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2017年托福复习资料模拟试题及答案（五）•The Native American peoples of the north Pacific Coast created a highly complex maritime culture as they invented modes of production unique to their special environment. In addition to theirsophisticated technical culture, they also attained one of the most complex social organizations of any nonagricultural people in the world. In a division of labor similar to that of the hunting peoples in the interior and among foraging peoples throughout the world, the men did most of the fishing, and the women processed the catch. Women also specialized in the gathering of the abundantshellfish that lived closer to shore. They collected oysters, crabs, sea urchins, mussels, abalone, and clams, which they could gather while remaining close to their children. The maritime life harvested by the women not only provided food, but also supplied more of theraw materials for making tools than did fish gathered by the men. Of particular importance for the native tool kit before the introduction of metal was the wide knife made from the larger mussel shells, and a variety of cutting edges that could be made from other marine shells. The women used their tools to process all of the fish and marine mammals brought in by the men. They cleaned the fish, and dried vast quantities of them for the winter. They sun-dried fish when practical, but in the rainy climate of the coastal area they also used smokehouses to preserve tons of fish and other seafood annually. Each product had its own peculiar characteristics that demanded aparticular way of cutting or drying the meat, and each task required its own cutting blades and other utensils. After drying the fish, the women pounded some of them into fish meal, which was an easily transported food used in soups, stews, or other dishes to provide protein and thickening in the absence of fresh fish or while on long trips. The woman also made a cheese-like substance from a mixture of fish and roe by aging it in storehouses or by burying it in wooden boxes or pits lined with rocks and tree leaves. 1. Which aspectof the lives of the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast does the passage mainly discuss? (A) Methods of food preservation (B) How diet was restricted by the environment (C) The contributions of women to the food supply (D) Difficulties inestablishing successful farms 2. The word "unique" in line 2 is closest in meaning to (A) comprehensible (B) productive(C) intentional (D) particular 3. The word "attained" in line3 is closest in meaning to (A) achieved (B) modified (C) demanded (D) spread 4. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that the social organization of many agricultural peoples is (A) more complex than that of hunters and foragers (B) less efficient than that of hunters and foragers (C) more widespread than that of hunters and foragers (D) better documented than that of hunters and foragers 5. According to the passage , what is true of the "division of labor" mentioned in line 5? (A) It was first developed by Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast. (B) It rarely existed among hunting (C) It was a structure that the Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast shared with many other peoples. (D) It provided a form of social organization that was found mainly among coastal peoples. 6. The word "abundant" inline 7 is closest in meaning to (A) prosperous (B) plentiful (C) acceptable (D) fundamental 7. All of the following are true of the north Pacific coast women EXCEPT that they (A) were more likely to catch shellfish than other kinds of fish (B) contributed more materials for tool making than the men did (C) sometimes searched for food far inland from the coast (D) prepared and preserved the fish 8. The word "They" in line 16 refers to (A) women (B) tools (C) mammals (D) men 9. The Native Americans of the north Pacific Coast used smokehousesin order to (A) store utensils used in food preparation (B) prevent fish and shellfish from spoiling (C) have a place to store fish and shellfish (D) prepare elaborate meals 10. The word "peculiar特别的，独特的" in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) strange (B) distinctive (C) appealing (D) biological11. All of following are true of the cheese-like substance mentioned in paragraph 4 EXCEPT that it was (A) made from fish (B) not actually cheese (C) useful on long journeys (D) made in a short period of time 答案：CDAAC BCABB D。
