D 412 硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸试验方法

外文工程规范翻译文稿名称：D 1414—94（重新批准2003）橡胶O形圈的标准试验方法1本标准以固定名称D1414发行；紧随名称的数字指明了最初批准的年限，或者在修订的版本中，此数字代表最近修改的年限。

圆括号里的数字指明了最新批准的年限。

上标符号（ε）表明最近修订或重新批准时编辑上的修改。

本标准已经被国防部批准使用。

1.范围1.1 本试验方法描述了О形圈的物理性能的测定程序，同时介绍了由于老化作用，这些性能所发生的改变。

1.2 SI单位表示的数值是标准值。

圆括号中给出的数值仅作为参考信息。

1.3本标准没有考虑到所有安全因素，如果有，也是与用途有关的安全因素。

在使用之前制定安全健康的规则和确定应用的规章限制应当是使用者的责任。

2.参考文件2.1 ASTM标准：2D 297橡胶产品的试验方法——化学分析D 395 橡胶性能的试验方法——压缩永久变形D 412 硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体的试验方法——拉伸试验D 471 橡胶性能的试验方法——液体作用D 573 橡胶的试验方法——烘箱老化D 865 橡胶的试验方法——空气加热老化（试管封闭）D 1329 评定橡胶性能的试验方法——低温回缩 (TR试验)D 1415 橡胶性能的试验方法——国际硬度D 2240 橡胶性能的试验方法——硬度D 4483 橡胶和碳黑工业中标准试验方法的测量精度应用程序。

2.2航天用标准：AS568A O形圈尺寸33.术语3.1定义：3.1.1 О形圈——由均匀组分模压而成的一种橡胶密封件，单个零件为环形结构，同时具有圆形截面。

用于动态或静态密封的О形圈通常被安装在机械构造的沟槽中。

4.意义和用途4.1这些试验方法为质量控制及工程特性的测定提供了合理的程序。

5.一般方法5.1除非对О形橡胶圈在试验方法中有其它指定，一般应用于硫化橡胶的下列ASTM试验方法须与要求的保持一致，并且这里还例举了这些试验方法中的一部分：5.1.1拉伸试验——试验方法D 4125.1.2 压缩永久变形试验——试验方法D 3955.1.3 低温试验——试验方法D 13295.1.4 密度——试验方法D 2975.1.5 液体老化——试验方法D 4715.1.6 热老化——试验方法D 865 和D 5735.1.7 硬度——试验方法D 2240和D 14155.2如果规定的程序和这些试验方法及列出的详细程序产生冲突时，那么以后者为准。

ASTMD412硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸试验方法试样的制备是ASTMD412试验的第一步。

根据标准规定，试样是通过轮廓刀或模具从材料中剪切得到的。

试样的形状可以是圆形、矩形或带状，具体尺寸和形状应符合标准要求。

在进行拉伸试验之前，试样应先进行热处理。

这是为了消除内部应力和降低试样的应变率。

热处理的条件包括温度和时间，具体取决于材料的类型和特性。

标准要求在140°C的恒温槽中热处理试样。

拉伸试验仪是进行ASTM D412试验的关键设备。

该设备通常包括一个固定夹具和一个可移动夹具，试样被夹在两个夹具之间。

试样应在标准规定的环境条件下进行拉伸，常见的测试速度是500 mm/min。

在试验期间，试样的拉伸行为将会监测并记录下来。

试验中最重要的参数是载荷和延伸度。

载荷是材料抵抗拉伸的力，延伸度是试样在拉伸过程中的变形程度。

这些参数将用来计算材料的拉伸强度、延伸率以及应变硬化指数等。

通过ASTMD412试验，可以评估材料的拉伸性能。

拉伸强度是材料抵抗拉伸的能力，是在试样断裂前所能达到的最大载荷。

延伸率是测量试样在拉伸过程中的变形程度，可以衡量弹性和延展性。

应变硬化指数是衡量材料的应变硬化能力，可以确定材料的形变能力。

总之，ASTMD412试验方法是一种用于评估硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸性能的标准方法。

