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冰山理论知识管理冰山理论知识管理1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，提出著名的“冰山原则”。
他以“冰山”为喻，认为作者只应描写"冰山"露出水面的部分，水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。
他说:"冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。
”文学作品中，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。
前两者是具体可见的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。
弗洛伊德和海明威在各自领域将“冰山理论”提出并加以应用，“冰山理论”才得以广为流传!"冰山理论"有两个层面的含义:冰山理论的应用——物流成本物流成本冰山理论由日本早稻田大学的西泽修教授提出，是指当人们读财务报表时，只注意到企业公布的财务统计数据中的物流费用，而这只能反映物流成本的一部分，因此有相当数量的物流费用是不可见的。
物流成本正如浮在水面上的冰山，人们所能看见的向外支付的物流费用好比冰山的一角，而大量的是人们所看不到的沉在水下的企业内部消耗的物流费用，当水下的物流内耗越深反而露出水面的冰山就越小，将各种问题掩盖起来。
这种现象只有大力削减库存，才能将问题暴露并使之得到解决。
这就是物流成本的冰山理论。
冰山理论的应用——管理学中的冰山理论把一个员工的全部才能看作一座冰山，呈现在人们视野中的部分往往只有1/8，而看不到的则占7/8。
职业化素质既然有大部分潜伏在水底，就如同冰山有八分之七存在于水底一样，正是这八分之七的隐性素质部分支撑了一个员工的显性素质部分!员工素质的“水下部分”包括职业意识、职业道德、职业态度，是隐性的，即处在水面以下，如果不加以激发，它只能潜意识地起作用，这方面处于冰山的最下层，是人力资源管理中经常被忽视的，也经常被员工被人所忽视。
然而，如果员工的隐性素质能够得到足够的培训，那么对员工的提升将是非常巨大的，同时对企业的影响也将更加深远。
大部分企业非常重视员工的显性素质培训，诸如职业技能培训等等，好像这些培训的效果能够立竿见影地凸现出来。
1.“冰山理论”（iceberg theory）：one eighth of an iceberg is above the water. All of the rest is underneath the water.2.The Iceberg Theory (also known as the "theory of omission") is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961).Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. This type of writing lends itself naturally to a version of dream-interpretation. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.3.The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory stated by American writer Ernest Hemingway as follows: "If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action." This statement throws light on the symbolic implications of art. He makes use of physical action to provide an interpretation of the nature of man's existence. It can be convincingly proved that, 'while representing human life through fictional forms, he has consistently set man against the background of his world and universe to examine the human situation from various points of view'.4.iceberg principleThe iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action.Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acquired the fame and wealth he owns today.This principle also could be used in teaching. The amount of material that teachers could present to their students is a small portion of the sum total of knowledge and skills that they possess. Like an iceberg, the level of expertise that is visible to the public is dependent upon a larger body of knowledge that is submerged out of sight. So, it is particularly important for instructors to continually increase their knowledge and skill level because only a portion of the total body ofknowledge will appear to be available; the same goes to learning. What the teacher could teach us is very limited, so if we want enrich our knowledge; we have to learn to use what we have learned to explore the unknown things.5.What do you know about Hemingway’s iceberg theory of writing?Hemingway and his "tip of the principle of"20 to 30 years in the prevalence of this century on behalf of the "Lost Generation" on behalf of recognized literary genre known as the United States is the writer of the twentieth century the first half of the most talented novelist Ernest genius. Hemingway. If one sentence summed up his people, and that is: a love of sports and sports a tough