海明威艺术风格的_冰山原则_白象似的群山_解读_李雪平

《白象似的群山》与“冰山原则”摘要：《白象似的群山》是海明威的经典短篇之一，体现了海明威独特的创作原则――“冰山原则”。

本文从四个角度分析海明威的“冰山原则”是如何体现出来的。

关键词：海明威《白象似的群山》冰山原则作为美国文坛最著名的作家之一，海明威以他简洁的语言，独特的叙述艺术――“冰山原则”获得了世界声誉，成为了最为广大中国读者所喜爱和学者所关注的美国作家。

所谓“冰山原则”是指海明威把自己的写作比作海上漂浮的冰山，即用文字表达出来的东西只是海面上的八分之一，而八分之七是在海面以下。

海面以下的部分就是作家没有写出的部分，是省略掉的部分，但这省略掉的部分读者却可以感受到，好像作家已经写出来似的。

用我们惯于使用的学术语言不妨这样总结，所谓冰山原则就是用简洁文字塑造鲜明的形象，把作者自己的感受和思想情绪最大限度地埋藏于形象之中，使之情感充沛却含而不露，思想深沉却隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙地结合起来，让读者通过对鲜明形象的感受去发挥作品的思想意义。

《白象似的群山》是海明威于1927年发表的一篇短篇小说，也是体现他“冰山原则”和简洁语言的经典名篇。

本文以《白象似的群山》为例，分析海明威的“冰山原则”是如何体现出来的。

1. 简洁的文字与印象派的写景风格在文学作品中，人物形象和场景画面感的实施乃是塑造典型环境中典型性格的一种不可缺少的手段。

海明威主张用简洁的文字突出塑造画面感较强的人物和场景。

在海明威的笔下，几乎没有总体上的风景描写，都是十分准确的物体观察，对于所描写的场面也很少进行特别强调。

《白象似的群山》里有这样的情景描述：“埃布罗河河谷的那一边，白色的山岗起伏连绵。

这一边，白地一片，没有树木，车站在阳光下两条铁路线中间，紧靠着车站的一边，是一幢笼罩在闷热的阴影中的房屋，一串串竹珠子编成的门帘关在酒吧间敞开着的门口挡苍蝇。

那个美国人和跟他一道的姑娘坐在那幢房屋外面阴凉处的一张桌子旁边。

”这里所描写的画面和原来生活中的一样自然，没有任何矫饰的东西，作者仅仅反映事实，没有交代他们从何处来，如何相识，但读者已经感到了生活中消极的一面（白地一片，没有树木，笼罩在闷热的阴影中的房屋），几句仿佛随随便便写出的文字便为读者勾勒出一幕速写画，定下了整个故事的格调，而该场景中的许多内容都与小说中人物的思想、性格、情绪有着密切的关系，并暗示着人物的命运。