阅读原文：?The greater Pacific region, traditionally called Oceania, consists of three cultural areas: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Melanesia, in the southwest Pacific, contains the large islands of New Guinea, the Solomons, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. Micronesia, the area north of Melanesia, consists primarily of small scattered islands. Polynesia is the central Pacific area in the great triangle defined by Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand. Before the arrival of Europeans, the islands in the two largest cultural areas, Polynesia and Micronesia, together contained a population estimated at 700,000.Speculation on the origin of these Pacific islanders began as soon as outsiders encountered them, in the absence of solid linguistic, archaeological, and biological data, many fanciful and mutually exclusive theories were devised. Pacific islanders are variously thought to have come from North America, South America, Egypt, Israel, and India, as well as Southeast Asia. Many older theories implicitly deprecated the navigational abilities and overall cultural creativity of the Pacific islanders. For example, British anthropologists G. Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry assumed that only Egyptians would have been skilled enough to navigate and colonize the Pacific. They inferred that the Egyptians even crossed the Pacific to found the great civilizations of the New World (North and South America). In 1947 Norwegian adventurer Thor Heyerdahl drifted on a balsa-log raft westward with the winds and currents across the Pacific from South America to prove his theory that Pacific islanders were Native Americans (also called American Indians). Later Heyerdahl suggested that the Pacific was peopled by three migrations: by Native Americans from the Pacific Northwest of North America drifting to Hawaii, by Peruvians drifting to Easter Island, and by Melanesians. In 1969 he crossed the Atlantic in an Egyptian-style reed boat to prove Egyptian influences in the Americas. Contrary to these theorists, the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology, linguistics, and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled enough as navigators to sail against the prevailing winds and currents.The basic cultural requirements for the successful colonization of the Pacific islands include the appropriate boat-building, sailing, and navigation skills to get to the islands in the first place, domesticated plants and gardening skills suited to often marginal conditions, and a varied inventory of fishing implements and techniques. It is now generally believed that these prerequisites originated with peoples speaking Austronesian languages (a group of several hundred related languages) and began to emerge in Southeast Asia by about 5000 B.C.E. The culture of that time, based on archaeology and linguistic reconstruction, is assumed to have had a broad inventory of cultivated plants including taro, yarns, banana, sugarcane, breadfruit, coconut, sago, and rice. Just as important, the culture also possessed the basic foundation for an effective maritime adaptation, including outrigger canoes and avariety of fishing techniques that could be effective for overseas voyaging.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals. Detailed studies of the winds and currents using computer simulations suggest that drifting canoes would have been a most unlikely means of colonizing the Pacific. These expeditions were likely driven by population growth and political dynamics on the home islands, as well as the challenge and excitement of exploring unknown waters.Because all Polynesians, Micronesians, and many Melanesians speak Austronesian languages and grow crops derived from Southeast Asia, all these peoples most certainly derived from that region and not the New World or elsewhere. The undisputed pre-Columbian presence in Oceania of the sweet potato, which is a New World domesticate, has sometimes been used to support Heyerdahl’s “American Indians in the Pacific” theories. However, this is one plant out of a long list of Southeast Asian domesticates. As Patrick Kirch, an American anthropologist, points out, rather than being brought by rafting South Americans, sweet potatoes might just have easily been brought back by returning Polynesian navigators who could have reached the west coast of South America.中文翻译：广义的太平洋地区，传统上被称作大洋洲，由三块文化区域组成：美拉尼西亚，密克罗尼西亚和波利尼西亚。
托福TOEFL阅读插入题12015年托福（TOEFL）阅读插入题范例（1）托福阅读插入题例题1. 指代：指代词(it，they，this，these，other，another，such，the)必向前指代。
(1)THIS+V+XXX例题1：Impacts by meteorites represent one mechanism that could cause global catastrophes and seriously influence the evolution of life all over the planet. █According to some estimates, the majority of all extinctions of species may be due to such impacts. █Such a perspective fundamentally changes our view of biologic al evolution. █The standard criterion for the survival of a species is its success in competing with other species and adapting to slowly changing environments. █Yet an equally important criterion is the ability of a species to survive random global ecological catastrophes due to impacts.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage.This is the criterion emphasized by Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.Where would the sentence best fit?参考答案：4托福阅读插入题例题例题2：Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. █Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity ofspecies decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.█ Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas.█ At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts.█Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This explains how, for example, alpine cushion plants have been found growing at an altitude of 6,180 meters.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage托福阅读插入题练习题答案：4托福阅读插入题例题(2)This/The+n例题3：Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. █With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. █In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. █At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. █In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers forwhom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.Where would the sentence best fit?托福阅读插入题练习题答案：2托福阅读插入题例题例题4：The differences in feeding preferences lead, in turn, to differences in migratory habits.█ The wildebeests follow, in their migration, the pattern of local rainfall. █ The other species do likewise. █ But when a new area is fueled by rain, the mammals migrate toward it in a set order to exploit it. █ The larger, less fastidious feeders, the zebras, move in first; the choosier, smaller wildebeests come later; and the smallest species of all, Thomson’s gazelle, arrives last. The later species all depend on the preparations of the earlier one, for the actions of the zebra alter the vegetation to suit the stomachs of the wildebeest, topi, and gazelle.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The sequence in which they migrate correlates with their body size.Where would the sentence best fit?托福阅读插入题练习题答案：4【2015年托福（TOEFL）阅读插入题范例（1）】。
实例解析：托福阅读句子插入题解题法托福阅读是让很多考生头疼的一大难题，如何提高阅读速度，怎样提升阅读成绩呢现在请大家跟三立在线小编一起来看看下面这篇文章吧。
托福句子插入题解题法。
希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助。
这种题型也是托福的经典题型之一，要注意把握几种技巧，今天介绍其中一种技巧，叫做巧用代词Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. █ How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridge d? █ Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, betwee n land mammals and cetaceans. █ Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed sc ientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. █ In 1979, a term lookin g for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.这道题利用This代词，然后直接插入第2个空们因为明显第2句话就是question，而代词This只能就近指代。
Since 1980, the use of wind to produce electricity has been growing rapidly. █I n 1994 there were nearly 20,000 wind turbines worldwide, most grouped in cluster s called wind farms that collectively produced 3,000 megawatts of electricity. █Mo st were in Denmark (which got 3 percent of its electricity from wind turbines) and California (where 17,000 machines produced 1 percent of the state’s electricit y, enough to meet the residential needs of a city as large as San Francisco). █In principle, all the power needs of the United States could be provided by exploiting th e wind potential of just three states—North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas. █Some companies in the power industry are aware of this wider possibility an d are planning sizable wind-farm projects in states other than California.这道题也是利用This后的wider possibility来尝试解决，结果发现没有直接的对应词，但是发现每句话的动词使用上有差别，只有最后一句话用了could，其他都是完成式+过去式，说明这件事已经完成了，而只有最后一句话的could能够表示一种愿景和可能，所以插入空为D█ Exhibitors, however, wanted to maximize their profits, which they could do more readily by projecting a handful of films to hundreds of customers at a tim e (rather than one at a time) and by charging 25 to 50 cents admission. █ About a year after the opening of the first Kinetoscope parlor in 1894, showmen such a s Louis and Auguste Lumière, Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins, and Orvil le and Woodville Latham (with the assistance of Edison’s former assistant, Willia m Dickson) perfected projection devices. █ These early projection devices were us ed in vaudeville theaters, legitimate theaters, local town halls, makeshift storefron t theaters, fairgrounds, and amusement parks to show films to a mass audience. █When this widespread use of projection technology began to hurt his Kinetos cope business, Edison acquired a projector developed by Armat and introduced i t as “Edison’s latest marvel, the Vitascope.”这道题仍然利用this后面的指代词widespread use of projection technology，那所对应的信息点必须是广泛的技术使用，发现只有最后一句话有这么表述，所以答案选D 以上就是三立小编就给出的建议希望对大家能有帮助预祝大家在托福考试中取得优异的成绩。
