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00-300L -30-2L I -H 1141 | 02/03/2020 14-08 | t e c h n i c a l c h a n g e s r e s e r v e d FS100-300L-30-2LI-H1141Flow SensorTechnical dataFS100-300L-30-2LI-H1141100001034Medium temperature-25…+85 °C Application areaImmersion sensorApplication area liquids Bar length (L1)45 mmImmersion depth (L)16.9 mm(when using the supplied adapter) Process Pressure300 barFlow MonitoringResponse time T096 s Response time T053 sStandard flow range3…300 cm/sAny axial alignment of the sensor rod in the mediumExtended flow range1…300 cm/sExtended flow range comment Directed inflow to punch mark ±20 °Reproducibility 0.2…5 cm/s; for water 3…100 cm/s; 10…80 °C Temperature drift 0.5 cm/s × 1/K Temperature gradient≤ 300 K/min Temperature monitoringMeasuring range -25…85 °CFeatures■Screw-in adapter with process connection G1/2’’ male thread included in delivery ■M18 × 1.5 female to G1/2 inch male thread ■Electronics housing material/medium contact 1.4404 (316L)/1.4571 (316Ti)■Immersion depth 16.9 mm■Process value display via LED bar ■Flow monitoring for liquid media■Protection classes IP6K6K, IP6K7 and IP6K9K ■Adjustment of flow speed via teach function ■17…33 VDC■Analog output 4…20 mA ■M12 × 1 male connectorWiring diagramFunctional principleThe flow sensor functions according to thecalorimetric principle. The distinctive feature of this principle is that the flow rate correlates directly to the thermal loss of energy in theprobe. The increased loss of energy is therefore a direct measure of an increased flow rate.00-300L -30-2L I -H 1141 | 02/03/2020 14-08 | t e c h n i c a l c h a n g e s r e s e r v e d Technical data00-300L -30-2L I -H 1141 | 02/03/2020 14-08 | t e c h n i c a l c h a n g e s r e s e r v e dTechnical dataMounting instructions00-300L -30-2L I -H 1141 | 02/03/2020 14-08 | t e c h n i c a l c h a n g e s r e s e r v e dsensors without a switching output only have MAX/MIN Teach.00-300L -30-2L I -H 1141 | 02/03/2020 14-08 | t e c h n i c a l c h a n g e s r e s e r v e d LED displayLED ColorStatusDescriptionPWR GreenOnOperating voltage applied Device is operational FLT Red On Error displayed(for error pattern in combination with LEDs see manual)Off No errors displayed LOC Yellow On Device locked OffDevice unlockedFlashing Locking/unlocking process activeFLOW Yellow Flashing Teach mode/display of diagnostic data (see manual for specification)TEMPYellowFlashingTeach mode/display of diagnostic data (see manual for specification)For a detailed description of the display patterns and flashing codes see manual/operating instructions FS100 — compact flow sensors (D100002658)Accessories Wiring accessoriesDimension drawingTypeIdent. no.RKC4.4T-2/TEL6625013Connection cable, female M12, straight,4-pin, cable length: 2 m, sheath material:PVC, black; cULus approval; other cable lengths and qualities available, see WKC4.4T-2/TEL 6625025Connection cable, female M12, angled,4-pin, cable length: 2 m, sheath material:PVC, black; cULus approval; other cable lengths and qualities available, see Accessories。
两相流的相似准则数两相流是指两种或两种以上的不同相态的流体在同一空间中共存和混合的流动现象。
其中最常见的是气液两相流，例如气泡在液体中的运动。
在工程、地质、环境等领域，两相流的研究和应用非常广泛。
在研究两相流的过程中，相似准则数被提出并广泛应用于相似模型和实际工程的设计中。
两相流的相似准则数是一种将实验数据和工程实际情况进行比较和分析的方法。
它可以描述两个流体在不同尺度和条件下的相似性。
相似准则数是由许多无量纲组合形成的，其中常见的几个包括雷诺数、弗鲁德数、韦伯数和马辛比。
雷诺数（Reynolds number）是最常用的相似准则数之一，用来描述流体在惯性力和粘性力之间的相对重要程度。
雷诺数的定义是流体的惯性力与流体的粘性力之比，即Re = ρvd/μ，其中ρ是流体的密度，v是流体的速度，d是其中一特征长度，例如管径。
当两个流体的雷诺数相等时，它们的流体力学行为趋于相似。
弗鲁德数（Froude number）是另一个常用的相似准则数，用来描述流体的惯性力和重力之间的相对重要程度。
弗鲁德数的定义是流体的惯性力与重力的乘积与流体的粘性力之比，即Fr = (ρv^2/gd)，其中ρ是流体的密度，v是流体的速度，g是重力加速度，d是其中一特征长度，例如水深。
当两个流体的弗鲁德数相等时，它们的表面波动和水动力行为趋于相似。
韦伯数（Weber number）用来描述流体的表面张力力和惯性力之间的相对重要程度。
韦伯数的定义是流体的惯性力与表面张力力之比，即We= (ρv^2d/σ)，其中ρ是流体的密度，v是流体的速度，d是其中一特征长度，例如液滴的直径，σ是流体的表面张力系数。
当两个流体的韦伯数相等时，它们的表面形态和液滴分裂行为趋于相似。
马辛比（Mach number）用来描述流体的流速与声速之间的相对重要程度。
马赫数的定义是流体的流速与声速之比，即Ma = v/c，其中v是流体的速度，c是流体的声速。
当两个流体的马辛比相等时，它们的压缩性和压力传播行为趋于相似。
有关近空间高超声速飞行器边界层转捩和湍流的两个问题周恒;张涵信【摘要】和一般的飞行器一样,在近空间飞行器的研制中,其边界层的转捩和湍流也是需要考虑的两个重要问题.但即使是对一般的飞行器,"转捩"和"湍流"也还是两个历经百年而仍未很好解决的问题,而对近空间飞行器来说,空气动力学本身就还存在若干新的需要研究解决的基础问题,边界层的转捩和湍流就更是没有很好解决的问题.本文讨论了两个问题;1) 为增强对高超声速飞行器边界层转捩预测的能力,需要开展哪些方面的研究工作及其困难;2) 是否有可能当飞行器飞行高度足够大时,其边界层就不会再有湍流问题?%For the research and development of near space flying vehicles, also as the same for conventional flying vehiclessuch as airplanes, the problems of transition and turbulence of the boundary layers are two important issues must be taken into consideration.However, even for conventional flying vehicles, these two problems are still not fully resolved, even though the investigations have been lasted for more than 100 years already.For near space flying vehicles, not only the related aerodynamics has its own unsolved fundamental scientific problems, let along the problems of transition and turbulence.In this paper, two related problems are focused on: 1) In order to enhance our capability of predicting the transition of the boundary layer of a hypersonic flying vehicle, what kinds of research work should we do and what difficulties we might face? 2) Would it be possible that there would be no problem of turbulence for its boundary layer if the attitude of the flying vehicle is sufficiently high?【期刊名称】《空气动力学学报》【年(卷),期】2017(035)002【总页数】5页(P151-155)【关键词】近空间飞行器;转捩;湍流;预测能力【作者】周恒;张涵信【作者单位】天津大学力学系, 天津 300072;中国空气动力研究与发展中心国家计算流体力学实验室, 北京 100191【正文语种】中文【中图分类】V211.3转捩问题历经百年的研究，在低速流方面已经有了不小的进展。