从《白象似的群山》中看海明威的写作风格摘要欧内斯特·海明威是现代文学巨匠，他以“精通现代叙事艺术”荣获1954年诺贝尔文学奖。

他的写作技巧不仅使他闻名于世，还是区分他与其他作家的一大特征，他对美国乃至世界文学都有深远的影响。

“白象似的群山”是海明威的一篇著名的短篇小说。

全文只有1469个字，讲述的是一对美国情侣在一个西班牙小站等火车的情景。

除了必不可少的背景描写之外，其余的都是这对情侣相互间的对话。

本文希望通过对小说写作手法的分析，使读者更加深刻的了解男女主人公之间的关系、冲突、心理活动及各自的人物特色。

同时更好的赏析这篇小说，并体会海明威独特的写作风格。

本文分为三个部分。

第一部分是引论对海明威及他的小说白象似的群山做了简短的介绍。

第二部分主要从语言、象征、冰山原则三个方面分析海明威的写作技巧。

首先，他的语言具有四个鲜明的特征：第一，他喜欢使用常见的单或双音节词。

第二他很少使用形容词和状语。

第三，在不同的情境下，他的句子的长短和节奏变换很巧妙。

他常用简单的连接词将单句改写成复句。

其次，他的文中总是充满了象征，这些象征的使得文章内容更加丰富。

在《白象似的群山》中它不仅预示着主人公的命运还使得人物形象更加生动，主题更加明确。

最后，介绍冰山原则的特点，及在《白象似的群山》中的应用。

在前面两部分的基础之上，第三部分对文章进行了总结，指出写作目的及研究意义。

关键词：写作手法，语言特色，象征，冰山原则AbstractErnest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954 for “masters the modern narrative techniques”. His writing style not only makes him famous but also makes him different from many other greatest American writers. He has exerted a strong influence on the literature both of America and the world.“Hills Like White Elephants”is one of Hemingway’s excellent short stories, which provides us with a piece of wonderful picture with condensed ink. There are just 1469 words in this novel, of which the majority is dialogues between a girl and a man awaiting a train at a station in Spain. All the story features short sentences; and there are few modification words to describe the facial expression,the inner minds as well as the actions of the figures. The research into his writing style allows us to grasp the story thoroughly. Meanwhile we will profound the theme of the story and appreciate it well.This thesis is divided into three parts. Part one is a brief introduction to Hemingway and his novel “Hills Like White Elephants”. Part two analyses Hemingway’s writing techniques in the aspects of unique language, symbol technique and his Iceberg Theory. Firstly, his unique language can be summarized as the following three features: (a) one syllable or two syllables words are mostly used; (b) less adjectives and adverbials have been used; (c) the length and rhythm of his sentences are varied in different situations; (d) simple sentences outnumber complex sentences, and sentence connectors like "and", "but", "then" are used repeatedly in the novel to link most of the sentences. Secondly, his novels are always full of symbols, which greatly enrich the meaning of his story. In “Hills Like White Elephants”the symbols not only implies the fate of the young men but also make the character more vivid and the theme clearer. Finally, technique of his Iceberg Theory has been fully reflected by his "Hills Like White Elephants". For under the concise language, there exists rich information and deep feelings, it is just the highlight of the Iceberg Theory. Based on these analyses, the last part makes an conclusion and points out the purposeand significance of the research in this thesis.Key Words: writing style; features of language; symbolic; iceberg theory目录摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)1. Introduction to the writer and his “Hills Like White Elephants” (5)2Analysis of writing techniques of "Hills Like White Elephants" (7)2.1The unique Language (7)2.1.1 A lexical choice (7)2.1.2 Few adjectives and adverbs (8)2.1.3 Short and simple sentences (8)2.2 The use of Symbolism (9)2.2.1 The symbolic significance of the title and the heroine'sname (9)2.2.2 The symbolic significance in the setting (10)2.2.3The symbolic significance between the dialogues (11)2.3 Technique of Iceberg Theory (12)2.3.1 The style of Iceberg Theory (12)2.3.2 Iceberg Theory in Hills Like White Elephants (13)3Conclusion (15)Bibliography (16)Acknowledgements (17)1. Introduction to the writer and his “Hills Like WhiteElephants”Ernest Hemingway is a giant of modern literature, well versed in modern narrative art, for which he was awarded Nobel Prize in 1954. His four major novels are The Sun Also Rises (1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old Man and the Sea (1952). Since he is a wounded veteran of World War I, most of his works are connected to wars. Every role in his work reflects his own characteristics, that is, full of courage, perseverance, wisdom, and never giving in to fate, but none of them are perfect, which makes the role more real. His stories of courage in the face of tragedy encourage the new generation. The application of short, uncomplicated, active sentences, and only few adjectives becomes Hemingway's recognizable style that has been widely copied by other writers. Due to the concise language, his style is endowed with the title telegraph style. That makes the tempo of the story, the tone and the changing feelings of the figures clearer. We should be aware that Hemingway's language is concisely direct but never blunt or simply plain.His novels are always full of symbols, which can greatly enrich the meaning of the story. The subtle employment of symbolism is a sharp tool to help to delve into the deep-seated treasures; thus, the maximum of meaning is reached through the use of this technique. What is more, he has created a kind of Iceberg Theory style. Iceberg Theory is greatly moving the plot forward. Due to Theory style, there is always a network of association and inference, a submerged reason behind the inclusion (or even the omission) of every detail."Hills Like White Elephants" is an important piece in Hemingway's second collection of short stories, Men Without Women, published in August of 1927. The short story is a conversation between a girl and a man waiting for a train at a station in Spain. The man tried to persuade the girl to have a small operation. Though the novel does not tell what on earth the surgery is, according to the real life experience, we can guess that is an abortion. Basically, the whole novel is a dialogue between the girl andthe man. There are actually 110 bars in the text, of which only 12 bars are described. At the very beginning, Hemingway uses 113 words to briefly introduce the setting. This is a barren station with "no shade" and "no trees", and the hills by the side of the station are white and dry. In the beginning, the young women acts as an ice breaker, describing the outline of the distant mountains under the sun, “they look like white elephants”. But with little or almost no patience the man starts his own concerned topic about whether the young woman will have the operation or not. The man wants the girl to have an abortion but the girl wants to keep the baby, and neither of them will give in. Then the topic about the abortion becomes very sensitive. Therefore, their talk is very tight and brittle. At several points the girl talks about drinks, for she wants to avoid the sensitive topic. But the man seems to stick to the topic, explaining and comforting again and again.Finally the girl says: "I will scream” Here, the novel’s internal tension has reached its peak, slipping quickly to an abrupt end.2. Analysis of writing techniques of "Hills Like WhiteElephants"2.1The unique LanguageDistinguished from many greatest American writers, Hemingway is renowned for his writing style of unique language. His style looks simple at first glance but subtle and delightful inside.Readers are often attracted by his individual characteristics of the language.His individual characteristics of the language can be summarized as the following four patterns: (a) one syllable or two syllables words are mostly used; (b) less adjectives and adverbials have been used; (c) the length and rhythm of his sentences are skillfully varied in different situations; (d) simple sentences outnumber complex sentences, and sentence connectors like "and", "but", "then" are used repeatedly in the novel to link most of the sentences.2.1.1 A lexical choiceHe is very careful with words. Concrete, specific, more commonly found, casual and conversational are his chosen principles. He once said "Of any writer, no matter how good a word or a phrase he may have, if he puts it in where it is not absolutely necessary and irreplaceable, he is spoiling his work for egotism. Writing is architecture, not interior decoration."For example “Across, on the other side, were fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were moun tains.” Just a few short sentences and some simple words outline a pair of pure and fresh scenery in front of the reader. His language is simple, concise, natural, easy to understand just because all the words he chooses are “concrete, specific, more commo nly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational”Hemingway seems to prefer words of Anglo-Saxon origin, the most of which consist of one syllable or two syllables. Though Anglo-Saxon origin is small in part they are the most frequently used in daily speech and writing, which makes vital contribution to Hemingway’s works for the simple and easy understanding.2.1.2 Few adjectives and adverbsHe seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax.For example, in the beginning of this novel, he uses several sentences to describe the setting.