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sci英文文献引用格式In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and its applications in various industries. AI has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, from healthcare to transportation, and from finance to education. One area where AI has shown great promise is in the field of natural language processing (NLP). NLP is the branch of AI that focuses on the interaction between computers and human language, and it plays a crucial role in tasks such as machine translation, sentiment analysis, and question answering.One of the key challenges in NLP is understanding the meaning of words and sentences in context. Traditional approaches to NLP relied on handcrafted rules and linguistic knowledge, but they often struggled to capture the complexity and ambiguity of human language. However, with the recent advances in deep learning, researchers have developed neural network models that can learn to understand language from large amounts of text data.One such model is the transformer model, which was introduced by Vaswani et al. in 2017. The transformer model is based on the idea of self-attention, where each word in a sentence attends to all other words in the sentence to compute its representation. This allows the model to capture long-range dependencies and handle word order variations effectively. The transformer model has achieved state-of-the-art performance on a wide range of NLP tasks, including machine translation, text summarization, and named entity recognition.Another important aspect of NLP is the ability to generate natural language text. Language generation is a challenging task as it requires the model to have a deep understanding of the underlying concepts and be able to express them in a coherent and fluent manner. Recent advances in generative models, such as the GPT-2 model developed by Radford et al. in 2019, have shown impressive results in generating realistic and contextually relevant text.The GPT-2 model is a large-scale transformer-based language model trained on a diverse corpus of internet text. It uses a technique called unsupervised learning, where the model learns to predict the next word in a sentence given the previous words. This allows the model to capture the statistical patterns and semantic relationships present in the training data. The GPT-2 model has been used for a wide range of applications, including text completion, dialogue generation, and story writing.Despite the remarkable progress in NLP, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed. One of the major challenges is the lack of interpretability in deep learning models. Deep learning models are often seen as black boxes, making it difficult to understand how they arrive at their predictions. This is particularly problematic in critical applications such as healthcare, where the decisions made by AI systems can have a direct impact on human lives.Another challenge is the bias present in NLP models. Language models are trained on large amounts of text data, which can contain biases and stereotypes. These biases can be reflected in the generated text, leading to unfair and discriminatory outcomes. Addressing these biases and ensuring fairness in NLP models is an important area of research.In conclusion, AI and NLP have the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with computers and the world around us. The transformer and GPT-2 models are examples of the recent advances in NLP that have shown impressive results in understanding and generating natural language. However, there are still challenges to overcome, such as interpretability and bias. By addressing these challenges, we can unlock the full potential of NLP and create AI systems that are not only intelligent but also fair and transparent.。
在SCI论文中，常见的引文格式主要包括APA、MLA和Chicago 三种。
一般来说，参考文献的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：
1. M——专著
2. C——论文集
3. N——报纸文章
4. J——期刊文章
5. D——学位论文
6. R——报告
对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。
同时，对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：
1. 作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母。
如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley，M.R.。
如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris与Irving Gordon应为：Norris，
F. & I.Gordon。
2. 书名、报刊名使用斜体字。
以上是SCI英文参考文献的一些基本格式要求，具体到各种文献类型的引用格式，需要结合相应的引文风格进行详细说明。
如APA格
式中，引用书籍需要包括作者的姓氏和名字的首字母缩写、出版年份(用括号括起来)、书名的斜体表示以及出版地和出版社的信息。
对于期刊文章的引用，需要包括作者的姓氏和名字的首字母缩写、出版年份、文章题目的斜体表示、期刊名的斜体表示、以及卷号、期号和页码等。
在学术领域，SCI（Science Citation Index）英文论著通常指的是在SCI收录的国际学术期刊上发表的英文论文。
SCI是世界上最权威的科技文献检索系统之一，其收录的期刊具有很高的学术水平和影响力。
SCI英文论著的特点主要包括：
1）高水平：SCI收录的期刊通常具有很高的国际学术水平和影响力，发表在这些期刊上的论文通常代表了某一领域的最新研究成果和进展。
2）英文撰写：SCI英文论著作者需要使用英文进行撰写和表达，这对于提高作者的英语水平和学术写作能力有很大的帮助。
3）国际交流：SCI英文论文可以被全球范围内的学者和研究人员阅读和引用，有助于促进国际学术交流和合作。
4）学术评价：SCI英文論著对于作者的学术评价和职业发展具有重要的意义，可以提高作者的学术声誉和地位。
需要注意的是，SCI英文论不是一种具体的论著形式，而是指在SCI收录期刊上发表的各类英文论文，包括研究论文、综述、评论等。
这些论文的内容涵盖了各个学科领域的基础研究和应用研究。
英文版信函类型的sci文章
科学文章通常分为不同类型，包括研究论文、综述文章、通讯
快报、评论和观点文章等。
以下是这些类型的英文版信函类型的科
学文章的简要描述：
1. 研究论文（Research Paper），这是最常见的科学文章类型，通常包括介绍研究背景、方法、结果和讨论。
研究论文旨在向读者
展示新的研究成果和发现。
2. 综述文章（Review Article），综述文章总结和分析特定领
域的研究进展和成果，通常由领域专家撰写。
这些文章对于了解某
一领域的最新发展非常有价值。
3. 通讯快报（Letter/Communication），通讯快报是一种简短
的文章，通常用于介绍一项重要的发现或观点。
它们通常比研究论
文更为简洁，用于快速传达信息。
4. 评论和观点文章（Commentary/Opinion Article），这些文
章通常由专家撰写，用于讨论某一问题或者对特定研究领域的发展
提出观点和看法。
这些类型的科学文章通常都有其特定的格式和结构要求，包括摘要、引言、方法、结果、讨论等部分。
无论是哪种类型的文章，都需要严谨的逻辑和清晰的表达，以确保读者能够准确理解作者的观点和研究成果。
sci英文文章修改建议Editing scientific English articles can be a complex and challenging task, as researchers often struggle to effectively communicate their ideas and findings to a global audience. As a professional editor, I have encountered numerous scientific papers that could benefit from a more thorough editing process to enhance the clarity, concision, and overall quality of the written content. In this essay, I will provide several key suggestions for improving the editing of scientific English articles.One of the primary areas that requires attention in scientific writing is the organization and structure of the paper. Effective scientific communication relies on a clear and logical flow of information, guiding the reader through the research process and key findings. Authors should strive to ensure that the introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections are well-structured and coherent. This may involve reorganizing the order of sections, clarifying the connections between ideas, and ensuring that each section serves a specific purpose within the overall narrative.Another crucial aspect of scientific writing is the use of clear and concise language. Researchers often fall into the trap of using overly complex or jargon-heavy terminology, which can make the content inaccessible to a wider audience. Editors