生物工程专业英语第五章翻译

生物专业英语第三版课文翻译（完整）Lesson OneInside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts1、 Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory ( 细胞质：动力工厂 )Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

2、The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes, inorganic and organic. Inorg anic compounds are defined as molecules, usually small, that typically lack carbon and in which io nic bonds may play an important role. Inorganic compounds include water, oxygen, carbon dioxid e, and many salts, acids, and bases.生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。

无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。

无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。

All living organisms require a wide variety of inorganic compounds for growth, repair, maintenan ce, and reproduction. Water is one of the most important, as well as one of the rmost abundant, of t hese compounds, and it is particularly vital to microorganisms. Outside the cell, nutrients are disso lved in water, which facilitates their passage through cell membranes. And inside the cell , water is the medium for most chemical reactions. In fact, water is by far the most abundant component of almost all living cells. Water makes up 5% to 95% or more of each cell, the average being betwee n 65% and 75%. Simply stated, no organism can survive without water 所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。

教学内容：Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of themass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by theplasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous networkof the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleusalso contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. Apore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules suchas mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

2The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

教学内容：Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of themass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by theplasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous networkof the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleusalso contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. Apore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules suchas mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

2.3.5 甲烷和甲醇少数（细菌和酵母）被称为甲基营养菌的微生物能够利用甲醇作为唯一的碳源；到目前为止，只发现一小部分细菌具有利用甲烷的能力，称为甲烷营养菌。

极少数微生物能利用甲酸为碳源。

这三种化合物的代谢是相关的，被最终氧化为CO2，它们合成细胞物质的机制与自养CO2固定化作用机制是不同的。

[能够利用CO2作为唯一碳源的包括进行光合作用的植物与微生物和很少一部分无机化能营养型细菌，其是利用无机化合物的反应作为能量的来源。

这些生物目前在生物工程中的应用较少。

若想进一步了解CO2自养固定化的读者可参阅任何一本生物化学课本，但必须注意到，至少有两种不同的代谢途径：卡尔文循环和还原性羧酸循环。

] 甲烷的氧化过程为：（反应式）第一步是通过一种氧合酶与NADH（或NADPH）辅因子来进行，（与上述高级烷烃的氧化相比较）。

氧合酶（3种蛋白质复合物）也可以氧化其它多种化合物，包括多种烷烃甚至甲醇本身。

接下来的第二步反应由甲醇脱氢酶催化，以一种新发现的物质吡咯并喹啉醌为辅因子。

在某些细菌中，甲醛进一步转化为甲酸的过程被同种酶催化；而在另一些细菌中，有一种独立作用的甲酸脱氢酶，NAD 是它的辅因子。

最后一步反应是将甲酸转化为CO2，它是通过甲酸脱氢酶来催化进行的，伴有NAD+的还原过程。

来自甲醇或甲烷中的碳同化为细胞物质甲醛，经过两种独立的代谢途径：一磷酸核酮糖循环和丝氨酸途径，分别如图2.11和2.12所示。

单磷酸核酮糖循环与卡尔文循环相似，都是通过磷酸戊糖途径的反应进行CO2自养固定化而生成以后的C1化合物受体，只多了两种酶：磷酸己糖合成酶和3-磷酸己糖异构酶。

丝氨酸途径中的关键酶是：生成乙酰CoA和甘油的苹果酰CoA以及丝氨酸转甲基酶，这是一种广泛存在的酶，作用于四氢叶酸（四氢叶酸是一种辅因子，可形成必需的活化C1中间产物，N10-甲酰四氢叶酸，而后乙醛酸途径利用乙酰CoA。

所以细胞就可在C2底物上进行生长。

生物专业英语——蒋悟生编第三版（Lesson One~Lesson Ten）河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院生物工程111班Lesson one：Inside the Living Cell:Structure andFunction of Internal Cell PartsCytoplasm:The Dynamic,Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance,which is bounded on the outside by the plasma anelles are suspended within it,supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton.Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients,ions,soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus:Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material(DNA)on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.)The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division.A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm.Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope,but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

第一章导论1.1 生物工程的特征生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。

生物技术利用病毒、酵母、真菌、藻类、植物细胞或者哺乳动物培养细胞作为工业化处理的组成部分。

只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。

生物工程过程一般包括细胞或菌体的生产和实现所期望的化学改造。

后者进一步分为：（a）终产物的构建（例如，酶，抗生素、有机酸、甾类）；（b）初始原料的降解（例如，污水处理、工业垃圾的降解或者石油泄漏）。

生物工程过程中的反应可能是分解代谢反应，其中复合物被分解为简单物质（葡萄糖分解代谢为乙醇），又或者可能是合成代谢反应或生物合成过程，经过这样的方式，简单分子被组建为较复杂的物质（抗生素的合成）。

分解代谢反应常常是放能反应过程，相反的，合成代谢反应为吸能过程。

生物工程包括发酵工程（范围从啤酒、葡萄酒到面包、奶酪、抗生素和疫苗的生产），水与废品的处理、某些食品生产以及从生物治疗到从低级矿石种进行金属回收这些新增领域。

正是由于生物工程技术的应用多样性，它对工业生产有着重要的影响，而且，从理论上而言，几乎所有的生物材料都可以通过生物技术的方法进行生产。

据预测，到2000年，生物技术产品未来市场潜力近650亿美元。

但也应理解，还会有很多重要的新的生物产品仍将以化学方法，按现有的生物分子模型进行合成，例如，以干扰为基础的新药。

因此，生命科学与化学之间的联系以及其与生物工程之间的关系更应阐释。

生物工程所采用的大部分技术相对于传统工业生产更经济，耗能低且更加安全，而且，对于大部分处理过程，其生产废料是经过生物降解的，无毒害。

从长远角度来看，生物工程为解决世界性难题提供了一种方法，尤其是那些有关于医学、食品生产、污染控制和新能源开发方面的问题。

1.2 生物工程的发展历史与一般所理解的生物工程是一门新学科不同的是，而是认为在现实中可以探寻其发展历史。

Lesson One（4学时）Inside the Living Cell: Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts教学目的：使学生掌握细胞的组成结构（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置），Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。