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《社会医学》知识要点归纳【名词解释】1.社会医学（social medicine）是从社会的角度研究医学和健康问题的一门交叉学科。
它研究社会因素（social factor）与个体及群体健康和疾病之间相互作用就及其规律，制定相应的社会策略和措施，保护和增进个人及人群的身形健康和社会活动能力，提高生命质量，充分发挥健康的社会功能，提高人群的健康水平。
2.1848年，法国盖林第一次提出社会医学概念；德国格罗蒂扬提出整套理论和概念，并于1920年在柏林大学首次开设社会卫生学讲座。
3.医学模式（medical model）是人类与疾病抗争和认识自身生命过程的实践中得出的对健康观和疾病观等重要医学概念的本质概括。
4.亚健康状态是指人的机体虽然无明显的疾病，但呈现出活力降低，适应力呈现不同程度减退的一种生理状态，是由机体各系统的生理功能和代谢过程低下所致，是介于健康与疾病之间的一种生理功能降低的状态，亦称“第三状态”或“灰色状态”。
5.亚临床疾病是指没有临床症状、体征，但存在生理性代偿或病理性改变的临床检测证据，如无症状性缺血性心脏病患者可以无临床症状，但有心电图改变等诊断依据。
6.健康社会决定因素（social determinants of health,SDH）在那些直接导致疾病的因素之外，由人们的社会地位和所拥有的资源所决定的生活和工作环境及其他对健康产生影响的因素。
7.1978年9月，世卫组织和联合国儿童基金会在阿拉木图召开国际初级卫生保健会议，发布《阿拉木图宣言》，宣布2000年人人享有卫生保健的目标。
8.1986年11月，加拿大渥太华召开第一届国际健康促进大会，公布了《渥太华宪章》，列出8个健康的关键决定因素：安全、社会保障、教育、食品安全、收入、生态环境、可持续的资源、社会公正。
9.2000年9月，联合国大会提出“千年发展目标（millennium development goals,MDGs）”，与3个健康直接相关社会决定因素：降低儿童死亡率、改善孕产妇健康和对抗艾滋病、疟疾及其他疾病；5个健康间接相关社会决定因素：消除贫困和饥饿、普及初等教育、性别平等和提高妇女权益、保护环境资源可持续发展和建立全球发展的合作关系。
IntroductionIn Man’s Search for Meaning, Viktor E. Frankl tells the very per sonal story of his experience as a prisoner in a concentration camp during the Holocaust. He presents this story in the form of an ess ay in which he shares his arguments and analysis as a doctor and psychologist as well as a former prisoner. This paper will review Fra nkl’s story as well as his main arguments, and will evaluate the qu ality of Frankl’s writing and focus on any areas of weakness within the story.SummaryThis section contains a summary of Man's Search. Frankl begins his book by stating that his purpose in writing the book is not to present facts and details of the Holocaust, but to provide a persona l account of the everyday life of a prisoner living in a concentration camp. He states, “This tale is not concerned with the great horror s, which have already been described often enough (though less oft en believed), but…it will try to answer this question: How was ever yday life in a concentration camp reflected in the mind of the aver age prisoner?”(21). Frankl then goes on to describe the three stag es of a prisoner’s psychological reactions to being held captive in a concentration camp.The first phase, which occurs just after the prisoner is admitted to the camp, is shock. The second phase, occurring once the priso ner has fallen into a routine within the camp, is one of apathy, or “the blunting of the emotions and the feeling that one could not anymore”(42). The third phase, which occurs after the prisoner ha s been liberated from the camp, is a period of “depersonalization”, in which “everything appears unreal, unlikely, as in a dream”(11 0). In this phase, released prisoners also feel a sense of “bitterness and disillusionment”when returning to their former lives (113). Fr ankl describes each of these phases using psychological theory and provides personal experiences to exemplify each of the stages.Author’s ArgumentsAs described above, Frankl’s main purpose for writing this book is to pr esent and analyze the average prisoner’s psychological reactions to the every day life of a concentration camp. His three main arguments are his presentat ion and analysis of each of the psychological stages that the average concent ration camp prisoner experiences: shock, apathy and depersonalization. He b ases his analyses of each of these stages on the actions of the prisoners and his own personal thoughts and reactions as he experienced life in a concent ration camp.For example, Frankl argues that the second phase of apathy forces “the prisoner’s life down to a primitive level”(47) in which “all efforts and all e motions were centered on one task: preserving one’s own life and that of t he other fellow”(47). He bases this theory on events he witnessed while livi ng in the camp himself, and states, “It was natural that the desire for food was the major primitive instinct around which mental life centered. Let us ob serve the majority of prisoners when they