收稿日期：2021-08-26作者简介：王润禾（1997），女，硕士。
引用格式：王润禾，童歆，羌晓青，等.重型燃气轮机高雷诺数CDA 叶型转捩特性数值计算[J].航空发动机，2023，49（5）：136-142.WANG Runhe ，TONG Xin ，QIANG Xiaoqing ，et al.Numerical calculation of controlled diffusion airfoils of transition characteristics for heavy-duty gas turbine at high Reynolds number[J].Aeroengine ，2023，49（5）：136-142.航空发动机Aeroengine重型燃气轮机高雷诺数CDA 叶型转捩特性数值计算王润禾1，童歆1，羌晓青2，3，杜朝辉1，3，欧阳华1，3（上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院1，航空航天学院2：上海200240；3.燃气轮机与民用航空发动机教育部工程研究中心，上海201306）摘要：为研究重型燃气轮机的压气机叶片在高雷诺数工况下的气动性能，基于Gamma-Theta 转捩模型的雷诺时均方程对某可控扩散叶型进行了数值计算。
通过对比不控制马赫数与控制马赫数，分析高雷诺数对可控扩散叶型气动性能及转捩特性的影响。
结果表明：在不控制马赫数条件下，在零攻角时，雷诺数从7×105增大为9×105，总压损失增加了约391.95%；在高雷诺数工况下随着雷诺数的增大，叶片流动损失不断增大，叶片可用攻角范围减小，同时在叶片吸力面出现激波，干扰转捩的产生。
在控制马赫数条件下，当Ma =0.6时，在零攻角工况下，雷诺数从8.2×105增大为1×107，总压损失减小了约38.98%，吸力面转捩起始点从4.78%弦长处前移至1.11%弦长处；在高雷诺数工况下，叶片流动损失随着雷诺数的增大不断减小，吸力面转捩位置前移。
Instruction ManualDigital Flow Switch – IO-Link compatible PF3W7##-L seriesThe intended use of the digital flow switch is to monitor and display flow information while connected to the IO-Link communication protocol.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Manipulating industrial robots -Safety. etc.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.• This product is class A equipment intended for use in an industrial environment. There may be potential difficulties in ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in other environments due to conducted or radiated disturbances.Caution Caution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.WarningWarning indicates a hazard with a medium level of riskwhich, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.DangerDanger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, ifnot avoided, will result in death or serious injury.Warning• Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.• All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.• Do not disassemble, modify (including changing the printed circuit board) or repair. An injury or failure can result.• Do not operate the product outside of the specifications. Fire, malfunction or damage to the product can result. • Do not use with flammable or highly permeable fluids. Fire, explosion, damage or corrosion can result. • If using the product in an interlocking circuit:Provide a double interlocking system, for example a mechanical system.• Check the product for correct operation.Otherwise malfunction can result, causing an accident.• Do not touch the terminals and connectors while the power is on. Otherwise electric shock, malfunction or product damage can result. • Do not touch the piping or its connected parts when the fluid is at high temperature.Ensure the piping has cooled sufficiently before touching to avoid burns.• Refer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more safety instructions.2 Specifications2.1 IO-Link specificationsC o m m u n i c a t i o n s p e c . (D u r i n g I O -L i n k m o d e )IO-Link type Device IO-Link versionV1.1Communication speed COM2 (38.4 kbps) Min. cycle time 3.5 msProcess data length Input Data: 6 bytes, Output Data: 0 byte On request data communication Available Data storage function Available Event function Available Vendor ID 131 (0x0083)Device IDRefer to direct parameters• Refer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more specification details.3.1 PF3W7##-L (with flow adjustment valve)ElementDescriptionConnector Connector for electrical connections.Lead wire with M8 connector Lead wire to supply power and transmit output signals.Piping port Port to connect the fluid inlet at IN and fluid outlet at OUT.Bracket Bracket for mounting the product. Temperature sensorSensor for detecting the fluid temperature. Flow adjustment valveRestricting valve to adjust the flow rate. Flow adjustment knob Knob for adjusting the flow rate.Lock ring Ring for locking the flow adjustment valve. DisplayDisplays the flow, settings and error codes (See below).Element DescriptionMain screen (2-colour display) Displays the flow, the status of setting mode and error code.Sub screen Displays the accumulated flow, set value, peak/bottom value, fluid temperature and line names.Output display (Indicator LED) Displays the output status of OUT1 and OUT2. When ON: Orange LED is ON. Unit display Displays the unit selected.UP button Selects a mode and the display shown at the sub screen, and increases the ON/OFF set values. SET button Press this button to select mode and to confirm a set value.DOWN button Selects a mode and the display shown at the sub screen, and decreases the ON/OFF set values. IO-Link status indicator lightLED is ON when OUT1 is used in IO-Link mode. (LED is OFF in SIO mode)• Refer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more details of IO-Link indicator light operation and display.ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONSRefer to Declaration of Conformity for relevant DirectivesModel PF3W704PF3W 720PF3W 740PF3W 711PF3W 721Applicable fluid Water and ethylene glycol solution with aviscosity of 3 mPa•s (3 cP) or lessDetection method Karman vortexRated flow range 0.5 to 4 L/min 2 to 16 L/min 5 to 40 L/min 10 to 100 L/min50 to 250 L/minDisplay flow range 0.35 to 5.50 L/min 1.7 to 22.0 L/min 3.5 to 55.0 L/min 7 to 140 L/min 20 to 350 L/min Switch point range 0.35 to 5.50 L/min 1.7 to 22.0 L/min3.5 to 55.0 L/min7 to 140 L/min 20 to 350 L/minMin. setting unit 0.01 L/min 0.1 L/min1 L/minConversion of accumulated pulse(Pulse width = 50 ms) 0.05 L/pulse0.1 L/pulse 0.5 L/pulse1 L/pulseFluid temperature 0 to 90 o C (No freezing andcondensation)0 to 70 oC (No freezin g and conden sation)Display unit L/min for real-time flow and L for accumulatedflowAccuracy ±3%F.S. Repeatability ±2%F.S.Temperature characteristics ±5%F.S. max. (25 o C reference)Operatingpressure range Refer to graph of operating pressure and proofpressureProof pressure Pressure loss Refer to graph of pressure lossAccumulated flow range 999,999,999.9 L9,999,999,999 LBy 0.1 LBy 1 LSwitch output Select from NPN or PNP open collector outputMax. load current 80 mAMax. applied voltage 30 V (during NPN output) Internal voltage drop 1.5 V or less (Load current 80 mA) Delay time 3.5 ms or lessVariable at 0 to 60 s / 0.01 stepH y s t e r e s i s Hystere sis mode Variable from 0Windo w compar ator mode Output protection Short circuit protectionO u t p u t m o d e FlowSelects one of output (hysteresis or window comparator mode), output for the accumulated flow, the accumulated pulse output, error outputand switch OFF. Temp. Selects the output for fluid temperature (hysteresis mode or window comparator mode).Model PF3W 704PF3W 720PF3W 740PF3W 711PF3W 721Display method 2-screen display (main screen, sub screen) Main screen: 4-digit, 7-segment, 2-colour;red/greenSub screen: 9-digit, 11-segment (5th digit is 7-segment only), White Display update frequency 5 times/sec.Indicator light Output 1 and 2: OrangeS u p p l y v o l t a g e Used as switch output device 12 to 24 VDC, including ripple (p-p) 10%Used as IO-Link device 18 to 30 VDC, including ripple (p-p) 10%Currentconsumption 50 mA max.Digital filter Select from 0.5 s/1.0 s/2.0 s/5.0 s/10.0 s/15.0s/20.0 s/30.0 sE n v i r o n m e n tEnclosure IP65Operating temp. range 0 to 50 oC (No freezing and condensation) Operating humidity range Operation, Storage: 35 to 85%R.H. (Nocondensation) Withstand voltage 1000 VAC, for 1 minute betweenterminals and housing Insulation resistance 50 M Ω min. (with 500 VDC) betweenterminals and housing Standards and regulations CE marked (EMC directive, RoHS directive)Material of fluidcontact parts PPS, SUS304, FKM, SCS13 PPS, SUS304FKM Grease free Piping port size 3/8 3/8, 1/2 1/2, 3/4 3/4、1 11/4、11/24.1 InstallationWarning•Do not install the product unless the safety instructions have been read and understood.•Use the product within the specified operating pressure andtemperature range.•Proof pressure could vary according to the fluid temperature. Check the characteristics data for operating pressure and proof pressure. 4.2 EnvironmentWarning•Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, chemicals, salt water or steam are present.•Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.•Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover. •Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess of the product’s specifications.•Do not mount in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result in temperatures in excess of the product’s specifications.4.3 Mounting•Never mount the product in a location where it will be used as a support.•Mount the product so that the fluid flows in the direction indicated by the arrow on the side of the body.•Check the flow characteristics data for pressure loss and the straight inlet pipe length effect on accuracy, to determine inlet piping requirements.•Do not sharply reduce the piping size.•The monitor with integrated display can be rotated. It can be set at 90o intervals clock and anticlockwise, and also at 45o and 225o clockwise.Rotating the display with excessive force will damage the end stop.Bracket mounting (PF3W704 / 720 / 740)Mount the product (with bracket) using themounting screws supplied (M4 x 4 pcs).For models with flow adjustment valveattached, fix using 8 mounting screws.Bracket thickness is approx. 1.5 mm.Bracket mounting (PF3W711)Mount the product (with bracket) using themounting screws supplied(M5 x 4 pcs).Bracket thickness is approx. 2 mm.Direct mounting (PF3W704 / 720 / 740)Mount using self tapping screws(nominal size: 3.0 x 4 pcs).For models with flow adjustmentvalve attached, mount using 8 selftapping screws. Tightening torquemust be 0.5 to 0.7 Nm.Direct mounting (PF3W711)Mount using self tapping screws(nominal size: 4.0 x 4 pcs).Tightening torque must be 1.0 to 1.2Nm.Self tapping screws should not be re-used.Refer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https://) for mounting hole details and outline dimensions. 4.4 PipingCaution•Before connecting piping make sure to clean up chips, cutting oil, dustetc.•When installing piping or fittings, ensure sealant material does notenter inside the port.•Ensure there is no leakage after piping.