通过该方法，可以获得材料在拉伸应力下的延伸性、弹性和破坏性能。

这些数据可以用来进行材料性能评估和比较，并用于优化材料设计和应用。

Specimens may be in the shape of dumbbells,rings or straight pieces of uniform cross-sectional area.4.2Measurements for tensile stress,tensile stress at a given elongation,tensile strength,yield point,and ultimate elonga-tion are made on specimens that have not been prestressed. Tensile stress,yield point,and tensile strength are based on the original cross-sectional area of a uniform cross-section of the specimen.4.3Measurement of tensile set is made after a previously unstressed specimen has been extended and allowed to retract by a prescribed procedure.Measurement of“set after break”is also described.5.Significance and Use5.1All materials and products covered by these test meth-ods must withstand tensile forces for adequate performance in certain applications.These test methods allow for the measure-ment of such tensile properties.However,tensile properties alone may not directly relate to the total end use performance of the product because of the wide range of potential perfor-mance requirements in actual use.5.2Tensile properties depend both on the material and the conditions of test(extension rate,temperature,humidity,speci-men geometry,pretest conditioning,etc.);therefore materials should be compared only when tested under the same condi-tions.5.3Temperature and rate of extension may have substantial effects on tensile properties and therefore should be controlled. These effects will vary depending on the type of material being tested.5.4Tensile set represents residual deformation which is partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and retraction.For this reason,the periods of extension and recovery(and other conditions of test)must be controlled to obtain comparable results.6.Apparatus6.1Testing Machine—Tension tests shall be made on a power driven machine equipped to produce a uniform rate of grip separation of500650mm/min(2062in./min)for a distance of at least750mm(30in.)(see Note1).The testing machine shall have both a suitable dynamometer and an indicating or recording system for measuring the applied force within62%.If the capacity range cannot be changed for a test (as in the case of pendulum dynamometers)the applied force at break shall be measured within62%of the full scale value, and the smallest tensile force measured shall be accurate to within10%.If the dynamometer is of the compensating type for measuring tensile stress directly,means shall be provided to adjust for the cross-sectional area of the specimen.The response of the recorder shall be sufficiently rapid that the applied force is measured with the requisite accuracy during the extension of the specimen to rupture.If the testing machine is not equipped with a recorder,a device shall be provided that indicates,after rupture,the maximum force applied during extension.Testing machine systems shall be capable of mea-suring elongation of the test specimen in minimum increments of10%.N OTE2—A rate of elongation of10006100mm/min(4064in./min)may be used and notation of the speed made in the report.In case of dispute,the test shall be repeated and the rate of elongation shall be at500 650mm/min(2062in./min).6.2Test Chamber for Elevated and Low Temperatures—The test chamber shall conform with the following requirements: 6.2.1Air shall be circulated through the chamber at a velocity of1to2m/s(3.3to6.6ft/s)at the location of the grips or spindles and specimens maintained within2°C(3.6°F)of the specified temperature.6.2.2A calibrated sensing device shall be located near the grips or spindles for measuring the actual temperature.6.2.3The chamber shall be vented to an exhaust system or to the outside atmosphere to remove fumes liberated at high temperatures.6.2.4Provisions shall be made for suspending specimens vertically near the grips or spindles for conditioning prior to test.The specimens shall not touch each other or the sides of the chamber except for momentary contact when agitated by the circulating air.6.2.5Fast acting grips suitable for manipulation at high or low temperatures may be provided to permit placing dumbbells or straight specimens in the grips in the shortest time possible to minimize any change in temperature of the chamber.6.2.6The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the temperature of test or it shall be thermally insulated from the chamber.6.2.7Provision shall be made for measuring the elongation of specimens in the chamber.If a scale is used to measure the extension between the bench-marks,the scale shall be located parallel and close to the grip path during specimen extension and shall be controlled from outside the chamber.6.3Dial Micrometer—The dial micrometer shall conform to the requirements of Practice D3767(Method A).For ring specimens,see14.10of these test methods.6.4Apparatus for Tensile Set Test—The testing machine described in6.1or an apparatus similar to that shown in Fig.1 may be used.A stop watch or other suitable timing device measuring in minute intervals for at least30min,shall be provided.A scale or other device shall be provided for measuring tensile set to within1%.7.Selection of Test Specimens7.1Consider the following information in making selec-tions:7.1.1Since anisotropy or grain directionality due toflow introduced during processing and preparation may have an influence on tensile properties,dumbbell or straight specimens should be cut so the lengthwise direction of the specimen is parallel to the grain direction when this direction is known. Ring specimens normally give an average of with and across the grain properties.7.1.2Unless otherwise noted,thermoplastic rubber or ther-moplastic elastomer specimens,or both,are to be cut from injection molded sheets or plaques with a thickness of3.06 0.3mm.Specimens of other thickness will not necessarily give comparable results.Specimens are to be tested in directions both parallel and perpendicular to the direction offlow in the mold.Sheet or plaque dimensions must be sufficient to do this.7.1.3Ring specimens enable elongations to be measuredbygrip separation,but the elongation across the radial width ofthe ring specimens is not uniform.To minimize this effect thewidth of the ring specimens must be small compared to thediameter.7.1.4Straight specimens tend to break in the grips if normalextension-to-break testing is conducted and should be usedonly when it is not feasible to prepare another type ofspecimen.For obtaining non-rupture stress-strain or materialmodulus properties,straight specimens are quite useful.7.1.5The size of specimen type used will be determined bythe material,test equipment and the sample or piece availablefor test.A longer specimen may be used for rubbers having lowultimate elongation to improve precision of elongation mea-surement.8.Calibration of the Testing Machine 8.1Calibrate the testing machine in accordance with Proce-dure A of Practice E 4.If the dynamometer is of the strain-gage type,calibrate the tester at one or more forces in addition to the requirements in Sections 7and 18of Practice E 4.Testers having pendulum dynamometers may be calibrated as follows:8.1.1Place one end of a dumbbell specimen in the upper grip of the testing machine.8.1.2Remove the lower grip from the machine and attach it,by means of the gripping mechanism to the dumbbell specimen in the upper grip.8.1.3Attach a hook to the lower end of the lower specimen grip mechanism.8.1.4Suspend a known mass from the hook of thelowerFIG.1Apparatus for Tensile SetTestspecimen grip mechanism in such a way as to permit the mass assembly to temporarily rest on the lower testing machine grip framework or holder(see Note2).8.1.5Start the grip separation motor or mechanism,as in normal testing,and allow it to run until the mass is freely suspended by the specimen in the upper grip.8.1.6If the dial or scale does not indicate the force applied (or its equivalent in stress for a compensating type tester) within specified tolerance,thoroughly inspect the testing ma-chine for malfunction(for example,excess friction in bearings and other moving parts).Ensure that the mass of the lower grip