happened to work near each other and were, for once, not closely watched. They would immediately start discu ssing food”(48). Frankl continuously uses examples from his experiences in t he concentration camp to illustrate and strengthen his psychological argumen ts throughout the text.EvaluationThis section contains an evaluation of Frankl’s book. Firstly, the author i s a survivor of the Holocaust and was a prisoner of a concentration camp hi mself, which gives him the personal insight to be able to comment on the ps ychological conditions of an average prisoner. However, this also creates a bi as and because of his personal experience, he is unable to be entirely objecti ve in writing his analysis. Frankl acknowledges this bias in the beginning of his book, by stating, “Only the man inside knows. His judgments may not b e objective, his evaluations may be out of proportion. This is inevitable. An attempt must be made to avoid any personal bias, and that is the real difficu lty of a book of this kind”(24-25). Although he is aware of this bias, it crea tes a partiality that will sway the readers throughout his story and it serves a s a minor weakness in his writing style.A second weakness in Frankl’s writing is in the assumptions he sometim es makes to prove his point. He makes overarching generalizations several ti mes in his book, making statements that, although may have been true for hi mself and those around him, might not have been true for every prisoner in every concentration camp during the Holocaust. For example, in one instance, he says, “The prisoner of Auschwitz , in the first phase of shock, did not fear death”(37). It is very bold to say that no prisoner of Auschwitz, one of t he most well-known and deadly concentration camps of the Holocaust, did n ot fear death, as death was all around them and was a very real threat in th eir daily lives. Although he might have not feared death during his phase of shock, it is impossible for him to guarantee that no prisoner was at all fearf ul of death in this first psychological phase, and for him to make overarching assumptions like this is a weakness to the overall quality of his book.Finally, Frankl sometimes becomes too technical and verbose in his writin g style, which makes it very hard for the average reader to understand. One example of this is as follows. Frankl states, “I remember an incident when t here was an occasion for psychotherapeutic work on the inmates of a whole hut, due to an intensification of their receptiveness because of a certain exter nal situation”(102). This sentence, which is overly wordy and complicated, m akes it difficult for the average reader to understand exactly what he is sayin g. A reader can easily get frustrated when trying to decipher the author’s m eaning due to overly complicated language, and this is a third weakness of F rankl’s writing.ConclusionThis critical review has evaluated the book Man’s Search for Meaning by Viktor E. Frankl. The psychological theories that Frankl presents are very inte resting and he does a good job of illustrating these theories with his own pe rsonal experiences. However, his writing is weakened by the presence of bias, the overarching assumptions he occasionally makes, and his sometimes overl y technical and verbose language.。
Evidence BasedMedicine實證醫學或循證醫學Se-Yuan LiuSurgeryPing-tung ChristianHospital實證醫學或循證醫學♦究竟是甚麼東東？♦為什麼我該了解這個東西？♦該怎麼做？♦很困難嗎？♦Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is the integration of–best research evidence with–clinical expertise and–patient values♦Evidence-based nursing (EBN)–nurses as important, active decision-makers♦Clinically relevant research, often from the basic sciences of medicine♦Especially from patient centered clinical research♦Power of prognostic markers, and the efficacy and safety of therapeutic,rehabilitative, and preventive regimens♦The ability to use our clinical skills and past experience♦To rapidly identify each patient’s unique health state and diagnosis, their individual risks and benefits of potential interventions, and their personal valuesand expectations♦The unique preferences, concerns and expectations each patient has♦Must be integrated into clinical decisions if they are to serve the patient♦Clinicians & patients form a diagnostic and therapeutic alliance, optimizesclinical outcomes and quality of life法國小鎮Why the Sudden Interest inEBM?