guy; A sophisticated reporter world; all the scars of a fighter; a Spanish bullfight fan; not only a good drink Also pay attention to the spirits of life gourmet. Hemingway's thinking is very deep and unique perspective, the poet Allen? Tate as saying that he had "an extremely delicate heart and a strong selective observation capacity." He Aoqi Te in the art of deep thinking, "the tip of the principle of" can be described as the most representative and most well-known.In 1932, Ernest Hemingway in his works of documentary "Death in the afternoon", the first time literature than done floating in the ocean on the tip, he said: "the tip of the movement's magnificent, because he was only eighth in the On the surface of the water. "Since then, many have made such an analogy. This image of Hemingway analogy, literary criticism aroused interest in the sector. As a result, the so-called "tip of the principle of" literary criticism has become involved in the study of Hemingway created one of the important issues. It can be said that "the tip of the principle of" Hemingway was on his many years of experience summed up the image, he is dealing with the relationship between art and life followed by the basic norms.In that case, what is "the tip of the principle of"?In this regard, Western critics carried out a great deal to explore. Let us take a look at how they are understandable. American Academy of Arts Critics pointed out that the horse Cosme: "Y ou extracted from the life of those who arouse feelings of their own distinctive details, if you are not on the terrorist atrocities and out of touch with reality, and in accordance with the proper order to accurately describe the details, then Y ou write will still arouse the reader's emotional things to come. This is the Ernest Hemingway in his early close-up followed in the method of its own to limit the scope is very successful. Even in its scope, he is also Successful, as he described the picture show with a wide range of implied power. "Betts Speaking on British critics of the Hemingway short story, said:" The master of the art implies, that a word or two for more than two different The Art of the matter, then the short story house to do the work completed more than half. "Elder critic of the United States of Hemingway's" tip of the principle of "negative, he thought it was" evasive tactics, "" A way to create a mood of emotional atmosphere. "The community started to criticize the various ways that can help us understand the "tip of the principle". However, if further from the aesthetics and poetics of "the tip of the principle of"in-depth understanding, it is clear that each of Appeal on is not enough.The "tip of the principle of" Hemingway in his "Death in the afternoon," there is an explanation, he wrote: "If he wanted to write an essayist for the very few things in mind, he knows he may omit things, so readers As long as the writers write the true will of the strong feeling that he had omitted, the author seems to write out like. "Obviously, to emphasize here that the writer is omitted, Shui Mianxia advocate of the" seven eighths "should be left to The reader to feel. According to the interpretation of Hemingway, the "tip of the principle of" a rough generalization: the so-called "tip of the principle", is to use simple language to shape a distinctive image of their own feelings and ideas, emotions