mechanism and the hook are included as part of the known mass.8.1.7After machine friction or other malfunction has been removed,recalibrate the testing machine at a minimum of three points using known masses to produce forces of approximately 10,20and50%of capacity.If pawls or rachets are used during routine testing,use them for calibration.Check for friction in the head by calibrating with the pawls up.N OTE3—It is advisable to provide a means for preventing the known mass from falling to thefloor in case the dumbbell should break.8.2A rapid approximate calibration of the testing machine may be obtained by using a spring calibration device.9.Test Temperature9.1Unless otherwise specified,the standard temperature for testing shall be2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens shall be conditioned for at least3h when the test temperature is23°C (73.4°F).If the material is affected by moisture,maintain the relative humidity at5065%and condition the specimens for at least24h prior to testing.When testing at any other temperature is required use one of the temperatures listed in Practice D1349.9.2For testing at temperatures above23°C(73.4°F)preheat specimens for1062min for Method A and for662min for Method B(see Note3).Place each specimen in the test chamber at intervals ahead of testing so that all specimens of a series will be in the chamber the same length of time.The preheat time at elevated temperatures must be limited to avoid additional vulcanization or thermal aging.N OTE4—Precaution:In addition to other precautions,suitable heat or cold resistant gloves should be worn for arm and hand protection when testing at other than23°C(73.4°F).A mask for the face is very desirable for high temperature testing to prevent the inhalation of toxic fumes when the door of the chamber is open.9.3For testing at temperatures below23°C(73.4°F)condi-tion the specimens at least10min prior to testing.TEST METHOD A—DUMBBELL AND STRAIGHTSPECIMENS10.Apparatus10.1Die—The shape and dimensions of the die for prepar-ing dumbbell specimens shall conform with those shown in Fig. 2.The inside faces in the reduced section shall be perpendicular to the plane formed by the cutting edges and polished for a distance of at least5mm(0.2in.)from the cutting edge.The die shall at all times be sharp and free of nicks(see Note4).N OTE5—The condition of the die may be determined by investigating the rupture point on any series of broken(ruptured)specimens.Remove such specimens from the grips of the testing machine,stack the joined-together specimens on top of each other,and note if there is any tendency for tensile breaks to occur at the same position on each of the specimens. Rupture consistently at the same place indicates that the die may be dull, nicked,or bent at that location.10.2Bench Marker—The two marks placed on the speci-men and used to measure elongation or strain are called“bench marks”(see Note5).The bench marker shall consist of a base plate containing two raised parallel projections.The surfaces of the raised projections(parallel to the plane of the base plate) are ground smooth in the same plane.The raised projection marking surfaces shall be between0.05and0.08mm(0.002 and0.003in.)wide and at least15mm(0.6in.)long.The angles between the parallel marking surfaces and the sides of the projections shall be at least75°.The distance between the centers of the two parallel projections or marking surfaces shall be within1%of the required or target bench mark distance.A handle attached to the back or top of the bench marker base plate is normally a part of the bench marker.N OTE6—If a contact extensometer is used to measure elongation, bench marks are not necessary.10.3Ink Applicator—Aflat unyielding surface(hardwood, metal,or plastic)shall be used to apply either ink or powder to the bench marker.The ink or powder shall adhere to the specimen,have no deteriorating effect on the specimen and be of contrasting color to that of the specimen.10.4Grips—The testing machine shall have two grips,one of which shall be connected to the dynamometer.10.4.1Grips for testing dumbbell specimens shall tighten automatically and exert a uniform pressure across the gripping surfaces,increasing as the tension increases in order to prevent slippage and to favor failure of the specimen in the straight reduced section.Constant pressure pneumatic type grips also are satisfactory.At the end of each grip a positioning device is recommended for inserting specimens to the same depth in the grip and for alignment with the direction of pull.10.4.2Grips for testing straight specimens shall be constant pressure pneumatic,wedged,or toggle type designed to trans-mit the applied gripping force over the entire width of the gripped specimen.11.Specimens11.1Dumbbell Specimens—Whenever possible,the test specimens shall be injection molded or cut from aflat sheet not less than1.3mm(0.05in.)nor more than3.3mm(0.13in.) thick and of a size which will permit cutting a specimen by one of the standard methods(see Practice D3182).Sheets may be prepared directly by processing or fromfinished articles by cutting and buffing.If obtained from a manufactured article, the specimen shall be free of surface roughness,fabric layers, etc.in accordance with the procedure described in Practice D3183.All specimens shall be cut so that the lengthwise portion of the specimens is parallel to the grain unless otherwise specified.In the case of sheets prepared in accor-dance with Practice D3182,the specimen shall be2.060.2 mm(0.0860.008in.)thick died out in the direction of the e Die C,Fig.2(unless otherwise noted)to cutthespecimens from the sheet with a single impact stroke (hand ormachine)to ensure smooth cut surfaces.11.1.1Marking Dumbbell Specimens —Dumbbell speci-mens shall be marked with the bench marker described in 10.2,with no tension on the specimens at the time of marking.Marksshall be placed on the reduced section,equidistant from itscenter and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.The betweenbench mark distance shall be as follows:for Die C or Die D ofFig.2,25.0060.25mm (1.0060.01in.);for any other Dieof Fig.2,50.0060.5mm (2.0060.02in.).11.1.2Measuring Thickness of Dumbbell Specimens —Three measurements shall be made for the thickness,one at thecenter and one at each end of the reduced section.The medianof the three measurements shall be used as the thickness incalculating the cross sectional area.Specimens with a differ-ence between the maximum and the minimum thickness exceeding 0.08mm (0.003in.),shall be discarded.The width of the specimen shall be taken as the distance between the cutting edges of the die in the restricted section.11.2Straight Specimens —Straight specimens may be pre-pared if it is not practical to cut either a dumbbell or a ring specimen as in the case of a narrow strip,small tubing or narrow electrical insulation material.These specimens shall be of sufficient length to permit their insertion in the grips used for the test.Bench marks shall be placed on the specimens as described for dumbbell specimens in 11.1.1.To determine the cross sectional area of straight specimens in the form of tubes,the mass,length,and density of the specimen may be required.The cross sectional area shall be calculated from these mea-surements asfollows:FIG.2Standard Dies for Cutting DumbbellSpecimensA 5M /DL (1)where:A =cross-sectional area,cm 2,M =mass,g,D =density,g/cm 3,and L =length,cm.N OTE 7—A in square inches =A (cm 2)30.155.12.Procedure12.1Determination of Tensile Stress,Tensile Strength andYield Point —Place the dumbbell or straight specimen in thegrips of the testing machine,using care to adjust the specimensymmetrically to distribute tension uniformly over the crosssection.This avoids complications that prevent the maximumstrength of the material from being evaluated.Unless otherwisespecified,the rate of grip separation shall be 500650mm/min(2062in./min)(see Note 7).Start the machine and note thedistance between the bench marks,taking care to avoidparallax.Record the force at the elongation(s)specified for thetest and at the time of rupture.The elongation measurement