专业英语 第五章.Development of modern geologic concepts

介绍指南针发明英语资料The invention of the compass is a significant advancement in human history. 指南针的发明对人类历史具有重要意义。

It revolutionized navigation and exploration, allowing sailors and travelers to accurately find their way even in the vast and often treacherous seas. 它彻底改变了航海和探险的方式，让水手和旅行者能够准确地找到前进的方向，即使在辽阔而常常危险的海洋中。

The compass, also known as a magnetic compass, was invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty around the 2nd century BC. 指南针，也被称为磁罗盘，是在中国古代汉代的公元前2世纪左右发明的。

It was initially used for divination and later adopted for navigation purposes. 它最初被用于占卜，后来被用于导航目的。

The compass consisted of a magnetic needle that aligns itself with Earth's magnetic field, pointing towards the magnetic North Pole. 罗盘由一个能够自动对齐地球磁场的磁针组成，指向地球磁北极。

The invention of the compass had a profound impact on trade, exploration, and communication between civilizations. 指南针的发明对贸易、探险和文明间的交流产生了深远影响。

人类对地球的认识英语作文The Earth, our home planet, has been the subject of fascination and exploration for centuries. As human beings, we have always sought to understand the world around us, to uncover its mysteries, and to harness its resources for our own benefit. Over the course of history, our understanding of the Earth has evolved significantly, shaped by scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and our collective experiences.One of the earliest and most fundamental understandings of the Earth was its shape. For centuries, the prevailing belief was that the Earth was flat, a notion that was challenged by ancient Greek philosophers and mathematicians who recognized the curvature of the planet. The development of navigation techniques and the circumnavigation of the globe further solidified the understanding that the Earth is a sphere, a crucial piece of knowledge that has shaped our exploration and understanding of the planet.As our understanding of the Earth's shape grew, so too did our knowledge of its composition and structure. The emergence ofgeology as a scientific discipline in the 18th and 19th centuries led to the discovery of the Earth's layers, from the crust to the core, and the processes that shape its surface, such as plate tectonics and volcanic activity. These discoveries have not only enhanced our understanding of the Earth's physical makeup but have also shed light on the dynamic and ever-changing nature of our planet.The advent of modern technology has further expanded our understanding of the Earth. The development of satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques has allowed us to observe the planet from a global perspective, revealing patterns and phenomena that were previously invisible. From monitoring changes in the Earth's climate and weather patterns to mapping the distribution of natural resources, these technological advancements have provided us with an unprecedented level of insight into the workings of our planet.In addition to our scientific understanding, the human experience of the Earth has also shaped our perception and appreciation of the planet. The awe-inspiring beauty of natural landscapes, the wonder of natural phenomena, and the deep connection we feel with the natural world have all contributed to our understanding of the Earth as a living, dynamic entity. This understanding has also led to a growing awareness of the need to protect and preserve the Earth's delicate ecosystems, as we recognize the impact of human activities on the planet.As we continue to explore and study the Earth, our understanding of it is likely to evolve further. The ongoing advancements in fields such as climate science, oceanography, and space exploration are expected to provide us with even more comprehensive and detailed insights into the Earth's past, present, and future. Additionally, the increasing focus on sustainable development and environmental stewardship has the potential to transform our relationship with the planet, as we strive to find a balance between our own needs and the long-term health of the Earth.In conclusion, the human understanding of the Earth has come a long way, from the early beliefs in a flat and static planet to the modern, multifaceted comprehension of its complex and dynamic nature. This understanding has been shaped by scientific discoveries, technological advancements, and our lived experiences, and it continues to evolve as we delve deeper into the mysteries of our home planet. As we move forward, it is crucial that we maintain a sense of wonder and respect for the Earth, and work towards a future where our relationship with the planet is one of stewardship and sustainability.。

English Reading Material for Geology, Hydrogeology, Engineering geology and Environmental GeologyDepartment of Resources, Environment and Engineering Shijiazhuang University of EconomicsContentUnit One: The Earth通用____________________________________________________1Unit Two: The Atmosphere环________________________________________________4 Unit Three: Oceans通用_____________________________________________________8 Unit Four: Groundwater通用_______________________________________________13 Unit Five: Minerals地_____________________________________________________17 Unit Six: Rocks通用_______________________________________________________21 Unit Seven: Weathering and Erosion通用______________________________________28 Unit Eight: Geological Structures通用________________________________________32 Unit Nine: Earth History通用_______________________________________________37 Unit Ten: Continental drift地_______________________________________________42 Unit Eleven: Plate Tectonics地______________________________________________46 Unit Twelve: Earthquakes and Seismic Waves地_______________________________50 Unit thirteen: Introduction of Igneous Geochemistry地__________________________54Unit Fourteen: Using trace element analysis to determine the tectonic setting of basic volcanic rocks地_________________________________________________________59Unit Fifteen: Geophysical Prospecting地、工___________________________________64 Unit Sixteen: Water水_____________________________________________________68 Unit Seventeen: Character of Groundwater水、环_______________________________71 Unit Eighteen: Parameters of Groundwater Flow水_____________________________76 Unit Nineteen: Hydrogeological Investigations水_______________________________81 Unit Twenty: Soils水、环____________________________________________________84 Unit Twenty-one: Mechanical behavior of rock and soil工________________________88 Unit Twenty-two: Reservoirs水、工___________________________________________92 Unit Twenty-three: Dams工________________________________________________96 Unit Twenty-four: Excavation and Support工_________________________________100 Unit Twenty-five: Slope S tability and Downslope Movement工、环__________________________105Unit One: The Earth通用IntroductionThe Earth is a very large spherical body. The science of geology is concerned with the Earth and the rocks of which it composed, the processes by which they were formed during geological time, and the modeling of the Earth’s surface in the past and at the present day. Earth is not a static body but is constantly subject to changes both at its surface and at deeper levels.Surface changes can be observed by engineers and geologists alike; among them erosion is a dominant process which in time destroys coastal cliffs, reduces the height of continents, and transports the material so removed either to the sea or to inland basins of deposition. Changes that originate below the surface are not so easily observed and their nature can only be postulated. Some are the cause of slow movements of continents across the surface of the globe; others cause the more rapid changes associated with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.The surface of the EarthDimensions and surface reliefThe radius of the Earth at the equator is 6370km and the polar radius is shorter by about 22km; thus the Earth is not quite a perfect sphere. The planet has a surface area of 510´106m2, of which some 29 per cent is land. If to this is added the shallow sea areas of the shelf which surrounds the continents, the total land area is nearly 35 per cent of the whole surface. In other words, nearly two-thirds of the surface is covered by deep ocean.Fig.1 A sketch profile of continental marginSurface relief is very varied (see fig.1); mountains rise to several kilometers above sea level, with a maximum of 8.848km at Everest (珠穆朗玛峰). The average height of land above sea level is 0.875km and the mean depth of the ocean floor is about 3.73km. In places the ocean floor descends to much greater depths in elongated areas or trenches; the Marianas Trench (马里亚纳海沟) in the N.W. Pacific reaches the greatest known depth, 11.034km. The extremes of height and depth are small in comparison with the Earth’s radius, and are found only in limited areas. The oceans, seas, lakes and rivers are collectively referred to as the hydrosphere; and the whole is surrounded by a gaseous envelope, the atmosphere.The interior of the EarthOur knowledge of the Earth’s interior is at present based on those direct investigations that can be made to depths of a few kilometers from the surface, together with extrapolations to lower levels. Studies of heat-flow, geostatic pressure, earthquakes, and estimations of isostatic balance reveal much about the interior of the Earth.It is well known from deep miningoperations that temperature increasesdownwards at an average rate of 30°C perkm. This rate is higher near a source of heatsuch as an active volcanic center, and is alsoaffected by the thermal conductivity of therocks at a particular locality. Assuming forthe moment that the temperature gradientcontinues at the average rate, calculationshows that at a depth of some 30km the temperature would be such that most knownrocks would begin to melt. The high pressure prevailing at that depth and the ability of crustal rocks to conduct heat away to the surface of the Earth result in the rock-material there remaining in a relatively solid condition; but there will be a depth at which it becomes essentially a viscous fluid and this defines the base of the lithosphere(see fig.2).The mean density of the Earth, which is found from its estimated mass and volume, is5.527g/cm 3. This is greater than the density of most rocks found at the surface, which rarely exceeds 3; sedimentary rocks average 2.3, and the abundant igneous rock granite about 2.7. In order to bring the mean density to 5.5 there must therefore be denser material at lower levels within the Earth. Our knowledge of the interior of the Earth has come largely from the study of the elastic waves generated by earthquakes, in particular from research into the way in which earthquake waves are bent (by diffraction at certain boundaries) as they pass through the Earth. This has shown that our planet has a core of heavy material with a density of 8. Two metals, iron and nickel, have densities a little below and above 8 respectively, and the core is believed to be composed mainly of iron. Surrounding this heavy core is the region known as the mantle; and overlying that is the crust, which is itself composite. In continental areas the average thickness of the crust is about 30km; in the oceans it is 10km. The mantle has a range of density intermediate between that of the crust and the core.V ocabularies and Phrases:modeling n 造型postulate vt, vi 假定，推测 erosion n 侵蚀eruption n 喷发，爆发Fig.2 Interior structure of the Earthinland basin 内陆盆地abyssal plain 深海平原continental rise 大陆基lithosphere n 岩石圈continental shelf 大陆架asthenophere n 软流圈relief n 地貌，地形起伏thermal conductivity 热传导率descend vi 下降temperature gradient 温度剃度trench n 海沟prevailing a 占优势的extrapolation n 外推法，推断viscous a 粘性的geostatic pressure 地压力elastic wave 弹性波isostatic balance 地壳均衡diffraction n 衍射Reading materialThe earth and other members of the Solar system are believed to have been formed about 4600 million years ago by condensation from a flattened rotating cloud of gas and dust. This contracted slowly, giving rise to the primitive Sun at its center – a new star – surrounded by a mass of cosmic gases in which local condensations generated the planets. They, and other bodies such as the asteroids and meteorites, all revolve in the same direction in orbits around the Sun. the cold primitive Earth became gradually heated as its interior was compressed by the increasing weight of accumulated matter and by the decay of natural radioactive materials. Heat was produced more quickly than it could escape from the compressed mass, resulting in the melting of some constituents and heavier matter being drawn by gravity towards the Earth’s center. The planet thus gradually acquired a core, surrounded by a mantle of less dense material, and an outer crust.Supplementary ExercisesPart one: Answer following questions in English1.What is the difference between the earth’s crust and its lithosphere?2.The earth’s radius is 6.4´108 cm and its mass is 6.0´1027g. calculate the averagedensity of the earth as a whole and compare it with the average density of crustal rocks,2.7g/cm3. What does this comparison indicate about the composition of the earth’sinterior?Part two: Translations between English and Chinese:1.The Earth consists of a two-part core, a mantle of solid rock, and an outermost thin,rocky crust. The crust and the outer part of the mantle compose the lithosphere, which includes all the rocky material of the Earth’s outer shell, extending from the surface to a depth of about 100 kilometers.2.对于人类来说，地球是我们的大家园，地球给我们提供了生活所必需的丰富的物质资源和优美的生活环境，我们应该注意合理地使用这些矿产资源和保护生活环境。