•When connecting piping to the product, a spanner should be used onthe metal piping attachment only.Using a spanner on other parts may damage the product.In particular, do not let the spanner come into contact with the M8connector. The connector can be easily damaged.Width across flats of attachment3/8 20.9 mm1/2 23.9 mm3/4 29.9 mm1 41 mmAfter hand tightening, apply a spanner of the correct size to thespanner flats on the product, and tighten it for 2 to 3 rotations, to thetightening torque shown in the table below.Nominal thread size Tightening torqueRc(NPT)3/8 15 to 20 NmRc(NPT)1/2 20 to 25 NmRc(NPT)3/4 28 to 30 NmRc(NPT)1 36 to 38 NmRc(NPT)1 1/4 40 to 42 NmRc(NPT)1 1/2 48 to 50 NmIf the tightening torque is exceeded, the product can be damaged. Ifthe correct tightening torque is not applied, the fittings may becomeloose.4.5 WiringCaution•Do not perform wiring while the power is on.•Confirm proper insulation of wiring.•Do not route wires and cables together with power or high voltagecables.Otherwise the product can malfunction due to interference of noise andsurge voltage from power and high voltage cables to the signal line.Route the wires (piping) of the product separately from power or highvoltage cables.•Keep wiring as short as possible to prevent interference fromelectromagnetic noise and surge voltage.Do not use a cable longer than 20 m.•Ensure that the FG terminal is connected to ground when using acommercially available switch-mode power supply.When used as switch output deviceNo. NameWirecolourFunction1 DC(+) Brown 12 to 24 VDC2N.C./OUT2WhiteNot connected /Switch output 2 (SIO)3 DC(-) Blue 0 V4 OUT1 Black Switch output 1When used as IO-Link deviceNo. NameWirecolourFunction1 L+ Brown 18 to 30 VDC2N.C./OUT2WhiteNot connected /Switch output 2 (SIO)3 L-Blue 0 V4 C/Q BlackIO-Link data /Switch output 1 (SIO)∗: Wire colours are for lead wire included with the PF3W7 series.5.1 Measurement modeThe mode in which the flow is detected and displayed, and the switchfunction is operating.This is the basic operating mode; other modes should be selected for set-point and other function setting changes.5.2 Switch operationWhen the flow exceeds the set value, the switch will be turned ON.When the flow falls below the set value by the amount of hysteresis ormore, the switch will be turned OFF.If the operation shown below is acceptable, keep this setting.5.3 3-step setting mode1. Press the SET button in measurement mode to display set values.(The item to be changed is displayed on the sub display)Set value on the right side of the sub screen flashes.2. Press the UP or DOWN button to change the set value.The UP button is to increase and the DOWN button is to decrease.•Press the UP button once to increase by one digit, or press and holdto continuously increase.•Press the DOWN button once to decrease by one digit, or press andhold to continuously decrease.3. Press the SET button to finish the setting.•For setting of hysteresis, perform the settings referring to [F 1] Settingof OUT1.•Note that the set value and hysteresis are limited by each other.•For more detailed settings, set each function in Function selectionmode.6.1 Function selection modeIn measurement mode, press the SET button for 3 to 5 seconds to display[F ] on the main screen.Select to display the function to be change [F ].Press and hold the SET button for 2 seconds or longer in functionselection mode to return to measurement mode.The function number is increased and decreased by the UP and DOWNbuttons. Display the required function number and press the SET button.6.2 Sub screen displayIn measurement mode, the sub screen display can be temporarilychanged by pressing the UP or DOWN buttons.After 30 seconds, it will automatically reset to the display selected in[F10].Example shown is for the 16 L/min type.6.3 Default settingsItem Default setting[F 0][Unit] Display units [ L] L/min, o C[N orP] Switch outputNPN/PNP[PnP] PNP output[F 1][oUt1] Output mode(OUT1)[HYS] Hysteresis mode[1ot] Switch operation(OUT1)[1_P] Normal output[P_1] Set value (OUT1) 50% of maximum rated flow[H_1] Hysteresis (OUT1) 5% of maximum rated flow[dtH1] Delay time at ON [0.00] 0.00 s[dtL1] Delay time at OFF [0.00] 0.00 s[CoL] Display colour(OUT1)[1SoG] ON: GreenOFF: Red (OUT1)[F 2]Notemp.sensor[oUt2] Output mode(OUT2)[HYS] Hysteresis mode[2ot] Switch operation(OUT2)[2_P] Normal output[P_2] Set value (OUT2) 50% of maximum rated flow[H_2] Hysteresis (OUT2) 5% of maximum rated flow[dtH2] Delay time at ON [0.00] 0.00 s[dtL2] Delay time at OFF [0.00] 0.00 s[CoL] Display colour(OUT2)[1SoG] ON: GreenOFF: Red (OUT2)[F 2]Withtemp.sensor[oUt2] Output mode(OUT2)[tHYS] TemperatureHysteresis[2ot] Switch operation(OUT2)[2_n] Reverse output[tn_2] Set value (OUT2) 50% of maximum rated temp.[ t H_2] Hysteresis (OUT2) 0% of maximum rated temp.[dtH2] Delay time at ON [0.00] 0.00 s[dtL2] Delay time at OFF [0.00] 0.00 s[CoL] Display colour(OUT2)[1SoG] ON: GreenOFF: Red (OUT2)ItemDefault setting[F 3][ FiL] Digital filter setting[ 1.0] 1.0 s[F10][ SUb] Sub screendisplay setting[ dEF] Standard (OUT1 setvalue displayed)∗: When a temperature sensor is not connected. [ dEF] Standard (fluidtemp. displayed)∗: When a temperature sensor is connected. [F30] [ SAvE] Accumulated flowvalue storage[ oFF] Not saved [F80] [ diSP] Display OFFmode[ on] Normal display [F81] [ Pin] Security codesetting[ oFF] OFF [F90] [ ALL] Setting of allfunctions[ oFF] OFF[F98] [ tESt] OUT1 output testmode[ n] Normal output [F99] [ ini] Reset to thedefault settings[ oFF]OFF• Snap shot function • Key-lock functionRefer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for setting these functions. 