TOEFL阅读基础目录TPO1 (3)G ROUNDWATER (3)TEST (7)T HE O RIGINS OF T HEATER (8)TEST (13)T IMBERLINE V EGETATION ON M OUNTAINS (14)TEST (18)TPO2 (19)T HE O RIGINS OF C ETACEANS (19)TEST (23)D ESERT F ORMATION (24)TEST (28)E ARLY C INEMA (29)TEST (33)TPO3 (34)A RCHITECTURE (34)TEST (39)D EPLETION OF THE O GALLALA A QUIFER (40)TEST (45)T HE L ONG-T ERM S TABILITY OF E COSYSTEMS (46)TEST (50)TPO4 (51)D EER P OPULATIONS OF THE P UGET S OUND (51)TEST (56)C AVE A RT IN E UROPE (57)TEST (62)P ETROLEUM R ESOURCES (63)TEST (67)TPO5 (68)M INERALS AND P LANTS (68)TEST (73)T HE O RIGIN OF THE P ACIFIC I SLAND P EOPLE (74)TEST (79)T HE C AMBRIAN E XPLOSION (80)TEST (85)TPO11 (86)A NCIENT E GYPTIAN S CULPTURE (86)TEST (91)TEST (97)B EGGING BY N ESTLINGS (98)TEST (103)TPO12 (104)W HICH H AND D ID T HEY U SE? (104)TEST (109)T RANSITION TO S OUND IN F ILM (111)TEST (116)W ATER IN THE D ESERT (118)TEST (123)TPO13 (124)T YPES OF S OCIAL G ROUPS (124)TEST (128)B IOLOGICAL C LOCKS (129)TEST (134)M ETHODS OF S TUDYING I NFANT P ERCEPTION (135)TEST (140)TPO14 (141)C HILDREN AND A DVERTISING (141)TEST (146)M AYA W ATER P ROBLEMS (147)TEST (151)P ASTORALISM IN A NCIENT I NNER E URASIA (152)TEST (157)TPO21 (158)G EOTHERMAL E NERGY (158)TEST (163)T HE O RIGINS OF A GRICULTURE (165)TEST (169)A UTOBIOGRAPHICAL M EMORY (170)TEST (175)TPO22 (176)S PARTINA (176)TEST (181)T HE B IRTH OF P HOTOGRAPHY (183)TEST (187)T HE A LLENDE M ETEORITE (188)TEST (193)TPO23 (195)U RBAN C LIMATES (195)S EVENTEENTH-C ENTURY D UTCH A GRICULTURE (200)TEST (206)R OCK A RT OF THE A USTRALIAN A BORIGINES (207)TEST (212)ANSWER (214)TPO1GroundwaterGroundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, before emerging at the surface again. At first thought it seems incredible that there can be enough space in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sand and gravel. Beds of this material, out of sight beneath the soil, are common. They are found wherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, and sand, known as glacial outwash, that was deposited as the flow slowed down.The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.So much for unconsolidated sediments. Consolidated (or cemented) sediments, too, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among the original grains are often not totally plugged with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists ofform of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place. But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces. It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry. The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.Paragraph 1: Groundwater is the word used to describe water that saturates the ground, filling all the available spaces. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water; this is the groundwater that circulates as part of the water cycle. Ordinary meteoric water is water that has soaked into the ground from the surface, from precipitation (rain and snow) and from lakes and streams. There it remains, sometimes for long periods, beforespace in the “solid” ground underfoot to hold all this water.1. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time.It prevents most groundwater from circulating.It has the capacity to store large amounts of water.It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers.2. Th in the passage is closest in meaning toConfusingComfortingUnbelievableInterestingParagraph 2: The necessary space is there, however, in many forms. The commonest spaces are those among the particles—sand grains and tiny pebbles—of loose, unconsolidated sandwherever fast rivers carrying loads of coarse sediment once flowed. For example, as the great ice sheets that covered North America during the last ice age steadily melted away, huge volumes of water flowed from them. The water was always laden with pebbles, gravel, andFar awayHiddenPartly visibleInside pieces of sand and gravelOn top of beds of rockIn fast rivers that are flowing beneath the soilIn spaces between pieces of sedimentFast riversGlaciersThe huge volumes of water created by glacial meltingThe particles carried in water from melting glaciersParagraph 3: The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.6. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 3 as places that sediment-laden rivers can deposit their sediments EXCEPTA mountain valleyFlat landA lake floorThe seafloorthe bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.CoverChangeSeparateSurroundtoo, contain millions of minute water-holding pores. This is because the gaps among theoriginal grains are often not totally with cementing chemicals; also, parts of the original grains may become dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards. The result is that sandstone, for example, can be as porous as the loose sand from which it was formed.That is enough aboutNow let us turn toOf greater concern areThis is related toassage is closet in meaning toWashedSoaked throughParagraph 6: Thus a proportion of the total volume of any sediment, loose or cemented, consists of empty space. Most crystalline rocks are much more solid; a common exception is basalt, a form of solidified volcanic lava, which is sometimes full of tiny bubbles that make it very porous.Paragraph 7: The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?It is unusually solid.It often has high porosity.It has a low proportion of empty space.It is highly permeable.11. What is the main purpose of paragraph 7?To explain why water can flow through rockTo emphasize the large amount of empty space in all rockTo point out that a rock cannot be both porous and permeableTo distinguish between two related properties of rockParagraph 9: The relative amount of these two kinds of water varies greatly from one kind of rock or sediment to another, even though their porosities may be the same. What happens depends on pore size. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.12. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist. Paragraph 8: Much of the water in a sample of water-saturated sediment or rock will drain from it if the sample is put in a suitable dry place.█ But some will remain, clinging to all solid surfaces.█ It is held there by the force of surface tension without which water would drain instantly from any wet surface, leaving it totally dry.█The total volume of water in the saturated sample must therefore be thought of as consisting of water that can, and water that cannot, drain away.█13. Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Much of the ground is actually saturated with water.Answer choicesSediments that hold water were spread by glaciers and are still spread by rivers and streams.Water is stored underground in beds of loose sand and gravel or in cemented sediment.The size of a saturated rock’s pores determines h ow much water it will retain when the rock is put in a dry place.Groundwater often remains underground for a long time before it emerges again.Like sandstone, basalt is a crystalline rock that is very porous.Beds of unconsolidated sediments are typically located at inland sites that were once underwater.TEST1．Words(10mins)1. saturate2. meteoric3. circulate4. precipitation5. incredible6. particle7. pebble8. unconsolidated9. gravel10. coarse11. sediment 12. laden13. outwash14. deposit15. fanwise16. overlie17. sandbar18. minute19. cement20. dissolve21. percolate22. crystalline23. solidify24. lava25. basalt26. permeability 27. cavity28. crevice29. tension30.film2．Sentences（20mins）1. The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope.2. Sediments are also dropped where a river slows on entering a lake or the sea, the deposited sediments are on a lake floor or the seafloor at first, but will be located inland at some future date, when the sea level falls or the land rises; such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.3. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil; if they are now below the water’s upper surface (the water table), the gravels and sands of the former riverbed, and its sandbars, will be saturated with groundwater.4. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material; this depends on the sizes of the individual cavities and the crevices linking them.5. If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.The Origins of TheaterIn seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, since there is little concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widely accepted theory, championed by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence or control its food supply and well-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it attributes both desirable and undesirable occurrences to supernatural or magical forces, and it searches for means to win the favor of these forces. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters orsophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken toward theater as an autonomous activity, and thereafter entertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystical and socially efficacious concerns.Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being. Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures. Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.A closely related theory sees theater as evolving out of dances that are primarily pantomimic, rhythmical or gymnastic, or from imitations of animal noises and sounds. Admiration for the performer’s skill, virtuosity, and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating the activities into fully realized theatrical performances.In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.But neither the human imitative instinct nor a penchant for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional explanations are needed. One necessary condition seems to be a somewhat detached view of human problems. For example, one sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since comedy requires sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridiculous rather than as serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.Paragraph 1:In seeking to describe the origins of theater, one must rely primarily on speculation, concrete evidence on which to draw. The most widelyaccepted by anthropologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emerging out of myth and ritual. The process perceived by these anthropologists may be summarized briefly. During the early stages of its development, a society becomes aware of forces that appear to influence food supply andwell-being. Having little understanding of natural causes, it both desirable