♦These ideas have been around for a long time–post-revolutionary Paris–a much earlier origin in ancient Chinesemedicine♦Consolidated and named EBM in 1992 by a group led by Gordon Guyatt atMcMaster University in Canada4 Realizations♦Daily need for valid information about Dx, prognosis, therapy and prevention ♦The inadequacy of traditional sources for this information♦The disparity between diagnostic skills, judgment, knowledge, and performance♦Inadequate time for study and reading5 Developments♦Strategies to track & appraise evidence ♦Systematic reviews and concise summaries (Cochrane Collaboration)♦Creation of evidence-based journals of secondary publication♦Creation of information systems♦Strategies for life-long learningHow Do We Actually PracticeEBM?♦Asking an answerable question♦Tracking down the best evidence♦Critically appraising that evidence for its validity, impact, and applicability♦Integrating appraisal, clinical expertise and patient’s values, circumstances♦Evaluating& seeking ways to improveAsk An Answerable Question: The PICO format♦P: Patient or population, a 50-year old lady recently diagnosed with breast cancer, or a 2-year old boy with bronchopneumonia♦I & C: Intervention & Compare, type of surgery, chemo or not, choice of antibiotics♦O: Outcome, survival or quality of life,recurrence rate, effect of treatmentDifferent “Modes”of Practice♦The “appraising”mode, all steps –For the conditions we encounter everyday–Very sure about what we are doing♦The “searching”mode, skip step 3–For the conditions we encounter less often ♦The “replicating”mode, doubtful–Authoritative or merely authoritarian?4S: Studies, Syntheses, Synopses, SystemsPractice EBM?♦Do full-time clinicians really recognize working in these modes?♦Can they actually get at the evidence quickly enough to consider it on a busy clinical service?♦Can clinicians actually provideevidence-based care to their patients?What Are The Limitations ofEBM?Limitations that are universal to science (whether basic or applied) and medicine–The shortage of coherent, consistentscientific evidence–Difficulties in applying any evidence to the care of individual patients–Barriers to any practice of high qualitymedicineWhat Are The Limitations ofEBM?Limitations that are unique to the practice of EBM–The need to develop new skills insearching and critical appraisal–Busy clinicians have limited time to master and apply these new skills–Evidence that EBM “works”has been lateand slow to come♦Denigrates clinical expertise♦Limited to clinical research♦Ignores patients’values & preferences ♦Promotes a “cookbook”medicine♦Cost-cutting tool♦An ivory tower concept♦Leads to therapeutic nihilism巴黎聖心堂Bill Clinton Awaits Heart SurgeryNext WeekNEW YORK (CNN)Bill Clinton said hefeels "a little scared,but not much" as hewaits to undergo heartbypass surgeryscheduled for earlynext weekSeptember 4, 2004Doctors Confirm Lee Teng-hui StillHealthy♦Lee has undergone twosurgeries, in 2001 & 2003♦The Taipei VGH didsurgery on Lee with theassistance from Dr.Kazuaki Mitsudo, whoalso performed Lee's firstoperation.Taipei Times 20040805♦兩位前任總統分別接受了不同的治療♦到底是開心手術好，還是心導管好呢？♦記住！你不只是閱讀新聞，看熱鬧而已，明天這就可能是病患或家屬對你提出的疑問♦你是根據甚麼來回答這個問題呢？