Geomatics is a relatively new scientific term created by Pollock and Wright in 1969, with the intention of combining the terms geodesy and geoinformatics.It includes the tools and techniques used in Surveying and Mapping, Remote Sensing (RS), Cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS, i.e.,GPS, Glonass, Galileo, Compass),Photogrammetry, Geography, Geosciences, Computer Sciences, Information Science and various spatial observation technologies, land development and environmental sciences, etc.测绘学是一种相对较新的科学术语由波洛克和赖特在1969年提出，目的是将大地测量学与地理信息学结合起来。

它包括的工具和技术应用于测绘、遥感(RS)、地图学、地理信息系统(GIS)、全球导航卫星系统(GNSS,即。

、GPS、Glonass、伽利略、北斗),摄影测量、地理学、地球科学、电脑科学、信息科学和各种空间观测技术、土地开发、环境科学等。

Surveying may be defined as the tech nology and science of the study of earth’s shape and size, as well as making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man-made features on, above or below the earth’s surface, and representing these information in analog forms as contoured maps or sections, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.测量的技术和科学可以定义为研究地球的形状和大小,以及测量位于地球外表上或者低于或者高于地球外表的自然的或人造的物体的相对位置,并将这些信息以模拟形式的波状外形的地图、剖面图、论文计划、图表、数据报告表中呈现或以数字形式存储在电脑三维数学模型中。