“The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station was between two lines of rails in the sun. Close against the side of the station there was the warm shadow of the building and a curtain, made of strings of bamboo beads, hung across the open door into the bar, to keep out flies. The American and the girl with him sat at a table in the shade, outside the building. It was very hot and the express from Barcelona would come in forty minutes.”Among these words, there are just four described adjectives: long, white, warm, hot. "Long" and "white" is used to describe the mountain. The mountain is the whole background of the novel, it plays an important role when expressing the character’s emotion. The other two adjectives, hot and warm, implies that the story happen in hot summer.All these adjective words are essential to introduce the background of this novel.2.1.3 Short and simple sentencesAs we all known, Hemingway prefers to use simple sentences. He skillfully employs many short sentences in the writing, particularly in describing the step-by-step actions and energetic activities. But he varies the length and the rhythm of his sentences on different occasions to stress something or express different attitudes and emotions. For example, the girl and the man have a disagreement. The girl feels unjust and stray, while the man feels fidgety. But the author does not use the words s uch as “angry” or “impatient” to directly describe the characters' psychological activities. Instead, he just hides these emotions in the dialogues. There are some parts of the dialogues:“What did you say?”“I said we could have everything.”“No, we can't.”“We can have the whole world.”“No, we can't.”“We can go everywhere.”“No, we can't. It isn't ours any more.”“It's ours.”From these simple sentences, readers can feel that the characters in the novel want to solve the problem as soon as possible. The author omits such words like “she said”, “he said”. This makes the dialogues shorter or even in a hurry. None of them want to say more words. This arrangement seems simple but it is really intentional. Wanting the readers to feel the psychological activities themselves, he just put out the original dialogue without any modified words. This will not only attract readers’ curiosity but also makes the novel more convincing.2.2 The use of SymbolismSymbolism is an important writing style of Hemingway, and is fully embodied in the “Hills Like White Elephants”."Hills Like White Elephants" shows Hemingway's use of iceberg theory or theory of omission: a message is presented through a story's subtext. Among those that might be mentioned, we shall focus on the title, the names of the hero and heroine, the landscape, and some special words.2.2.1 The symbolic significance of the title and the heroine’s nameThe title Hills Like White Elephants is an important metaphor. “white elephants” is mentioned several times.The meaning of the white elephants in china seems chicken ribs. The white elephants coming from Thailand in which a white elephant is given to unflavored people by the ruler. Due to the fact that the elephant is sacred and not allowed to work, it is a burden for the owner for it would consume the whole money of its owner until he becomes destitute. Jig's reference to white elephants could be in regard to the baby. The American could see the baby as a white elephant and not want to raise it because of the cost, while Jig could see the child as an extraordinary addition to her mundane life of drinking and mindless traveling. When the girl said: “They look like white elephants” she is implying that she has a baby. The hills are “lovely” and“bright” though“the country was brown and dry”, “therewas no shade and no trees”. From these we can know that the baby is a beautiful thing to the girl, and brings her change and hope in life. Furthermore, the white elephants are also a symbol of the steady life the girl is dreaming of. Maybe it is time for her to set down and have a family to live a peaceful life. As having a baby means responsible and fewer enjoyment, the man looks the baby as a burden and even useless thing.Jig is the name of the girl, which is clearly addressed in the novel. It’s not just a normal name. It is symbolic. Jig is a kind of lively dance. From the dictionary, we find that Jig have a deep meaning “particular assort of behavior or activity which varies according to the situation that someone is in”. The name Jig is very in accordance with the image of the girl, young and roaming about gaming life. At the same time. It also means the love between the girl and the man will end up.2.2.3 The symbolic significance in the settingThe symbolism of the hills can be thought of as the image of the swollen breasts , and to the prenatal dream of the mother of the future Buddha in which a white elephant (in this case, a symbol of prestigious leadership) presents her with a lotus flower, a symbol of fertility.“The hills across the valley of the Ebro were long and white. On this side there was no shade and no trees and the station were between two lines of rails in the sun.”This is concise to describe about the scene. “The station was between two lines of rails in the sun”symbolizing the hero and heroine never reaches an agreement to solve serious problem which threats the relationship between them. The girl looking forward to this baby, and she wants a stable relationship and enjoys the happiness of the family life; while the man considers the baby as a burden, and he wants the girl to have abortion then continues to live just like the past. They have different expectations, and no one wants to give in, just like two parallel railways won't cross together.Just take a look at these sentences “The girl was looking off at the line of hills. They were white in the sun and the country was brown and dry.”“The girl stood up and walked to the end of the station. Across, on the other side, were fields of grain andtrees along the banks of the Ebro. Far away, beyond the river, were mountains. The shadow of a cloud moved across the field of grain and she saw the river through the trees.”Describing scenery on both sides also contain symbolism. On one side the country is “brown and dry”, symbolizing that the relationship between the girl and the men was week, indicating that the girl may have abortion; their prospects will be a dim and lifeless. On the other side, there are “grain” “t rees” “river”. All this reveals the lush life, symbolizing another choice of the girl to give birth to the baby.2.2.4 The symbolic significance between the dialogue“Everything tastes like liquorices. Especially all the things you've waited so long for, like ab sinthe.”This is just one of the girl's sentence. There is no doubt that "tastes like liquorices" "waited so long for" also have symbolic meaning for the baby. For the girl, the baby is the source of happiness and she is optimistic with the future family life. She has longed for a family life with a baby. However, the man is unwilling to welcome the new life. Maybe for him, the baby does not "taste like liquorices" and "waited so long for".There are also some special words carrying the symbolism. For example, the word "two" appears again and again, like "two lines of rails", "Two big ones", "two glasses of beer and two felt pads", "two heavy bags". All these are symbolizing the man just cares about the 2-person world, not wishing the baby come down.Apart from the hills, other parts of the setting provide symbolism which expresses the tension and conflict surrounding the couple. The train tracks form a dividing line between the barren expanse of land stretching toward the hills on one side and