and1.DebatedCreated2.LeavesLimitsContrasts3. According to paragraph 1, theories of the origins of theaterAre mainly hypotheticalAre well supported by factual evidenceHave rarely been agreed upon by anthropologistsWere expressed in the early stages of theater’s development4. According to paragraph 1, why did some societies develop and repeat ceremonial actions? To establish a positive connection between the members of the societyTo help society members better understand the forces controlling their food supplyTo distinguish their beliefs from those of other societiesTo increase the society’s prosperityParagraph 2: Stories (myths) may then grow up around a ritual. Frequently the myths include representatives of those supernatural forces that the rites celebrate or hope to influence. Performers may wear costumes and masks to represent the mythical characters or supernatural forces in the rituals or in accompanying celebrations. As a people becomes more sophisticated, its conceptions of supernatural forces and causal relationships may change. As a result, it may abandon or modify some rites. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as part of the group’s oral tradThe divorce of ritual performers from the rest of societyThe separation of myths from rites6.ImportantIndependentEstablished7. According to paragraph 2, what may cause societies to abandon certain rites?Emphasizing theater as entertainmentDeveloping a new understanding of why events occurFinding a more sophisticated way of representing mythical charactersMoving from a primarily oral tradition to a more written traditionParagraph 5: In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater, scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater. Why did theater develop, andwhy was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual? Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. Thus, fantasy or fiction (of which drama is one form) permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears, confront them, and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact. The theater, then, is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.8. All of following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as possible reasons that led societies to develop theater EXCEPTTheater allows people to face that they are afraid of.Theater gives an opportunity to imagine a better reality.Theater is a way to enjoy imitating other people.Theater provides people the opportunity to better understand the human mind.9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.Paragraph 6: But neither the human imitative instinct nor for fantasy by itself leads to an autonomous theater. Therefore, additional are needed. Oneone sign of this condition is the appearance of the comic vision, since requires serious threats to the welfare of the entire group. Another condition that contributes to the development of autonomous theater is the emergence of the aesthetic sense. For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.10．T he word “penchant” in the passage is closest in meaning toCompromiseInclinationTraditionRespect11．Why does the author mention ?To explain how theater helps a society respond to threats to its welfareTo help explain why detachment is needed for the development of theaterTo show how theatrical performers become detached from other members of society 12．Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A society’s rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths wereadmired for artistic qualities.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.Myths sometimes survived in a society’s tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.Paragraph 3:█Although origin in ritual has long been the most popular, it is by no means the only theory about how the theater came into being.█ Storytelling has been proposed as one alternative. █Under this theory, relating and listening to stories are seen as fundamental human pleasures.█ Thus, the recalling of an event (a hunt, battle, or other feat) is elaborated through the narrator’s pantomime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a different person.13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.To enhance their listener’s enjoyment, storytellers continually make their stores more engaging and memorable.Where would the sentence best fit?14．Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Anthropologists have developed many theories to help understand why and how theater originated.Answer ChoicesThe presence of theater in almost all societies is thought to have occurred because early story tellers traveled to different groups to tell their stores.Many theorists believe that theater arises when societies act out myths to preserve social well-being.The more sophisticated societies became, the better they could influence desirable occurrences through ritualized theater.Some theories of theater development focus on how theater was used by group leaders to group leaders govern other members of society.Theater may have come from pleasure humans receive from storytelling and moving rhythmically.The human capacities for imitation and fantasy are considered possible reasons why societies develop theater.TEST1．