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2016考研英语真题长难句（特殊结构）2016考研英语真题长难句(特殊结构)考研常命题的长难句中，除了常考的三大从句外，还有一些特殊结构(如倒装结构、比较结构、分隔结构等)，这些特殊结构往往成为考生理解的难点。
本文给出真题阅读中的一些典型的特殊结构的例句，建议熟读甚至背诵，以做到考试时碰到类似句子就能抓住重点。
1、强调结构Perhaps it is humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.[参考译文]也许正是因为人类长期以来遭受旱涝摆布的痛苦，才使他们制服洪水的理想显得如此令人着迷。
[结构分析]这是一个强调句，基本结构是it is...suffering...that makes...so fascinating，被强调部分是humankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought，其中的中心词是suffering，有两个修饰成分：humankind's long和at the mercy of flood and drought(受旱涝摆布)都做suffering的定语。
suffering这个词除了是被强调的部分外，还是后面that引导的从句的主语;在that引导的从句中，ideal做宾语，带有of引导的动名词短语forcing the waters to do our bidding(让河水听我们吩咐)这个定语;so fascinating做ideal的宾语补语，说明ideal的特点。
2、倒装结构Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.[参考译文]1980年美国的人口普查数据表明，没有哪个地方比美国最西部更能突出显示美国人想寻找更广阔的生存空间。
2016考研英语长难句语法解析之独立主格结构复习2016考研英语的考生，不知道你们的复习进程如何，是否懂得要各项内容均衡“发展”，今天我们来给大家讲一讲长难句中独立主格的七大类型。
独立主格，顾名思义，它不是一个句子。
在英语中，任何一个句子都要有主语和谓语，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词等名词性成分作逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，因此称为“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构在整个句子中的功能就相当于一个自带主语的状语从句。
众所周知，非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。
而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句中带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。
其实，虽然叫作独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用，如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
有时还可以作定语。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
1.名词(代词)+不定式【例句】Nobody to come later, we will not continue to wait.如果一会儿没有人来，我们就不等了。
2.名词(代词)+现在分词【例句】The teacher being ill, we’d better visit him.老师生病了，我们最好去看看他。
3.It being+名词(代词)【例句】It being the Spring Festival, the shops were closed.由于过年，商店都关门了。
4.There being+名词(代词)【例句】There being no further business, I declare the thing is decided.没有什么事要再继续讨论了，我宣布这事就这么决定了。
2016考研英语基础语法讲义语法专题——长难句分析：不考语法，语法渗透在试题中。
长难句会频繁用在阅读，完型等试题当中。
试卷中明确考察的试题主要有一个，即翻译。
考研的难点：词汇和长难句如何攻克：剖析其结构、推敲其译文、总结其特征如何有效破解——通过一套完整的拆分信号，而这套信号就是我们在这次语法课程当中讲到的考研语法体系。
This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail.看到这句是不是有些稍许的茫然This trend began during the second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion.看到这句心里边升起了光明的一线This trend began during the secondWorldWar.再看这句，人生变的色彩斑斓This trend began.这句一看，所有的疑问便烟消云散。
释义：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家政府得出这样的结论：具体的要求通常是无法具体地预见到的。
以上的那个句子经过层层的抽丝剥剥茧，达到了以下的最精炼的一个呈现。
达到这样的境界的话，你能第一时间抓住句子的主干，从而提高理解的速度和精度。
•真题再现（2004年翻译第46题）•The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.•结构分析：正确翻译此句关键在于弄清楚which在句子中所指代的先行词是什么。
考研英语长难句解析一、考研英语长难句之定语从句一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。
在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。
对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。
此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。
例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题)例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly.例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled.例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital.例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.(2005年真题)二、考研英语长难句之同位语从句例1. The audience leraned form the internet the news that a serious explosion broke out in Xi’an a few days ago.例2.The rumor that she eloped with her boyfriend just cannot hold water, for I saw her at home just now.例3.However, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.(2009年第3篇)三、考研英语长难句之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。
2016考研英语：长难句训练与解析（三）2016考研英语：长难句训练与解析（三）从以往考研英语真题中我们很容易发现，考研英语长难句以各种形式遍布在英语试卷中。
很显然，对于很多考生来说，考研英语长难句就像一只拦路虎，让考生望而却步。
那么，怎样才能攻克考研英语长难句这只拦路虎呢?要想长难句不再难，方法之一就是在复习的时候，多多练习一些经典的考研英语长难句。
俗话说：熟能生巧!一种句型，当你练习了几遍，考试时看到同样的句型，也就知道该如何作答了。
为了帮助各位2016考研的同学攻克长难句，文都考研给大家整理了一些经典的长难句训练题，希望能帮助大家。