the green, fertile farmland on the other, symbolizing the choice faced by each of the main characters and their differing interpretations of the dilemma of pregnancy. Jig focuses on the landscape during the conversation, rarely making eye contact with the American.It's the author's intention to choose “tracks” instead of “rails” as in the setting. Except to expressing the track, the main meaning of "track" is traces, which symbolizes the trajectory of life. People are expecting "train" arrives, but finally wedo not see the sign. The another meaning of "train" is "consequences", which implicatively show the theme. People do not know where to go for the future, only confusedly waiting.2.3 Technique of Iceberg Theory2.3.1 The style of Iceberg TheoryHemingway expresses his characteristic themes of love, stoicism, war and death in perfectly controlled prose. He seems to excise all emotion from his work while allowing it to move powerfully beneath the surface. That is his famous “Iceberg Theory”. What’s “Iceberg Theory”?As the common sense, an iceberg is divided into the visible and the invisible part by surface of the sea. The art of literature is just like a sublime iceberg, in which the objective description can never be separated from the subjective emotion. The former is visible but the later remains invisible. The one-eighth is the objective image upon which artistic emotion depends; the seven-eighths is the connotation, the submerged, suppressed part of the message, which, moreover, opens to critical view and auctorial process of exclusion----inclusion, an exercise of willed choice, which closely parallels the life-choice of the protagonist-narrator.Hemingway once said, “If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”As a matter of f act, in Hemingway’s own words, the feature of his Iceberg Theory is to omit something that both the author and the reader know, and the essence of it is to explore the hidden seven-eight facts through the only one-eight obvious fact. He always tries to write on the principle of iceberg, which means there is seven-eighths of it underwater for every part that shows. Anything he knows he can eliminate and it only strengthens his iceberg. It is the part that doesn't show. Because of the image we can see the “whole” from a small part; this method is usually used to reveal social problems.2.3.2 Iceberg Theory in Hills Like White ElephantsAs we all know Hills Like White Elephants is an early work of Hemingway. Though it comes out before Iceberg Theory has been clever put out, it still can show this Iceberg Theory completely.To begin with, it omits the background of the story. The story started with a girl and a man talking about something in a station. But the readers still do not know anything abut them like their past or their future. Although from their dialogue we may get some information, to some extent, we still feel confused . One must get his or her understanding to scrutinize between the lines. If we read the story carefully we can’t help thinking what will happen to them. It makes the novel mysterious and attracts the reader’s attention.Secondly, it omits the intensely full-face conflict. The dialogue seems arbitrary, but the conflict between the two characters is just hidden. Only when the girl says out “Would you please please please please please please please stop talking.” the conflict unveils, and the story comes to an end.Furthermore, it omits the proverbial information. The whole dialogue focuses on the operation, but the author never points out what kind of is. However, the reader can know the fact that the operation may be an abortion according to the common sense of life after reading the dialogue. What’s more, there is no any words to describe the feelings of the heroes and heroines. But with the dialogue going on, we can feel the girl’s disappointment and the man’s fretfulness. As Hemingway said, what he omits is what he and the reader have known.“It's really an awfully simple operation, Jig.” the man said. “It's not really an operation at all.” From this sentence, we may find the man tries to persuade the girl to have the abortion, as he explains the abortion from his point---“simple”, “not really an operation at all”. From this we can realize the men’s selfish ness and insincerity becau se what is “simple” to him may hurt the girl and bring physical damage to her. He just does not want to undertake the responsibility of being a father or having a family. To his point, the baby is really a big trouble. Having the abortion, they can live as happily as the past. But deeply reading this novel, we may find that the baby meanseverything to the girl, and losing the baby, she will never be happy again.Although the author does not describe their emotion, from the dialogue we can see the girl is full of grief and despair, but she acts as if nothing happens; while the man is coldly selfish but pretends to be attentive. We can taste the conflict between them from existing information in this novel .The novel ends up with the unclearness of the gi rl’s final decision but we still find some hints. It’s not difficult to recognize if we pay much attention to the character’s conversation. It’s the girl who starts the dialogue; which implies that the abortion in the end will be on her decision. One detail of taking her hat off and putting it on the table means that she is getting off what covers her and wants to speak the situation out clearly. In the end of the story, the girl sees “grain” “trees” “river” on the other side. The words “I feel fine” sugges ts that she will keep the baby and starts her new life without the man.To sum up, Hemingway’s Iceberg Theory is fully reflected by his Hills Like White Elephants. For under the concise language, there exists rich information and deep feelings, which is just the highlight of the Iceberg Theory.3. ConclusionThis thesis mainly focuses on a study on Ernest Hemingway's writing style in “Hills Like White Elephants”. In this novel , his writing style appears more concrete and outstanding. We can easily understand his symbolic way of writing, which contains implication, philosophy, deep meaning and characterization. His Iceberg Theory follows the principle of omission, adopts images expressed in language of vitality, and gives the novel an everlasting position in world literature.To begin with, we discuss his unique language which is simple and natural on the surface but actually deliberate and artificial inside. In fact, his method of applying language revels his writing style clearer. This article is aimed to showing the charterers of his language by analyzing his novel “Hills Like White Elephants”. In addition, his novels are usually full of abundant use of symbolism. It makes his novel rich in capacities, contents and themes. Analyses on the significance of the symbolism in the novel make us catch the author’s meaning better. Finally, the technique of the Iceberg Theory,to some extent, makes his novels difficult to understand. He just tells what is happening without explaining what it means or introducing the background in details. Reading his novels, Readers need more patience to catch the meaning.The efforts in this thesis will be helpful to the study of other Hemingway's short stories. To begin with, the thesis will enlighten the people who are interested in Hemingway and his short stories, and give them help to further explore Hemingway’s short stories. In addition, the readers may have more deep understanding of Iceberg theory. Therefore, they will dig out more treasure in Hemingway’s s hort stories and profoundly appreciate the artistic charm in Hemingway's short story．Due to the limited experience, the research into the Iceberg theory may be incomplete and more analysis is necessary to better understand this theory. The process is tough but the future is bright.Bibliography1. Hemingway, E.1928. Men without Women [M].New York: Macmillan publishing Company.2. Baker, Carlos. "Mountain and Plain", Study of Ernest Hemingway, China: Social Science Press, 19813. Bates, H.O. "The Artistic Style of Ernest Hemingway", Study of Ernest Hemingway, China: Social Science Press, 19814. Booz, Elisabeth B. A Brief Introduction to Modern American Literature.上海外语教育出版社，19825.董衡巽编选，海明威研究[M]，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1980。