♦Surgery is the bestintervention forsevere coronary artery♦David P Taggart,Professor ofCardiovascular Surgery,University of OxfordBMJ2005;330:785-6♦Most studies of percutaneous coronary intervention have been done on patients with single or double vessel disease and have limited follow up, being increasingly used to treat multivessel ischaemic heart disease♦Studies of coronary artery bypass grafting have established its safety & long term effectiveness ♦Patients must be given all the evidence to enablean informed choice about treatmentThe Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration (1994)—1♦Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration♦From National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland♦1324 patients: CABG surgery; 1325 medical management between 1972 and 1984♦Lancet. 1994 Aug 27;344(8922):563-70The Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration (1994)—2♦The CABG group had significantly lower mortality than the medical treatment group at 5 yrs (10.2 vs15.8%; OR0.61 [95% CI 0.48-0.77], p = 0.0001), 7 yrs (15.8 vs21.7%; 0.68 [0.56-0.83], p < 0.001), and 10 yrs (26.4 vs30.5%; 0.83 [0.70-0.98]; p = 0.03)♦The risk reduction was greater in patients with left main artery disease than in those with disease in three vessels or one or two vessels (OR at 5 years 0.32, 0.58, and 0.77)♦The absolute benefits of CABG surgery were mostpronounced in patients in the highest risk categoriesCABG vs PCI (2004)—1♦Propensity Analysis of Long-Term Survival After Surgical or Percutaneous Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease and High-Risk Features♦Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio♦Circulation.2004;109:2290-2295CABG vs PCI (2004)—2♦Most randomized clinical trials have suggested that long-term survival rates after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or surgical multivessel coronary revascularization(CABG) are equivalent♦Some post hoc analyses in high-risk groups and adjustment for severity of coronary disease havesuggested higher mortality after PCICABG vs PCI (2004)—3♦6033 consecutive patients for revascularization in the late 1990s. PCI in 872; 5161 CABG♦Half the patients had significant left ventricular dysfunction or diabetes♦PCI was associated with an increased risk of death (propensity-adjusted hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.9 to 2.9; P<0.0001)♦In multivessel coronary artery disease & many high-risk factors, CABG with better survival thanPCI after adjustment for risk profileCochrane Reviews—1♦Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with stents versus coronary artery bypass grafting for people with stable angina or acute coronary syndromes (Cochrane Review)♦The Cochrane Database ofSystematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4Cochrane Reviews—2♦To examine evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) on benefit of stents or CABG in reducing cardiac events in people with stable angina or acute coronary syndrome (ACS)♦Nine studies (3519 patients)♦Four RCTs included patients with multiple vessel disease, five focused onsingle vessel diseaseCochrane Reviews—3♦No statistical differences were observed between CABG and stenting for meta-analysis of mortality or AMI, but there was heterogeneity♦Composite cardiac event and revascularisation rates were lower for CABG than for stents♦Restenosis at 6 months (single vesseltrials) favoured CABGCochrane Reviews—4♦CABG is associated with reduced rates of major adverse cardiac events, mostly driven by reduced repeat revascularisation♦Limited by follow-up, unrepresentative samples and rapid development of both surgical techniques and stenting ♦Need further study at differentgroupings and risk factors♦QUESTION:Does screening for breast cancer by regular self examination or clinical examination (or both) reduce the incidence of breast cancer and death?♦Conclusions:The available evidence on breast self examination is limited.Based on 2 studies, regular breast examination does not reduce breast cancer mortality but increases the number ofwomen who have biopsies with benign results.♦QUESTION:In women with an increased risk of breast cancer, does tamoxifen reduce the risk of breast cancer and what are the associated harms?