and buried it in the image of the maximum, So that it is full of emotion hidden, and deep thinking of the night and not hidden, so that literature can be emotional and can be thought of a clever combination of clear-cut image for readers to discover the feelings of the ideological significance of the work.Concise text, the image of the distinctive, rich and deep emotional thinking is a "tip of the principle of" the four basic elements. Specifically, text and image is the so-called "eighth" and feelings and ideas is the so-called "seven eighths." The first two concrete is visible, the latter two are among resides in the first two. To shape the image of the text, contains the image of emotion, and emotion among the implication of thinking. It is true that literature in general, these four elements are essential, but in Hemingway's work is particularly prominent because he emphasized the feelings and ideas of implicit.Hemingway's study of "the tip of the principle of" first of all to find out the underwater "seven eighths" because this is part of the iceberg. If Elder's view of the substantive content of Hemingway's works was the author of "apparent pursuit of surface effect" to avoid the drop, then a sharp rise, the problem can not be avoided, that is what Hemingway is a certain depth of thinking big Writers, or shallow, limited to the word of Mo Liu literary skills? It is clear that the substantive content of Hemingway's works were not avoiding the drop, but Elder did not see it.海明威与他的“冰山原则”1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，第一次把文学创作比做漂浮在大洋上的冰山，他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。
Iceberg PrincipleThe iceberg principle is a writing theory stated by a famous American writer, Ernest Hemingway, as follows: If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. （冰山原则是一个写作理论由一位著名的美国作家,海明威,如下:如果一个作家的散文足够了解他写他可能忽略的事情,会有一种感觉的事情虽然作者说他们一样强烈。
冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面。
一个好的作家不需要显示一个字符或动作的每个细节）Now this principle has been applied in various fields. We could regard the small part which can be easily noticed as the 1/8 of an iceberg, and the part can’t be easily noticed as the part under the surface. What can’t be seen is the most important, because it’s the base of an iceberg, what it to the part above water is what the root of a tree to the trunk. We may admire a famous person very much because of his wealth and fame, but how many people know the struggle and sufferings behind it? Are they dispensable? We can use the model of “iceberg principle”. His wealth and fame is the small part we can see, and his sufferings and struggle is the part under water, without it, the person wouldn’t have acqu ired the fame and wealth he owns today.（现在这一原则已经应用于各个领域。
简述冰山原则的主要内容
冰山原则（TheIcebergPrinciple）是一种对复杂事物的思考方式，它提醒人们只要看到表面，其实下面可能会有很多不被发现的东西。
这个概念最早由印刷术发明者十九世纪末的海恩斯尼斯曼提出，他把雪山冰川与不可能立即知道的东西联系起来，于是就有了这个术语。
冰山原则告诉我们，客观事实以及结论往往不能把一个全貌都拿出来，很多时候，我们需要深入了解其中的原因，而不是只面对表面的事实。
它提出很多有用的探索性思考，比如，当你观察到某个行为时，问自己：“那么，真正的原因是什么？”
冰山原则能够帮助我们更深入地了解一件事情，这样一来，我们才能够更好地理解，更好地处理，即使是最复杂的事也能被拆分成一个一个有意义的部分，而不是一团糟。
要做到这一点，你可以使用层级分析（hierarchy analysis），也就是把一件事情划分为若干层次，并依次细分出每一层的内容，进而把整体的架构拆分成更小的碎片，一层一层推导出来。
同时，冰山原则还可以帮助我们解决复杂的技术问题，比如建立理解一项复杂系统的目标，把整个技术拆分为更小的任务，并依次完成每一任务，最后整合所有技术任务，实现最终目标。
冰山原则能够帮助我们发现更多看不见的东西，这是一种系统思考方式，它是从宏观的角度去思考一个问题，而不是仅仅考虑一个表面的事物，它让我们可以从根本上去了解和解决问题。
总而言之，冰山原则为我们提供了一种思考与解决复杂问题的方式，它给我们的思考带来了深度，让我们可以更好地去理解和解决问题，拆分解决复杂的技术问题，实现他们的目标。