白象似的山峦》语用解读1. 引言欧内斯特?海明威对于现代美国文学的发展有特殊的贡献，他独树一帜的“海明威风格”，成功地建立了一种洗练、简洁的现代叙事文体。

海明威的作品内容和他的创造形式是浑然一体、不可分割的。

海明威自己曾提到他写作时遵循的冰山原理：“如果一个散文作家对于他想写的东西心里很有数，那么他可以省略他所知道的东西，读者呢，只要作者写的真实，会强烈地感到他所忽略的地方，好像作者自己已经写出来似的。

冰山在海里移动是庄严宏伟的，这是因为它只有八分之一露在水面上。

”在这种原则指导下，海明威创作了一种严谨、洗练、朴素的叙事风格。

他作品中的十分含蓄简洁的语言往往可以表达出极其深远的内涵。

海明威喜欢写对话，喜欢用对话来推动故事、刻画人物、渲染气氛，他的对话大多简洁短促，体现了“冰山理论”。

《白象似的山峦》可谓是“冰山理论”的巅峰之作。

在这篇小说中，男女主角的对话构成了叙述主体，这些对话看上去浅显易懂，非常现实，非常生活化，似乎就是口语，连语气也是平淡含糊的。

本文试图利用语用学中的会话含义理论中的合作原则来分析这些貌似简单的会话中所展现出来的人物性格及其内涵，进而反映出作者别具匠心的对话安排是如何揭示作品的主题的。

2.格赖斯的会话含义理论“会话含义”( Conversational implicature )是美国语言哲学家格赖斯(H. P. Grice) 首先提出来的。

它是语用学的核心内容，在言语交际中起着非常重要的作用。

①2.1 会话含义交谈是人类传递信息和获得信息的一种重要的交际方式。

所谓交谈就是参与的双方或多方不断轮流地说话；“说话”这个词语是指“用语言表达意义”的行为，而用语言所表达的意义一般可分为两种：一种指说话人说出单词和句子所表达的字面意义，另一种指的是说话人通过说话所含蓄地表示的意义。

这样，我们便把通过说话所传递的内容分为两大范畴：直截了当地说出的内容和含蓄隐晦地表达的内容。

话语的“直说的内容”和“含蓄的内容”之间的区别相当于“字义”和“用意”之间的区别。

收稿日期3作者简介周丹(3),女,河南洛阳人,硕士生,主要从事英美文学研究。

第25卷第1期2009年1月商丘师范学院学报JOURN AL OF SH ANG Q I U TEACHERS C OLLEGE Vol .25　No.1Janua r y .2009试析《白象似的群山》的“冰山原则”周 丹(河南农业大学外国语学院,河南郑州450000) 摘　要:海明威是一位具有独特艺术风格的作家,他的“冰山原则”开创了一代崭新的写作手法。

《白象似的群山》是海明威的经典短篇之一,简洁含蓄的对话和场景描写,内涵丰富的象征意蕴,模糊的迹象与隔阂的主题充分体现了这一原则的内容和特点。

关键词:海明威;简洁含蓄;象征;模糊;隔阂中图分类号:I 10614 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1672-3600(2009)01-0043-03 文学是语言的艺术,离开语言这一要素,作品就无从谈起了。

海明威正是一位语言艺术的大师。

《白象似的群山》这部小说故事情节简单,但人物刻画细腻;对话简练直白,却生动描述了人物丰富的内心世界;语言朴实无华,却揭示了深刻的主题思想。

这正是海明威的“冰山原则”所强调的“用简洁的文字塑造出鲜明的形象,把作者自身的感受和思想情绪最大限度的埋藏于想象之中”。

他认为让读者感觉的东西应该比让读者理解的东西多一些,应该把他所经历和体验到的一切准确地传达给读者,让读者根据自己的经验去充实、想象,甚至于提高作品的立意。

本文将从三个方面来解读《白象似的群山》的丰富内涵和蕴含的“冰山原则”。

一、简洁含蓄的对话和场景描写与海明威的其他作品相似,这个故事的背景也是在异国他乡,写的是一个不知名的美国男人和一个名叫吉格的女孩在一个小车站等待开往马德里的火车,男子极力劝说吉格去做危险的流产手术,而吉格在痛苦的矛盾中希望用群山之景来劝说男友回心转意,但一切努力都是枉费心机,两人的谈话演变为争吵,感情上的距离也越来越远。

小说中有三段直白的场景描写。

文学研究海明威艺术风格的 冰山原则白象似的群山 解读李雪平(河南大学大学外语教学部,河南开封475001)摘 要: 白象似的群山 是文学艺术大师海明威著名短篇之作。

小说以简单的故事情节和简练朴实的对话生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界,揭示了深刻的主题思想。

文章从写意式的对话、印象派画式的背景描写和摄影式的叙事视角体现了海明威艺术风格 冰山原则 。

关键词:海明威; 白象似的群山 ;冰山原则;背景;对话;叙事中图分类号:I106.4 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1003-0964(2009)04-0135-03白象似的群山 是文学艺术大师海明威著名短篇之作。

小说以简单的故事情节和简练朴实的对话生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界,揭示了深刻的主题思想。

短短几千字的小说,却淋漓尽致地展示了海明威独特的艺术风格 冰山原则 。

这一理论体现了海明威的艺术审美追求 追求一种含蓄、凝练的意境,追求一种 言有尽而意无穷 的艺术境界[1]。

作家在浩瀚的生活海洋里撷取最富有特征的画面,用客观冷静的文字凝固成读者看得见的 八分之一 ,就像浮露在水面上的冰山那样轮廓清峻,晶莹突出,造成一种威武壮观的雄浑意境,以唤起读者的丰富想象,让读者自己去挖掘那隐藏在水下的蕴涵着作家思想感情的 八分之七 ,让读者透过字里行间去感悟人生的、社会的、自然的哲理。

下面从 白象似的群山 的背景、叙事和对话三个方面来解读海明威 冰山原则 这一独特的艺术风格。

一、写意式的对话写意画是传统中国画里令人赏心悦目的画种,它以淋漓的水墨、纵横的笔法、弥漫的气势使观者赞声鼎沸叹为奇观。

笔简意繁、勾勒洗练是写意画的最大特点,即通过画的立意叩动欣赏者的情意,产生回味不尽的画意。

写意画讲究意,欣赏写意画关键在于捕捉画中的意,在回味不尽的意趣中得到艺术的享受,陶冶自己的性情,感悟自然和人生的哲理。

海明威小说的对话犹如写意画般笔简意繁、勾勒洗练,精练的对话就如写意画里的纵横简练的画面、冰山露出水面的 八分之一 ,而他的寓意即水下的 八分之七 是读者自己去感受体会对话内在强烈的感情与深刻的思想含义。

浅析海明威的冰山理论在《白象似的群山》的体现作者：冯文奂来源：《青年文学家》2016年第24期[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2016）-24-0-02作为美国文坛上的巨匠，海明威是举世公认的文学大师，《白象似的群山》是他的经典短篇小说。