地质专业词汇英语翻译(A-D)a horizon a 层位a lineation a 线理a twin a 双晶aa lava 块熔岩aalenian stage 阿林阶abandon 废弃abandoned mine 废弃的矿山abandoned well 废孔abatis 通风隔墙abdomen 腹部abdominal appendage 腹肢abdominal cavity 腹腔abdominal fin 腹abductor 外展肌abductor muscle 外展肌abernathyite 水砷钾铀矿aberration 象差abichite 光线矿abiogenesis 自然发生abiogeny 自然发生abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 剥蚀ablation breccia 剥蚀角砾岩ablation moraine 消融碛ablation skin 熔蚀皮ablation till 消融碛ablykite 阿布石abnormal 异常的abnormal interference color异常干涉色abnormal metamorphism异常变质作用abolition 废除abrade 剥蚀abrasion 海蚀abrasion platform 磨蚀台地abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 磨蚀阶地abrasionn test 磨耗试验abrasive 磨料;海蚀的abrazite 多水高岭土absarokite 正边玄武岩absite 钍钛铀矿absolute age 绝对年龄absolute black body 绝对黑体absolute chronology 绝对年代学absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute pressure 绝对压力absolute structure 绝对构造absorbed water 吸附水absorbent 吸收剂absorber 吸收器absorbing well 吸水井absorption 吸收absorption axis 吸收轴absorption border 融蚀缘absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption edge 吸收端absorption factor 吸收率absorption spectrum 吸收光谱absorptive capacity 吸收率absorptivity 吸收性abukumalite 铋磷灰石abundance 丰度abundance of elements 元素丰度abundance of isotopes 同位素丰度abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素相对丰度abysmal deposits 深海沉积物abyss 深海abyssal 深海的abyssal benthic zone 深渊底栖带abyssal deposits 深海沉积物abyssal facies 深海相abyssal hills province 深海丘陵区abyssal injection 深成贯入abyssal rock 深成岩abyssal sediments 深海沉积物acadialite 红菱沸石acadian stage 阿卡德阶acalycine 无花萼的acalycinous 无花萼的acanthite 螺状硫银矿acanthoid 刺状的acaulescent 无茎的acaulous 无茎的acaustobiolite 非燃性生物岩accelerated development 上升发育acceleration 促进accelerometer 加速度计accessory 副的accessory ejecta 早成同源抛出物accessory minerals 副矿物accidental ejecta 异源抛出物accidental inclusion 外源包体accidental species 偶见种accidental xenolith 外源包体acclivity 上坡accompanying mineral 伴生矿物accordance of summit levels 山峰高度一致accordant junction 交合汇流accordion fold 棱角褶皱accretion 附加体accretion gley 结核潜育层accretion theory 吸积理论accretionary lapilli 团积火山砾accumulate 堆积accumulated temperature 积温accumulation 堆积accumulation horizon 聚积层accumulation moraine 堆积冰碛accumulation terrace 堆积阶地accumulation theory of volcano 火山堆积说accumulation till 堆积冰碛accumulative phase 堆积相accuracy 准确度acephalous 无头的acephalous larva 无头幼虫acerous 针状的acetate 醋酸盐acetic acid 醋酸acf diagram acf 图解achavalite 硒铁矿achiardite 坏晶石achirite 透视石achlamydeous 无花被的achlusite 钠滑石achondrite 无球粒陨石achroite 无色电气石achromaite 浅闪石achromatic body 消色物体achromatic lens 消色差透镜achromatism 消色差achromatize 消色acicular 针状的aciculiform 针状的1acid base equilibrium 酸碱平衡acid earth 酸性白土acid humus 酸性腐殖质acid mine drainage 酸性矿水排水acid plagioclase 酸性斜长石acid rock 酸性岩acid soil 酸性土acid solution 酸性溶液acid spring 酸性泉acid treatment of oil payzone 油层酸处理acid treatment of well 井的酸处理acidic lava 酸性熔岩acidification 酸化acidimetry 酸量滴定法acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度acidizing of well 井的酸处理acidophilous plants 适酸植物acidotrophic lake 酸性营养湖acidulation 酸化acline twin 翻底双晶acmite 锥辉石acotyledon 无子叶植物acotyledonous 无子叶的acoustic basement 声波基底acoustic foundation 声波基底acoustic logging 声波测井acquired character 获得形质acre foot 英亩英尺acrobatholithic 露岩基的acrochordite 球砷锰矿acrospore 顶生孢子actinides 锕系元素actinium 锕actinolite 阳起石actinolite asbestos 阳起石石棉actinolite schist 阳起片岩actinolitic greenschist facies 阳起绿色片岩相actinometer 日射表actinometry 光化测定actinomorphic 辐射对称的actinomorphous 辐射对称的actinomyces 放线菌类actinostele 星状中柱actinouranium 锕铀actinula 辐射幼虫activated adsorption 活化吸附activated carbon 活性炭activated clay 活化粘土activated complex 活化络合物activated water 活化水activation 活化activation analysis 活化分析activation cross section 活化截面activation energy 活化能activation logging 活化测井activation method 活化法activation of platform 地台活化activator 活化剂active fault 活断层active folding 活褶曲作用active glacier 活动冰川active humus 活性腐殖质active hydrogen 活性氢active plate 移动板块active remote sensing 织式遥感active tectonic pattern 活动构造型式active volcano 活火山active water 侵蚀性水activity 活度activity coefficient 活度系数activization 活化作用activization platform block 活化台块actual reserves 实在储藏量actual volume 实际容积actualily 真实actualism 现实论actuopalaeontology 现实古生物学acute 急尖的acute bisectrix 锐角等分线acutifoliate 尖叶的adamant 硬石adamantine 坚硬的adamantine lustre 金刚光泽adamantine spar 刚玉adamellite 石英二长岩adamine 水砷锌矿adamite 水砷锌矿adamsite 暗绿云母adaptability 适应性adaptation 适应adaptive radiation 适应辐射adcumulate 累积岩addition 添加additional phase 加成相adductor 收肌adductor muscle scar 收肌筋痕adelite 砷钙镁石adelogenic 显衡隐晶质的adelpholite 铌铁锰矿adenoid 腺样的adergneiss 脉状片麻岩adhering 粘附性的;附着adhesion 粘附adhesive disk 吸盘adhesiveness 胶糟性adiabat 绝热线adiabatic cooling 绝热冷却adiabatic curve 绝热线adiabatic equilibrium 绝热平衡adiabatic heating 绝热增温adiabatic lapse rate 绝热温度梯度adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic state 绝热状态adiabatic temperature gradient 绝热温度梯度adiagnostic 隐微晶质的adigeite 镁蛇纹石adinole 钠长英板岩adipocerite 伟晶腊石adipocire 伟晶腊石adipose cell 脂细胞adit 平峒adjacent rock 围岩adjacent sea 边缘海adjoining rock 围岩adjustment 蝶admimistration 管理admission 收气adobe 灰质粘土adoral 口侧的adsorbent 吸附剂adsorbing material 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption indicator 吸附指示剂adsorptive capacity 吸附能力adular 冰长石adularia 冰长石adult 成体advance 前进adventitious plants 外来植物adventive crater 寄生火口adventive volcano 寄生火山aecidiospore 锈孢子aeciospore 锈孢子2aegirine 霓石aegirine augite 霓辉石aegirite 霓石aenigmatite 三斜闪石aeolian clastics 风成碎屑岩aeolian deposit 风积aeolian landform 风成地形aeolian soil 风积土aeration 充气aeration tissue 通气组织aeration zone 饱气带aerenchyma 通气组织aerial method of geology 航空地质甸方法aerial photography 航空摄影学aerial ropeway 架空死aerial survey 航空测量aerial triangulation 航空三角测量aerify 使呈气态aerobe 需气生物aerocartograph 航空测图仪aerogenous rock 风成岩aerogeography 航空地理学aerogeology 航空地质学aerolite 石陨石aerolith 石陨石aeromagnetic survey 航空磁测aerophotogeological map 航空摄影地质图aerophotogrammetry 航空摄影测量学aerophotography 航空摄影学aerophotography of geology 地质专业航空摄影aeroplankton 大气浮游生物aeroradioactive survey航空放射性测量aerosiderite 铁陨石aerosiderolite 铁石陨石aerosite 深红银矿aerugite 块砷镍矿aeschynite 易解石affiliation 亲缘关系affine deformation 均匀变形affinity 亲和力afflux 汇入after deep 后渊aftereffect 后效aftershock 余震afwillite 桂硅钙石agalite 纤滑石agalmatolite 寿山石agamogony 无配子生殖agate 玛瑙age 龄期age determination 时代鉴定age of cycads 苏铁植物时代age spectra 年龄谱ageing of colloids 胶体熟化agent of erosion 侵蚀力agents of metamorphism 变质营力ageostrophic wind 非地转风agglomerate 集块岩agglomerate lava 集块熔岩agglomeratic 集块岩状的agglomeration 烧结agglutinate 粘合集块岩agglutination 胶着agglutinin 凝集素aggradation 加积aggradation terrace 堆积阶地aggradational plain 堆积平原aggregate 集合体aggregation 聚集aggressive water 侵进水agitation 搅拌agmatite 角砾混合岩agnatha 无颌类agnolite 红硅钙锰矿agnotozoic era 元古代agpaite 钠质火成岩agreement 协议agricolite 闪铋矿agricultural geology 农业地质学agricultural geomorphology农业地貌学agroforestrial geology 农林地质学agrogeology 农业地质学agrohydrologg 农业水文学aguilarite 辉硒银矿aidyrlite 杂硅铝镍矿aikinite 针硫铋铅矿air borne radioactivity 大气放射性air chamber 气室air compressor 空气压缩机air damping 空气制动air drilling 空气钻进air drying 风干air elutriation 空气淘析air flush drilling 空气冲洗钻井air gun 空气枪air hammer 气锤air lift 气动提升机air permeability 透气性air pressure 空气压力air release valve 放气阀air sac 气囊air separating tank 空气分离罐air separator 气力分离器air shrinkage 空气收缩air vent 排气孔air volcano 气火山airborne electromagnetic method 航空电磁法airborne electromagnetics 航空电磁法airborne magnetic prospecting 航空磁法勘探airborne magnetometer 航空地磁仪airborne remote sensing 航空遥感airborne survey 航空甸airial camera 航空摄影机airview 空瞰图airy phase 艾氏相airy's spiral 艾氏螺旋akaustobiolite 非燃性生物岩akaustobiolith 非燃性生物岩akerite 英辉正长岩akermanite 镁黄长石akf diagram akf图解akinete 厚壁孢子akrochordite 球砷锰矿aksaite 阿氏硼镁石ala twin 轴双晶alabandine 硫锰矿alabandite 硫锰矿alabaster 雪花石膏alabastrite 雪花石膏alamosite 铅灰石alar 翼状的alary 翼状的alaskaite 铅泡铋矿alaskite 白岗岩alate 有翼的albedo 反照率albers' equal area projection 亚尔勃斯等积投影albertite 黑沥青albian 阿尔布阶albian stage 阿尔布阶albite 钠长石3albite twin 钠长石双晶albitite 钠长石玢岩albitization 钠长石化albitophyre 钠长斑岩alboranite 紫苏变玄岩aleurolite 粉砂岩aleuropelitic 粉砂泥的aleutite 易辉安山岩alexandrite 翠绿宝石algae 藻类algae control 藻类控制algal ball 海藻饼algal biscuit 海藻饼algal coal 藻煤algal fungi 藻菌类algal limestone 藻灰岩algal reef 藻礁algal structure 藻结构alginite 藻类体algodonite 微晶砷铜矿algology 藻类学algonkian 阿尔冈纪algonkian system 阿尔冈系algovite 辉斜岩aliphatic compound 脂族化合物alizarin 二羟蒽醌alkali 碱alkali alumina metasomatism 碱氧化铝交代alkali basaet 碱性玄武岩alkali earth metal 碱土金属alkali feldspar 碱性长石alkali flat 碱覆盖坪alkali gabbro 碱性辉长岩alkali granti 碱性花岗岩alkali lime index 碱灰质指数alkali metal 碱金属alkali olivine basalt 碱性橄榄玄武岩alkali pyroxene 碱性辉石alkali rock series 碱性岩系alkali salt 碱盐alkali soil 碱土alkali syenit 碱性正长岩alkalic rock 硷性岩alkalic ultrabasic rock 碱超基性岩alkalify 碱化alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline amphibolization 碱性角闪石化alkaline earth 