通过学习冰山原则，我们能更加有力地处理复杂的现实问题，更好地获取宏观上的见解。
冰山原则名词解释
冰山原则（TheIcebergPrinciple）是一种表达方式，是指大部
分的事物只显露出最表面的部分，而最关键的部分却沉淀在最深处。
它可以用来形容社会结构、文化精神以及某些事物的本质。
实际上，冰山原则最初是由美国心理学家内斯特萨罗斯提出的，他认为，人类的思维与审美受到自然界的影响，就像冰山只显露一部分，而它的真正实力却深藏不露。
因此，冰山原则及其相关的理论普遍应用于社会学、心理学和文学研究中。
在日常生活中，冰山原则可以帮助我们正确处理各种复杂的问题。
例如，当我们面对一个复杂的业务决策时，冰山原则可以帮助我们提取关键信息，不断深入挖掘，让我们可以做出正确的决定。
另外，冰山原则还可以帮助我们洞悉事物的本质，以更深入的视角把握事物发展的趋势。
同时，冰山原则也可以应用于文学创作。
在这种情况下，作者可以把文章内容看作一个冰山，向读者展现文章的局部信息，而深藏其中的信息则留给读者去发现。
这样可以帮助作者吸引读者的注意力，激发读者的思考，进而给文章增添更多魅力，从而让文章更容易被读者理解和记忆。
本质上来说，冰山原则是一种整合思维，既可以帮助我们正确处理复杂的问题，又可以促进思维的深度，以及创造性的思考。
因此，它是一种可以提升我们的思考能力的有效方法，也是一种教学和心理咨询的重要手段。
总而言之，冰山原则是一种重要的概念，它不仅可以帮助我们处理复杂的问题，还可以给思维带来更大的深度，对提升能力具有重要的作用。
尽管冰山原则本质上只是一种表达方式，但它却是我们处理复杂问题以及思考深度的重要指南。
事故损失冰山原则直接成本事故损失冰山原则直接成本引言：事故损失冰山原则是一个在风险管理和事故调查领域被广泛应用的概念。
这个原则表明，在一个事故中，直接造成损失的事件，只是整个事故的一小部分，就像冰山的露出水面一样，剩下的部分在水下。
直接成本是指与事故直接相关的损失，它们往往容易被量化和注意到，但是间接成本和隐含成本则往往被低估或忽视。
本文将深入探讨事故损失冰山原则直接成本的影响和重要性，并从多个角度对其进行评估。
一、事故损失冰山原则的定义和背景（介绍主题）事故损失冰山原则是根据冰山的形象而得名的，冰山只露出水面的一小部分，而大部分则在水下。
事故损失也如此，只有一小部分是直接可见的，而大部分则是间接的或者隐藏的。
直接成本是与事故直接相关的损失，包括物质损失、人员伤亡和停工造成的损失。
这些损失容易被量化和注意到，但是其他的损失则往往被忽视。
了解和评估事故损失冰山原则，并将其应用于风险管理和事故调查中，可以更全面地理解事故的影响，并采取适当的措施来预防和减少风险。
二、事故损失冰山原则中的直接成本评估（从浅入深）1. 物质损失的直接成本评估：物质损失是事故中最直接和易于量化的部分。
评估物质损失的直接成本需要考虑损失的价值和代替成本。
价值损失是指物质损失的财务价值，如设备、车辆等的损坏损失。
代替成本是指恢复或替代损坏物品所需的成本，包括修理费用、替代设备的购买成本等。
通过准确评估物质损失的直接成本，可以为事故调查和风险管理提供重要的参考依据。
2. 人员伤亡的直接成本评估：人员伤亡是事故中最令人关切的部分，评估人员伤亡的直接成本涉及到医疗费用、赔偿费用和丧失的劳动力等。
医疗费用包括救治费用、住院费用和康复费用等。
赔偿费用则是指赔偿伤者及其家属的经济和精神损失，如丧失劳动能力带来的收入减少、精神抚慰费用等。
在人员伤亡的直接成本评估中，除了经济损失外，还需要考虑人的生命价值和社会心理因素的影响。
3. 停工造成的直接成本评估：事故导致的停工是一个常见的直接损失，它会导致生产的中断和损失的加剧。
“冰山原则”的四个维度作者：赵萍庄雪峰来源：《中学语文(学生版)》2020年第12期“冰山在海里移动很是庄严宏伟，这是因为它只有八分之一露在水面上。
”这句耳熟能详的话集中概括出美国作家海明威的艺术理论——冰山原则。
本文将简要分析海明威“冰山原则”的四个维度。
一、高效对话背后的生动情节海明威擅长使用对话或独白，无论是《老人与海》还是入选今年的高考的篇目《越野滑雪》，我们都可以通过人物对话推测出背后丰富的信息，而经典篇目《桥边的老人》几乎是只有对话描写。
总所周知，对话并不代表没有情节，如《桥边的老人》，我们可以知道老人一开始平静地与可爱的动物生活在一起，战争到来了，他被迫抛弃动物逃亡，途中与“我”相遇，老人一直在担心动物，而“我”一直劝说他离开，老人尽管努力支撑自己，却最终在路旁的尘土坐了下去。
高效对话可以让情节更加紧凑，调动读者参与其中。
二、第一人称的真实、空白我们都知道第一人称可以带来真实性，这点无需赘言。
但是第一人称也可以带来空白，因为视角有限。
余华作品《活着》中有这样的选段：……苦根是吃豆子撑死的，这孩子不是嘴馋，是我家太穷，村里谁家的孩子都过得比苦根好，就是豆子，苦根也是难得能吃上。
我是老昏了头，给苦根煮了这么多豆子，我老得又笨又蠢，害死了苦根。
……老人福贵回到家看到苦根因吃了过多豆子撑死而自责，喃喃自语、痛苦万分，但这毕竟是出自于第一视角。
而我们从前文中得到的信息，苦根其实已经高烧不止，可能已经引起并发炎症。
所以苦根最后的死因是最亲近的人都不清楚的，这样更让读者唏嘘不止。
中国的艺术作品中强调留白，正是这个道理。
回到海明威的作品，《越野滑雪》中的乔治和尼克是否能如约见面？《桥边的老人》中那位老人最终结局如何？正是需要读者调动想象力去填补的空缺。
三、简单文字背后的丰富思想如果没有值得挖掘的东西，就基本上谈不上藏在水底的八分之七。
譬如《桥边的老人》中，我们看到了在尘土中颓丧的老人如何没有任何希冀地坐在漫无边际飞扬的尘土之中，读者固然可以从中读到对战争的批判，对战争摧残人性的控诉，但我们还可以再进一步深入挖掘。
冰山理论“冰山理论”是根据弗洛伊德、海明威和萨提亚在各自领域将“冰山理论”提出并加以应用到心理学界、文学界、管理学界、医学界等，传播广泛。
1932年，海明威在他的纪实性作品《午后之死》中，提出著名的“冰山原则”。
他以“冰山”为喻，认为作者只应描写“冰山”露出水面的部分，水下的部分应该通过文本的提示让读者去想像补充。
他说：“冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为他只有八分之一在水面上。
”文学作品中，文字和形象是所谓的“八分之一”，而情感和思想是所谓的“八分之七”。
前两者是具体可见的，后两者是寓于前两者之中的。
“冰山理论”有两个层面的含义: 一是简约的艺术。
即删掉小说中一切可有可无的东西，以少胜多，象中国水墨画技巧，计白当黑，不要铺陈，不要八分之八，而只要八分之一。
英国学者贝茨在《海明威的短篇小说》一文中认为，这种简约在语言上表现为删掉了小说中几乎所有的解释、探讨，甚至议论；砍掉了一切花花绿绿的比喻；剥下了亨利·詹姆斯时代句子长、形容词多得要命的华丽外衣：“他以谁也不曾有过的勇气把英语中附着于文学的乱毛剪了个干净。
”这些英语文学的乱毛中被海明威收拾得最利索的是形容词。
形容词过多是十九世纪末以亨利·詹姆斯为代表的小说家带给英语文学的一大灾难。
譬如詹姆斯的代表作《贵妇人的画像》充斥了长句子和多重修饰，“你不憋足一口长气是读不完一个句子的，好比一长列货车，站在它面前望不到尽头”（董衡巽语）。
这绝对是学者型的文风。
而海明威18岁就去打仗，根本没有机会进行科班训练，打过仗当了美国一家报纸驻欧洲的记者，写文章和报道要用电报发回国，语言必须简明，于是形成了一种所谓的“电报体风格”，极少用修饰语，极少用形容词。
可以说文学史上有一类作家是敌视形容词的。
法国大文豪伏尔泰就有句名言：“形容词是名词的敌人。
”他似乎在说只有名词是直抵事物本身，是直面、直接呈示事物，形容词多了反而遮蔽事物和内质，所以是名词的敌人。
其二，小说家马原认为“冰山理论”的更内在的质素可以概括为“经验省略”。