9.1 General MaintenanceCaution• Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause the product to malfunction and lead to equipment damage.• If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.• Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only by qualified personnel.• Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and be sure to cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released to atmosphere.• After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure and power to the equipment and perform appropriate functional and leakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.• If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance, ensure they are reconnected correctly and safety checks are carried out as required to ensure continued compliance with applicable national regulations.• Do not make any modification to the product.• Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation or maintenance instructions.• How to reset the product after a power cut or when the power has been unexpectedly removedThe settings of the product are retained from before the power cut or de-energizing.The output condition also recovers to that before the power cut or de-energizing, but may change depending on the operating environment. Therefore, check the safety of the whole system before operating the product.10.1 Error indicationIf the error cannot be reset after the above measures are taken, or errors other than the above are displayed, please contact SMC.Refer to the operation manual on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for more detailed information about troubleshooting.11 How to OrderRefer to drawings/catalogue for ‘How to Order’.12 Outline Dimensions (mm)Refer to drawings/catalogue for outline dimensions.13 Limitations of Use8.1 Limited warranty and Disclaimer/Compliance Requirements Refer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.14 ContactsRefer to Declaration of Conformity and URL: https:// for contacts.URL : https:// (Global) https:// (Europe) 'SMC Corporation, Akihabara UDX15F, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101 0021Specifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer. © 2019 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved. Template DKP50047-F-085H。
基于物质平衡和水侵量的边水容量计算
姚翔;董杰;杨慧;杨松;汪敏
【期刊名称】《油气地球物理》
【年(卷),期】2013(000)002
【摘要】凝析气藏在开发过程中，由于见水早，水侵速度快，给开采带来了许多困难。
对于凝析气藏，掌握水体能量大小才能有效改善气藏开发条件。
以Y气田s 区块为例，首先通过相对压力与采出程度的曲线关系，结合地层物性参数、生产静态及动态资料，对是否存在天然水侵进行判断；然后通过气藏物质平衡方程计算各阶段的水侵量，并与累积采出量进行对比，判断出气藏天然能量的强弱；最后分别用油藏工程方法和数值模拟方法计算水体大小，判断水体能量的强弱，并对气藏驱动指数进行计算。
研究判断该气藏驱动类型主要为弹性气驱，而非水驱。
因此，气藏水体能量大小的计算对气藏开发十分重要。
【总页数】4页(P60-62,67)
【作者】姚翔;董杰;杨慧;杨松;汪敏
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TE37
【相关文献】
1.基于水侵预警的边水气藏动态预测模型
2.涩北一号气田边水水侵量评价
3.天然边水水域分层水侵量的计算方法
4.基于水驱曲线计算水侵油藏水侵量的新方法
5.简便油藏工程方法计算砂岩油藏边水水侵量
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超高效液相色谱法测定浓缩饲料中维生素K3含量的不确定度评定毕融冰赵卉王玉方孙紫薇金美伶刘继永$（中国农业科学院特产研究所"长春130000）摘要：试验采用超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）对浓缩饲料中维生素K3的含量进行测试，并评估此试验的测量不确定度&浓缩饲料中的维生素K3类饲料添加剂经三氯甲烷和碳酸钠溶液提取，转化为游离的甲萘醌，经C18反相色谱柱分离，PDA检测器在251nm波长处检测，外标法定量即得浓缩饲料中维生素K3的含量&经检测浓缩饲料中维生素K3的含量为：（1.42土0.07）mg・kg1,k=2（95%置信度）&测量不确定度的评定结果表明，标准储备液和标准工作液配制过程是影响测量结果的主要因素&关键词：超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）维生素K3不确定度评定DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1001—232x.2021.03.018Uncertainty evaluation of determination of vitamin K3in concentrated feed by UPLC.Bi Rongbing,Zhao Hui,Kang Du f ang,Sun ZWei,Jin9eiling,Liu Jiyong$（Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences o f Chinese Academy o f Agricultural Sciences,Changchun130000,China）Abstract：Vitamin K3wa.e@tracted bychloroform and.odium carbonate.olution and then tran.-formedintofreemenadione.Itwa..eparatedbyC18rever.ed-pha.echromatographiccolumn.Thevitamin K3was determined by PDA detector at the wavelength of251nm,and quantified by external standard method.Thete.tre.ult..howedthatthecontentofvitaminK3was（1.42土0.07）mg•kg-1,k=2（95% confidence）.Theevaluationre.ult..howedthatthemaininfluencefactor.werethepreparationproce..of standardstocksolutionandworkingsolution.Key words:Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）；Vitamin K3；Uncertainty evaluation测量不确定度(measurement uncertainty, MU),简称不确定度，是根据所用到的信息，表征赋予被测量值分散性得的非负参数+1,&不确定度一般由若干分量组成，其中一些分量可以根据一系列测量值的统计分布进行评定(A类测量不确定度)；另一些分量则可以根据经验或其它信息获得的概率密度函数进行评定(B类测量不确定度)m。
由两种矿化度减饱和法计算含水饱和度
Wort.,PW;曹文杰
【期刊名称】《测井科技》
【年(卷),期】1997(000)001
【摘要】常规储层岩心柱电阻率和含水饱和度测量趋于使用电解液而不是模拟地层水。
最初，根据储集层岩石电性特征，可将其分为阿尔奇型或非阿尔奇型。
非阿尔储层是指在岩石总电导率表达式中非阿尔奇项或泥岩项与阿尔奇项或砂岩项有密切关系的储层。
如果储层在电性上是非阿尔奇的，就要选择一定量有代表性的岩心在两种不同矿化度条件下进行减饱和作用并确定其电阻率指数。
这时就引入了两种新的参数，它们均是特定模型下两种矿化度的电解液部分
【总页数】9页(P29-37)
【作者】Wort.,PW;曹文杰
【作者单位】不详;不详
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TE311
【相关文献】
1.地层水矿化度对含水饱和度精度的影响分析 [J], 申辉林;张立旭;谢莹峰;丁磊;黄洪奎;史安平
