英语国家社会文化入门第9单元 英国的新闻媒介

英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门知识考点总结U n i t 1.（选择、判断、填空） flag of Britain : Union Jack3.The time joining the British parliament:However, in 1707 by agreement of the English andScottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union. 4.Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England: ●British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding isles● UK=Great Britain + Northern Ireland● Great Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5.The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years. the Angle-Saxon invaded. Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, thelanguage they spoken became English.the Vikings invaded.Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England,which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".the Normans , William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invadingLondon: (P18)Unit2（选择、判断、填空）1.Activities to seek Irish independence :● Home -rule● The Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular event, in which the rebelstook over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.parties:● the Sinn Fein party legal● SDLP: Social Democratic and Labour Party● IRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)3.Political troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):● Indigenous Roman Catholics vs. Protestant immigrates● Partition(分割) : The southern 26 counties would form an independent "freestate", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK.Good Friday Agreement :(了解下，P36)Unit 3of state building:The process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution. oldest institution of government in Britain : Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.right of kings :It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. Carta :limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.Bill of Rights :ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Orange 时期)Constitution :(P49)functions of parliament :（P49）:●The queen : (symbolised ,traditional )She is legally head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England，a confidante to the Prime Minister（了解下）●The House of Lords ：do not receive salaries ，both sexist and elitist (了解下)Lords Spiritual hereditary peersLords Temporal life peers●The House of Commons (P49) 重要Unit4electoral campaigns :(P67)formation of the government :(P67)class system in the UK:(P67)relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下main political parties in the UK:●The Conservative party (newest) : setting up the National Health Service●The Labour party: From 1979 to 1997, the Conservative Party won 4 elections in row ●The Liberal Democrats: a party of the "middle"Margaret-Thatcher 改⾰(There were also negative consequences) 了解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、Absolute Decline2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81) 重要3、the reason for its relative decline :(了解下)the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the warthe era of empire was overLarge military expensesOutdated industries and less-competitive productsA lack of close relationship between industry and banks4.The division of British industries :Primary industries (mining industry 矿业)Secondary industries (steelindustry钢铁业)Tertiary industries (insurance 保险，the selling of goods)City: The name given to the historic area at the centre of LondonLondon Stock Exchange: The heart of the City（伦敦的中⼼是伦敦城，伦敦城的中⼼是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6（填空、选择、判断）:One of the oldest of these early "Old English" literary works is a long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf. Chaucer：The Canterbury TalesMarlowe ：The Tragical History of Dr FaustusWilliam Shakespeare ：The Taming of the ShrewHamlet A Midsummer Night's Dream tragedies Othello（重要）King Lear The TempestMacbeth.history plays：，Antony and Cleopatra17th Century:John Milton : Paradise Lost18th Century:Jonathan Swift : Gulliver's TravelsRomantic Period:William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge：Lyrical Ballads （marked the beginning of the Romantic Period. ）George Gordon, Lord ByronThree men John KeatsPercy Bysshe ShelleyNineteenth Century Novel:Mary Shelley: FrankensteinSense and SensibilityJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceEmmaCharlotte : Jane Eyrethe Bronte sisters Emily: Wuthering HeightsAnnElizabeth Gaskell : North and SouthOliver TwistCharles Dickens David CopperfieldGreat ExpectationsThe Return of the NativeThomas Hardy Tess of the D’UrbervillesJude the Obscurewriters in the 19th century of Britain:the Bronte sistersElizabeth GaskellCentury Literature :Twentieth century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism.Joseph Conrad ：The Heart of DarknessMrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf To the LighthouseOrlandoA Room of One's OwnD. H. Lawrence : Sons and LoversUnit71.The purpose of the British education system:①provide children with literacy and the other basic skills②socialise children③children are taught practical skills④learn the rules and values⑤participate in the community⑥contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2.The influence of the church on schooling:●education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up bychurches.●religious education was the only subject●Daily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life3.The National Curriculum：●All children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English,mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language.●All children throughout the country must pass national tests and schools.●All teachers are told what to teach and their schools are now ranked according tohow well they perform this task.4.State school:93% of pupils receive free education from the public sector.5.Independent school(public schools/ private school):Independent schools are not part of the national education system.Etor schoolLarrow schoolWinchester college/doc/43480dd011a6f524ccbff121dd36a32d7275c73b.html prehensive school:Entrance exams were abolished.Such schools provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature and sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.7.Grammar school：Those who show academic potential are admitted to the grammar schools where the emphasis is on advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools.：General Certificate of Secondary Education9.GCEA：General Certificate of Education-Advanced10.GNVQs：General National Vocational Qualifications11.The universities in Britain：British universities are public bodies，except one university, the University of Buckingham.12.The Open University：The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree , through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centres. Unit81.Countries to establish UN:2.The permanent members of the UN Security Council:the Soviet Union, the United States, China ,France, UK3.The foundations of Britain's foreign policy:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits4.The making of Britain's foreign policy:(P128)5.The relationship between Britain and the EU (P128)The decision joined the EEC ( psychological , natural , controversial )The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.6.The commonwealth:Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states . There are 50 members of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former British colonies.7.NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :protect member states against aggressionThe purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security in Europeprovide a forum for transatlantic defence cooperation8.Special relationship with US: has gone through many up and downsBritain is a traditional sea power.Unit91.The division of British media: （降序排列）①TV②Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers)③Radio④Magazine2.The functions of the British media:①Entertainment②Provide British people with information about political and social issues③Provide weather reports④Carry advertising⑤Used for educational purposes⑥Provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice⑦Help Britain engender national culture3.Oldest newspaper:The world's oldest national newspaper : The ObserverThe British oldest daily newspaper: The TimesThe very names of British newspapers-The Times, The Observer, The Guardian—still suggest that the function of the paper is to offer the electorate objective reports about what is happening in the country4.Papers issued internationally:The Financial Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. ( (Daily)Telegraph / The News of the World )5.Quality press and gutter press:The Daily TelegraphThe Times The Sun gutter pressThe Guardian Quality pressThe Observer6.Fleet street:It is also known as the Street of Shame7.BBC:(P144)Unit10born in Britain :Cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf, rugbyFA Cup:(Football Association Cup)Wimbledon is where the world's best players gather to compete on grass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.4. Cricket:Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.5. Golf:The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.6. Horse sports:Flat racing●Horse racing steeplechasingThe Grand NtionalThe Royal Asot : people usually dress up and show off their fashionable cloth and elaborate hats for the social event●Equestrianism●Hunting7. Three traditions of Christmas:(P163)●the Christmas Pantomime●the Queen's Christmas message●the Boxing Day : Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmasgifts or money to their staff or servants.8. Religious holiday:crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ EasterChristmas9.National Holidays:-----Queen's Birthday"trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace10.Holidays in the 4 nations:●England:Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire Night, celebrated in November)●Northern Ireland:St Patrick's Day(March 17)Orange Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12)●Scotland:HogmanayThe Eisteddfod: festival of music making and poetry。