ismade preferably through the use of an extensometer,anautographic mechanism or a spark mechanism.At rupture,measure and record the elongation to the nearest 10%.SeeSection 13for calculations.N OTE 8—For materials having a yield point (yield strain)under 20%elongation when tested at 500650mm/min (2062in./min),the rate ofelongation shall be reduced to 5065mm/min (2.060.2in./min).If thematerial still has a yield point (strain)under 20%elongation,the rate shall be reduced to 560.5mm/min (0.260.002in./min).The actual rate of separation shall be reported.12.2Determination of Tensile Set —Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine described in 6.1or the apparatus shown in Fig.1,and adjust symmetrically so as to distribute the tension uniformly over the cross section.Sepa-rate the grips at a rate of speed as uniformly as possible,that requires 15s to reach the specified elongation.Hold the specimen at the specified elongation for 10min,release quickly without allowing it to snap back and allow the specimen to rest for 10min.At the end of the 10min rest period,measure the distance between the bench marks to the nearest 1%of the original between bench mark e a stop watch for the timing operations.See Section 13for calculations.12.3Determination of Set-After-Break —Ten minutes after a specimen is broken in a normal tensile strength test,carefully fit the two pieces together so that they are in good contact over the full area of the break.Measure the distance between the bench marks.See Section 13for calculations.13.Calculation 13.1Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation as follows:T ~xxx !5F ~xxx !/A (2)where:Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell Dies A (Metric Units)DimensionUnits Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F Amm 61252525161616Bmm max 404040303030Cmm min 140140115100125125Dmm 66B 323232323232D-Emm 61131313131313Fmm 62383819193838Gmm 61141414141414Hmm 62252525161616Lmm 62595933335959Wmm 60.05,–0.001266336Zmm 61131313131313A Dies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S.customary units.Dies dimensioned in metric units are intended for use with apparatus calibrated in metric units.B For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance be 60.5mm.FIG.2a (continued)Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell Dies A (U.S.Customary Units)DimensionUnits Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F Ain.60.041110.620.620.62Bin.max 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2Cin.min 5.5 5.5 4.5455Din.60.25B 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25D-Ein.60.040.50.50.50.50.50.5Fin.60.08 1.5 1.50.750.75 1.5 1.5Gin.60.040.560.560.560.560.560.56Hin.60.081110.630.630.63Lin.60.08 2.32 2.32 1.31 1.31 2.32 2.32Win.60.002,–0.0000.5000.2500.2500.1250.1250.250Zin.60.040.50.50.50.50.50.5ADies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S.customary units.B For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance by 60.02in.FIG.2b(continued)T(xxx)=tensile stress at(xxx)%elongation,MPa(lbf/ in.2),F(xxx)=force at specified elongation,MN or(lbf),andA=cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen,m2 (in.2).13.2Calculate the yield stress as follows:Y~stress!5F~y!/A(3) where:Y(stress)=yield stress,that stress level where the yield point occurs,MPa(lbf/in.2),F(y)=magnitude of force at the yield point,MN(lbf), andA=cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen,m2 (in.2).13.3Evaluate the yield strain as that strain or elongation magnitude,where the rate of change of stress with respect to strain,goes through a zero value.13.4Calculate the tensile strength as follows:TS5F~BE!/A(4) where:TS=tensile strength,the stress at rupture,MPa(lbf/ in.2),F(BE)=the force magnitude at rupture,MN(lbf),andA=cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen,m2 (in.2).13.5Calculate the elongation(at any degree of extension)as follows:E5100@L–L~o!#/L~o!(5) where:E=the elongation in percent(of original bench mark distance),L=observed distance between bench marks on the extended specimen,andL(o)=original distance between bench marks(use same units for L and L(o)).13.6The breaking or ultimate elongation is evaluated when L is equal to the distance between bench marks at the point of specimen rupture.13.7Calculate the tensile set,by using Eq5,where L is equal to the distance between bench marks after the10min retraction period.13.8Test Result—A test result is the median of three individual test measurement values for any of the measured properties as described above,for routine testing.There are two exceptions to this and for these exceptions a total offive specimens(measurements)shall be tested and the test result reported as the median offive.13.8.1Exception1—If one or two of the three measured values do not meet specified requirement values when testing for compliance with specifications.13.8.2Exception2—If referee tests are being conducted.TEST METHOD B—CUT RING SPECIMENS 14.Apparatus14.1Cutter—A typical ring cutter assembly is illustrated in Fig. 3.This is used for cutting rings fromflat sheets by mounting the upper shaft portion of the cutter in a rotating housing that can be lowered onto a sheet held by the rubber holding plate as shown in Fig.4.14.1.1Blade Depth Gage—This gage consists of a cylin-drical disk having a thickness of at least0.5mm(0.02in.) greater than the thickness of the rubber to be cut and a diameter less than the inside diameter of the specimen used for adjusting the protrusion of the blades from the body of the cutter.See Fig.3.14.2Rubber Holding Plate—The apparatus for holding the sheet during cutting shall have plane parallel upper and lower surfaces and shall be a rigid polymeric material(hard rubber, polyurethane,polymethylmethacrylate)with holes approxi-mately1.5mm(0.06in.)in diameter spaced6or7mm(0.24 or0.32in.)apart across the central region of the plate.All the holes shall connect to a central internal cavity which can be maintained at a reduced pressure for holding the sheet in place due to atmospheric pressure.Fig.4illustrates the design of an apparatus for holding standard sheets(approximately1503 15032mm)during cutting.14.3Source of Reduced Pressure—Any device such as a vacuum pump that can maintain an absolute pressure below10 kPa(0.1atm)in the holding plate central cavity.14.4Soap Solution—A mild soap solution shall be used on the specimen sheet to lubricate the cutting blades.14.5Cutter Rotator—A precision drill press or other suit-able machine capable of rotating the cutter at an angular speed of at least30rad/s(approximately300r/min)during cutting shall be used.The cutter rotator device shall be mounted on a horizontal base and have a vertical support orientation for the shaft that rotates the spindle and cutter.The run-out of the rotating spindle shall not exceed0.01mm(0.004in.).14.6Indexing Table—A milling table or other device with typical x-y motions shall be provided for positioning the sheet and holder with respect to the spindle of the cutter rotating device.14.7Tensile Testing Machine—A machine as specified in 6.1shall be provided.14.8Test Fixture—A testfixture as shown in Fig.5shall be provided for testing the ring specimens.The testing machine shall be calibrated as outlined in Section8.14.9Test Chamber—A chamber for testing at high and low temperatures shall be provided as specified in6.2.14.9.1Thefixtures specified in14.8are satisfactory for testing at other than room temperature.However at extreme temperatures,a suitable lubricant shall be used to lubricate the spindle bearings.14.9.2The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the temperature of test or thermally insulated from the chamber.14.10Dial Micrometer—A dial micrometer shall be pro-vided that conforms to the requirements of Practice D3767.14.10.1The base of the micrometer used to measure the radial width shall consist of an upper cylindrical surface(with its axis oriented in a horizontal direction)at least12mm(0.5 in.)long and15.560.5mm(0.6160.02in.)in diameter.To accommodate small diameter rings that approach the15.5mm (0.61in.)diameter of the base and to avoid any ring