should work with authors to simplify language, eliminate unnecessary technical terms, and rephrase sentences to improve readability. This may involve breaking down complex ideas into smaller, more manageable concepts, or finding alternative ways to convey the same information using more common vocabulary.In addition to language clarity, scientific articles must also adhere to strict formatting and stylistic guidelines. These guidelines, often specified by the target journal or publication, ensure consistency in the presentation of information and adherence to established conventions within the scientific community. Editors should carefully review the article to ensure that it follows the required formatting, including the proper use of headings, subheadings, citations, and reference styles. Attention to these details can greatly enhance the overall professional appearance and credibility of the work.Another crucial aspect of editing scientific English articles is the attention to grammatical and mechanical accuracy. Errors in spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure can undermine the credibility of the research and distract the reader from the content. Editors should carefully proofread the article, addressing any grammatical ortypographical errors to ensure a polished and error-free final product.Furthermore, the effective use of visual aids, such as figures, tables, and graphs, can significantly enhance the communication of scientific findings. Editors should work with authors to ensure that these visual elements are well-designed, clearly labeled, and integrated seamlessly into the text. This may involve providing guidance on the appropriate use of visual aids, as well as ensuring that the captions and legends accurately describe the information presented.Finally, the overall tone and style of the scientific article should be considered during the editing process. While scientific writing typically requires a formal and objective tone, editors can work with authors to ensure that the language is engaging and accessible to the target audience. This may involve striking a balance between the necessary technical language and a more conversational style, or incorporating appropriate transitions and signposting to guide the reader through the content.In conclusion, the effective editing of scientific English articles requires a multifaceted approach that addresses a range of elements, from organization and structure to language clarity and visual presentation. By working closely with authors and providing targeted feedback and guidance, editors can play a crucial role in enhancingthe quality and impact of scientific communication. By implementing these suggestions, researchers can improve the overall clarity, coherence, and accessibility of their work, ultimately contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge and understanding.。
sci投稿英文伦理模板Title: Ethical Considerations in Scientific Research and PublicationAbstract:Ethics plays a crucial role in scientific research and publication, as it ensures the responsible conduct of research, safeguards the rights and welfare of participants, and maintains the integrity and credibility of the scientific community. This article aims to provide a comprehensive outline of ethical considerations in scientific research and publication, including key principles, guidelines, and potential challenges. By adhering to ethical standards, scientists can promote the advancement of knowledge while maintaining public trust and accountability.Keywords: ethics, scientific research, publication, responsible conduct, integrity1. IntroductionScientific research and publication play a vital role in expanding our understanding of the world, driving technological advancements, and improving human well-being. However, ethical considerations must be given equal importance in order to ensure the responsible conduct of research and safeguard the interests and rights of all stakeholders involved in the scientific process.2. Ethical Principles in Scientific Research2.1 Respect for Autonomy and Informed ConsentRespecting the autonomy of research participants by obtaining their informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle.Researchers must provide clear and comprehensive information about the study purpose, procedures, potential risks, benefits, and confidentiality while ensuring participants' autonomy to make voluntary and informed decisions.2.2 Beneficence and Non-maleficenceResearchers have a duty to maximize potential benefits and minimize harm or risks to research participants. Careful planning, risk assessment, and regular monitoring are essential in balancing potential benefits against risks to ensure participants' well-being.2.3 Integrity and Scientific RigorMaintaining scientific integrity and rigor is crucial for the credibility and reproducibility of research findings. Researchers should adhere to sound research methodology, accurately report results, disclose conflicts of interest, and avoid misconduct such as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism.3. Ethical Considerations in Scientific Publication3.1 Authorship and ContributorshipThe determination of authorship should be based on substantial contributions to the conception, design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation of the study. All authors should agree to be accountable for the published work and any identified ethical issues.3.2 Plagiarism and Self-PlagiarismAuthors must acknowledge and appropriately cite all sources used in their work to avoid plagiarism. Self-plagiarism, or the reuse of one's own previously published work without proper citation,should also be avoided as it undermines the integrity of the scientific literature.3.3 Data Sharing and ReproducibilityPromoting data sharing and transparency enables independent verification of research findings and facilitates scientific progress. Researchers should make their data available to others, subject to legal, ethical, and commercial limitations.4. Ethical Challenges and Considerations4.1 Conflicts of InterestResearchers should disclose any financial, professional, or personal relationships that could influence their research or publication. Transparency in disclosing conflicts of interest is essential for maintaining the credibility and trustworthiness of the scientific community.4.2 Publication Bias and Ethical ReportingPublication bias, where positive results are more likely to be published, can distort scientific knowledge. Researchers and publishers should strive for ethical reporting, including the publication of negative or inconclusive findings, to prevent knowledge gaps and biased conclusions.5. ConclusionAdhering to ethical principles and guidelines in scientific research and publication is essential for responsible conduct, protection of participants' welfare, and maintenance of scientific integrity. Researchers and publishers should be aware of the potential challenges and strive to uphold ethical standards, ensuring thegrowth of scientific knowledge and public trust in the scientific community.Acknowledgements:This work was supported by [Grant Name and Number]. Conflict of Interest:The authors declare no conflicts of interest.References:[List of relevant references]。