碱土族alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkaline metasomatism 碱性交代作用alkaline pyroxenization 碱性辉石化alkaline rock 硷性岩alkaline rocks 碱性岩类alkaline soil 碱性土alkaline solution 碱性溶液alkaline spring 碱泉alkalinity 碱度alkalipicrite 碱性苦橄岩alkalitrophic lake 碱液营养湖alkalization 碱化作用alkalize 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alkanes 链烷烃allactite 砷水锰矿allagite 绿蔷薇辉石allalinite 浊变辉长岩allanite 褐帘石alleghanyite 粒硅锰矿allemontite 砷锑矿allite 铝铁土allivalite 橄榄钙长岩allobar 变压区allocation 分配allochemical metamorphism 异化变质allochetite 霞辉二长斑岩allochroite 粒榴石allochromatic colour 假色allochromatism 假色allochthone 移置岩体allochthonous 外来的allochthonous coal 异地生成煤allochthonous deposit 移积allochthonous fold 移置性褶曲allochthonous limestone 移置灰岩alloclastic breccia 火山碎屑角砾岩allogenic 他生的allogenic element 他生元素allogenic mineral 他生矿物allogenic succession 他生演替allomerism 异质同晶现象allometamorphism 他变作用allometry 异速生长allomigmatite 他混合岩allomorph 同质异形的allomorphism 同质异晶allomorphous 同质异形的allopalladium 硒钯矿allopatric polymorphism 同质多形allophane 水铝英石allophase metamorphism 他相变质alloskarn 外成夕卡岩allothigenic 他生的allothigenous 他生的allotriomorphic 他形的allotriomorphic granular texture 他形晶粒状结构allotriomorphic structure 他形构造allotriomorphic texture 他形结构allotrope 同素异形体allotropic modification 同素异形体allotropic transformation 同素异晶变化allotropism 同素异形allotropy 同素异形allotype 异模式标本alloy 合金alluvial 冲积的alluvial apron 山麓冲积扇alluvial channel 冲积河道alluvial cone 冲积锥alluvial deposit 冲积层alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial fan deposit 冲积扇层alluvial ore deposit 冲积矿床alluvial placer 冲积砂矿床alluvial plain 冲积平原alluvial sand ripples 河成砂纹alluvial sand wave 河成沙波alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地alluvial veneer 冲积表层alluviation 冲积alluvion 冲积层alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alnico 铝镍钴合金alnoite 黄长煌斑岩alp 高山alpha quartz 石英alpha ray spectrometer 能谱仪alphitite 岩粉土alpides 阿尔卑斯造山带alpine animals 高山动物alpine belt 高山带alpine orogeny 阿尔卑斯造山运动alpine type peridotite阿尔卑斯式橄榄岩4alpine type vein 阿尔卑斯型矿脉alpinotype orogeny阿尔卑斯型造山作用alpinotype tectonics 阿尔卑斯型构造alsbachite 榴云细斑岩alstonite 碳碱钙钡矿altaite 碲铅矿altar 腋生的altazimuth 经纬仪alteration 蚀变alteration halo 蚀变晕alteration zone 蚀变晕altered aureole 蚀变晕altered mineral 蚀变矿物alternant 交替的alternate phyllotaxis 互生叶序alternately pinnate 互生羽状的alternating 交替alternating layers 互层alternation 互层alternation of beds 互层alternation of generations 世代交替alternative 可选择的altimeter 高度计altitude 高度altitudinal zonality 垂直分布带alum 茂alum shale 茂页岩alum slate 茂板岩alumian 无水矾石alumina 矾土aluminate 铝酸盐aluminite 矾石aluminum 铝alumochromite 铝铬铁矿alunite 茂石alunitization 茂石化alunogen 毛矾石alurgite 锰云母alveolar 蜂窝状alvite 铪锆石amagmatic 非岩浆活动的amalgam 汞齐amalgamation 混汞作用amarantite 红铁矾amazonite 天河石amazonitization 天河石化ambatoarinite 碳酸锶铈矿amber 钙铝榴石amberite 灰黄琥珀ambient 外界的ambiguity 多义性amblygonite 磷铝石ambrite 灰黄琥珀ambulacral foot 管足ambulacral system 步带系ambularcral zone 步带ameba 变形虫amendment 修正;校正americium 镅amesite 镁绿泥石ametaboly 无变态amethyst 紫水晶amherstite 反条正长闪长岩amianthus 石棉amino acid metabolism 氨基酸代谢aminobenzoic acid 氨基苯酸ammonioborite 水铵硼石ammonites 菊石类amorphous 非晶质的amorphous graphite 无定型石墨amorphous silica 无定形硅氧amosite 铁石棉amount 总计amount of evaporation 蒸发量amount of precipitation 降水量amount of throw 纵距ampangabeit 铌链铁铀矿ampelite 黄铁炭质页岩amphibia 两栖类amphibious plants 两栖植物amphibole 闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphibolite facies 角闪岩相amphibolization 闪石化作用amphigene 白榴石amphigenite 白榴熔岩amphiprotic 两性的ampholyte 两性电解质amphoteric 两性的amphoteric electrolyte 两性电解质amphoteric element 两性元素amphoteric ion 两性离子amphoteric oxide 两性氧化物amphoterite 无粒古橄陨石amplexicaul 抱茎的amplifier for photocurrents光电僚大器amplitude 振幅amplitude correction 振幅校正amplitude spectrum 振幅谱amygdale 杏仁孔amygdaloid 杏仁岩amygdaloidal 杏仁状的amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造amygdule 杏仁孔anabatic wind 谷风anabolism 合成代谢anaboly 后加演化anaclinal 逆向的anadiagenesis 前进成岩作用anaerobe 厌气微生物anaerobic bacteria 嫌气细菌anaerobiosis 嫌气生活anagenesis 前进演化anal fin 臀鳍anal gland 肛腺analbite 单斜钠长石analcime 方沸石analcimite 方沸岩analcimolith 方沸岩analcite 方沸石analog 相似体analogous organ 同功瀑analogue 相似体analogy 类似analysis by sedimentation 沉积分析analytic standard 分析标准analytical balance 分析天平anamesite 中粒玄武岩anamigmatism 深溶混合岩化anamorphic zone 合成变质带anamorphism 合成变质anapaite 三斜磷钙铁矿anaseism 背震中anastomose 网结anastrophen 倒装法anatase 锐钛矿anatectic magma 深熔岩浆anatectite 深熔混合岩anatexis 深熔作用anauxite 富硅高岭石anchieutectic 近底共融的anchimetamorphism 近变质作用anchimonomineralic 近单矿物的anchor ice 底冰ancient channel 古河道ancient elephant 古大象ancient landform 古地形5ancylite 菱锶铬矿andalusite 红柱石andersonite 水碳钠钙铀矿andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andesite line 安山岩线andorite 锑铅银矿andradite 钙铁榴石anemoclastics 风成碎屑岩anemophilous plant 风媒植物anemophily 风媒anemousite 三斜霞石angara flora 安加拉植物群angara shield 安加拉古陆angaraland 安加拉古陆angarides 安加拉古陆angiospermous 被子的angiosperms 被子植物angle of contact 接触角angle of draw 陷落角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of internal friction 内摩擦角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of repose 休止角angle of strike 走向角度angle of subsidence 陷落角anglesite 硫酸铅矿angrite 钛辉无球粒陨石angular 有角的angular discordance 斜交不整合angular unconformity 钭文不整合angularity 有角angustifoliate 狭叶的anhedral 他形的anhydration 脱水anhydride 无水物anhydrite 硬石膏anhydrite formation 硬石膏层anhysteretic remanent magnetiazation 非滞后剩余磁化animal charcoal 动物煤animal debris 动物残余animal theory 动物成因论animikie system 安尼迷基系animikite 铅银砷镍矿anisian 安尼阶anisodesmic structure 蛤稳变异构造anisometric 非等轴的anisophyllous 不等叶的anisotrophism 蛤异性anisotropic 非均质的anisotropic fabric 蛤异性组构anisotropy 蛤异性anisotropy of crystals 晶体蛤异性ankaramite 钭长辉石岩ankaratrite 橄霞玄武岩ankerite 铁白云石anna aannabergite 镍华annealing recrystallization 退火重结晶作用annelids 环节动物annerodite 铌钇铀矿annite 羟铁云母annivite 铋铜矿annual 年刊annual amount of precipitation 年降水量annual plant 一年生植物annual ring 年轮annular 环状的annulation 环annulus 体环anomalous electric field 异常电场anomalous extinction 异常消光anomalous interference color 异常干涉色anomalous lead 异常铅anomalous upheaval 异常隆起anomaly 异常anomite 褐云母anonymous 不具名的anorogenic period 非造山期anorogenic time 非造山期anorthite 钙长石anorthitite 钙长岩anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长岩antagonism 对抗作用antarctic 南极antarctica 南极大陆antecedent 先行的antecedent precipitation index 前期降雨指标antecedent river 先成河antecedent valley 先成谷anteclise 台背斜antegenetic river 原生河antenna 触角antennule 第一触角anther 药antheridium 精子囊antholite 直闪石anthophyllite 直闪石anthozoa 珊烘类anthracite 无烟煤anthracite coal 无烟煤anthraconite 沥青灰岩anthraxolite 碳沥青anthraxylon 纯木煤anthropogenic factor 人为因素anthropogeography 人类地理学anthropoid 类人猿anthropoid apes ape 类人猿anthropology 人类学anthropophyte 人为植物anthropostratigraphy 人类地层学antibonding electron 反键电子anticathode 对阴极anticlinal 背钭的anticlinal axis 背斜轴anticlinal bend 背斜弯曲anticlinal dome 背斜隆起anticlinal fault 背斜断层anticlinal fold 背斜anticlinal limb 背斜翼anticlinal mountain 背斜脊anticlinal ridge 背斜脊anticlinal theory 背斜理论anticlinal trap 背斜圈闭anticlinal valley 背斜谷anticlinal zone 背斜带anticline 背斜anticlinorium 复背斜anticlise 台背斜anticlockwise 反时针方向的anticoincidence 反符合antidune 反沙丘antiferromagnetism 反铁磁性antifluorite structure 反萤石结构antiform 背斜型构造antiformal syncline 背斜型向斜antigorite 叶蛇纹石antimonite 辉锑矿antimony 锑antimony bloom 锑华6antipathy 不相容antipertite 反纹长石antiseismic 抗震的antiseptic 防腐剂antistress mineral 反应力矿物antisymmetrization 反对称化antithetic fault 反向断层antlerite 块铜矾antofagastite 水氯铜矿anulus 体环apachite 闪辉响岩apatite 磷灰石aperiodicity 非周期性aperture 孔apex 背斜顶apex of shell 壳顶aphanic 显衡隐晶质的aphaniphyric 隐晶斑状aphanite 隐晶岩aphanitic texture 隐晶结构aphanitic variolitic texture 隐晶球颗结构aphotic zone 无光带aphrosiderite 铁华绿泥石aphthalose 钾芒硝aphthitalite 钾芒硝aphthonite 银铜矿aphyric 无斑隐晶质的apical disk 顶系apical system 顶系apjohnite 锰茂aplite 细晶岩aplitic 细晶状的aplitic facies 细晶岩相aplitic texture 细晶岩构造aplogranite 淡色花岗岩apoandesite 脱玻安山岩apobasalt 脱玻玄武岩apogee 远地点apogranite 变花岗岩apolar adsorption 非极性吸附apomagmatic 外岩浆的apomagmatic deposit 外岩浆矿床apophyllite 鱼眼石apophyse 岩枝apophysis 岩枝apospory 无孢生殖apparent 外观上的apparent density 视密度apparent dip 视倾斜apparent heave 视横断距apparent resistivity 视电阻率apparent resistivity curve 视电阻率曲线apparent resistivity map 视电阻率图apparent specific gravity 表观比重apparent velocity 视速度apperance of crystal 结晶外貌apple coal 软煤applied geochemistry 应用地球化学applied geology 应用地质学applied geomorphology 应用地形学applied geothermics 应用地热学applied geothermy 应用地热学applied palaeontology 应用古生物学applied seismology 应用地震学appraisement 评价apron reef 石中住裙礁aptian 阿普第阶aptian stage 阿普第阶aqua regia 王水aquamarine 海蓝宝石aquatic 水生的aquatic animals 水栖动物aqueduct 沟渠aqueous deposit 水成沉积aqueous rock 水成岩aqueous soil 水成土aqueous solution 水溶液aquiclude 隔水层aquifer 含水层aquifer loss 含水层损失aquifer storage 合水层储水aquifer test 含水层试验aquiferous 含水的aquifuge 不透水层aquitanian stage 阿启坦阶aquitard 弱含水层arachnidea 