extension in placing the ring on the base,the bottom half ofthecylindrical surface may be truncated at the cylinder centerline,that is,a half cylinder shape.This permits placing small rings on the upper cylindrical surface without interference fit prob-lems.Curved feet on the end of the dial micrometer shaft to fit the curvature of the ring(s),may be used.15.Ring Specimen15.1ASTM Cut Rings —Two types of cut ring specimens may be used.Unless otherwise specified,the Type 1ring specimen shall be used.15.1.1Ring Dimensions :mm in.Type 1Circumference (inside)50.060.01 2.060.004Diameter (inside)15.9260.0030.63760.001Radial width 1.060.010.04060.0004Thickness,minimum 1.00.040maximum 3.30.13Type 2Circumference mean 100.060.2 4.060.0004Diameter (inside)29.860.06 1.1960.0001Radial width 2.060.020.0860.0008Thickness,minimum 1.00.04maximum 3.30.1315.2ISO Cut Rings —The normal size and the small sizering specimens in ISO 37have the following dimensions given in mm.See ISO 37for specific testing procedures for these rings.Normal Small Diameter,inside44.660.2mm 8.060.1mm Diameter,outside52.660.2mm 10.060.1mm Thickness 4.060.2mm 1.060.1mmN OTE 1—Dimension C to be 2mm (0.08in.)less than the inside diameter of the ring.FIG.3Typical Ring CutterAssembly15.3Rings Cut from Tubing —The dimensions of the ring specimen(s)depend on the diameter and wall thickness of the tubing and should be specified in the product specification.15.4Preparation of Cut Ring Specimens —Place the blades in the slots of the cutter and adjust the blade depth using the blade depth gage.Place the cutter in the drill press and adjust the spindle or table so that the bottom of the blade holder is about 13mm (0.5in.)above the surface of the holding plate.Set the stop on the vertical travel of the spindle so that the tipsof the cutting blades just penetrate the surface of the plate.Place the sheet on the holding plate and reduce the pressure in the cavity to 10kPa (0.1atm)or less.Lubricate the sheet with mild soap solution.Lower the cutter at a steady rate until it reaches the stop.Be sure that the blade holder does not contact the sheet.If necessary,readjust the blade depth.Return the spindle to its original position and repeat the operation on another sheet.15.5Preparation of Ring Specimens from Tubing —Place the tubing on a mandrel preferably slightly larger than the inner diameter of the tubing.Rotate the mandrel and tubing inaDimensionmm in.Dimension mm in.A1787.0F 190.75B152 6.0G 230.90C89 3.5H 1.50.062D2299.0E 60.25FIG.4Rubber HoldingPlateFIG.5Assembly,Ring Tensile TestFixturelathe.Cut ring specimens to the desired axial length by means of a knife or razor blade held in the tool post of the y thin wall tubingflat and cut ring specimens with a die or cutting mechanism having two parallel blades.15.6Ring Dimension Measurements:15.6.1Circumference—The inside circumference can be determined by a stepped cone or by“go-no go”gages.Do not use any stress in excess of that needed to overcome any ellipticity of the ring specimen.The mean circumference is obtained by adding to the value for the inside circumference, the product of the radial width and p(3.14).15.6.2Radial Width—The radial width is measured at three locations distributed around the circumference using the mi-crometer described in14.10.15.6.3Thickness—For cut rings,the thickness of the disk cut from the inside of the ring is measured with a micrometer described in Practice D3767.15.6.4Cross-Sectional Area—The cross-sectional area is calculated from the median of three measurements of radial width and thickness.For thin wall tubing,the area is calculated from the axial length of the cut section and wall thickness.16.Procedure16.1Determination of Tensile Stress,Tensile Strength, Breaking(Ultimate)Elongation and Yield Point—In testing ring specimens,lubricate the surface of the spindle with a suitable lubricant,such a mineral oil or silicone oil.Select one with documented assurance that it does not interact or affect the material being tested.The initial setting of the distance between the spindle centers may be calculated and adjusted according to the following equation:IS5@C~TS!–C~SP!#/2(6) where:IS=initial separation of spindle centers,mm(in.),C(TS)=circumference of test specimen,inside circumfer-ence for Type1rings,mean circumference forType2rings,mm(in.),andC(SP)=circumference of either(one)spindle,mm(in.). Unless otherwise specified the rate of spindle separation shall be500650mm/min(2062in./min)(see Notes7and 8).Start the test machine and record the force and correspond-ing distance between the spindles.At rupture,measure and record the ultimate(breaking)elongation and the tensile(force) strength.See Section17for calculations.N OTE9—When using the small ISO ring,the rate of spindle separation shall be100610mm/min(460.4in./min).16.2Tests at Temperatures Other than Standard—Use the test chamber described in6.2and observe the precautionary statement in Note2.For tests at temperatures above23°C (73.4°F),preheat the specimens662min at the test temperature.For below room temperature tests cool the speci-mens at the test temperature for at least10min prior to test. Use test temperatures prescribed in Practice D1349.Place each specimen in the test chamber at intervals such that the recommendations of9.2are followed.17.Calculation17.1Stress-strain properties for ring specimens are in gen-eral calculated in the same manner as for dumbbell and straight specimens with one important exception.Extending a ring specimen generates a nonuniform stress(or strain)field across the width(as viewed from left to right)of each leg of the ring. The initial inside dimension(circumference)is less than the outside dimension(circumference),therefore for any extension of the grips,the inside strain(or stress)is greater than the outside strain(or stress)because of the differences in the initial (unstrained)dimensions.17.2The following options are used to calculate stress at a specified elongation(strain)and breaking or ultimate elonga-tion.17.2.1Stress at a Specified Elongation—The mean circum-ference of the ring is used for determining the elongation.The rationale for this choice is that the mean circumference best represents the average strain in each leg of the ring.17.2.2Ultimate(Breaking)Elongation—This is calculated on the basis of the inside circumference since this represents the maximum strain(stress)in each leg of the ring.This location is the most probable site for the initiation of the rupture process that occurs at break.17.3Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation by using Eq2in13.1.17.3.1The elongation to be used to evaluate the force as specified in Eq2(13.1),is calculated as follows:E5200@L/MC~TS!#(7) where:E=elongation(specified),percent,L=increase in grip separation at specified elonga-tion,mm(in.),andMC(TS)=mean circumference of test specimen,mm(in.).17.3.2The grip separation for any specified elongation can be found by rearranging Eq7,as given below:L5E3MC~TS!/200(8) 17.4Calculate the yield stress by using Eq3in13.2. 17.5Evaluate the yield strain as given in13.3.Since yield strain may be considered to be an average bulk property of any material,use the mean circumference for this evaluation. 17.6Calculate the tensile strength by using Eq4in13.4.17.7Calculate the breaking or ultimate elongation as fol-lows(see Notes9and10):E5200/@L/IC~TS!#(9) where:E=breaking or ultimate elongation,percent,L=increase in grip separation at break,mm(in.),and IC(TS)=inside circumference of ring test specimen,mm (in.).17.8The inside circumference is used for both types of rings,see15.1.1for e the inside diameter to calculate the inside circumference for Type2rings.N OTE10—Eq8,Eq9,and10are applicable only if the initial setting of the spindle centers is adjusted in accordance with Eq7.N OTE11—The user of these test method should be aware that because of the different dimensions used in calculating(1)stress at a specified elongation(less than the ultimate elongation)and(2)the ultimate (breaking)elongation(see20.1and20.2),it is possible that a stress at a specified elongation,slightly less(4to5%)than the ultimateelongation。