♦Conclusion: In women with an increased risk of breast cancer, tamoxifen reduced the risk of breast cancer but increased the risks of thromboembolic events and all cause mortality.♦From the International Breast CancerIntervention Study, first result (IBIS-I)♦PubMed/entrez/♦British Medical Journal (BMJ)/♦The Cochrane Library/♦Evidence Based Medicine or EBM Online/It’s free and a lot of fun!Topics in EBN Journal—1♦Review: adequately randomised trials showed that mammography screening did not significantly reduce breast cancer, cancer, or all cause mortality but increased breast surgeries♦Review: inhaled insulin provides better glycaemic control than oral hypoglycaemic agents but not better than subcutaneousinsulinTopics in EBN Journal—2♦Calcium reduced loss of bone mineral density but did not prevent fractures in healthy postmenopausal women♦Postoperative ibuprofen increased bleeding complications in hospital and did not improve pain or physical function at 6–12 months after total hipreplacementTopics in EBN Journal—3♦Review: exercise improves glycaemic control and reduces plasma triglycerides and visceral adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes♦Review: regular exercise improves quality of life and physical fitness inwomen with breast cancer。
Critical Appraisal——It’s climate change,stupid王嫚英三201213010321Original and Purpose:This article comes from China Daily, a bilingual newspaper which is published by China and England. And the author is a senior editor of this newspaper. So the type of this article is news.After reading, I think this article is written for readers who care about the environment condition. The author wants to warn us that carbon dioxide does harm to the earth and every country try their best to cut carbon dioxide emission.In the meanwhile,he appeals us to protect our environment.Claims and Evidences:For this article, we will find easily that the central argument is the first sentence “The world will be a cleaner and greener place if developed countries such as the US help developing nations cut carbon dioxide emissions.”The author was trying to convince us of that if developed countries could pay more attention to help developing countries to protect the environment, our world will become more beautiful than before.And in order to evident this claim, he talked about a special climate change conference and the UN secretary-general’s speaking. Besides, Rana mentioned the naysayers’ opinion: they thought that this conference was a “ damp squid” because some of countries did not attend to the conferenceincluding China. At last, he said that Chinese Vice-Premier Zhang Gaoli attended this conference and had a concrete statement.The Quality of the Evidences:In this article, the author wanted to convince us of all the countries in the world try their best to contain the climate change. Nevertheless, he did not use enough evidences to support his opinion. For example, the author said that there was a special climate change conference, he didn’t told readers when the conference held and the members of this conference. And in the last paragraph, the author said that “China remains committed to curbing carbon dioxide emission per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent from 2005 levels by 2020.”It is clear that these data was collected by others rather the author. However, he did not introduce the source of these data. From these, I can find that the article is an emotional appeal. The author want to convene more people and countries to protect the environment by this article.The Overall Quality of Each Argument:The title of this article is “it’s climate change,stupid.”According to this, we will guess that the content of the article is opposing the opinion about climate. However, I do not find any evidences that can prove this argument. This article just talked about the measure that different countries used to cut carbon dioxide emissions. In article, we can find that the author really believe that the climate in this