一区sci文章英文Sure, here is an example of a scientific article in English:Title: "The Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review"Abstract:The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effects of exercise on cognitive function in older adults.A comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases, and studies published between 2010 and 2020 were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration'stool for assessing risk of bias. A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The findings suggest that exercise has a positive effect on cognitive function in older adults, particularly in the domains of executive function and memory. However, theeffects of exercise on other cognitive domains, such as attention and processing speed, were less consistent. Further research is needed to determine the optimal type, duration, and intensity of exercise for improving cognitive function in older adults.Introduction:Cognitive decline is a common age-related phenomenon that can significantly impact the quality of life of older adults. Exercise has been proposed as a potential intervention to mitigate cognitive decline and improve cognitive function in this population. While previous studies have investigated the effects of exercise on cognitive function, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, this systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current evidence regarding the effects of exercise on cognitive function in older adults.Methods:A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO, using relevant keywords and MeSH terms. Studies published between 2010 and 2020 were included in the review. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) participants aged 60 years and older, (2) intervention involving exercise, (3) cognitive function as an outcome measure, and (4) randomized controlled trials or prospective cohort studies. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias.Results:A total of 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The majority of the studies were randomized controlled trials (n=12), while the remaining three were prospective cohort studies. The interventions varied in terms of type, duration, and intensity of exercise. The outcome measures used to assess cognitive function also varied across studies, with executive function, memory, attention, and processing speedbeing the most commonly assessed domains. Overall, the findings suggest that exercise has a positive effect on cognitive function in older adults. Specifically, exercise was found to improve executive function and memory in this population. However, the effects of exercise on attention and processing speed were less consistent.Discussion:The results of this systematic review support the notion that exercise can have a beneficial impact on cognitive function in older adults. The improvements observed in executive function and memory are particularly promising. However, the heterogeneity in study designs, interventions, and outcome measures makes it difficult to determine the optimal type, duration, and intensity of exercise for improving cognitive function. Future research should aim to address these limitations and provide more specific recommendations for exercise interventions in older adults.Conclusion:In conclusion, exercise appears to have a positive effect on cognitive function in older adults, particularly in the domains of executive function and memory. However, further research is needed to establish the optimal exercise parameters for maximizing cognitive benefits. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions aimed at promoting healthy aging and preserving cognitive function in older adults.。
SCI都是英文论文吗
SCI是科学引文索引（Science Citation Index），它是由汤
森路透公司所维护的一个数据库，其中涵盖了世界上各个领域的高
质量、有学术价值的期刊文章。
这些文章在各自领域中具有较高的
影响力和知名度，SCI数据库可以用来评估学术成就和研究领域的
发展方向。
SCI覆盖的领域非常广泛，包括物理学、化学、生物学、医学、社会科学等等，同时也包括了工程技术、环境科学、农学、教育学、心理学、计算机科学等领域。
因此，SCI发表的文章语言也非常多
样化，不仅仅是英文论文，也包括其他世界主要语言，如德语、法语、俄语、西班牙语、中文等等。
不过，由于英文是国际学术交流和合作的主要语言，因此SCI
发表的大部分文章还是英文论文。
大多数作者为了使自己的研究成
果更加广泛地被国际学术界所接受和引用，都会选择以英文的形式
撰写论文。
因此，英文论文在SCI数据库中的分量较重，也更受到
学术界的重视。
然而，这并不意味着其他语言的文章就不重要，事实上，不少
国际知名的期刊也会刊登其他语言的论文，特别是社会科学领域，
也有很多不使用英文撰写的高质量论文。
因此，对于想要发表论文
到SCI数据库中的作者来说，写好文章本身是最重要的，而不是使
用什么语言。
总之，SCI数据库涵盖了世界上各种语言的高质量期刊文章，但由于英文的普及和国际学术界的惯例，大多数文章还是以英文的形式发表。
无论哪种语言，发表的论文都应该具有学术价值、研究意义和独创性，才能得到学术界的认可和尊重。
Standards for reportinginterventions in controlled trials of acupuncture:the STRICTA recommendationsH.MacPherson,1A.White,2M.Cummings,3K.Jobst,4K.Rose,5R.Niemtzow 6for the STRICT A group1Co-ordinator for the STRICTA ∗Group 2Editor,Complementary Therapies in Medicine 3Editor,Acupuncture in Medicine 4Editor,Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 5Editor,Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine 6Editor,Medical AcupunctureSUMMARY .Acupuncture treatment and control group interventions in parallel-group randomised trials of acupuncture are not always precisely reported.In an attempt to improve standards,an international group of experienced acupuncturists andresearchers devised a set of recommendations,designating them STRICT A:ST andards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled T rials of Acupuncture.In a further consensus-building round,the editors of several journals helped redraft therecommendations.These follow the Consolidated Standards for Reporting T rials(CONSORT)format,acting as an extension of the CONSORT guidelines for the specific requirements of acupuncture studies.Participating journals are publishing theSTRICT A recommendations and requesting prospective authors to adhere to them when preparing reports for publication.Other journals are invited to adopt these recommendations.The intended outcome is that interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture will be more adequately reported,thereby facilitating an improvement incritical appraisal,analysis and replication of trials.C2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.INTRODUCTIONThe need for more precise standards of reporting of interventions in controlled trials of acupunc-ture is evident from the difficulties associated with their interpretation and analysis.1Many of the more general problems have been addressed by the recently revised Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials (CONSORT)statement.2,3Within acupuncture research,however,there remain spe-cific aspects of controlled trials that are poorly documented,in particular those aspects that relate to interventions,for both the treatment and con-trol groups.These are not sufficiently covered by CONSORT.An international group of acupuncture re-searchers met at Exeter University,England,UK,Dr Hugh MacPherson Co-ordinator for the STRICTA group,c/oFoundation for Traditional Chinese Medicine,122A Acomb Road,Y ork YO244EY ,UK.E-mail:*************.uk ∗Members listed in Appendix 1from 2nd to 4th July 2001to discuss the design of clinical trials of acupuncture.The group also drafted a set of recommendations for improved reporting of the interventions in parallel-group trials of acupuncture.These rec-ommendations were designated ST andards for R eporting I nterventions in C ontrolled T rials of A cupuncture or STRICTA.They are intended for use in conjunction with CONSORT,as an extension to the CONSORT checklist item on intervention.The editors of several key journals that publish clinical trials of acupuncture were invited to par-ticipate in re-drafting the recommendations.The overall aim was to achieve a broad set of recom-mendations that would cover the most common approaches to acupuncture and research design.Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2001)9,246–249C2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.246doi:10.1054/ctim.2001.0488,available online onThe STRICTA recommendations 247The recommendations had to be appropriate for a range of styles,from western trigger point treat-ment to traditional Chinese acupuncture,and from electroacupuncture to auricular acupuncture.They also had to cover the spectrum of randomized con-trolled trial designs,from explanatory trials evalu-ating the specific effects of needling,to pragmatic trials evaluating the broader effects of acupuncture in routine practice.The recommendations are being published by the editors of Acupuncture in Medicine,Clinical Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine,Complementary Therapies in Medicine,Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine and Medical Acupuncture as part of their Instructions to Authors.It is intended that implementation of the STRICTA recommendations will reduce in-adequate reporting of acupuncture trials,facilitat-ing an improvement in their critical appraisal and interpretation.4It may also help with some spe-cific challenges,such as developing criteria for as-sessing the adequacy of acupuncture treatment in earlier studies.5It is hoped that,over time,use of the STRICTA recommendations will lead to more rigorous trial design,more robust conclu-sions and better data to determine future policy and practice.T able 1Checklist for STRICTA -standards for reporting interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture.Intervention Item DescriptionReported on page #Acupuncture rationale1Style of acupunctureRationale for treatment (e.g.syndrome patterns,segmental levels,trigger points)and individualisation if usedLiterature sources to justify rationale Needling details 2Points used (uni/bilateral)Numbers of needles insertedDepths of insertion (e.g.cun or tissue level)Responses elicited (e.g.de qi or twitch response)Needle stimulation (e.g.manual or electrical)Needle retention timeNeedle type (gauge,length,and manufacturer or material)Treatment regimen 3Number of treatment sessions Frequency of treatmentCo-interventions 4Other interventions (e.g.moxibustion,cupping,herbs,exercises,life-style advice)Practitioner 5Duration of relevant training background Length of clinical experience Expertise in specific conditionControlintervention(s)6Intended effect of control intervention and its appropriateness to research question and,if appropriate,blinding of participants (e.g.active comparison,minimally activepenetrating or non-penetrating sham,inert)Explanations given to patients of treatment and control interventionsDetails of control intervention (precisedescription,as for Item 2above,and other items if different)Sources that justify choice of controlChecklist of items to include when reporting on the interventions in a randomized controlled trail of acupuncture.THE STRICT A RECOMMENDATIONS (SEE T ABLE 1)Acupuncture rationaleThe acupuncture rationale,the first item on the STRICTA checklist,should include a statement about the style of acupuncture used,whether for example traditional Chinese medicine or a west-ern medical approach.It should also include an explicit rationale for the chosen treatment,in-cluding diagnosis,point selection and treatment procedures.Where a trial protocol includes indi-vidualisation of treatment,the rationale for the treatments should be documented.Whatever the active intervention,the sources that justify the un-derlying rationale must be explicit,whether these are from the literature,expert clinical and research panels,practitioner surveys or a combination of sources.Needling detailsThe specific point locations,and whether unilat-eral or bilateral,should be described in terms of a standard nomenclature or in terms of anatomical location.The number of needle insertions should248Complementary Therapies in Medicinebe reported as either a simple total where a for-mula of points is used,or as the mean and range where the number of needles varies between pa-tients.The depth of insertion,and whether stan-dardised or individualized,should be expressed us-ing the Chinese measurement of the cun;in terms of anatomical depth,for example subcutaneous tis-sue,fascia,muscle or periosteum;or in millime-tres.If the study protocol requires that specific re-sponses to needling be elicited,for example the de qi sensation in traditional Chinese acupunc-ture,the muscle twitch in trigger point treatment or muscle contraction in electroacupuncture,these responses should be documented.Needle stimula-tion techniques,where used,should be clearly de-scribed.For manual stimulation such techniques include lifting,thrusting or rotating the needle to manipulate the de qi sensation.For electrical stim-ulation the current,amplitude and frequency set-tings should be recorded.Needle retention times should be reported,as either a standard or a mean and range.Details should be given of the types of needles used,including the gauge and length as well as the manufacturer and/or the material.T reatment regimenThe treatment regimen,which is the number of ses-sions and frequency of treatment,should be clearly documented.If there is variation in the regimen be-tween patients,then the mean and range should be reported.Co-interventionsCo-interventions refer to the auxiliary techniques and prescribed self-treatment and lifestyle advice carried out by the patient as an adjunct to the acupuncture needling