1.胶料硫化特性GB/T9869—1997橡胶胶料硫化特性的测定圆盘振荡硫化仪法GB/T16584—1996橡胶用无转子硫化仪测定硫化特性ISO3417:1991橡胶—硫化特性的测定——用摆振式圆盘硫化计ASTMD2084-2001用振动圆盘硫化计测定橡胶硫化特性的试验方法ASTMD5289-19952001橡胶性能—使用无转子流变仪测量硫化作用的试验方法DIN53529-4:1991橡胶—硫化特性的测定——用带转子的硫化计测定交联特性2．未硫化橡胶门尼粘度GB/T1232.1—2000未硫化橡胶用圆盘剪切粘度计进行测定—第1部分：门尼粘度的测定GB/T1233—1992橡胶胶料初期硫化特性的测定—门尼粘度计法ISO289-1:2005未硫化橡胶——用剪切圆盘型黏度计—第一部分：门尼黏度的测定ISO289-2-1994未硫化橡胶——用剪切圆盘型黏度计测定—第二部分：预硫化特性的测定ASTMD1646-2004橡胶粘度应力松驰及硫化特性门尼粘度计的试验方法JISK6300-1:2001未硫化橡胶-物理特性-第1部分:用门尼粘度计测定粘度及预硫化时间的方法3.橡胶拉伸性能GB/T528—1998硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶拉伸应力应变性能的测定ISO37:2005硫化或热塑性橡胶——拉伸应力应变特性的测定ASTMD412-19982002硫化橡胶、热塑性弹性材料拉伸强度试验方法JISK6251:1993硫化橡胶的拉伸试验方法DIN53504-1994硫化橡胶的拉伸试验方法4.橡胶撕裂性能GB/T529—1999硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶撕裂强度的测定裤形、直角形和新月形试样ISO34-1:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶—撕裂强度的测定-第一部分：裤形、直角形和新月形试片ASTMD624-2000通用硫化橡胶及热塑性弹性体抗撕裂强度的试验方法JISK6252:2001硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶撕裂强度的计算方法5.橡胶硬度GB/T531—1999橡胶袖珍硬度计压入硬度试验方法GB/T6031—1998硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶硬度的测定10—100IRHDISO7619-1:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶——压痕硬度的测定——第一部分：硬度计法邵式硬度ISO7619-2:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶——压痕硬度的测定——第二部分：IRHD袖珍计法ASTMD2240-2004用硬度计测定橡胶硬度的试验方法ASTMD1415-19882004橡胶特性—国际硬度的试验方法JISK6253:1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的硬度试验方法DIN53505-2000橡胶试验邵式A和D的硬度试验6.压缩永久变形性能GB/T7759—1996硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶在常温、高温和低温下压缩永久变形测定ISO815:1991硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶在常温、高温和低温下压缩永久变形测定ASTMD395-2003橡胶性能的试验方法压缩永久变形JISK6262:1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶压缩永久变形试验方法7.橡胶的回弹性GB/T1681—1991硫化橡胶回弹性的测定ISO4662:1986硫化橡胶回弹性的测定ASTMD1054-2002用回跳摆锤法测定橡胶弹性的实验方法JISK6255:1996硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的回弹性试验方法DIN53512-2000硫化橡胶回弹性的测定8.橡胶低温特性GB/T1682—1994硫化橡胶低温脆性的测定—单试样法GB/T15256-1994硫化橡胶低温脆性的测定多试样法GB/T7758—2002硫化橡胶低温特性的测定温度回缩法TR试验ISO2921:2005硫化橡胶—低温特性—温度回升缩TR试验ASTMD1329-2002天然橡胶特性的评定—橡胶的低温回缩试验方法TR试验法ASTMD746-2004用冲击法测定塑料及弹性材料的脆化温度的试验方法ASTMD2137-2005弹性材料脆化温度的试验方法JISK6261-1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的低温试验方法9.橡胶热空气老化性能GB/T3512—2001硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶热空气加速老化和耐热试验ISO188-1998硫化或热塑性橡胶——加速老化和耐热试验ASTMD573-2004用热空气箱对橡胶损蚀的试验方法DIN53508-2000硫化橡胶—加速老化试验JISK6257-2003硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶热空气老化10.橡胶耐臭氧老化性能GB/T7762—2003硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐臭氧龟裂静态拉伸试验GB/T13642-1992硫化橡胶耐臭氧老化试验动态拉伸试验法ASTMD518-1999橡胶损坏性-表面裂开的试验方法ASTMD1149-1999橡胶在小室中臭氧龟裂ASTMD1171-1999橡胶在小室中臭氧龟裂三角形试样ASTMD3395-1999橡胶变质—在小室中动态臭氧碎裂的试验方法DIN53509-1-2001橡胶试验抗臭氧龟裂稳定性的测定第一部分：静应力JISK6259-2004硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐臭氧性能的测定11.橡胶耐介质GB/T1690—2006硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐液体试验方法ISO1817:2005硫化橡胶液体影响的测定ASTMD471-1998液体对橡胶性能影响的试验方法JISK6258-2003液体对硫化橡胶或热塑性弹性体影响的测定12.橡胶对金属粘附性与腐蚀性GB/T19243-2003硫化橡胶与有机材料接触污染的试验ASTMD925-19882000橡胶特性—表面的着色性接触、色移及扩散的试验方法13.橡胶燃烧性能GB/T10707-89橡胶的燃烧性能氧指数法GB/T13488-92橡胶的燃烧性能垂直燃烧法UL94-1996橡胶燃烧性能14.橡胶磨耗性GB/T1689—1998硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定用阿克隆磨耗机GB/T9867—1988硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定旋转辊筒式磨耗机法ASTMD5963-2004硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定旋转辊筒式磨耗机法15.橡胶电性能GB/T1692—1992硫化橡胶绝缘电阻率GB/T1693—19811989硫化橡胶工频介电常数和介质损耗角正切值的测定方法GB/T1694—19811989高频介电常数和介质损耗角正切值GB/T1695—2005工频击穿介电强度和耐电压的测定方法GB/T2439—2001硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶导电性能和耗散性能电阻率的测定。

