for venting his or her tension, anger or frustration by violently punching or smashing goods.。