itself.All co-interventions should be clearly reported.Examples of auxiliary techniques include moxibustion,cupping,plum-blossom needling and Chinese herbs.If the pro-tocol specifies the option of prescribed self-help treatments such as Qigong or muscle stretching exercises,and lifestyle advice such as dietary changes based on diagnostic criteria,then these too must be reported.Practitioner backgroundThe background of acupuncture practitioners will influence the nature of the acupuncture treatment given and is therefore a variable that may signifi-cantly affect the outcome.For this reason reporting should include the duration of relevant training, length of clinical experience,and details of exper-tise in treating the specific condition being evalu-ated,as well as any other experience that may be relevant to the trial.Control intervention(s)The choice of control and its intended effect should be presented and justified in relation to the research question and the methodology.Sources that led to the choice of control,such as literature,should be provided.In particular,where the control is in-tended to mimic acupuncture in all but the specific needle puncture effect,care must be taken to de-scribe precisely what the sham acupuncture is in-tended to control for,e.g.for point specificity or for the type and duration of stimulation.Control procedures may involve an active comparator,such as physiotherapy,for which the intended action is therapeutic.However control procedures involv-ing invasive or non-invasive sham needling tech-niques may be minimally active,evoking a neu-rophysiological and/or neurochemical response. Other control procedures can be assumed to be in-ert,such as an inactivated TENS machine,how-ever these procedures may not have the same total psychological impact as acupuncture,thereby compromising outcome.The information that the patient receives regarding the treatment and con-trol intervention should be provided,including relevant wording on the information leaflet.De-scribing a sham acupuncture control as‘a type of acupuncture’may affect outcome differently than saying it is‘not acupuncture,but will involve a sim-ilar experience to acupuncture’.The credibility of the control,which often depends on the inclusion of acupuncture-na¨ıve patients,needs to be tested and reported.Finally,a precise description of the control intervention itself should be presented,in-cluding needling details,and regimen if different from that used in the acupuncture group. DISCUSSIONThe CONSORT statement wasfirst published in 19966and subsequent evidence has shown it to be associated with a positive influence on the qual-ity of trial reporting.7It is intended that these STRICTA recommendations will have a similarly positive influence on the reporting of acupuncture trials and thus help critical appraisal,analysis and interpretation of future controlled trials.The STRICTA recommendations have been adopted by several participating journals that reg-ularly publish in thefield of acupuncture research. They have all agreed to recommend the STRICTA guidelines in their Instructions for Authors.Jour-nals that have not yet adopted STRICTA may do so by registering with the lead author who is the co-ordinator of the STRICTA group.A full list of journals that have adopted STRICTA is available at:/stricta.htm.Like CONSORT,the STRICTA recommen-dations are a work-in-progress that will be up-dated.As with the CONSORT checklist,ad hocThe STRICTA recommendations249modifications to the STRICTA criteria are not en-couraged because the process of generating con-sensus may differ from that used by the STRICTA participants.To help improve these guidelines, readers are invited to comment on the STRICTA checklist directly to the STRICTA group co-ordinator,identifying gaps or areas of ambigu-ity and suggesting improvements and additions. These contributions will be fed into the next round of re-drafting.APPENDIX1Members of the STRICT A GroupAn international group of experienced acupunc-turists and researchers met July2nd to4th2001 at Exeter University,Exeter,England,UK.This groupfirst drafted these recommendations,des-ignating them STRICTA,and initiated the plan to encourage journals in thefield to adopt them. Participating in this group were Steve Birch, Stichting for Traditional East Asian Medicine, Amsterdam,Holland;Mark Bovey,University of Exeter,UK;Sarah Budd,University of Exeter, UK;Richard Hammerschlag,Oregon College of Oriental Medicine,Portland,USA;Val Hopwood, Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physio-therapists,Coventry,UK;Kenji Kawakita,Meiji University of Oriental Medicine,Japan;Lixing Lao,University of Maryland,USA;George Le-with,University of Southampton,UK;Hugh MacPherson,Foundation for Traditional Chi-nese Medicine,York,UK;Simon Mills,Uni-versity of Exeter,UK;Marco Romoli,Feder-azione Italiana Societ`a di Agopuntura,Prato, Italy;Karen Sherman,Centre for Health Studies,Seattle,USA;Sonya Pancucci,KST Health Ser-vices,Hamilton,Canada;Kien Trinh,McMaster University,Canada;Adrian White,University of Exeter,UK;and Chris Zaslawski,University of Technology,Sydney,Australia. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to thank Professor JW Thompson for his useful comments on the STRICTA checklist and Dr Jaqueline Filshie for her contribution to the article. REFERENCES1.Ter Riet G,Kleijnen J,Knipschild P.Acupuncture andchronic pain:a criteria-based meta-analysis.J ClinEpidemiol1990;43(11):1191–1199.2.Moher D,Schulz KF,Altman DG,for the CONSORTGroup.The CONSORT statement:revisedrecommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised ncet2001;357(9263): 1191–1194.3.Altman DG,Schulz KF,Moher D,Egger M,Davidoff F,Elbourne D et al.The revised CONSORT statement forreporting randomized trials:explanation and elaboration.Ann Intern Med2001;134(8):663–694.4.Jobst KA and Eskinazi D(Eds).United States NationalInstitutes of Health Report for the FDA on the status ofAcupuncture in the USA.J Altern Complement Med1996;2(1):1–353.5.White AR,Ernst E.A trial method for assessing theadequacy of acupuncture treatments.Altern Ther Health Med1998;4(6):66–71.6.Begg C,Cho M,Eastwood S,Horton R,Moher D,Olkin Iet al.Improving the quality of reporting of randomizedcontrolled trials.The CONSORT statement.JAMA1996;276(8):637–639.7.Moher D,Jones A,Lepage e of the CONSORTstatement and quality of reports of randomized trials:acomparative before-and-after evaluation.JAMA2001;285(15):1992–1995.。