测定硫化胶拉伸性能试验过程和影响因素一、设备创恒实验室测定硫化胶拉伸性能用的是拉力试验机，更换夹持器后，都可进行拉伸、压缩、弯曲、剪切、剥离和撕裂等力学性能试验。

附加高温和低温装置即可进行在高温或低温条件下的力学性能试验。

目前，测定硫化胶试样的拉伸性能多采用电子拉力试验机1.测力系统测力系统采用无惰性的负荷传感器，可以根据测量的需要更换传感器，以适应测量精度范围。

由于不采用杠杆和摆锤测量，减少了机械摩擦和惰性，从而大大提高了测量精度。

2.测伸长装置（1）红外线非接触式伸长计这种伸长计是在跟踪器上采用了红外线，可以自动寻找、探测和跟踪加在试样上的标记，这种红外线测伸长计操作简便，适用于生产质量控制试验，如图6-2所示。

2）接触式测伸长计其原理基本与非接触式测伸长计相似。

它是采用了两个接触式夹头夹在试样标线上，其接触压力约为0.50N(51gf)左右，当试样伸长是带动两个夹持在试样标线的夹头移动，这两个夹头由两条绳索于一个多圈电位器相连，两个夹头的位移，使绳索的抽出量发生变化，也就改变了电位器的阻值，因而也改变了代表应变值得能量。

二、试样准备1.硫化完毕的试片，在室温下停放6小时后，裁切出哑铃形试样。

2.1、2、3型试样应从厚度为2.00±0.03mm的硫化胶片上裁切。

4型试样应从厚度为1.00±0.10mm的硫化胶片上裁切。

3.试样裁切的方向，应保证其拉伸受力方向与压延方向一致，裁切时用力要均匀，并以中性肥皂水或洁净的自来水湿试片。

若试样一次裁不下来，应舍弃之，不得再重复旧痕裁切，否则影响试样的规则性。

此外，为了保护裁刀，应在胶片下垫以适当厚度的铅板及硬纸板。

4.裁刀用毕，须立即拭干、涂油，妥善放置，以防损坏刀刃。

5.在试样中部，用不影响试样物理性能的印色两条平行标线，每条标线应与试样中心等距。

6.用厚度计测量试样标距内的厚度，应测量三点：一点在试样工作部分的中心处，另两点在两条标线的附近。

D412-92硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶和热塑性弹性体----抗拉试验方法1 1．范围1．1本试验方法描述了硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶，和热塑性弹性体的抗拉性能测定方法。

本方法不适用于硬质橡皮及类似的低伸长率的材料，本方法包括如下两种：方法A：哑铃片或直片试样方法B：环形试片1．2无论是用SI单位或非SI单位表示的数值，在本标准中皆认为是标准值，不同系统的值可能不完全相等，因此各系统只能分别使用，而不能混用。

1．3本标准不涉及与之相关的所有安全因素，标准的使用者有责任制定适当的安全、健康的规定，在使用之前确定其规定极限的适用性。

2．参考文件2．1 ASTM标准D1349：橡皮试验标准温度的实施方法2D1566：有关橡皮的名词术语D3182：橡皮试验实施方法：用于混合标准混合物和准备标准硫化试片的材料、设备和程序2D3183：橡皮试验实施方法：由产品准备试片D3767：橡皮试验实施方法：尺寸测定D4483：橡皮试验实施方法：橡皮、炭黑、工业试验方法标准中精确度的确定E4：试验机的负荷检验2．2 ASTM附件：环形试样，方法B（D412）42．3 ISO标准：ISO37：硫化橡皮和热塑性橡皮抗拉性能的测定3．术语：3．1定义：3．1．1拉伸残变：试样按一定方式拉抻，再让其收缩后仍保留的伸长部分。

用原始长度的百分率表示（D1566）3．1．2拉断伸长率：哑铃片拉断后，将两断点对在一起，测出的拉伸残变3．1．3拉伸强度：将试样拉断所需的最大拉力（D1566）3．1．4张力：拉伸试样所用的力（D1566）3．1．5固定伸长力时的张力：将试样断面均匀一致的部分拉到---给定伸长率所需的第力（D1566）3．1．6热塑性弹性体：橡皮类材料的一个分支，与传统的硫化橡皮不同，具有象热塑性材料一样的加工性能和再使用性能3．1．7最大伸长率：试样被拉断的伸长率3．1．8屈服点：张力—变形曲线上的一点（拉断处除外），此时张力随变形的变化率经过一零值，并可能变为负值。

名称：D 412—98a(2002年重新批准)硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体——拉伸性能的标准实验方法希望采用本标准使用者在进行实验时，参照英文版本一起使用以便对译文提出建议并准确进行实验。

因此凡出现与英文版本相冲突，则以英文版本为准。

本标准已被国防部代理机构批准使用。

注释——9.2部分于2003.1被更新。

1. 范围1.1 这些方法是用来评估硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸性能的程序。

这些方法不适用硬橡胶和相似硬度、低延伸率材料。

方法如下：方法A——哑铃状和直片状试样方法B——剪切环形状试样（不适用）注释1——这两种不同的方法不会产生同样的结果。

1.2 在本实验中，数值的表达不管是以SI还是非SI为单位，都认为是标准的。

在每一系统中数值可能不是等同的，因此必须单独使用每一系统，而不要合并这些数值。

1.3本标准没有对所有的安全问题进行详细的描述。

建立一个合适的安全和健康规则和决定其应用规则限制是使用者的责任。

2. 参考资料2.1 ASTM 标准：D 1349 橡胶标准实验温度准则D 1566 与橡胶相关的术语D 3182 混合标准化合物和准备标准硫化橡胶片的材料，设备和程序准则D 3183 实验用产品片准备准则D 3767 橡胶尺寸测量准则D 4483 橡胶和黑烟末工业中标准实验方法的测量精度准则E 4 实验机器力检查准则2.2 ASTM 附件：剪切环形试样,方法B (D 412)2.3 ISO 标准：ISO 37 硫化橡胶，热缩性橡胶张应力性能3.1 术语3.1 定义3.1.1 张力设置——在试样被伸展之后所保留的延长长度，允许以规定方式缩进，以占原始长度的百分比来表达。