Words（10mins）1.speculation2.champion3.envision4.perceive5.ritual6.attribute7.occurrence8.supernatural9.formalize10.refine11.mythical12.causal13.divorce14.autonomous15.aesthetic 16.efficacious17.feat18.elaborate19.pantomime20.impersonation21.pantomimic22.rhythmical23.gymnastic24.virtuosity25.antecedent26.theorize27.imitative28.objectify29.penchant30.detachment2．Sentences（20mins）1. Perceiving an apparent connection between certain actions performed by the group and the result it desires, the group repeats, refines and formalizes those actions into fixed ceremonies, or rituals.2. But the myths that have grown up around the rites may continue as p art of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites.3. One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative—as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations.4. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.。
托福阅读句子插入题——如何做到无缝衔接朗阁海外考试研究中心郑虹句子插入题(Insert Text Questions)是托福阅读考试必考题型，出现在每一篇文章倒数第二题，大部分考生在做此题时遇到模棱两可的答案情况较多，容易选错。
朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家将针对这个问题，具体分析句子插入题的考试特点及解题技巧。
一、题型特点句子插入题顾名思义就是给一句新的句子，要求考生们把这个句子插入到相应的位置，指定位置是文章中四个黑色方块的地方。
这些方块分布在句首或句末，四个方框有时都出现在一个段落里，有时分布在一段的末尾和下一段的开头。
考题形式如下：Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.[…………………］Where would the sentence best fit?同学们要做的是点击其中的一个方块并将这个句子插入文章。
句子插入题考查的内容是句子与句子间的逻辑关系，即所插入句子必须和前后句子在逻辑关系上保持一致。
其实和我们写作一样，同学们不能把两句毫无关系的句子放在一起。
那么在英语里为了体现句与句之间的逻辑关系，会采用各种衔接手段将句子连接起来，所以我们只要熟悉各种句子衔接手段，我们就能立即判断出来句子所插入的相应位置。
以下，我们将对考试中经常出现的几种衔接手段进行详细分析。
二、解题方法1. 词重复适用这种衔接方法简单粗暴明了，无需花费大量脑细胞，完全是送分题。
后面一个句子里重复使用前面句子提到的同一个词（通常是名词），使用此方法，我们可以清楚知道作者仍然在谈论同一主题，因为前后句子在意义上关系密切，互相连贯。
Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industryin the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. ■With financial assets considerably greaterthan those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalizedresearch into recording sound for motion pictures. ■In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dualversions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. ■At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by1930. ■In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive…Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage.When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance ofconverting to sound.前面一句话已经提及到了research, 第二次出现用this research, 所以答案选第二个选项。
托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析之句子插入题托福阅读不同题型在解题思路上是有很大区别的，今天我给大家带来了托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析之句子插入题。
希望能够帮助到大家，下面我就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。
托福阅读难点易错题型解题思路实例解析：句子插入题托福阅读句子插入题解题基本思路介绍在做题的时候，我们需要先读句子插入题中出现的句子，再看原文。
这样做的好处是比较省时间，可以较快的找到被插入句子的主语。
而且重点把握该句的动词和名词，从而为读原文做好准备。
托福阅读句子插入题解题思路实例分析举个例子，比如TPO34中Passage 3 Protection of Plants by Insects里的第13题：Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein-hungry larvae.Where does the sentence best fit?通过这句话，我们可以发现they是该句的主语，动词capture 是谓语，而insects是句子中的宾语，那么抓住这个句子的主干再去做题，就明确了回原文阅读的目的了。
下面我们来看原文：Ants are probably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defenders of plants.[A] Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, plants exploit this need by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy.[B]To return this favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar.[C]Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of the plants.[D] 此时我们需要注意的，将句子插入原文后，插入后的句子不能改变原文间的内在逻辑关系。
深入解析托福阅读句子插入题托福阅读句子插入题是一种常见的题型，我们应该怎么去解答它呢?下面小编给大家带来深入解析托福阅读句子插入题，希望对大家有所帮助!深入解析托福阅读句子插入题句子插入题是托福阅读十大题型之一，从句子层面考察考生对句间逻辑关系、段落大意的理解和把握。
这类题目是给出一句话让我们来判断这句话应加入一个段落中四个方块的哪个部分,用鼠标双击所选的黑色方块即可。
做这类题目的关键首先是理解该句子，寻找其中的衔接词，分析这个句子的特点和其在文中的作用，然后把这个句子带入原文中检验其是否合适。
掌握衔接词对解答这类问题非常重要，因为它是理解上下文和这个句子的逻辑关系的核心。
衔接词语主要包括代词(指示代词，例如this, these their, it, such, another ，这些通常是上文提到过的，所以可以采用就近原则来做。
);关键同义词，重复出现的形容词，副词和名词;表示因果，转折等关系的过渡词语：如，therefore, so, however, as a result, consequently, on the contrary, however 等;递进扩展词：如，furthermore, also, as well, too, in addition, moreover, besides, even, additionally等;结构配对词：如，on the one hand…. on the other hand，some…others，同时还要注意一些表示顺序的词，如first ,second ,third等。
我们来具体来一个例子：1. But there is also another special kind of conversational flow among Southern women that contributed to their writing. 2. Some of their talk took the form of tales and vignettes told for their own sake.3. Sometimes humorous, sometimes sad; all were as bright as the figures in the fine needlepoint. 4.Look at the four positions that indicate where the following sentences can be added to the …paragraph of the passage.These tales included grotesque, comic, and poetic descriptions, character sketches, narratives, gusts of feeling, delicate ironies, and astute observations.Click on a position to add the sentence to the passage.A: position 1 B: Position 2 C: Position 3 D: Position 4接下来再来看看如何解答这道题。