《白象似的群山》故事情节虽然简单，但是人物刻画细腻；对话虽然简练直白，却生动地描述了人物丰富的内心世界；语言虽然朴实无华，却揭示了深刻的主题思想。

短短几千字的小说给读者淋漓尽致地展现了海明威那独特的叙事手法—著名的“冰山理论”。

1932年，海明威在他的纪实作品《午后之死》中，提出著名的“冰山理论”。

海明威以“冰山”为喻，他认为作者只需要描写“冰山”露出水面的部分，而在水下的部分则应该让读者去想象去补充。

如果一位作家对他想写的东西胸有成竹，那么完全他可以省略他知道的东西，只要作者写得真实，读者自然会强烈地感觉到作者省略的地方。

一. 故事简介《白象似的群山》讲述了发生一个在西班牙无名的小火车站里的故事，年轻的男孩和女孩正在等待着去往巴塞罗那的快速列车。

天气很炎热，为了打发等车时间，男孩和女孩边喝酒边聊天，男孩享受地喝着酒而女孩却心事重重，她怀孕了，却不知如何是好，希望男孩能为她解决这一难题，可是男孩满不在乎，他希望女孩去做人流手术，而女孩好像不太乐意。

这对情侣在反复讨论着是否要去做人流手术，最终两人的争论在愉快的氛围中结束了。

二. 冰山理论海明威以精通叙事艺术而获得诺贝尔文学奖，而他的“冰山理论”就是精通现代叙事艺术集中的体现。

海明威根据“冰山理论”来创作他的作品，形成了独特的艺术特色。

冰山理论指的是人的语言对于人的思想的表达来说就好像冰山一样：八分之一是在水上面的，有八分之七是在水下的。

也就是说，人的语言是不足以表达思想的，因此对于作家而言，完全没有必要写得太过于直白，因为读者是完全能够读懂的。

根据海明威的解释，我们可以对给“冰山理论”作一个粗略概括：冰山理论，就是用相对简洁的文字来塑造鲜明的形象，把作家的感受和思想情绪尽可能地埋藏在形象之中，使情感充沛却含而不露，思想深沉却隐而不晦，从而将文学的可感性与可思性巧妙结合，让读者去发掘作品的思想内容。

浅析《白象似的群山》中海明威的创作风格[摘要] 海明威以他那与众不同的创作风格著称于世,特别是他独树一帜的、发人深省的“冰山原则”更是不同凡响。

《白象似的群山》充分体现了作者的这一原则,文字简洁、内涵深刻、寓意丰富、耐人寻味。

[关键词] 白象似的群山海明威创作风格冰山原则《白象似的群山》是美国著名作家厄内斯特·海明威的著名短篇小说,1927年发表于短篇小说集《没有女人的男人》(马建军,2002:24)。

小说故事情节简单:一个美国男人和一个姑娘---Jig在西班牙北部一个偏僻的火车站等一趟从巴塞罗那(Barcelona )开往马德里(Madrid )的火车,在等车的过程中,男人和姑娘交谈着,然后呢?仍然是交谈,这就是故事的全部。

显然,这是一部由声音组装起来的作品,男人的声音和姑娘的声音,对话简短、发音清晰,他们从啤酒谈到西班牙的茴香酒,两个人喝着、说着。

他们使用的是那种不怕被偷听的语言,一种公共场合的语言,然而那些话语里所暗示的却是强烈的和不安的隐私,他们似乎正处于生活的某一个尴尬时期,他们的话语里隐藏着冲突,抱怨和烦恼,然后通过白象似的群山借题发挥。

《白象似的群山》这篇只有2400单词的小说充分体现了海明威”冰山原则”。

众所周知,海明威以他那与众不同的创作风格著称于世,特别是他独树一帜、发人深省的“冰山原则”更是不同凡响。

几乎所有的文学评论家们,提及海明威时,都离不开他的“冰山原则”。

那么,究竟什么是“冰山原则”呢?海明威自己在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》(Death in the Afternoon)中,第一次把文学创作比作漂浮在大洋上的冰山,并做过这样的解释:“冰山运动之雄伟壮观,是因为它只有八分之一在水面上”,八分之七的,或者说作家的深厚的思想情感,潜伏在水面下——作品的字里行间。

也就是说作品中有八分之七的内容蕴涵在形象的背后,见诸笔端的只有八分之一。

其后,海明威又多次做过这样的比喻。

论海明威创作风格中的冰山原则王世超【内容摘要】海明威是一位风格独特的作家，文章主要从简洁的语言艺术、含蓄的意境、丰富的人物形象与情感以及深刻的主题思想四个方面着手分析海明威的“冰山原则”，并通过对具体作品的分析进一步探讨了冰山原则中的“八分之一”与“八分之七”的关系和在作品中的运用。

【关键词】冰山原则；简洁；潜台词；八分之一与八分之七；象征寓意。

海明威（1899-1961）是20世纪30年代美国的著名作家，是“迷惘一代”的杰出代表。

海明威的一生也是富有戏剧与传奇色彩的。

特殊的人生经历、感情的细腻与敏感使其明显区别于同时代的其他许多作家，同时也成就了其独特风格。

他把自己的著作比作漂浮在海上的冰山，并用“冰山原则”形象的概括了自己的艺术风格和技巧。

海明威独特性的思维与构筑，给世界文学注入了新鲜元素使人眼睛为之一亮。

海明威的“冰山理论”最早是在一部斗牛的专著《午后之死》中提出的，并在以后的创作和著述中加以阐发和完善。

海明威曾说：“我总是试图根据冰山原理去写作，即只写其中的八分之一，剩下的八分之七要由读者自己去体会、去想象。

”根据海明威的解释,我们可以把冰山原则作如下定义:“冰山原则就是作者试图用最简洁、简单的语言文字，勾勒描绘创造出生动鲜明的形象，把自己对作品的深刻感知、感悟及自己对作品所赋予的深意，最大限度的隐藏于作品的形象之中，使情感深厚而不外露，思想隐含而富有深意。