蛛形类araeoxene 钒铅锌矿aragonite 文石arakawaite 磷锌铜矿aramayoite 硫铋锑银矿arandisite 硅锡矿arborescent 被状arc of compression 褶皱弧arc of folding 压缩弧arch 背斜archaean era 太古代archaeocyte 原始细胞archaeogeology 考古地质学archaeopteris flora 古蔽属植物群archaeopteryx 始祖鸟属archaeozoic 太古代的archaian 太古代的archbend 褶皱头部archean 太古代archean greenstone belt 太古代绿岩带arched structure 隆起构造archegone 颈卵器archegonium 颈卵器archeomagnetism 太古磁性archeophytic era 太古植物代archeozoic era 太古代archetype 原始型archipelagic apron 群岛沿边漫坡海底archipelago 群岛arcogenesis 地穹运动arcogeny 地穹运动arctic 北极圈arctic air mass 北极气团arctic front 北极锋arctic plants 北极植物arctic subregion 北极亚区arctoalpine 北极高山的arcuate 弓形的arcuate delta 弓形三角洲ardealite 磷石膏ardennite 锰硅铝矿area 分布区area of artesian flow 自廉区area of influence 影响区域areal eruption 区域喷溢arenaceous 砂屑的arenaceous rock 砂质岩arenaceous texture 砂质结构arenes 粗砂arenopelitic 砂泥质的arenose 粗砂质的arfvedsonite 钠钙闪石argentiferous 含银的argentite 辉银矿argentobismutite 硫银铋矿argentojarosite 辉银黄钾铁矾argentopyrite 含银黄铁矿argil 白粘土argillaceous 泥质的argillaceous limestone 泥质灰岩argillite 泥岩7argillization 泥化argon 氩argyrodite 硫银锗矿arid basin 干燥盆地arid landform 干旱地形arid peneplain 干旱准平原arid zone 干旱带aridity coefficient 干燥系数aridity index 干燥指数ariegite 尖榴辉岩arithmetical averaging grade 算术平均品位arithmetical averaging thickness 算术平均厚度arizonite 红钛铁矿arkite 白榴霞斑岩arkose 长石石英岩arkosic sandstone 长石石英岩armangite 砷锰矿armored cone 熔壳火山锥armored fishes 甲胄鱼纲aromatic base crude oil 芳香基原油arrangement 配置arroyo 干谷arsenate 砷酸盐arsenic 砷arseniopleite 红砷铁矿arseniosiderite 钙砷铁矿arsenite 砷华arsenoclasite 水砷锰石arsenolite 砷华arsenomiargyrite 砷辉锑银矿arsenopyrite 毒砂arterite 层混合岩artesian aquifer 自廉层artesian basin 自廉盆地artesian ground water 自霖下水artesian pressure head 承压水位artesian spring 自联artesian water 自廉artesian well 自廉arthropoda 节肢动物artic front 北极峰articulation 关节artificial 人为的artificial classification 人为分类artificial crystal 人造晶体artificial diamond 人造金刚石artificial discharge 人工排泄artificial earth's satellite 人造地球卫星artificial earthquake 人为地震artificial ground water 人工地下水artificial hypocenter 人工震源artificial mineral 人造矿物artificial radio element 人工放射元素artificial radioactivity 人工放射性artificial recharge 人工补给artificial satellite 人造卫星artificial seismic source 人工震源artificial selection 人工淘汰artinite 纡维菱镁矿artinsk stage 阿丁斯克阶artinskian 阿丁斯克阶asbestos 石棉asbestus 石棉asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿ascending development 上升发育ascension theory 上升说ascent curve 上升曲线aschaffite 云英钭煌岩ascharite 硼镁石aschistic 岩浆同质的aschistic dike 未分异岩脉aschistic dyke 未分异岩脉aschistite 未分异岩ascon type 单沟型ascospore 子囊孢子ascus 子囊aseismic 无震的asexual generation 无性世代asexual reproduction 无性生殖ash bed 火山灰层ash cloud 灰云ash cone 火山灰丘ash content of coal 煤灰分ash fall 降落灰ash flow 火山灰流ash free 无灰分的ash shower 降落灰ash structure 火山灰构造ashgillian stage 阿石极阶ashing 灰化asmanite 陨鳞石英asparagolite 黄绿磷灰石asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asperite 玻质英安岩asphalt 地沥青asphalt sealing trap 沥青塞圈闭asphaltenes 沥青质asphaltic base crude oil 沥青基原油asphaltic pyrobitumen 焦性沥青asphaltite 沥青岩asphaltum 地沥青aspite 盾状火山asporous 无孢子的assay 试金assay balance 试金天平assay map 采样平面图assaying 试料分析assessment well 估价井assimilate 同化assimilation 岩浆的同化作用associate 使联合associate species 伴生种associate structure 伴生构造associated mineral 伴生矿物associated ore 伴生矿association 联合association of elements 元素的共生组合assyntite 钛辉方钠正长岩assypite 钠橄辉长岩astable 不稳定的astatic 无定向的astatic magnetometer 无定向磁力仪astaticism 无定向性astatine 砹astatisation 无定向化asteroid 小行星asthenosphere 软力astian stage 阿斯蒂阶astite 红柱角页岩astrakhanite 白钠镁矾astroblem 古陨挥astrogeology 天体地质学astrophyllite 星叶石asymmetric 不对称的asymmetric carbon atom 不对称碳原子asymmetric dispersion 不对称色散asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱asymmetrical 不对称的asymmetrical anticline 不对称背斜asymmetrical crystal monochromator不对称结晶单色仪asymmetrical ridge 不对称山脊8asymmetry 非对称asynchronous 异步的atacamite 氯铜矿atatschite 线玻正斑岩atavism 返祖ataxic mineral deposit 不成层矿床ataxite 角砾斑杂岩ataxitic 角砾斑杂状的atectonic 非构造的atelestite 砷酸铋矿atlantic ocean 大误atlantic suite 大误岩套atlasspat 纤维石atmoclast 气碎岩atmoclastic rock 气碎岩atmoclastics 气碎岩atmogenic metamorphism 气生变质atmometer 蒸发表atmophile element 亲气元素atmosphere 大气圈atmospheric pressure 气压atmospheric rock 气成岩atmospheric weathering 大气风化atmospheric window 大气窗口atmospheric windows 大气窗口atoll 环礁atoll lake 环礁湖atoll texture 环礁结构atomic binding 原子键atomic bond 原子键atomic disintegration 原子衰变atomic energy level 原子能级atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic ratio 原子比atomic size 原子大小atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic unit 原子单位atomic volume 原子体积atomistics 原子论atrio 火口原atrio lake 火口原湖atriopore 围鳃腔atrium 围鳃腔attenuation 衰减attenuation constant 衰减常数attenuation factor 衰减常数attraction 引力attribute 属性attrition 磨损attritus 碎集煤atypical 非典型的aubrite 顽火辉石无球粒陨石auerlite 磷钍矿augelite 光彩石augen structure 眼状构造augengneiss 眼环片麻岩auger 螺旋钻auger drill 螺旋钻augite 辉石augitite 辉石岩aulacogene 古断槽aureole 接触圈aurichalcite 绿铜锌矿auriferous 含金的auriferous conglomerate 含金砾岩auripigment 雌黄aurora 极光auroral zone 极光地带australite 澳洲似黑曜岩authigene 自生的authigenesis 自生作用authigenic 自生的authigenic element 自生元素authigenic mineral 自生矿物authigenous 自生的auto injection 自注入autobreccia 同生角砾岩autobreccited lava 同生角砾岩熔岩autocatalysis 自动催化autochthone 原地岩体autochthonous 原地的autochthonous coal 原地生成煤autochthonous deposit 原地沉积autochthonous fold 原地褶皱autochthonous granite 原地花岗岩autochthonous limestone 原地灰岩autoclases 自碎autoclast 自碎岩autoclastic 自碎的autoclastic rock 自碎岩autoclave 压热器高压锅autocorrelation function 自相关函数autogenic succession 自发演替autogeny 自生autogeosyncline 自地槽autointrusion 自侵入autolith 同源包体autometamorphism 自变质作用autometasomatism 自交代作用automolite 铁锌晶石automorphic 自形的autopneumatolysis 自气化作用autoradiography 自动射线照相术autotrophism 自养autotrophy 自养autotype 自型autunite 钙铀云母auversian stage 奥伯斯阶auxiliary curve 辅助曲线auxiliary fault 副断层auxiliary joint 副节理auxiliary mineral 副矿物available relief 有效起伏available water 可利用的水avalanche 雪崩avalanche breccia 岩崩角砾岩aven 落水洞aventurine 砂金石average life 平均寿命avezacite 钛铁辉闪脉岩avicennite 褐铊矿aviolite 堇云角页岩avogadrite 氟硼钾石awaruite 铁镍矿axe stone 软玉axial 轴的axial angle 光轴角axial colour 轴色axial distribution analysis 轴向分布分析axial plane 轴面axial plane cleavage 轴面劈理axial plane folding 轴面褶皱axial plane foliation 轴面叶理构造axial plane schistosity 轴面片理axial ratio 轴率axial section 轴向剖面axial skeleton 轴骨axial trace 轴迹axillary 腋生的axillary bud 腋芽axinite 斧石axinitization 斧石化axiolite 椭球粒axiolith 椭球粒axiolitic 椭球粒状的axis 轴axis of rotation 旋转轴9axis of rotatory reflection 回转反射轴axis of symmetry 对称轴axis plane 轴面azeotrope 共沸混合物azeotropy 共沸性azilian age 阿齐尔时代azimuth 方位角azimuthal equal area projection 等积方位投影azimuthal equidistant projection 等距方位投影azimuthal orthomorphic 正形方位投影azimuthal projection 方位投影azimuthal quantum number 方位角量子数azoic era 无生代azurite 蓝铜矿babel quartz 塔状石英babingtonite 铁灰石bacillite 杆雏晶束back 背back deep 次生优地槽back flow 逆流back radiation 逆辐射back reflection camera 逆反射照相机back swamp 河漫滩沼泽backfill 充填background value 背景值backland 腹地backpressure 回压backshore 后滨backwash 回流backwashing method 回哩backwater 回水bacteria 细菌bacterial analysis 细菌分析bacterielles fossil 细菌化石baculite 杆菊石bad land 恶劣地baddeleyite 斜锆石badenite 镍铋砷钴矿baectuite 白头岩bag of ore 矿袋bagrationite 铈黑帘石bahiaite 橄闪紫苏岩baikalite 易裂钙铁辉石bailer 簧头;捞砂筒bajocian 巴柔阶bakerite 纤硼钙石baking coal 粘结煤balance 平衡balance resources 表内储量balanced filter 衡均滤波器balas 玫红尖晶石ball clay 球土ball diorite 球状闪长岩ball granite 球状花岗岩ball ironstone 球状铁矿石ball mill 球磨机ball porphyry 球状斑岩ball structure 球状构造ball texture 球状结构ballas 工业用球面金刚石balling 球团balsam 香胶baltic shield 波罗的地盾banakite 粗绿岩banatite 正辉英闪长岩band 带;夹层banded 带状的banded agate 带状玛瑙banded clay 带状粘土banded coal 条带状煤banded gneiss 带状片麻岩banded hematite quartzite 带状赤铁矿石英岩banded iron ore deposit 条带状铁矿床banded lode 带状脉banded migmatite 带状混合岩banded ore 带状矿石banded structure 带状构造banded vein 带状矿脉banding 层状bandy 带状的bandylite 氯硼铜石bank 岸bank erosion 沙滩侵蚀bank gravel 采石坑砾石bank run gravel 采石坑砾石bank side 河岸斜坡banket 含金砾岩层baotite 包头矿bar 沙洲bar theory 砂州说barb 羽支barbed drainage 倒钩水系统barbierite 钠正长石barchane 新月形砂丘baric topography 气压形势baricalcite 重解石barite 重晶石barium 钡barium anorthitite 钡斜长岩barium feldspar 钡长石bark 胜barkevikite 棕闪石barkhan 新月形砂丘barlte 天青重晶岩barn 靶恩barolite 天青重晶岩barometric altimeter 气压测高计barotolerancy 耐压性barranca 峡谷barranco 峡谷barrandite 磷铝铁石barremian 巴列姆阶barren bed 哑层barren layer 废石层barren of coal 不含煤的barren rock 无矿岩barren sand 无油砂层barrier 堡坝barrier reef 堡礁barrier spring 堡坝泉barrow 矸石场barthite 砷锌铜矿bartonian 巴尔顿阶barylite 硅钡铍矿barysil 硅铅矿barysilite 硅铅矿barysphere 重圈baryte 重晶石barytocalcite 钡解石barytocelestine 钡天青石barytocelestite 钡天青石basal complex 基底杂岩basal conglomerate 底砾岩basal granule 基粒basal sandstone 基底砂岩basal structure 基底构造basalt 玄武岩basalt eclogite transformation 玄武岩榴辉岩转化basaltic 玄武岩的basaltic andesite 玄武安山岩basaltic augite 玄武辉石basaltic hornblende 玄闪石10。