ORIGIN AL ARTI CLEThe orthotopic left lung transplantation in rats:a valuable experimental model without using cuff techniqueQing-chun Zhang,1Dian-jun Wang,2Ni Yin,3Bang-liang Yin,3Rui-xin Fang,1Xue-jun Xiao 1and Yue-Heng Wu 11Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital,Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute,Guangzhou,China2Department of Cardiovascular Surgery,The third Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,Changsha,China 3Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery,The second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,Changsha,ChinaIntroductionLung transplantation is an important therapeutic option in end-stage lung disease;the overall survival rate after lung transplantation has improved because of improve-ments in organ preservation and immunosuppressive treatment [1],however,bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS)remains the major complication affecting more than half of the recipients [2,3].The mechanisms that contribute to BOS are still poorly understood.Advances in clinical lung transplantation must rely on observations made in animal models.Many different experimental models have been used to study different aspects of lung transplantation;but the lung transplanta-tion model in rats is more universal.It may be classified into heterotopic tracheal transplantation and orthotopicvascularized aerated lung transplantation.In the hetero-topic tracheal transplant model,the mouse trachea has been transplanted into subcutaneous locations [4],the peritoneal cavity [5],or inserted directly into the pulmo-nary parenchyma [6].Despite its advantages,such as technical simplicity and reproducibility,the tracheal allo-graft is not aerated and vascularized;therefore,it may be difficult to interpret changes that are observed in the small airways of whole lung allografts.This system is also limited by the availability of reagents and transgenic tech-nology.The orthotopic tracheal allograft model has the advantage of exposure to air;however,in some reports it failed to develop fibrotic obliteration because of the re-epithelialization of the allograft with recipient epithe-lium [7].It seemed that a rat model of orthotopic aerated vascularized lung transplantation,which was first reportedKeywordsexperimental model,lung transplantation,rejection.CorrespondenceXue-jun Xiao MD,Department ofCardiovascular Surgery,Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital,Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute,No.106Zhongshan 2nd Road,Guangzhou,Guangdong Province 510080,China.Tel.:+860208382781251151;fax:+860208382781251151;e-mail:zqctransplant@ Received:1July 2008Accepted:15July 2008doi:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2008.00747.xSummaryAdvances in the field of clinical lung transplantation must rely on observations made in animal models.In this study,we introduced a new procedure in the rat,orthotopic left lung transplantation without using the cuff technique,in which the donor pulmonary artery,pulmonary vein,and membranous parts of the bronchus were anastomosed continuously in the lumen using a mattress suture under a surgical microscope;meanwhile,a second,low-pressure perfu-sion through the pulmonary artery and turnover of the vascular stump were made,which also made the vessel anastomosis easy.Transplantations were completed in 68rats (89.5%),the mean time used for suturing the left lung hilar structure was 23.5±4.6min.All lung grafts had good life-sustaining function because of there being no cuff-induced granulation tissue in bronchial anastomotic stoma,and three out of 12allografts were observed with active bronchiolitis obliterans lesions at 8weeks after transplantation.This model is a simple,valuable experimental model for studying lung transplantation and new therapies for preventing acute or chronic rejection.Transplant International ISSN 0934-0874ª2008The Authors1090Journal compilation ª2008European Society for Organ Transplantation 21(2008)1090–1097in1971[8]and then in1982[9],would be the optimal choice;but it was difficult to directly suture the hilum of the left lung under a surgical microscope.In1989,the refinement of the cuff technique made the model more reproducible and more attractive[10,11].Because of its simplicity,many investigators have frequently used this model to study ischemia-reperfusion injury and active rejection of lung transplants.However,in some reports, the bronchial cuff failed to develop BOS,causing concern that the bronchial cuff had been related to cuff-induced granulation tissue,which could occlude the bronchial lumen resulting in short-or long-term graft failure [12,13].In this article,we describe a new procedure in the rat model for orthotopic vascularized aerated lung transplan-tation without using cuff techniques.The pulmonary artery,pulmonary vein,and the membranous parts of the bronchus were anastomosed in the lumen using a contin-uous mattress suture under a surgical microscope.Some allografts exhibited bronchiolitis obliterans(BO)at 8weeks after surgery.Materials and methodsAnimalsMale Sprague–Dawley and Lewis rats weighing250–300g (Vital River,Inc,Peking,China)were used.Donor ani-mals were Sprague–Dawley for allografts(n=40)or Lewis rats for isografts(n=36);Lewis rats were used as recipients.All animals received care in compliance with the‘Prin-ciples of Laboratory Animals Care’formulated by the Sci-ence and Technology Committee of the People’s Republic of China and the‘Guide for the Care and Use of Labora-tory Animals’(Publication No028,Revised1997,China Government printing office,Hunan Province).The Ani-mal Care Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital Research Institute approved the experimental protocol. Extraction of the donor lungsWe extracted the donor lungs as previously described [14].Five hundred units of heparin were administered via the inferior vena cava.The lungs wereflushed with10ml of cold(4°C)low-potassium dextran glucose through the main pulmonary artery.Subsequently,the left lung was harvested at end-tidal volume.The inflated left lung was placed into cold(4°C)low-potassium dextran glucose and a20-GA intra-arterial catheter(Vasocan Braunu¨le,B. Braun Inc,Bethlehem,PA,USA)was cannulated in the pulmonary artery and snared with#1silk suture(Ethicon Inc,Somerville,NJ,USA).The lung was stored in low-potassium dextran glucose at4°C until transplantation.Recipient procedureRecipient animals were anesthetized,intubated,and ster-ilely prepped in a fashion similar to that used for the donor animals as described above.The animals were ven-tilated with a1.5%halothane and100%oxygen mixture for adequate sedation at a rate of70breaths/min,with a tidal volume(V T)of6ml/kg and a positive end-expira-tory pressure of2cmH2O.A left thoracotomy was per-formed in the fourth intercostal space to approach the hilar structure.The hilum of the left lung was dissected, the left pulmonary artery and main bronchus were clamped together with a microvascular clamp,and the pulmonary vein was occluded with a slip knot(#1silk suture;Ethicon Inc.).The native lung was removed to allow the stump of the