（D 1566）3.1.2 破裂后张力设置——通过把两破裂的哑铃体橡胶片破裂点放在一起进行测量。

（D 1566）3.1.3 抗拉强度——施加给试样使其破裂的张应力。

（D 1566）3.1.4 张应力——伸展试样的力。

（D 1566）3.1.5 一定延伸率的张应力——使试样均匀横截面伸展到给定延伸时所需要的力。

中华人民共和国国家标准硫化橡胶和热塑性橡胶拉伸性能的测定Rubber ,vulcanized and thermoplastic—Determinarion of tensils properiesGB/T 528—92代替GB 528—82本标准参照采用国际标准ISO/DIS37—1990《硫化和热塑性橡胶——拉伸应力应变性能的测定》。

1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了硫化橡胶和热塑性橡胶拉伸性能的测定方法。

本标准适用于用哑铃状试样和环状试样测定硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶以及类似材料的拉伸性能。

本标准包括的测定项目有：a)拉伸强度；b)断裂强度；c)扯断伸长率；d)定神应力；e)定应力伸长率；f)屈服点拉伸应力；g)屈服点伸长率；h)扯断永久变形。

2 引用标准GB/T 2941 橡胶试样环境调节和试验的标准温度、湿度及时间GB 5273 硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶试验用试样和制品尺寸的测定GB 9865 硫化橡胶样品和试样的制备GB 9868 橡胶获得高于或低于常温试验温度通则HG 2369 橡胶塑料拉力试验机技术条件3 术语及定义断裂强度：试样在断裂时的拉伸应力。

屈服点拉伸应力：在应力-应变曲线上出现第一个拐点时的拉伸应力。

屈服点伸长率：在应力-应变曲线上出现第一个拐点时的伸长率。

4 试验仪器4．1 拉力试验机拉力试验机应符合HG2369的规定，其测力精度应达到B级。

用环状试样试验时，试验机的夹持部分应配备两个能自由转动的滑轮，在试验期间内至少有一个滑轮以3～50转/min的速度自由转动，以使环状试样应变均匀。

4．2 裁刀所有裁刀必须符合GB9865的要求。

哑铃状裁刀的形状如图所示。

哑铃状裁刀分1、2、3、4型。

各部位尺寸由表1给出。

裁刀狭小平行部分任一点宽度误差不得超过0.05㎜。

国家技术监督局1992-12-12批准1993-10-01实施表1 哑铃状试样裁刀尺寸部位1型2型3型4型总长（最短L）115 75 35 50端头宽度W 25±1 12.5±1.0 6.0±0.5 8.5±0.5狭小平行部分长L n 33±2 25±1 12.0±0.5 16.0±1.0狭小平行部分宽W 6.0±0.40.0 4.0±0.1 2.0±0.1 4.0±0.1过渡边内径R0 14±0.1 8.0±0.5 3.0±0.1 7.5±0.5过渡边内径R i25±2 12.5±1.0 3.0±0.1 10.0±0.54．3 锥形测径计锥形测径计测量圆周直径的误差应小于0.01㎜。

橡胶性能的标准试验方法-液体影响1．范围1.1 本实验方法提出了评价橡胶或类橡胶物质抵抗液体作用的相对能力所需的程序。

试验计划：（1）从标准板材（见规范D3182）上裁取硫化橡胶试样，（2）从涂覆硫化橡胶的织物（见试验方法D751）上裁取试样，或（3）采用商业成品（见规范D3183）为试样。

除第11.2.2 所提者外，本试验方法不适用于多孔橡胶、泡沫橡胶和压制包装板材。

1.2 ASTM 油类No.2 和No.3 用作本标准的标准工作液体，目前尚未商业化，且在1993 年分别被IRM902 和IRM903 替代（详见附录XI）。

1.3 本试验方法包括以下试验内容：质量变化（浸泡后）第10 节体积变化（浸泡后）第11 节水不溶液体和混合液体尺寸变化第12 节液体仅在一表面的质量变化第13 节液体可溶提取物质量的测定第14 节抗张强度、伸长率和硬度的变化（浸泡后）第15 节断裂强度、破裂强度、撕裂强度和涂布织物附着力的变化第16 节计算（试验结果）第17 节2．引用文件2.1 ASTM 标准：D 92 用克利福兰得开杯法测定闪点和燃点的试验方法2D 97 石油产品倾点的试验方法2D 287 原油和石油产品API 比重的试验方法(液体比重计法) 2D 412 硫化橡胶、热塑橡胶和热塑合成橡胶张力3D 445 透明和不透明液体运动粘度的试验方法2D 611 石油产品和烃类溶剂苯胺点和混合苯胺点的试验方法2D 751 涂层布试验方法4D 975 柴油规格D1217 用宾汉比重瓶法测定液体密度和相对密度(比重)的试验方法2 D 1415 橡胶特性--国际硬度的试验方法3D 1500 石油产品ASTM 颜色的试验方法(ASTM 比色度) 2D 1747 石油产品ASTM 颜色的试验方法(ASTM 比色度) 2D 2008 石油产品紫外线吸收度和吸收系数的试验方法2D 2140 石油制绝缘油的碳类成份的测试方法5D 2240 用硬度计测定橡胶硬度的试验方法3D 2699 研究法测定发动机燃料抗震性的试验方法6D 3182 混炼标准化合物及制备标准硫化橡胶试片用橡胶材料、设备及工序规程3D 3183 用橡胶制品制备试验用橡胶试片的规程3D 4483 橡胶和炭黑制造业用试验方法标准精确性的评定规程7D 4485 发动机油功能规范3D 4678 橡胶参考材料的制备、测试、验收、制定文档和使用规程3D 5900 工业标准物质(IRM)的物理及化学性能规格8E 145 重力传送和强制通风炉规格82.2 SAE 标准：J 300 发动机油粘度分类3.试验方法的摘要3.1 本实验方法提供了把测试样品暴露在液体之下所受影响的程序, 经过一定条件的温度和时间。