geology [d?i'?l?d?i] n. 地质学i,地质情况volcano [v?l'kein?u] volcanic n.火山lava ['lɑ:v?] n. 熔岩, 火山岩erupt [i'r?pt] eruption v.爆发, 喷发earthquake ['?:θkweik] n. 地震crust [kr?st] n.地壳mineralogy [min?'r?l?d?i] n.矿物学petrology [pi:'tr?l?d?i] n.岩石学Physical geology n. 动力地质学Historical geology n.历史地质学explore [iks'pl?:] v.勘探Mineral resource n. 矿产资源coal [k?ul] n.煤ore [?:] n.矿石fossil ['f?sl] n.化石/adj.化石的reservoir ['rez?vwɑ:] n.水库/储层quarry ['kw?ri] n.采石场/v.挖出sequence ['si:kw?ns] n.层序sfi?] n.岩石圈hydrosphere ['haidr?sfi?] n. 水圈lithosphere['liθ？economic geology经济地质学seismology [saiz'm?l?d?i] n. 地震学volcanology [v?lk?n'?l?d?i] n. 火山学meteoritics [mi:ti?'ritiks]n. 陨石学mantle ['m?ntl] n.地幔core [k?:] n.地核granitic [gr?'n?t?k] granite adj. 花岗岩的/花岗岩Roche moutonnéｅn. 羊背石Lofty mountains n.高山Orogenic belt [?:r?'d?enik]n.造山带morass [m?'r?s]n.沼泽structural geology ['str?kt??r?l]构造地质学geochemistry[d?i:?u'kemistri] n.地球化学geophysics[d?i:?u'fiziks] n.地球物理学paleontology[p?li?n't?l?d?i] n.古生物学stratigraphy[str?'tigr?fi] n.地层学paleogeography [peili?ud?i'?gr?fi]n. 古地理学geological time地质时代continent['k?ntin?nt] n.大陆ocean basin n.洋盆,大洋盆地ocean floor n.洋底solar['s?ul?] adj.太阳的lunar['lu:n?] adj.月亮的radioactive decay放射性衰变seismic ['saizmik] adj. 地震的thermal gradient温度梯度geothermal gradient 地温梯度Mohorovicic discontinuity莫霍面Alpine chain n.山链karst[kɑ:st] n.喀斯特magma ['m?gm?]n. 岩浆luster ['l?st?(r)]n. 光泽hardness ['hɑ:dnis] n.硬度specific gravity n.比重odor ['?ud?] n.气味magnetism ['m?gnitiz?m] n.磁性transparent [tr?ns'per?nt] adj.透明的diagnostic [dai?g'n?stik] adj.诊断的, 特征的impurity [im'pju?riti] n. 杂质,不纯streak [stri:k] n. 条痕rub [r?b] rubbingn. 摩擦/相摩擦hand specimen 手标本unglazed['?n'gleizd]adj. 没有上釉的porcelain ['p?:slin] n.瓷器metallic [mi't?lik] adj.金属的vitreous ['vitri?s] adj.玻璃的resinous ['rezin?s] adj. 树脂的/松脂的pearly luster n.珍珠光泽silky luster n.丝绢光泽dull luster n.暗淡光泽,无光泽earthy luster n.土状光泽mohs scale of hardness 莫氏硬度表diaphaneity [di?f?'ni:iti]n. 透明度thin slice 薄片thin section translucent [tr?ns'lu:s?nt] adj. 半透明的opaque [?u'peik] adj.不透明的brittle ['britl] n.脆性shatter ['??t?] vt.粉碎crystal form n.晶形symmetry ['simitri] n.对称geometric [d?i?'metrik] adj.几何学的cleavage ['kli:vid?] n. 解理plane of weakness 软弱面orientation [?:rien'tei??n] n.定向fracture ['fr?kt??] n.断口conchoidal [k??'k?idl] adj. 贝壳状的uneven ['?n'i:v?n] adj.参差状的kaolinite ['kei?linait] n. 高岭石heft [heft] n.重量apatite ['?p?tait]n. 磷灰石olivine [?li'vi:n] n. 橄榄石fluorite ['flu?rait] n.荧石magnetite ['m?gnitait]n. 磁铁矿garnet ['gɑ:nit] n. 石榴石nepheline['nef?lin] n. 霞石biotite ['bai?tait]n. 黑云母pyrite ['pairait] n.黄铁矿chlorite ['kl?:rait] n. 绿泥石opal ['?up?l] n. 蛋白石nonhomogeneous ['n?nh?m?'d?i:nj?s]adj. 非均质的scapolite ['sk?p?lait] n. 方柱石spinel [spi'nel] n. 尖晶石leucite ['lu:sait] n. 白榴石hematite ['hem?tait] n.赤铁矿gypsum ['d?ips?m] n.石膏Chalcopyrite [k?lk?'pairait] n. 黄铜矿chromite ['kr?umait] n. 铬铁矿allomorph ['?l?m?:f] n. 同质多像chalcedony [k?l'sed?ni] n.玉髓kleis] n. 正长石microcline ['maikr?klain] n. 微斜长石orthoclase ['?:θ？barite ['b??rait] n. 重晶石graphite ['gr?fait] n. 石墨analcite [?'n?lsait] n. 方沸石cristobalite [kris't?ub?lait]n. 方英石corundum [k?'r?nd?m] n. 刚玉scheelite ['?i:lait] n. 白钨矿cassiterite [k?'sit?rait] n. 锡石borax ['b?:r?ks] n.硼砂mica ['maik?] n. 云母feldspar ['feldspɑ:] n. 长石hornblende ['h?:nblend] n. 角闪石albite ['?lbait]n. 钠长石triclinic [trai'klinik] adj. 三斜晶系的phenocryst ['fi:n?krist] n. 斑晶relief [ri'li:f] n.突起balsam ['b?:ls?m] n. 树胶n. 聚片双晶作用birefringence [bairi'frind??ns] n. 双折射Polysynthetic [p?lisin'θetik]albite law n.钠长石律Carlsbad law 卡尔斯巴德律pericline law ['per?klain] 肖纳长石律rhombic section n. 菱切面interference figure 干涉图biaxial positive n.二轴正光性axial anglen. 光轴角2V dispersion [dis'p?:??n] n. 色散plagioclase ['pleid?i?kleis] n. 斜长石index of refraction [ri'fr?k??n] n. 折射率extinction angle n.消光角furnish ['f?:ni?] vt. 提供occurrence [?'k?r?ns] n.产状tectonite ['tekt?nait]n. 构造岩nesosilicate [ni:s?u‘sil?keit]岛状硅酸盐octahedron [?kt?‘hi:dr?n] n.八面体prism ['priz?m] n. 棱柱sill [sil] n. 岩床mutual ['mju:t?u?l] adj.共同的, 相互的consecutive [k?n'sekjutiv] adj.连续的, 连贯的quartzite ['kw?:tsait] n.石英岩granularity [gr?nju'l?riti] n. 粒度texture ['tekst??] n. 结构sorting ['s?:ti?] n. 分选induration [indju'rei??n] n. 固结作用cementation [si:men'tei??n] n.胶结作用weathered surfacen. 风化面rock unit n. 岩石单元cross bedding n.交错层理peculiarity [pikju:li'?riti] n. 特性:m?l] adj.热液的, 热水的lithology [li'θ？l?d?i] n.岩性学hydrothermal [haidr?'θ？alteration [?:lt?'rei??n] n. 蚀变mineralization [min?r?lɑi'zei??n]n. 矿化作用, 成矿作用strike [straik] n. 走向group [gru:p] n.群jointing ['d??inti?]n. 节理flow banding n. 流动条带molten ['m?ult?n] adj. 熔化的sedimentary [sedi'ment?ri] adj.沉积的metamorphic [met?'m?:fik] adj. 变质的igneous ['igni?s] adj. 火成的gneiss [nais] n.片麻岩marble ['mɑ:bl] n.大理石basalt [b?'s?:lt] n.玄武岩fragment ['fr?gm?nt] n.碎片peridotite [peri'd?utait] n.橄榄岩glassy ['gl?si]adj. 玻璃质的pebble ['pebl] n. 鹅卵石diabasic [dai?'beisik]adj. 辉绿岩的andesitic ['?ndizitik] adj. 安山岩的intersertal [int?'s?:tl]斑状晶间的/间片biogenetic n. 生物成因的bedding plane n.层面palimpsest structure ['p?limpsest]n. 变余构造fluidal structure n.流纹构造clastic [kl?stik] adj. 碎屑的cataclastic texture [k?t?'kl?stik] n.碎裂结构metasomatic [met?s?u'm?tik]adj. 交代的crystalloblastic n.变晶质的basic rock n.基性岩kimberlite ['kimb?lait] n. 金伯利岩diorite ['dai?rait] n. 闪长岩conglomerate [k?n'gl?m?rit] n. 砾岩dolomite ['d?l?mait] n.白云石/白云岩evaporite [i'v?p?rait] n. 蒸发岩, 蒸发盐diabase ['dai?beis] n. 辉绿岩breccia ['bret??] n.角砾岩loess ['l?uis] n. 黄土leptynite n.长英麻粒岩eclogite ['ekl?d?ait]n. 榴辉岩petrogenesis [petr?'d?enisis] n. 岩石成因学cartography [kɑ:'t?gr?fi] n. 制图学, petrography [pi:'tr?gr?fi] n.岩相学petrofabrics [petr?'f?brik]n.岩组学chalk [t???k]n. 白垩marlstone ['mɑ:l,st?un] n. 泥灰岩turbidite ['t?:bidait]n. 浊流岩detrital [di'traitl]adj. 碎屑distal ['dist?l]adj. 末梢的n. 底栖生物aeolian [i:'?uli?n] adj. 风成的benthic organism ['benθik]vertebrate ['v?:tibreit]n. 脊椎动物limestone ['laimst?un] n. 灰岩carbonate ['kɑ:b?neit] n.碳酸盐aragonite [?'r?g?nait] n. 文石phosphate ['f?sfeit] n. 磷酸盐taranakite [t?r?'nɑ:kait]磷钾铝石silicon dioxide ['silik?n dai'?ksaid] n. 二氧化硅cristobalite [kris't?ub?lait]n. 方英石estuarine ['estju?'rain] adj.入海的/河口的brackish ['br?ki?]adj. 有盐味的, 咸的ferruginous [fe'ru:d?in?s] adj. 铁的, 含铁的phosphorite ['f?sf?rait] n. 磷灰石, 磷矿Graded beddingn.递变层理/粒序层理turbidity current [t?:'biditi] ['k?r?nt] n. 浊流estuarine ['estju?'rain] adj.入海的/河口的brackish ['br?ki?]adj. 有盐味的, 咸的ferruginous [fe'ru:d?in?s] adj. 铁的, 含铁的lime-bearingn. 含钙potash feldspar ['p?t??] n.钾长石alkali granite ['?lk?lai] n.碱性花岗岩peralkaline granite n.过碱性花岗岩rhyolite ['rai?lait] n.流纹岩granodiorite [gr?n?u'dai?rait]n. 花岗闪长岩rhyodacite n.流纹英安岩tonalite ['t?un?lait]n. 英云闪长岩dacite ['d?sait]n. 英安岩syenite ['sai?nait] n. 正长岩trachyte ['treikait] n. 粗面岩monzonite ['m?nz?nait] n. 二长岩latite ['leitait]n. 安粗岩tristanite n.碱长粗安岩monzodiorite [m?nz?'dai?rait]二长闪长岩monzogabbro 二长辉长岩andesite ['?ndizait] n.安山岩hawaiite 橄榄中长玄武岩trachy basaltn. 粗面玄武岩diorite ['dai?rait] n. 闪长岩gabbro ['g?br?u] n. 辉长岩basalt [b?'s?:lt] n.玄武岩ultramafic [?ltr?'m?fik] adj. 超碱的, 超基性的nepheline ['nef?lin] n. 霞石phonolite ['f?un?lait] n. 响岩essexite ['esiksait]n.碱性辉长岩teschenite 沸绿岩r?lait]霞斜岩tephrite ['tefrait]n. 碱玄岩theralite ['θi?plutonic [plu:'t?nik] adj. 深成的nephelinite ['nef?linait] n. 霞岩hypabyssal [hip?‘bisl] adj. 浅成的peridotite [peri'd?utait] n.橄榄岩protista [pr?u'tist?] n. 原生生物界naturalist ['n?t??r?list] n. 博物学家planta n.植物界animalia [?ni'meili?]n. 动物界autotrophic [?:t?u'tr?fik]adj. 自养的heterotrophic [het?r?'tr?fik]adj. 异养的sedentary ['sednteri] adj. 固定不动的microorganism [maikr?u'?:g?niz?m] n.微生物chloroplast ['kl?:r?pl?st] n. 叶绿体organelle [?:g?'nel] n.细胞器cytoplasm ['sait?pl?z?m] n.细胞质chlorophyll ['kl?r?fil] n.叶绿素cilia ['sili?] n. 纤毛flagella [fl?'d?el?] n. 鞭毛flagellum的复数locomotion [l?uk?‘m?u??n] n.运动fungi ['f??gai] (fungus的复数)n. 真菌amoeba [?'mi:b?] n. 变形虫clam [kl?m] n.蛤morphological [m?:f?'l?d?ik?l] adj. 形态学的membrane ['membrein] n.薄膜nuclear membrane 核膜chromosome ['kr?um?s?um] n. 染色体eucaryote [ju:'k?ri?ut] n. 真核细eucaryotic adj. 真核的procaryotic [pr?uk?ri'?tik]adj. 原核的procaryote [pr?u'k?ri?t] n. 原核生物monera [m?‘ni?r?]n. 原核生物nutrition [nju:'tri??n] n.营养ingest [in'd?est] v. 摄取、吸收obligate heterotrophy专性异养obligate autotrophy专性自养seaweed ['si:wi:d] n. 海草, 海藻ingest [in'd?est] v. 摄取、吸收obligate heterotrophy专性异养obligate autotrophy专性自养seaweed ['si:wi:d] n. 海草, 海藻ingest [in'd?est] v. 摄取、吸收obligate heterotrophy专性异养obligate autotrophy专性自养seaweed ['si:wi:d] n. 海草, 海藻symbiosis [simbai'?usis] n.共生, 共栖symbiont ['simbai?nt] n. 共生体paleontologist [p?li?n't?l?d?ist]n. 古生物学家Precambrian [pri:'k?mbri?n] n. 前寒武纪paleobiology [p?li?ubai'?l?d?i]n. 古生物学paleobotany [peili?'b?t?ni] n. 古植物学paleozoology [peili?uz?u'?l?d?i] n. 古动物paleoecology [p?li?ui:'k?l?d?i] n. 古生态学n. 节肢动物门trilobite ['trail?bait] n.三叶虫arthropoda [ɑ:'θr?p?d?]chordata ['k?r'det?]n. 脊索动物类fusulina n.纺锤蜓属crustacea [kr?s'tei?i?]n. 甲壳纲动物Protozoa [pr?ut?'z?u?] n. 原生动物, 单细胞动物schwagerina n.希瓦格蜓属bryophyta 苔癣植物门coelenterata [si'lent?reit] n. 腔肠动物tetracoralla n.四射珊瑚目'z?u?] n. 珊瑚虫类porifera [p?:'rif?r?]n. 海绵动物anthozoa [?nθ？brachiopoda n. 腕足动物门mollusca [m?'l?sk?] n. 软体动物门lamellibranchia 双壳类（瓣鳃类）pentameracea五房贝parrot ['p?r?t] n.鹦鹉螺ammonoidea 菊石亚纲ammonoid n. 菊石graptozoa 笔石纲sporozoa [sp?:r?'z?u?]孢子虫类reptilia [rep'tili?]n. 爬行动物dinosaur ['dain?s?:] n.恐龙conodont ['k?un?d?nt] n. 牙形刺, 牙形石spongia 海绵paleobotanic 古植物学的annelida [?'nelid?]n. 环节动物门spongia 海绵paleomagnetism [peili?u'm?gnitiz?m]n. 古地磁学fumarole ['fju:m?r?ul] n. (火山的)喷气孔Martian ['mɑ:?i?n] n. 火星人adj. 火星的amino acid [?'mi:n? '?sid] n. 氨基酸Baltic ['b?:ltik] adj. 波罗的海的angiosperm [?nd?i?sp?:m] n. 被子植物withdrawal [wie'dr?:?l] n.撤退ontogeny [?n‘t?d?ini] n.个体发生, 个体发生学embryologic [embri'?l?d?ik] (=bryological)胚胎学的amphibian [?m'fibi?n]adj.两栖的ancestor ['?nsist?] n.祖宗, 祖先的terrestrial [ti'restri?l] adj.陆地的, 陆相的withdrawal [wie'dr?:?l] n.撤退ontogeny [?n‘t?d?ini] n.个体发生, 个体发生学embryologic [embri'?l?d?ik](=bryological)胚胎学的areal geologic investigation n.区域地质调查terminology [t?:mi'n?l?d?i] n.术语stratigrapher [str?'tigr?f?]n. 地层学家sedimentation [sedim?n'tei??n] n.沉积作用sedimentary column 沉积柱stratal unit n. 地层单元fold [f??ld]n. 褶皱fault [f?:lt] n. 断层strata ['streit?] n. 地层名词stratum的复数形式anticline ['?ntiklain] n.背斜syncline ['si?klain] n. 向斜deformation [di:f?:'mei??n] n. 变形plastically 可塑性overturn [?uv?'t?:n] v.倒转overthrust ['?uv?θr?s t]n. 逆掩plift] n. 隆起dome [d?um] n.穹窿uplift [‘？block [bl?k]n. 断块, 岩块normal fault 正断层reverse fault逆断层displacement [dis'pleism?nt] n. 移动, 位移downdropped block n.下落断块,下降盘fault plane n. 断层面fault breccia n. 断层角砾岩slicken-side n. 擦痕面nappe [n?p] n. 推覆体paleostructure n. 古构造orogenesis [?:r?u'd?en?sis]n. 造山(运动) terrain ['terein] n.地带, 地形crest plane 脊面limb of fold 褶皱翼apex of fold 褶皱顶点axial surface n.轴面vertex ['v?:teks] n. 顶点, 最高点plunge crown倾伏端rising end of syncline向斜仰起端hinge zone枢纽带trough of fold褶曲槽synform ['sinf?:m]n.向形,向斜式构造fault effect 断层作用thrust fault 逆冲断层strike-slip fault 走滑断层foliation [f?uli'ei??n] n. 面理cleavage ['kli:vid?]劈理schistosity [?is't?siti]n. 片理gneissic schistosity 片麻理flow cleavage 流劈理fracture cleavage破劈理crenulation cleavage折劈理joint [d???nt]n. 节理tension joint 张节理shear joint 剪节理compression joint n.挤压节理diagonal joint 斜节理cross joint n. 横节理,交错节理longitudinal joint 纵节理geosyncline [d?i:?u'sinklain] n. 地槽geotectonic element 大地构造单元plate tectonic板块构造transform fault 转换断层suture line n.缝合带consume zone 消失带collision zone 碰撞带mid-oceanic ridge 大洋中脊faultblock断块古地中海, 特提斯海polycycle 多旋回Tethys [‘ti:θis]nonconformity n. 不整合disconformity [disk?n'f?:miti] n.平行不整合、假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合oxidation [?ksi'dei??n] n.氧化lateritization [l?t?ritai'zei??n]n. 红土化作用granulometric [gr?njul?'metrik]adj. 颗粒的uniformitarianism [ju:nif?:mi't??ri?niz?m] n.均变说stretched pebble 伸长卵石drag fold 拖曳/牵引褶皱crustal shortening地壳缩短meteoric shower 流星雨solar tide 太阳潮laterite ['l?t?rait] n. 红土inclination [inkli'nei??n] n.倾向, 斜坡, 倾斜度rock slab n.光面boudinage 香肠构造hercynian [h?:'sini?n]adj. 海西的n.海西fold belt 褶皱带Ouachita ['w??it?:]沃希托山脉[美国中南部] Alleghenian orogeny 阿莱干尼造山运动Appalachian n. 阿帕拉契山脉Mauritanides 西非活动带Caledonian [k?li'd?uni?n]adj. /n. 古苏格兰人Caledonian [k?li'd?uni?n]adj. /n. 加里东Caledonian cycle加里东旋回Caledonian fold加里东褶皱Uralides 乌拉尔（山脉）deposit [di'p?zit] vt.沉淀, 堆积vt.沉积n. deposition geochemistry [d?i:?u'kemistri] n.地球化学epigenesis [epi'd?en?sis] n.表生作用、后生作用supergene ['sju:p?d?i:n] adj. 浅成的hypogene ['hip?d?i:n] adj. 深成的diagenesis [dai?'d?enisis] n. 成岩作用magmatism n. 岩浆作用secondary dispersion halos次生分散晕geochemical investigationn.地球化学调查/化探exogene n.外生impregnation [impreg'nei??n] n.浸染deposit [di'p?zit] n.矿床sulfur ['s?lf?] n.硫化物uranium [ju?'reini?m] n. 铀ground water n. 地下水alteration [?:lt?'rei??n] n. 蚀变aqueous ['eikwi?s] adj. 水的, 水成的aeolian [i:'?uli?n] adj. 风成的gravitational ['gr?v?'tei??n?l] adj.重力的isotope ['ais?t?up] n.同位素gemology [d?e'm?l?d?i] n. 宝石学crystallography [krist?'l?gr?fi] n.结晶学, 晶体学isotope geology 同位素地质学shell rule 壳层规则polymorphism [p?li'm?:fiz?m] n.多形性isomorphism [ais?u'm?:fiz?m] n. 类质同像atmophile element亲气元素fail]n. 亲石元素siderophile element亲铁元素lithophile ['liθ??biophile elements亲生元素uraninite ['jur?ninait] n. 沥青铀矿(天然氧化铀) galena [g?'li:n?] n.方铅矿bornite n. 斑铜矿sphalerite ['sf?l?rait] n. 闪锌矿carbonado [kɑ:b?'neid?u] n.黑金刚石iron ['ai?n] n. 铁magnesium ['m?g'ni: zi?m] n. 镁nickel ['nikl] n.镍cobalt [k?u'b?:lt] n.钴chromium ['kr?umi?m] n.铬molybdenum [m?'libdin?m] n. 钼lognormal ['l?g'n?:m?l] adj. 对数正态的trace element n. 痕量元素, 微量元素bedrock ['bed'r?k] n.岩床/基岩polar ['p?ul?] adj.两极的/极地石化/岩化silicify [si'lisifai] v. 硅酸化/硅化lithify ['liθifai]v.fossil soil paleosol ['p?li?s?l]n.古土壤outweigh v. 比...更重要clay [klei] n.黏土silt [silt] n.粉砂salt bed 盐层emanation [em?'nei??n] n.散发物, 发出物potassium [p?'t?si?m] n. 钾phosphorus ['f?sf?r?s] n. 磷sodium ['s?udi?m] n.钠chlorine ['kl?:ri:n] n. 氯transport [tr?ns'p?:t] n.运输、搬运tin [tin] n.锡platinum ['pl?tin?m] n.白金, 铂swamp [sw?mp] n.沼泽tundra n. 苔原, 冻土地带taiga ['taig?] n.针叶树林地带emanation [em?'nei??n] n.散发物, 发出物sodium ['s?udi?m] n.钠chlorine ['kl?:ri:n] n. 氯tin [tin] n.锡platinum ['pl?tin?m] n.白金, 铂iii。