将作品的可感性与寓意性有机的结合为一个整体，使读者透过对外在的形象、语言的感知，去发掘、去领悟隐藏在简洁下的纷繁与宏伟。

海明威及其所开创的“冰山文体”为我们提供了理解现代小说的另一视角，也对后来的小说家产生了深远影响。

“海明威是一位与我的写作技巧密切相关的作家”，马尔克斯这样说。

“冰山原则”无疑是海明威开创并付诸实践的一个具有刷新历史意义的理论主张。

一、简洁的语言对话艺术作家的存在与成就都是由他的作品来说话的。

作品是作家精神与思想的集成与具体化。

白象似的群山解读_《白象似的群山》文本解读关键词:海明威“冰山”原则内心独白摘要:海明威的短篇小说《白象似的群山》读起来意味无穷｡长期以来,在对这篇小说众多的评论中,研究者将焦点更多地放在了解释甚至演绎上,缺失的却是细致的文本阅读和体验｡本文试图从阅读的角度对故事文本进行体验和分析,并对海明威独特的叙事视角和高超的创作技艺进行探讨,从而更好地解读人生｡一､引论海明威的短篇小说《白象似的群山》篇幅虽短,但读起来意味无穷｡研究者从不同的视角对小说文本进行了解读和批评,如小说的象征意义､对话分析､男性形象､女性形象;更有人从小说的叙事结构和心理结构进行评述｡但在对这篇小说众多的评论中,焦点更多地放在了解释甚至演绎上,缺失的却是细致的文本阅读和体验｡正如英国作家王尔德所言,“文学批评只是评论者的自传”｡本文试从阅读的角度对故事文本进行体验和分析｡二､独特的叙事视角小说的叙事视角是从一个偷听者的叙述展开的,开头简单描述了故事的地理背景为西班牙埃布罗河谷,观察的位置是河谷这边一个小车站的酒馆,而跨过河谷的另一边是可见的连绵群山,山顶有积雪覆盖,而山下则裸露荒凉,不见树木,时间为盛夏,少风,因为房屋的遮荫下也是温热,并不凉爽｡故事的主角是两个旅行的男女,坐在酒馆外面凉荫下等待从巴塞罗那开往马德里的火车｡一般来说,这种景色很难吸引游人停留,偶有驻足,也是不得已的暂时停靠,等待离开｡所以故事从一开始的简单叙述中就给读者一种促迫的感觉,局限了阅读的期望:这里不是一个能够发生大场面大事件的地方,任何故事在这里只能匆匆开始,匆匆了结,甚至只能是一种片段或过渡｡但这也赋予故事一种预期的张力,使读者预感到可能会发生些什么,但可能发生的一切又会随火车的到来而暂时结束;山谷､群山､车站､酒馆､火车只是演出的道具,从而被赋予强烈的象征意义｡我们首先听到女主角开口说话:“我们喝点什么?”这不一定就是男女主角谈话的真正开始,而是他们坐在酒馆前开始说话,叙述者能偷听到的部分｡主角人物出场时,读者就如叙述者一样,对他们的印象是非常模糊的:既不知道他们从何而来,也不知道他们的身份,对此前他们两人之间发生了什么更一无所知｡我们唯一得到的线索就是他们两个的对话早在来小酒馆之前就已经开始了,而他们谈论的话题可能发生在更久以前｡他们在小酒馆坐下后,那个女孩开口问“我们喝点什么”,实际上并不是一个真正的问题,而很可能是一种对话转折手段｡那个男人回答“太热了”,“喝啤酒吧”,这种回答很不寻常｡男人根本没有给他的女伴任何商量的余地,而是根据自己的喜好直接点了啤酒,显示出在两人关系上他一直处在决策者和控制者的地位,女孩只是听从者｡女孩第一次说出连绵的群山“它们看上去真像大白象”,可见女孩心思细腻,触景生情,期望得到男人的积极回应｡但男人的回答却有点咄咄逼人,显得很不耐烦,“我可没看出来”,“就因为你说我看不出来什么也证明不了”｡这里,恋人之间用上“证明”(prove)这个字眼很不一般,它暗示了两人之前的争吵｡在这些对话中,作为读者的我们可以看出,肯定有什么事情在他们彼此心中萦绕不去,难以排解｡两个人都是言此而意彼,话不由衷｡但女孩似乎更愿意采取合作的态度,避免进一步的冲突,所以聪明地转移了话题,引导男人去看酒馆珠帘上的字｡当两个人要了珠帘上说的那种饮料,女孩说出“这酒甜丝丝的就像甘草”时,男人就急不可耐地把对话重新拉回原来的话题,回答说“啥东西都这味”,在女孩回应“样样东西都甜丝丝的像甘草｡特别是一个人盼望了好久的那些东西,简直就像艾酒一样”后,他粗暴地打断女孩,显示出他以自我为中心,缺乏交流技巧,同时也预示了两人之间交流的困难｡这种情景在小说中出现了四次,第一次是男人试图阻止女孩说下去,第二次是女孩要求“我们别再谈了好不好”,第三次是女孩强烈要求男人不要再说下去“求你,求你求你,千万求求你别再说了好吗”,最后一次是女孩激烈阻断男人说下去“你要再说我就大声喊了”,显示了两人之间情绪的变化:开始男人想直奔话题,目的在于把两人的难题作个了断,而女孩试图通过婉转的方式让男人明白自己的心事,表现出了更多的耐心和顺从;到了后来,女孩失去了信心,不再指望男人真正理解自己｡在整个故事发展中,女孩显得更成熟,对事物的把握也更透彻,而男人似乎没什么改变,陷在个人的盘算中无法自拔｡男人试图再次回到自己想说的话题,“那实在是一种非常简便的手术,吉格”,“甚至算不上一个手术”;“我知道你不会在乎的,吉格｡真的没有什么大不了｡只要吸出来就行了” ;“我陪你去,而且一直呆在你身边｡他们只要注入空气, 然后就一切都正常了”｡我们第一次得知他们实际一直在谈什么,也是第一次得知女孩的名字叫吉格｡值得一提的是,在英文文本中,“operation”并不像汉语“手术”的意思那么显而易见｡三､高超的创作技艺在故事的语境中,汉语“手术”词义单一,且很容易使读者推测出故事中所说的手术就是流产手术｡但在原文中,读者并不能一下就能猜测到“operation”指的是什么,只能从以后对话展开中得知这个词的实际含义｡