考研英语长难句训练题：9. But because hard laughter is diffficult to suatain, agood laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefitsthe way, say, walking or jogging does.10. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sadbut they become sad when the tears begin to flow.11. In an experiment pubished in 1988, socialpsychologist Fritz Strack of the University ofWurzburg in Germany asked volunteers tohold apen either with their teeth—thereby creating anartificial smile—or with their lips, which wouldproduce a disappointed expression.12. Those forced to exercises their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funnycartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggeating thatexpressions may inflence emotions rather than just the other way around.考研英语长难句解析：第9题：【分析】复合句。
2016考研英语：真题经典长难句必背(一)一篇考研阅读理解文章中一般会出现3-5句长难句，而且还至少有一道针对长难句理解的考题，因此很有必要熟悉长难句的种类以及它们各自的重点。
1、主从复合句When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.[参考译文]当艺术上的一项新运动达到一定流行程度时，最好先弄清该运动倡导者的目的，因为，无论他们的创作原则在今天看来多么牵强、多么荒谬，在未来这些理论有可能会被视为正常的东西。
[结构分析]本句的主干是it is advisable to find out... for... it is possible that...，句首的When引导一个时间状语从句，句中的for... it is possible... (至句末)是一个并列分句，表示原因，其中for后面的however +形容词farfetched and unreasonable引导状语从句，表示让步。
在主干it is advisable to find out... 中，it是形式主语，后面的不定式结构to find out what its advocates are aiming at是真正的主语。
2、并列句While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.[参考译文]与你谈话时，可能成为你未来老板的人会考虑你所受的教育、你的经历和你的其他资历是否在雇佣你以后会给他带来好处。
2016考研英语:经典长难句训练与解析(09.16)在复习考研英语阅读的时候，大家最怕的就是长难句。
那么，怎样才能攻克考研英语长难句这只拦路虎呢?要想长难句不再难，方法之一就是在复习的时候，多多练习一些经典的考研英语长难句。
俗话说：熟能生巧!一种句型，当你练习了几遍，考试时看到同样的句型，也就知道该如何作答了。
为了帮助各位2016考研的同学攻克长难句，都教授给大家整理了一些经典的长难句训练题，并附有详细的解析，希望能帮助大家。
考研英语长难句训练题：518、I have excluded him because, while hisaccomplishments may contribute to the solution ofmoral problems, he has not been charged with taskof approaching any but the factual aspects of thoseproblems.519、But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity;anymore than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules ofconduct in business.520、They may teach very well and more than earntheir salaries, but most of them make little or noindependent reflections on human problems whichinvolve moral judgment.考研英语长难句解析：第518题：【分析】多重复合句。
5、考研长难句中的“词汇”A．专有名词a．人名、地名、国家名、组织机构：Clinton/Bush/Pentagon（6级）/ICBC/CBC/BC/ABC/HSBC/City BankPearson（01年）Boas and Sapir（04年）b. 专业术语：Watergate Scandal/Photo Scandal/Mad Cow Disease/Tornado/Hurricane /Typhoon /black hole/collapse/六神花露水B．代词a．句内指代1．that的指代作用Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener.介词优先1、of 的翻译：A （中心词）of B of C（97年72题) Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.（07年46题)Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.a piece of paper a sort of special training2、in的翻译（03年62题) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.（06年46题）I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏格拉底）way about moral problems.3、with 用法（01年71题)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（04年61题）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.2．one的指代作用A good writer is who can express the commonplace_____ in an uncommon way.[A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this3．do的替代作用：For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.b. 句外指代（02年64题）Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.（97年75题）When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct should be encouraged rather than laughed at.C．词组及习惯表达法be obliged to die out (04年62题) time was when(2008年)campus belle/campus beau/ big gun/ new-new generation/Mic king/Mic queen3S lady (single, seventies, stuck)/smuggled goods/couples dress/the second rich generation group purchase/French Letter /好久不见/人山人海D．多义词school（94年）（09年）E．熟词生意It invites you to thinkpollution monitors（01年71题）Hot ! Hot! Hot! Sleeping Beauty Citizen/Reebok/Puma I'm nobodyF生词a．分析词根和词缀：ungelivable /copycat /eggache /vegeteal /antizen/redology/Taoism/trendsetter （05年47题）multimedia （99年）methodology （03年）anthropological b．