world has changed. So Ithink it has no connection with the title.And I feel this kind of title can not express the author’s opinion clearly.From last part, we can find that Rana used many evidences to prove his opinion. However, I think that some of them are not reasonable. At first, the author said that a special climate change conference was held and it reached a meaningful commitment for the environment. But he did not introduce the specific content about this conference. And he just said that the use of the UN secretary-general. In fact, I think it is unrelated with the main argument. Besides, we can not find that where these information come from, so I think these evidences are suspect.Secondly, Rana talked about the naysayers’opinion about this conference. The purpose of him was highlighting the importance of this conference and satirize the naysayers. In this, the author described the reason why the naysayers had such kind of mind. It was because that some countries were absent of this conference including China,India and German. So they thought that the conference was a “damp squib”. In this way, I think the evidence that the author used could support his opinion .Finally, the author said that Chinese Vice-Premier Zhang Gaoli attended this conference and made a statement about the result of climate change. In this part, the author used many data to prove his argument such as “GDP by 40 to 45 percent from 2005 levels by 2020.”This evidence showed that China was trying its best to curb carbon dioxideemission.However,the author ignored the key argument of the article .And the main argument is the first sentence of this article. But he just mentioned something about it rather than set some evidences to support it.So I think that this article is not a rigorous document.The Potential for Bias:It is easy to find that the author is Op Rana, the senior editor with China Daily’s opinion department. He has a particular focus on international politics and environmental protection. In this way, we can find his positive about environmental problems. Nevertheless, he has prejudice to developed countries and he thinks that they should be responsible for the environmental problems. For instance,in this article, he said that “the world will be a cleaner and greener place if developed countries such as US help developing nations cut carbon dioxide emissions.” I think his opinion is one-sided. All the countries in the world have the same responsibility to protect our environment and we should not put the blame on developed countries.Besides, the author bias China because he works in China Daily as a senior editor.From this article, we can see that the author used one paragraph to introduce china’s behavior about carbon dioxide and climate change. And he has a positive attitude to China while he condemns the naysayers who laughed at the climate change conference.In my personalview, his opinion is subjective and he has to pay more attention to evidences rather than his individual emotions.Results:The article I choose is a news from China Daily which is written by a senior editor of this newspaper. The main idea of this article is the special climate change conference. The author used many evidences to support his argument but there are not all the evidences suitable. And we can find many clear data in this article, it is useful for us if we want to understand what the author that to convey. Although the author has some bias to developed countries, this article is a good news that introduces many information about today’s environmental problem and the solving measures. In a way, this article is successful.。
循证医学词汇大全循证医学(英语：Evidence-basedmedicine，缩写为EBM)，意为遵循证据的医学，又称实证医学，港台地区也译为证据医学。