这里海明威故意隐去了能凸显这个词义的搭配和细节,显示出他操纵情节及应用“冰山”原则的高超技巧｡女孩从这时开始显示出更多的思考,并在对话中慢慢获得主动｡她一连串地反问男人“我们以后怎么办?”“你怎么会这么想?”“你真的希望我去做吗?”“如果我去做,那你以后就不会心烦了吧?”逼得男人左支右绌,车轱辘儿话一遍又一遍地说:“你要真不想去做,我绝不勉强｡”在整个对话中,男人这种话重复了十三次,充分暴露了他急于摆脱困境而又拒绝承担责任的心态｡男人希望姑娘为自己的事承担责任,试图把自己从这件事中摆脱出来｡如果姑娘要去做手术,那也必须是她自己做出决定,心甘情愿地去做,而不是接受男人的建议被动去做的｡在两性心理中,这是一种典型的男人式思维:当一个人有事时,他(她)应该自己独立面对,自己决定应该怎么做,而他人则不应过多干涉,以免造成妨碍或伤害｡但在这个故事语境中,男人希望姑娘独立做出决定的事却不是“她”一个人的事,为此应该承担责任的也不是那个姑娘｡这在故事中形成了一种强烈的反讽:当男人说出这番话时,他把所有的责任和负担都推给了姑娘,他喋喋不休地表白自己,实际却在坚持要那姑娘按他的想法去做,并认为那不过是一个简单的小手术,不会造成什么伤害,不仅暴露出这个男人的无知,也表明了他只注意自己的感受,以自我中心,对他所爱的人的感受缺乏关切,毛躁急进,一味按自己的想法行事｡在两个人的对话中,“你”(you)这个字出现了四十三次,有三十一次出自男人之口,显示这个男人一直试图控制话题,把谈话集中在女孩身上,并希望通过谈话解决他心目的核心“难题”｡此外,从行为动作上看,男人自始至终只有几个简单的行为:他坐下要啤酒,他对女孩说话,他拎起包准备离开,而那个女孩却不时四处张望,尤其是三次打量远处的山峰,表明她一直在想自己的心事,并没有真正去听男的在说什么,最后甚至逃离交谈的现场,这使故事呈现出一个更大的嘲弄甚至荒诞:虽然两个人一直在说话,却缺乏真正的交流,男人不关心女孩的心理感受,而女孩却根本不听他的谈话｡在整个故事中,男人丝毫没有改变,他甚至不知道自己到底做错了什么,对女孩的态度和感受懵懂困惑,笨拙无措,不仅暴露了他在情感上的浅陋无知,也泄露了他在心智上的不成熟和人格缺失｡在他的心里,吉格应该为此独立做出决定并承担起责任,而他自己只是一个事不关己的建议者,他希望吉格明白他自己烦恼的正是这件事｡他一厢情愿地认为这也是困扰他们两人的难题｡实际上,吉格并不这么想,她更在乎的是男人对这件事的态度,以及他是否真正关心自己,怀上孩子似乎对吉格并没有造成多大的烦恼｡男人不懂这一点,也无从理解｡他期望的是,在解决了这个问题后,他又能和吉格一起到处游荡,幸福快乐,因为让他们不开心就“只有这一件事”｡对此,吉格直接点明了要害,“那我就去做,因为我根本不在乎自己”｡这句话不但是对话的转折点,也是整个故事的转折点｡到此吉格算是彻底明白眼前这个男人,也真正理解两个人之间的关系｡她内心似乎意识到,他们之间某种东西永远失去了｡在说了这句话后,她关闭了进一步交流的心门,也拒绝再谈下去｡当男人还在喋喋不休地再说下去时,她甚至变得有点歇斯底里｡故事虽没有确定的结局,但作为读者的我们却意识到,那个女孩已发生了变化｡四､结语海明威在自己的作品中很少用比喻,但这个故事却用到不少明喻,如“像白象”用了四次,使“白象”成了故事中一个重要意象,“像甘草”用了两次,“像艾酒”用了一次｡这种明喻的反复使用,显示了事物的不确定性,表示人物对事物缺乏清晰深刻的认识｡另外,故事中多用情态词,如“本能够”“可以”“应该”“或许能”,暗示了故事中人物缺乏过去,没有未来,对将要发生的事情难以把握,飘摇不定｡整篇几乎全由对话构成｡对话的语气和内容的重复对人物刻画起到了至关重要的作用｡如故事中男人的话语中用词单调,结构重复,多为陈述或判断句,显示出他武断自私,缺乏对他人关切和体贴的性格;女孩的话语多为疑问或祈使句,言辞中常用比喻,显示她对两人之间的关系疑虑重重,对事物缺乏真切的了解｡故事一直到结束,两人的交谈又回复到开头那种淡然,但没有任何结局｡但是读者和吉格都知道,已发生了重要的变化｡一直等待的火车还没有到来,冲突没有解决,故事戛然而止,为读者留下了无尽的想象｡它似乎只是一个片段,一个过场,故事还没发生就已经结束,就像人生,头尾完整的事件只存在于想象,我们能看到只不过是一瞬中偶然的片羽吉光｡(责任编辑:水涓)作者简介:冯长甫,河南西华县人,硕士,中国人民银行郑州培训学院副教授,英语教育专业硕士生导师,主要研究方向为英语语言文学｡参考文献:[1] Hemingway, Ernest. The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway. Finca Vigaiaed. New York: Scribner＇s, 1987.[2] Koloze, Jeff. An Ethical Analysis of the Portrayal of Abortion in American Fiction: Dreiser, Hemingway, Faulkner, Dos Passos, Brautigan, and Irving. Lewis-ton, N.Y.; Queenston, Ont.: Edwin Mellen Press, 2005.[3]Wagner-Martin, Linda. Ernest Hemingway: Seven Decades of Criticism. East Lansing: Michigan State Uni-versity Press, 1998.感谢您的阅读！。