知词看伴（03年61题）Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live c.汉语搭配（96年74题) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.（05年50题) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall”（09年48题）While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults .第二部分：理解长难句的两个关键性问题一、理解不到位A．简单句（94年73题）Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation has been largely ignored by historians and philosophers of science .B.复合句(并列句和从句)（94年74题）Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than the earth.二、表达不通顺（一）、主线结构顺线走1、主语从句A．以what，whatever，whoever，whether，when，where，how，why等引导的主语从句例1 What he told me was only half-truth.例2 How he is going to do it is a mystery.例3（95年74题）In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.B．用it作形式主语的主语从句(a) 常常用于固定短语，翻译在整个句子的最前面。
It is said that…据说…It is reported that…据报道…It is estimated that…据估计…It must be pointed out that…必须指出…It must be admitted that…必须承认…It is suggested that…有人建议…It can not be denied that…不可否认…It should be realized that…必须认识到…It may be said without fear of exaggeration that…可以毫不夸张地说…(b) It is +adj.+ for sb to do sth/sth is +adj +for sb to do sth.(c) It+ be + adj. + that…例1（09年46题）It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.例2 It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.It is difficult to see…（07年49题）It is preferable for journalists to…（07年50题）It is no exaggeration to say…（05年50题）It is obvious that…（02年72题）2、宾语从句A. 用that, what , how, when, which, why, whether, if等引导的宾语从句例1、He has informed me when they are to discuss my proposal.例2、（2006年Text 4）Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad. B．用it作形式宾语的句子例3、I heard it said that he had gone abroad.例4、I regarded it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.3、表语从句例1（2002年61题）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioural science continues to trace behaviour to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.4、同位语从句例1（05年47题) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.例2（07年48题）But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.例3(10年48题)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless species”.（二）、定语状语往前勾定语（一）前置定语94年71题里的：ordinary things 形容词作定语72题里的：scientific revolution 形容词作定语75题里的：Driving force 现在分词作定语（二）后置定语1. 简单的后置定语the information usedthe qualities to be measured2.复杂的后置定语（96年71题）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.3.多重后置定语例1（98年73题）Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures , and may report their findings soon . 例2（99年74题）There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry .例3（99年72题）Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves .定语从句（绝对重点、绝对考点、绝对考）◆如何区分定语从句、同位语从句以及强调句型It is a fact that all of us have known.All of us know the fact that he is not a thief.He heard the bad news that his father passed away yesterday evening.Finally she accepted the bad fact that made her desperate.例1（03年61题）Furthermore ,humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live ,thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.例2 (03年64题) Tylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."例3（04年61题）The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.▲小结：●there be 句型：1、There is a temple on the hill(状语).There are two monks in the temple(状语).There is a cup on the table(状语).2、There is no agreement.3、There will be a warm winter.练习：1、（06年47）the course of reasoning which led him to his decision2、（06年49）the moral code which governs his activity3、（06年50）human problems which involve moral judgment4、（07年49）journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution5、（08年49）things which easily escape attention二、状语从句例1（01年75题）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operation them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder——kitchen rage .例2 The boy who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.▲小结：。