hilar structure to be at a corre-sponding length for suturing.The donor lung was implanted into the thorax of the recipient and covered with wet gauze.The bronchial stump was dissected to appropriate lengths and sutured continuously with9-0Prolene(Ethicon Inc)under a sur-gical microscope(SMI CO,LTD,Shanghai,China).The first needle was sutured in the end of the‘C-shaped’car-tilage of the bronchus and knotted out of the wall (Fig.1a).Subsequently,the membranous portion of the bronchus was anastomosed continuously into the lumen using mattress sutures,which keep the bronchial endo-membrane very smooth(Fig.1b).The distance between two sutures was0.2–0.3mm,and12–14sutures were needed.When the anastomosis of the membranous por-tion of the bronchus was completed,the needle was inserted through the two other ends of the‘C-shaped’cartilage and the suture line was drawn slightly to recover the native shape of the bronchial annular cartilage;then, a loop knot was tied to prevent the line from loosening (Fig.1c).Subsequently,the cartilage of the bronchial stump was anastomosed continuously with the telescop-ing technique described by Marck et al.(Fig.1d)[9]. After the bronchial anastomosis was completed,the pulmonary artery wasflushed continuously with warm (24°C),low-potassium dextran glucose at a pressure of 3–5cmH2O through the catheter cannulated in the pul-monary artery to make the donor pulmonary vein tur-gid and easy to suture.Moreover,the vessel stumps were opened while they were kept immersed in the solution.The excess solution was sucked out by an assistant to prevent overflow of the liquid wetting the animals and operation table.The pulmonary vein was anastomosed with10-0Prolene(Ethicon Inc)as described previously for suturing the membranous por-tion of the bronchus.The distance from the needle to the vessel stump in the proximal end was more than double that in the distal end(Fig.2a).The engorgedZhang et al.Orthotopic left lung transplantation in rats without cuff techniqueª2008The AuthorsJournal compilationª2008European Society for Organ Transplantation21(2008)1090–10971091pulmonary vein could obviate stenosis in the anasto-motic stoma.When the anastomosis was completed,the proximal end was everted over the distal end(Fig.2b and c)to prevent blood leakage in the anastomotic stoma.The catheter was removed and the pulmonary artery was trimmed to appropriate lengths for anasto-mosis as described above.The pulmonary artery wall was stretched horizontally to over1.5times its diameter to prevent excessive narrowing in the anastomotic stoma ahead of the knot.The transplanted lung was re-inflated and re-perfused by releasing the slip knot on the pulmonary vein and unclamping the microvascular clamp on the recipient bronchus and pulmonary artery.Temporary hyperinfla-tion and a positive end-expiratory pressure are necessary to remove partial atelectasis and check for air leakage in the anastomotic stoma,which have been reported else-where[15].Once the lung was implanted,the left thoracotomy incision was closed over a pleural drainage tube with#4 silk sutures(Ethicon Inc).The recipients were ventilated with100%oxygen until they were awake.When sponta-neous respiration resumed,the endotracheal tube was removed from the airway,and the pleural drainage tube was removed under pressure.After surgery,the animals were kept in an oxygenated cage for thefirst24h[16]. Allograft recipients received2.0mg/kg/day cyclosporine A (Sandimmun;Novartis,Basel,Switzerland)by subcutane-ous injection and30mg/kg/day mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept;Novartis)by mouth.All animals that died after surgery were examined postmortem.Functional assessment of the graftAll recipients were maintained until8weeks after trans-plantation,at which time the surviving animals were killed for functional graft assessment and histologic obser-vations.The animals were anesthetized with50mg keta-mine(i.p.)and ventilated on a FiO2of0.5.A median sternotomy was performed.The right pulmonary hilum was occluded for10min,and subsequent blood samples from left ventricle were analyzed by a blood gas analyzer (NOVA Biomedical,Waltham,MA,USA). HistopathologyAt the time of killing,the transplanted lungs were harvested,fixed in4%paraformaldehyde,embedded in(a)(b)(c)(d)Suture line interlocking Telescoping technique Suture lineSuture lineparaffin,sectioned,and stained with van Gieson’s and hematoxylin-eosin.A semiquantitative grading system for-mulated by the Lung Rejection Study Group[17]and Lee et al.[18]was used to assess rejection and the severity of small airway injury in a blinded fashion.Grade I:Bronchiolar epithelial denuding,mild to moder-ate inflammation within the small airway wall and sur-rounding interstitium.Grade II:Bronchiolar epithelial denuding,destruction of elastica and muscular wall hyperplasm with extensive inflammation extending into the peribronchiolar tissue. Grade III:Intraluminal cellular proliferation,nascent granulation tissue andfibrosis with partial occlusion of the airway(less than50%of the lumen diameter). Grade IV:Intraluminal projection or plugging with nas-cent granulation tissue andfibrosis with obliteration(at lest50%of the lumen diameter).The active BO includes Grades III and IV.Statistical analysisData were expressed as mean±SEM.Differences between groups were determined by analysis of variance(anova).Results were considered statistically significant at P<0.05.ResultsWe performed100rat lung transplants with a technical failure rate of50%in thefirst24transplantations.During this period of model development,eight recipients died from lacerations on the wall of the pulmonary vein,and four recipients died in the immediate postoperative per-iod.In the later transplantations,when the pulmonary artery was perfused continuously with low-potassium dex-tran glucose at low pressure,incidents of laceration of the pulmonary vein were rare.During the subsequent76 transplants,three deaths occurred because of intraopera-tive bleeding,two deaths because of air leakage in the lung parenchyma because of uncontrolled temporary hyperinflation,and three recipients died in the immediate postoperative period,resulting in a technical success rate of89.5%(68/76).However,seven recipients died within 6–48h postoperatively from complications associated with the surgery.Only one recipient with pulmonary artery thrombosis was found at postmortem examination.