指南针对中国和世界的影响英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Influence of the Compass on China and the WorldIntroduction:The compass, a simple yet powerful navigation tool, has had a profound impact on the development of civilizations around the world. Its invention in ancient China revolutionized maritime travel and exploration, leading to the expansion of empires, the spread of trade and ideas, and the advancement of science and technology. This essay will explore the significance of the compass in shaping the course of human history, focusing on its impact on China and the wider world.The Invention of the Compass:The compass was invented in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). Originally known as the "south-pointing spoon," it consisted of a magnetic needle floating in a bowl of water, aligning itself with the Earth's magnetic field to indicate the direction of south. This simple yet ingenious device allowedsailors to navigate accurately at sea, without relying solely on the stars or landmarks.Impact on China:The compass had a profound impact on China's maritime trade and exploration. Chinese sailors were able to sail farther and faster, opening up new trade routes and connecting China to distant lands. This facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures, leading to the diffusion of technologies such as papermaking, printing, and gunpowder. The compass also played a crucial role in the development of the Chinese navy, enabling the expansion of Chinese influence in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.Impact on the World:The invention of the compass revolutionized maritime navigation worldwide, transforming the way people traveled and traded across oceans. European explorers such as Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama used compasses to navigate uncharted waters, leading to the discovery of new lands and the establishment of global empires. The compass also played a key role in the Age of Exploration, fueling the search for new trade routes, colonies, and resources.In addition to its impact on navigation, the compass had far-reaching implications for science and technology. Its discovery of magnetism paved the way for the development of modern physics and engineering, leading to innovations such as the telegraph, electric motor, and MRI scanner. The compass also influenced the study of Earth's magnetic field, leading to new insights into the nature of our planet and its place in the universe.Conclusion:In conclusion, the compass has had a profound impact on China and the world, shaping the course of human history in profound ways. Its invention in ancient China revolutionized maritime travel and exploration, connecting civilizations and enabling the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures. The compass remains a symbol of human ingenuity and innovation, reminding us of the power of technology to transform our lives and expand our horizons.篇2The Influence of the Compass on China and the WorldIntroductionThe invention of the compass is a significant milestone in human history. It has played a crucial role in shaping the world we live in today, particularly in China and other parts of the world. This essay will discuss the impact of the compass on China and the world, focusing on its historical significance, economic implications, and cultural influence.Historical SignificanceThe compass was first invented in ancient China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). It was initially used as a divination tool, but its practical application in navigation quickly became apparent. With the compass, Chinese sailors were able to navigate more accurately and safely on the open seas. This enabled the expansion of trade routes and the establishment of diplomatic relations with foreign countries.The compass played a crucial role in the exploration and colonization of new territories by Chinese explorers such as Zheng He. His voyages in the 15th century brought Chinese influence to Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the coast of Africa. The compass was instrumental in guiding these expeditions and ensuring their success.Economic ImplicationsThe influence of the compass on China's economy cannot be overstated. The ability to navigate the seas with precision and confidence opened up new trade routes and markets for Chinese merchants. The Silk Road, a network of trade routes connecting China with the Middle East and Europe, flourished thanks to the ease of navigation provided by the compass.Chinese goods such as silk, porcelain, and tea were in high demand in foreign markets, and the compass helped to ensure their safe delivery. The influx of wealth from trade enabled China to become a global economic powerhouse, with a thriving economy based on commerce and innovation.Cultural InfluenceThe compass also had a profound impact on Chinese culture and society. It symbolized the spirit of exploration and adventure, inspiring generations of Chinese explorers and scholars to push the boundaries of knowledge and discovery. The compass was seen as a tool of enlightenment, guiding people on their journey through life and helping them find their true direction.In addition, the compass became a symbol of unity and harmony in Chinese culture. It was believed to bring balance and stability to the world, aligning the forces of nature and society in perfect harmony. The compass was also associated with theconcept of Feng Shui, the ancient Chinese practice of harmonizing the environment for optimal energy flow.ConclusionIn conclusion, the compass has had a profound impact on China and the world, shaping the course of history in many significant ways. Its invention revolutionized navigation, trade, and exploration, making possible the exchange of ideas, goods, and cultures across continents and oceans. The compass remains a powerful symbol of human ingenuity and the quest for knowledge, guiding us on our journey through life and helping us find our true direction.篇3The compass, a simple but revolutionary invention, has had a profound impact on both China and the world. Invented in ancient China during the Han dynasty, the compass transformed navigation and exploration, leading to significant advancements in trade, warfare, and scientific discovery.The compass, originally made of lodestone, a naturally occurring magnetic rock, allowed sailors to determine their direction accurately regardless of weather conditions or time of day. This enabled ships to travel longer distances and explorenew territories with confidence. The compass played a crucial role in the Age of Exploration, facilitating the voyages of European explorers like Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama, who used it to chart new trade routes and establish colonial empires.In China, the compass revolutionized military tactics, allowing armies to navigate complex terrains and launch surprise attacks on enemies. It also facilitated the development of trade routes like the Silk Road, connecting China with the rest of the world and fostering cultural exchange and economic prosperity. The compass became a symbol of China's technological prowess and ingenuity, attracting admiration and envy from other civilizations.The impact of the compass extended beyond navigation and exploration. Its discovery of the Earth's magnetic field laid the foundation for the development of modern physics and geology. The compass also influenced the field of cartography, leading to more accurate maps and navigation charts that revolutionized the way we perceive and understand the world.Today, the compass remains a ubiquitous tool in various industries, from aviation and maritime navigation to surveying and geology. Its impact on technology and innovation continuesto be felt in the modern world, shaping our understanding of global positioning and spatial orientation.In conclusion, the compass has had a profound influence on both China and the world, revolutionizing navigation, exploration, warfare, and scientific discovery. Its invention transformed human civilization, opening up new horizons and possibilities for future generations. The legacy of the compass lives on in our modern world, reminding us of the transformative power of innovation and ingenuity.。