2.高盐油藏开发期饱和度计算的矿化度驱替-交换模型 [J], 屈信忠;唐文生;姜明忠;丁晓军;廖春;宋祖勇;刘青文
3.胶结指数与饱和度指数对计算含水饱和度影响程度探讨 [J], 赵德勇;苏文田
4.低饱和度油藏原始饱和度计算及含水上升规律 [J], 戴胜群;徐勋诚;洪秀娥;尹太举;付波
5.基于宽频电阻抗特性与阿尔奇公式的含水合物饱和度计算模型 [J], 牛佳乐;邢兰昌;魏伟;韩维峰;曹胜昌
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高分子物理常见名词Θ溶剂(Θ solvent)：链段-溶剂相互吸引刚好抵消链段间空间排斥的溶剂，形成高分子溶液时观察不到远程作用，该溶剂中的高分子链的行为同无扰链Θ温度(Θ temperature)：溶剂表现出Θ溶剂性质的温度Argon理论(Argon theory)：一种银纹扩展过程的模型，描述了分子链被伸展将聚合物材料空化的过程Avrami方程(Avrami equation)：描述物质结晶转化率与时间关系的方程：Kt-α，α为转化率，K与n称Avrami常数(Avrami constants) =-1n)exp(Bingham流体(Bingham liquid)：此类流体具有一个屈服应力σy，应力低于σy时不产生形变，当应力大于σy时才发生流动，应力高于σy的部分与应变速率呈线性关系Boltzmann叠加原理(Blotzmann superposition principle)：Boltzmann提出的粘弹性原理：认为样品在不同时刻对应力或应变的响应各自独立并可线性叠加Bravais晶格(Bravais lattice)：结构单元在空间的排列方式Burger's模型(Burger's model)：由一个Maxwell模型和一个Kelvin模型串联构成的粘弹性模型Cauchy应变(Cauchy strain)：拉伸引起的相对于样品初始长度的形变分数，又称工程应变Charpy冲击测试(Charpy impact test)：样品以简支梁形式放置的冲击强度测试，测量样品单位截面积的冲击能Considère构图(Considère construction)：以真应力对工程应作图以判定细颈稳定性的方法Eyring模型(Eyring model)：一种描述材料形变过程的分子模型，认为形变是结构单元越过能垒的跳跃式运动Flory-Huggins参数(Flory-Huggins interaction parameter)：描述聚合物链段与溶剂分子间相互作用的参数，常用χ表示，物理意义为一个溶质分子被放入溶剂中作用能变化与动能之比2.11.2Flory构图(Flory construction)：保持固定拉伸比所需的力f对实验温度作图得到，由截距确定内能对拉伸力的贡献，由斜率确定熵对拉伸力的贡献Flory特征比(characteristic ratio)：无扰链均方末端距与自由连接链均方末端距的比值Griffith理论(Griffith theory)：一种描述材料断裂机理的理论，认为断裂是吸收外界能量产生新表面的过程Hencky应变(Hencky strain)：拉伸引起的相对于样品形变分数积分，又称真应变Hermans取向因子(Hermans orientation factor)：描述结构单元取向程度的参数，是结构单元与参考方向夹角余弦均方值的函数Hoffman-Weeks作图法(Hoffman-Weeks plot)：一种确定平衡熔点的方法。
检测认证黏度法测定化妆品用原料透明质酸钠平均相对分子质量的不确定度评定■ 王秀娟 穆淑娥 闫婷婷 李 敏 崔玉磊（华熙生物科技股份有限公司 品质管理中心）摘 要：本文依据CNAS-GL006: 2019《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》和JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》不确定评定程序，建立化妆品用原料透明质酸钠平均相对分子质量测定不确定度的数学模型，研究分析了整个测定过程中各种不确定度因素并进行评定，确定不确定度分量及合成不确定度。
结果表明：当测定结果为1.41×106Da时，其扩展不确定度为0.04×106 Da（k=2），方法重复性引入的不确定度贡献较大。
通过对测量不确定度的评定，可以更客观科学地评价该测量结果。
关键词：透明质酸钠，平均相对分子质量，不确定度DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1002-5944.2023.07.034Uncertainty Evaluation and Determination of Average Relative Molecular Weight for Cosmetic Raw Material Sodium Hyaluronate by ViscosityMethodWANG Xiujuan MU Shue YAN Tingting LI Min CUI Yulei（Bloomage Biotechnology Co., Ltd.）Abstract: According to the procedure for uncertainty assessment descried in Guidance on Quantifying Uncertainty in Chemical Analysis (CNAS-GL006: 2019) and Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (JJF 1059.1-2012), the mathematical model of the uncertainty in the determination of average relative molecular weight of sodium hyaluronate was established. Various uncertainty factors in the whole determination process were studied and analyzed, and the uncertainty component was determined. The results showed that the expanded uncertainty was 0.04×106Da (k=2) when the measurement result is 1.41×106Da. The uncertainty caused by repeatability was greater. Through the evaluation of measurement uncertainty, the measurement results can be evaluated more objectively and scientifi cally. Keywords: sodium hyaluronate, average relative molecular weight, uncertainty测量不确定度根据所用到的信息，表征赋予被测量值分散性的非负参数。
Uncertainty of Flow Accumulation Threshold Influence inHydrology Modeling——A Case Study in Qinling Mountain SRTM3 DEM basedLUO MingliangLand & Resource School, China West Normal University, No 1, ShiDa Road, Huafeng Town,Nanchong, Sichuan, P.R.C., 637002lolean586@TANG GuoanKey laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry ofEducation, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R.C., 210046tguoan@AbstractHydrology modeling based on DEMs pays an important role in regional planning, agriculture, forestry and other related fields. In the hydrology modeling, flow accumulation threshold is a critical factor which influences the structure and morphology of stream network. With GeoInformatics tools, such as ArcGIS, it can be explored that what uncertainty influence of flow accumulation threshold on critical contributing area and stream order number. And the materials used in this work are SRTM3 DEMs with 85m resolution or so, and the areas locate in Qinling Mountain. The result shows that threshold is linear interdependence with critical contributing area, and the stream order does not show enough stability when threshold changing. All the result means that the uncertainty of flow accumulation threshold influence in hydrology modeling should be attached more attention, and the choice of threshold should be more cautious and objective.Key Words: Hydrology modeling, Flow accumulation threshold, Critical contributing area, Stream order number, D8 algorithm1. IntroductionThe hydrology simulation is a very important role in many fields of GIS, such as regional planning, agriculture, forestry, and hazards forecasting. All the fields listed above require an understanding of how water flows across certain area and how changes in that area may affect that flow. In modeling the flow of the water, there are some key points, including where the water came from and where it is going. Due the dissimilarity of geology, vegetation, soil, climate and other factors, the shape of stream network always are different from each other. Given certain external factors which influence the