(a)Suture lineSuture line(b)(d)(c)The time required for suturing the left lung hilar struc-ture was 23.5±4.6min,and the total surgical time was 78.4±5.2min.All animals were sacrificed at 8weeks after surgery,and their lung grafts were examined func-tionally or histologically.To assess the functional status of the lung grafts,the PO 2and PCO 2levels were measured 8weeks after trans-plantation.Blood was collected from the left ventricle after a 10-min occlusion of the right pulmonary hilum.The arterial PO 2levels of the lung isografts did not differ from those of normal rats but were slightly higher than those of the lung allografts (P <0.05).The PCO 2level in none of the samples was statistically significant (Fig.3).At 8weeks after transplantation,the histological exam-inations of the lung allografts showed moderate to severe inflammatory infiltration including lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear cells,which invaded the bronchial wall and surrounding interstitium (Grades I–II).Denud-ing of the bronchial epithelium was found,but active BO lesions (Grades III–IV)was observed in only three of the 12lung allografts (Fig.4).DiscussionThe orthotopic vascularized aerated lung transplantation model in rats is analogous to clinical lung transplantation.First attempted in 1971[8],then in 1982,Marck et ed microsurgery with some modifications to directly suture the hilar structures,but the technical complexity of vascular and bronchial sutures remained an obstacle [9].Mizuta et al.[10]developed their experimental model in rats using cuffs,and investigators havefrequently used this model,with some modifications [11,19,20],to study ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung transplantation.However,in some reports the bronchial cuff failed to develop BOS,causing concern that the bronchial cuff was related to cuff-induced granulation tis-sue,which could occlude the bronchial lumen resulting in short-or long-term graft failure [12,13].In this article,we have established a new procedure in the rat model of orthotopic vascularized aerated lung transplantation with-out using cuff techniques,and observed histologically that the allografts manifested some features of BO at 8weeks postoperatively (Fig.4),which will enable the study of the exact pathogenesis and of new therapies for BO.In our experimental model,89.5%of the recipients survived the surgery.The time needed for suturing the left lung hilum and the overall duration of surgery were not longer than those required by the cuff technique for experimental lung transplantation in rats as described by other authors [12].Bronchial anastomosis is critical for maintaining adequate aeration of the grafts;we used a continuous mattress suture in the lumen to anastomose the membranous portion of the bronchus (Fig.1),and none of the recipients was found with bronchial leakage during the transient hyperinflation or after surgery.The bronchial epithelium and mucous membrane were smooth at the stoma,which caused fewer deaths in the animals from obstruction of the trachea by mucus or granulation tissue.The bronchus was applanned and nar-rowed when the membranous portion was anastomosed by interrupted sutures resulting from the elasticity of bronchial annular cartilage.However,the surgical proce-dure described in our experimental model could restore the native shape of the bronchial annular cartilage.More-over,the elasticity of the bronchial annular cartilage kept the suture line taut thus avoiding bronchial air leakage.The wall of the pulmonary vein in the rat is very thin and easily torn,especially if it adheres to itself when blood infusion is unavailable.We continuously infused at constant temperature,low-potassium dextran glucose solution at low pressure through the donor pulmonary artery during anastomosis of the pulmonary vein,which not only made the vessel stumps open and easy to suture,but the second rinse also helped to reduce organic cell injury [21–23].When anastomosis of the vessel was com-pleted,we everted it over the longer proximal end to overlay the anastomotic stoma and distal vessel (Fig.2),which prevented blood leakage even in cases where the suturing technique was not perfect.During the anastomo-sis of the blood vessel,injury to the vascular endothelium at the stump was inevitable because of the iterative posi-tioning of the ring clamp.Many studies have confirmed that injury to the endothelium could accelerate thrombo-sis and intimal proliferation [24–26].Therefore,we leftNormal2 4 6 8 10 m m H g12 14 16 18 PO 2PCO 2*#IsograftAllograftthe injured intima out of the vessels,kept the blood run-ning though the healthy and smooth endothelium,and few animals suffered thrombosis at the postoperative examination.These techniques used in this experimental model resulted in the same functional status for lung isografts as for normal animals at8weeks after transplan-tation(Fig.3).To elucidate the pathogenesis of BO,a reliable animal model is required.According to the literature,the ortho-topic lung transplantation from Fischer344to Wistar(a) (b)(d)(c)Zhang et al.Orthotopic left lung transplantation in rats without cuff techniqueª2008The AuthorsJournal compilationª2008European Society for Organ Transplantation21(2008)1090–10971095Kyoto rats is the only model that reliably results in BO without a further stimulus[27–29].However,Hirsch-burger et al.presumed that this model was not suitable to study BO because BO did not develop in grafts with life-sustaining function[13].In our study,the lung allografts of the recipients still had good function at8weeks after transplantation(Fig.3).During pathologic evaluation of allograft rejection,all allografts exhibited extensive inflammatory infiltration and evidence of epithelial loss, which plays a pivotal role in the process of BO[30],how-ever active BO was observed in only three of12allografts, which was in conformity with the literature reported by Lee[18].In summary,we established a new procedure for orthotopic lung transplantation in the rat that differs from the cuff technique.The membranous portion of the bronchus and the vessels were anastomosed with a continuous mattress suture in the lumen;meanwhile,a second pulmonary artery perfusion and vascular stump turnover technique were used during vessel anastomosis. The above techniques made the experimental model very simple and reliable,and more analogous to clinical lung transplantation.Histopathologic observation dem-onstrated some features of BO at8weeks after trans-plantation.Moreover,if the strains from Fischer344to Wistar Kyoto rats could be introduced in this model, this will be a more valuable animal model for studying the mechanisms of and new therapies for acute and chronic rejection.AuthorshipX-JX:designed research/study.Q-CZ,D-JW:performed research/study.NY,B-LY:contributed important reagents. Y-HW:collected data.R-XF:analyzed data.Q-CZ wrote the paper and it was revised by X-JX.FundingFunded by the Health Department of Hunan Province, China(Grant:B2005-054).AcknowledgementsWe thank Ye-rong Hu,technician of the second Xiangya Hospital,Central South University,Changsha,China. 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