长沙市雅礼中学2023年上学期高二月考英语试卷（本试卷满分150分，考试时间：120分钟）注意事项：1.答卷前：先将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在试卷和答题卡上，并将准考证条码粘贴在答题卡上指定位置。

2.选择题，每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。

3.非选择题，用0.5mm黑色签字笔写在答题卡上对应的答题区域，写在非答题区域无效。

第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）第一节听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

1.What will the speakers do next?A.Visit a friend.B.Pick up Billy.C.Buy some beans.2.What does Andy Clarkes do?A.A public librarian.B.A TV actor.C.A famous lawyer.3.What are the speakers mainly talking about?A.Gifts for Jason.B.A baseball game.C.The woman’s retirement.4.What went on at Cooper’s last night?A.A movie show.B.A birthday party.C.A sales promotion.5.What problem do the speakers have?A.They are late for work.B.They are stuck in a traffic jam.C.They are lost on the way.第二节听下面5段对话或独白。

每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

资源勘查专业英语作文Mineral Exploration: A Comprehensive Overview.Introduction.Mineral exploration is a complex and multifaceted process that involves the identification, assessment, and extraction of valuable minerals from the earth's crust. It is a critical aspect of resource management and plays a vital role in the global economy, providing essential raw materials for a wide range of industries. This essay provides a comprehensive overview of the mineral exploration process, covering the various techniques, methodologies, and technologies employed, as well as the environmental and societal implications associated with it.Exploration Techniques.Mineral exploration encompasses a diverse range of techniques and methods, each tailored to specificgeological environments and target minerals. These techniques can be broadly categorized into surface exploration and subsurface exploration.Surface Exploration.Surface exploration involves the examination of the earth's surface for indications of mineral deposits. Common techniques include:Geologic mapping: The systematic identification and analysis of rock formations, structures, and mineral occurrences on the surface.Geochemical sampling: The collection and analysis of soil, rock, and water samples to determine the presence and concentration of minerals.Geophysical surveys: The use of geophysical instruments to detect anomalies in the earth's magnetic, gravitational, or electrical properties that may indicate mineral deposits.Remote sensing: The analysis of aerial photographs, satellite imagery, and other remotely sensed data to identify surface features that may be associated with mineral potential.Subsurface Exploration.Subsurface exploration involves investigating the geology and mineral content below the earth's surface. Methods include:Drilling: The excavation of boreholes into the earth to obtain core samples or collect groundwater for analysis.Seismic surveys: The generation and analysis of seismic waves to create images of subsurface structures and formations.Borehole logging: The insertion of sensors into boreholes to measure various physical and chemical properties of the subsurface.Assessment and Evaluation.The data collected from exploration techniques is used to assess the potential economic viability of a mineral deposit. This involves evaluating the:Ore grade: The concentration of valuable minerals in the ore body.Ore reserves: The estimated quantity of economically extractable ore.Mining methods: The most suitable and cost-effective methods for extracting the ore.Feasibility studies: Comprehensive assessments that consider all technical, economic, and environmental factors to determine the feasibility of mining the deposit.Environmental and Societal Implications.Mineral exploration has the potential to impact the environment and society in both positive and negative ways. Positive impacts include:Economic benefits: Mineral extraction can create jobs, boost economic growth, and provide essential raw materials for various industries.Technological advancements: Exploration drives the development of new technologies and methodologies, contributing to scientific progress.Negative impacts include:Environmental degradation: Mining activities can pollute air, water, and land, disturb ecosystems, and contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.Social disruption: Mining operations can displacelocal communities, disrupt traditional livelihoods, and alter social structures.Resource depletion: Mineral extraction depletes non-renewable resources, raising concerns about future sustainability.Sustainable Mineral Exploration.To mitigate the negative impacts of mineral exploration, sustainable practices must be implemented. These include:Responsible mining practices: Minimizing environmental damage and maximizing resource efficiency.Land reclamation: Restoring mined areas to theirnatural state or for other productive uses.Community engagement: Involving local communities in the planning and implementation of mining projects.Environmental monitoring: Regularly monitoring environmental impacts and implementing mitigation measures.Conclusion.Mineral exploration plays a vital role in ensuring the availability of essential resources for the global economy. However, it is imperative to conduct exploration in a sustainable manner that minimizes environmental andsocietal impacts. By embracing responsible practices, leveraging technological advancements, and actively engaging with local communities, we can harness thebenefits of mineral exploration while preserving the planet and its people for future generations.。

1.Geology has a vital part to play in all engineering operations which interact in any way with the ground, and thus the science is critical to the entire field of civil engineering.地质发挥任何方式与地面交互的所有工程业务的一个重要组成部分，因此科学是整个土木工程领域的关键。

2.Environmental impact statements are now often mandatory before construction can be started.环境影响报告书，现在常常是强制性的，才可以开始建设。

3.In London,because the city is built on a great basin of unconsolidated material(including the well-known London clay),tube railways, located far below ground level and built in clay that was easily and economically excavated, have provided an admirable solution to one part of the city's transportation problems.在伦敦，因为这个城市是一个松散材料（包括著名的伦敦粘土），管铁路，位于远低于地面和建在粘土，轻松和经济出土，大盆地建成，提供了一个令人钦佩的解决方案部分城市的交通问题。

4.Courses on foundation engineering and construction methods present excellent opportunities for geologic lessons.基础工程和施工方法的课程，目前地质教训的极好的机会。