接下来我为大家整理了循证医学词汇大全，希望对你有帮助哦!A安全性SafetyB半随机对照试验quasi-randomizedcontroltrial，qRCT背景问题backgroundquestions比值比oddsratio，OR标准化均数差standardizedmeandifference，SMD病例报告casereport病例分析caseanalysis病人预期事件发生率patientsexpectedeventrate，PEER补充替代医学complementaryandalternativemedicine，CAM不良事件adverseevent不确定性uncertaintyCCochrane图书馆CochraneLibrary，CLCochrane系统评价Cochranesystematicreview，CSRCochrane协作网CochraneCollaboration，CCCox比例风险模型Coxproportionalhazardmodel参考试验偏倚Referencestestbias肠激惹综合征irritablebowelsyndrome，IRB测量变异measurementvariation成本-效果cost-effectiveness成本-效果分析cost-effectivenessanalysis成本-效益分析cost-benefitanalysis成本-效用分析cost-utilityanalysis成本最小化分析(最小成本分析)cost-minimizationanalysis重复发表偏倚Multiplepublicationbias传统医学TraditionalMedicine，TMDDL法DerSimonianLairdmethod发生一例不良反响所需治疗的病例数thenumberneededtoharmonemorepatientsfromthether apy，NNH对抗疗法allopathicmedicine，AM对照组中某事件的发生率controleventrate，CER多重发表偏倚multiplepublicationbias(删除此词)E二次研究secondarystudies二次研究证据secondaryresearchevidenceF发表偏倚publicationbias防止1例不良事件发生或得到1例有利结果需要治疗的病例数numberneededtotreat，NNT非随机同期对照试验non-randomizedconcurrentcontroltrial分层随机化stratifiedrandomization分类变量categoricalvariable风险(危险度)riskG干扰co-intervention工作偏倚Workupbias固定效应模型fixedeffectmodel国际临床流行病学网InternationalClinicalEpidemiologyNetwork，INCLENH灰色文献greyliterature后效评价reevaluation获益benefitJ时机结chancenode疾病谱偏倚Spectrumbias技术特性Technicalproperties加权均数差weightedmeandifference，WMD 假阳性率(误诊率)falsepositiverate假阴性率(漏诊率)falsenegativerate简单随机化simplerandomization检索策略searchstrategy穿插对照研究(穿插设计)crossoverdesign经济学分析economicanalysis经济学特性Economicattributesorimpacts经历医学empiricalmedicine准确性precision决策结decisionnode决策树分析decisiontreeanalysis绝对获益增加率absolutebenefitincrease，ABI 绝对危险度降低率absoluteriskreduction，ARR 绝对危险度增加率absoluteriskincrease，ARI K可重复性repeatability，reproducibility可靠性(信度)reliability可信区间confidenceinterval，CI可信限confidencelimit，CLLLogistic回归模型Logisticregressionmodel历史性对照研究historicalcontroltrial利弊比likelihoodofbeinghelpedvsharmed，LHH 连续性变量continuousvariable临床对照试验controlledclinicaltrial，CCT临床结局clinicaloutcome临床经济学clinicaleconomics临床决策分析clinicaldecisionanalysis临床流行病学clinicalepidemiology，CE临床实践指南clinicalpracticeguidelines，CPG 临床试验clinicaltrial临床研究证据clinicalresearchevidence临床证据clinicalevidence临床证据手册handbookofclinicalevidence零点Zerotime灵敏性flexibility临界点Cutoffpoints漏斗图funnelplots率差(或危险差)ratedifference，riskdifference，RD MMeta-分析Meta-analysis敏感度sensitivity敏感性分析sensitivityanalysis墨克手册MerckmanualN脑卒中病房StrokeUnit内在真实性internalvalidityP偏倚biasQ起始队列inceptioncohort前-后对照研究before-afterstudy前景问题foregroundquestions区组随机化blockrandomizationS散点图scatterplots森林图forestplots伤残调整寿命年disabilityadjustedlifeyear，DALY生存曲线survivalcurves生存时间survivaltime生存质量(生活质量)qualityoflife世界卫生组织WorldHealthOrganization，WHO失安全数fail-SafeNumber试验组某事件发生率experimentaleventrate，EER似然比likelihoodRatio，LR适用性applicability受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)receiveroperatorcharacteristiccurve随机对照临床试验randomizedclinicaltrials，RCT随机对照试验randomizedcontroltrial，RCT随机化隐藏randomizationconcealment随机效应模型randomeffectmodelT特异度specificity同行评价colleagueevaluation统计效能(把握度)power同质性检验testsforhomogeneityW外在真实性externalvalidity完成治疗分析perprotocol，PP腕管综合征carpaltunnelsyndrome，CTS卫生技术healthtechnology卫生技术评估healthtechnologyassessment，HTA X系统评价systematicreview，SR相对获益增加率relativebenefitincrease，RBI相对危险度relativerisk，RR相对危险度降低率relativeriskreduction，RRR相对危险度增加率relativeriskincrease，RRI效果effectiveness效力efficacy效应尺度effectmagnitude效应量effectsize序贯试验sequentialtrial选择性偏倚selectionbias循证儿科学evidence-basedpediatrics循证妇产科学evidence-basedgynecologyobstetrics循证购买evidence-basedpurchasing循证护理evidence-basednursing循证决策evidence-baseddecision-making循证内科学evidence-basedinternalmedicine 循证挑选evidence-basedselection循证外科学evidence-basedsurgery循证卫生保健evidence-basedhealthcare循证诊断evidence-baseddiagnosis循证医学evidence-basedmedicine，EBMY亚组分析subgroupanalysis严格评价criticalappraisal验后比post-testodds验后概率post-testprobability验前比pre-testodds验前概率pre-testprobability阳性预测值positivepredictivevalue原始研究primarystudies异质性检验testsforheterogeneity意向治疗分析intention-to-treat，ITT 阴性预测值negativepredictivevalue引用偏倚citationbias尤登指数Youdensindex语言偏倚languagebias预后prognosis预后因素prognosticfactor预后指数prognosticindex原始研究证据primaryresearchevidence 原始研究证据;primaryresourcesZ沾染contamination真实性(效度)validity诊断参照标准referencestandardofdiagnosis。