evaluation of stream network then the shape of stream network and their spatial distribution can be regarded as one of the indicators of landform evaluation. Nowadays, the DEMs data has been one of the most important data source in fields of research and planning. While there are still some restrictions in distributing and sharing grid DEMs according local laws, many organizations and users have tried enough efforts to promote data sharing all around the world. Due the free availability of STRM DEMs, STRM DEMs have played a critical role in global scale research fields, such as global climate change and response. And latest research has show that STRM DEMs can also be used in regional investigation, especially in the mountainous area.With the rapid development of GIS industry, many GIS software have integrated the function of hydrology simulation based on grid DEMs. Typical sequences of hydrology simulation include the flowing steps, creating a depression-less DEM, determining flow direction, calculating flow accumulation, delineating watersheds and identifying stream network. When the analyst work being done according to the procedures listed above, choice of flow accumulation threshold is critical.In this work, we focus on the choice of flow accumulation threshold. The relationship betweencritical contributing area and threshold, stream ordernumber and threshold has been discussed. And the material used in the work is STRM3 DEMS in Qinling Mountain, one of the Mountainous areas of China.The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 describes related work. Section 3 discusses the materials and method used in this work. Section 4 presents results of the experiments with some data sets. Finally, section 5 summaries the results and indicates some future directions.2. Related workA great deal of efforts has gone into hydrology modeling. As early as 1957, Strahler (1957) had studied the stream network order, and later Shreve (1966) also do much work on statistical law of Stream Number. On determination of flow direction, there have been many algorithms, such as D8 (O’Callaghan & Mark, 1984), DEMON (Costa-Cabral & Burges, 1984), Dinf (Tarboton, 1997) and so on. Among those algorithms, LIU (2007) has made a study on the error performance analysis when using different flow direction algorithms and found that there is no apparent difference among the stream network derived from DEMs.On choice of flow accumulation threshold, Martz (Martz et al., 1995) argued threshold should correspond to geomorphologic areas, which means when geomorphologic types change, so does the threshold. Tribe (Tribe, 1992) suggested that when try to choice of threshold , the spatial distribution of geomorphologic parameters should be taken into account. Even Martinez-Casanovas (1998) debated with Gandolfi (1997) whether threshold is correlated with mean slope. Torboton (1991) presented his largest channel density principles.On the materials of DEMs, MA LONG (2006), Ralf Ludwig (2006), and Zhan (2008) have done much work on the error analysis, hydrology modeling and applicability of SRTM DEMs. Their research shows that the SRTM DEMs can be used in large scale application, and it can replace the 250,000 DEMs data with better accuracy.While when SRTM DEMs used in hydrology modeling, how to measure the uncertainty is unknown. Based on the former researchers’ ideas and methods, this work focuses on the uncertainty of flow accumulation threshold influence in hydrology modeling in mountainous area, SRTM DEMs based. 3. Materials and methodology3.1 MaterialsA case study is presented which are correspondingto four different landform complexities, including mountainous areas, hill and mix geomorphologic areas.The four areas are clip from the SRTM data downloaded from the USGS ftp server (ftp:///pub/data/srtm/), and imported into ArcInfo by conversion the ASCII file format into Raster file format. The SRTM DEM datahave been produced using radar image gathered from NASA’s shuttle. An individual 1-degree tile (58-6, partof the Qinling Mountain) located in middle of China is downloaded with the spatial resolution of 85m or so.The main geomorphologic type is mountain.a b cFig. 1. The materials used in this work. Figure 1.a isthe whole map of china with many 1-degree tiles. Figure 1.b is part of Qinling Mountain. Figure 1.c shows four geomorphologic areas, form up to bottom corresponding to high mountain area, mix geomorphologic area, middle-high mountain area andhill area.3. 2 MethodAided by Geo-Informatics tools ArcGIS9, hydrology modeling can be easily performed according to the following steps:1)Creating a depressionless DEM2)Determining flow direction3)Calculating flow accumulation4)Delineating watersheds5)Identifying stream network anddetermination stream orderWhile it should be pointed out that in ArcGIS9, the D8 algorithms is used to determine flow direction from every cell in the raster, which is done with the Flow Direction function. Although there are many researchers having pointed out that D8’s weakness of determination flow direction in planar area, D8 algorithms still shows its advantages in its efficiency and robustness. Liu et al.(2007) also pointed out when D8 compare with other algorithms used in depressionless DEMs, there is no apparent difference between the results.4. Results and discussionsThis section will discuss the choice of flow accumulation threshold and its influence on critical contributing areas, stream order number and the sub-watershed patch number respectively.4.1. Threshold and critical contributing areasThe initialized flow accumulation threshold is 100, and then it is increased by 100. After the data sequence, which includes flow accumulation threshold and mean critical contributing areas according to every flow accumulation threshold, has been obtained, four different regression curves can be created by regression analysis in Excel, as figure shows.From the figure 2, it can be learnt that mean critical contributing areas are linear with flow accumulation threshold, which can be described by equation 1, Where y stands for the mean critical contributing area.⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=−=−−=−=−=9947.0,3907.0*0129.09918.0),9633.0(*0115.09945.0,196.0*0142.09955.0,8891.0*0148.02222R threshold R threshold R threshold R threshold y (1)Then the linear equation can be expressed as equation 2.b threshold a y −=* (2)When compare parameters a and b among the four areas, it can be found that the parameters a, b are corresponded to geomorphologic types. In the high mountain area, the parameter a is the biggest while inhill area the smallest.d mix geomorphologic areaFig. 2. The relationship between mean criticalcontributing area and flow accumulation threshold. Figure 2.a, 2.b, 2.c and 2.d show the linear regression relationship in four different geomorphologic areas respectively.Aim to make clear what influences the parameter a and b, a regression analysis between the two parameters and mean elevation, mean slope has been done. The result shows that parameter a is linear with mean slope while parameter b with mean elevation, as equation 3 shows.Fig. 3. The regression analysis between parametera, b and geomorphologic parameters, here being means slope and elevation. Figure 3.a, 3.b, show the linear regression relationship between parameter a, b respectively.⎩⎨⎧−=+=0892.0*0005.0011.0*0002.0mean mean H b slope a (3) Finally the linear regression equation can be summarized as equation 4.0132.1H *0.00120.011)*(0.0002Y mean +−∗+=threshold slope mean (4) 4.2 Threshold and stream order numberIn the hydrology modeling, many efforts have done on the field of stream order. While either Strahler Ordering or Shreve ordering, the stream network should be delineated which is interdependent with the flow accumulation threshold. Whether the stream network ordered stable is not clear. The following part of this section is focusing on the relationship between the flow accumulation threshold and stream order, and the Strahler Ordering is used to order the stream network.The figure shows the relationship between the flow accumulation threshold and the stream order number.It can be learnt clearly that when threshold increasing, the stream order number decreases correspondingly. Inthe four areas, high mountainous area shows therelatively stable tendency, while the mix geomorphologic area the most unstable. From thetendency curve it can be acquired that the stability of stream order may partly related to geomorphologic complexities. The mix geomorphologic area is formed by mountainous area and a relatively planar area, which increase the geomorphologic complexity correspondingly. The mid-high mountainous area and hill area show similar tendency due to the similar geomorphologic complexity. While what on earth dominating the difference and how to measure thequantitative relationship is not clear.Fig. 4. The analysis between stream order number andflow accumulation threshold. Figure 4.a, 4.b, 4.c and4.d show different stream order tendency changing with threshold respectively.9. ConclusionsIn this work, the uncertainty of flow accumulation threshold has been investigated. The result can be summarized as follows.The hydrology modeling show great interdependence with threshold.The critical contributing area is linear with threshold, and the relationship between them can be describe as y= a * x + b, and the parameter a and b are also linear with mean slope and mean elevation respectively.The stream order number is not stable enough to keep unchanged when threshold changes. The studies shows that the stability of stream order number is differ with each other according to their geomorphologic types.While how to measure the quantitative relationship between stream order number and threshold is not clear. The future work should make it clear how the threshold influences the multi-scale structure characteristics of stream network and how to measure the quantitative relationship.10. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to thank Zhan Lei for discussions of the experience on research of SRTM3 DEMs, Zhou Yi for share of the SRTM3 DEMs data, Yang Xin for discussions of map projection transfer. Also the author would like to thank the financial support from Startup Foundation Project of China West Normal University.11. 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