国际商务交际期末复习

CHAP6 国际贸易理论Mercantilism suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintain a trade surplus -- to export more than it imports（重商主义就是保持贸易顺差以实现一国的最大利益---出口超过进口） Mercantilism advocates government intervention(介入) to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade （重商主义主张政府介入以便实现对外贸易顺差）It views trade as a zero-sum game - one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another （将贸易看成零和博弈，一个国家收益一个国家受损）Absolute Advantage 绝对优势Adam Smith argued that a country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing it亚当斯密认为一个国家生产一种商品比其他任何国家效率都高时存在绝对优势According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries 按照亚当斯密的说法，各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用他们交换其他国家生产的商品The Benefit of Absolute Advantage and Free TradeThe Principle for International Division of Labor–Absolute Advantage国际分工的原则---绝对优势The Consequence（结果） of Division of Labor and Free Trade 分工的结果和自由贸易1. To Production:the Flow of the Factor of Production 生产要素的流动the Efficiency of Factor Distribution 要素分配效率the Quantity of Production 产品质量2. To Consumer:Welfare from Free Trade自由贸易福利: low price of imports and more consumption 低价格的进口更多的消费Comparative Advantage比较优势Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in the production of those goods they produce most efficiently and buy goods that they produce less efficiently from other countries, even if this means buying goods from other countries that they could produce more efficiently at home李嘉图的比较优势理论认为一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己更能有效生产的产品是有意义choose bigger one in two advantages and smaller one in two disadvantages 两利取重两害取轻Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 俄林理论Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factorendowments（天赋）– the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital 赫克歇尔和俄林认为比较优势是由各国生产要素禀赋的差异引起的，指一国的一些资源比如土地，劳动力还有资本The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce赫克歇尔俄琳理论预测一国将出口密集型使用本国充足要素的产品，进口密集使用本国稀缺要素的产品To take advantage of factor of endowmentsNew Trade Theory 新贸易理论New trade theory suggests that the ability of firms to gain economies of scale (unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output) can have important implications for international tradeNew trade theory suggests that:through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods贸易可以通过对规模经济的影响增加消费品的种类，降低这些商品的平均成本in those industries when output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant p roportion of total world demand, the global market may only be able to support a small number of enterprises 一些应该达到规模经济的产业，所生产的产品占世界总需求的比重较大，这样全球市场就只能容纳数量很少的企业Factor Endowments 要素禀赋Factor endowments refer to a nation’s position in factors of production n ecessary to compete in a given industry 要素禀赋理论意味着国家态度对一个特定行业生产要素的竞争是很必要的A nation's position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage国家对生产要素的使用态度可以导致比较优势These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced (skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) 要素可以是基础的也可以是高等的First-Mover Advantages 第一进入者优势Being a first mover can have important competitive implications, especially if there are economies of scale and the global industry will only support a few competitors第一进入者有重要的竞争影响，特别是规模经济或者全球行业只有少量竞争者时Firms that establish a first-mover advantage may dominate global trade in that product公司建立了第一个优势可能会在全球贸易中占主导地位Porter’s Diamond波特的钻石理论Michael Porter tried to explain:(1)why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry, while some nations fail 为什么一个国家在特定行业取得国际成功(2 )how to get successful in a particular industry: identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation ofcompetitive advantage:如何在特定行业取得成功，确定了4大特性促进或阻碍竞争优势的建立Factor endowments 要素禀赋Demand conditions需求情况Relating and supporting industries相关与支持产业Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry 企业组织，战略与竞争CHAP8 国际直接投资FDI 国际直接投资Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market ina foreign country国际直接投资发生在一家企业在国外直接投资用于生产或者销售时FDI can be:1)greenfield investments- the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country.新设投资，在国外开设新的企业2)acquisitions or mergers with existing firms in the foreign country在国外收购或合并一家现成的企业Stock of FDI 国际直接投资的存量Outflows of FDI are the flows of FDI out of a country对外直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流出Inflows of FDI are the flows of FDI into a country外来直接投资是一国国际直接投资的流入Why do firms choose FDI instead of:(1)exporting - producing goods at home and then shipping them to the receiving country for sale 出口涉及在国内生产货物然后将其运到购买这些货物的国家(2)licensing - granting a foreign entity the right to produce and sell the firm’s product in return for a royalty feeon the license granting.技术授权是赋予外国公司生产和销售其产品的权利，并对其销售的每一个产品收取转让费An export strategy can be constrained by:(1) transportation costs 运费(2) trade barriers 贸易壁垒(3) can not take the advantage of factors endowment 不能发挥要素禀赋的优势Foreign direct investment may be undertaken as a response to actual or threatened trade barriers such as import tariffs or quotas国际直接投资的增长速度超过世界贸易和产出的原因回避未来的贸易壁垒；民主政治制度和自由市场经济转变的总体趋势；世界经济的全球化Benefits And Costs Of FDIHost-Country Benefits 东道国的收益1.resource transfer effects - FDI can make a positive contribution to a host economy by supplying capital, technology, and management resources that would otherwise not be available资源转移效应国际直接投资对东道国的经济有积极的贡献，他可以提供东道国所缺乏的资本，技术和管理经验2.employment effects - FDI can bring jobs to a host country that would otherwise not be created there就业效应是指能为东道国带来原先没有的就业机会3.balance of payments effects - a country’s balance-of-payments account is a record of a country’s payments to and receipts from other countries国际收支效应。

Choice Questions1. c 3. b 5. d 7. a 9. a2. b 4. a 6. b 8. c 10.d下划线的选项为正确答案1. Understanding another culture:a. is important for businesspeople because they can appear to be better informed.b. is best achieved through "do's and don'ts" listsc. enables businesspeople to know why foreign associates believe and act as theydod. isn't necessary for businesspeople2. Culture, for purposes of business communication, is:a. interchangeable with communicationb. values, attitudes and behaviorc. unnecessary to investigated. constantly changing3. Every culture is learned, and therefore:a. a person can describe his or her own culture completelyb. it is learnablec. it is something you know from birthd. it is not possible to live outside your own culture4. Values in a culture:a. are the priorities of that cultureb. are the same in all culturesc. are attitudes about powerd. are the result of attitudes5. The best response to diversity (or difference in cultures) is toa. assume people are all alikeb. assume superiority of your own culturec. assess another culture by its similarity to yoursd. recognize the validity of cultures that are different6. Biases area. based in all cases on something other than factb. preferencesc. something not everybody hasd. not operating in business encounters between members of different cultures7. When biases are acted upon,a. the result may be discrimination or prejudiceb. the person acting upon them clearly recognizes that factc. communication is clearerd. the result is typical of high-context cultures8. High-context culturesa. prefer communication that is direct and explicitb. are ones whose members enjoy a high standard of livingc. rely on the context, either physical or social, to convey a large part of the messaged. use technologically advanced methods of communication for business purposes9. Perception involvesa. recognizing communication signals, paying attention, categorizing them, andassigning meaning to themb. speaking and listening--the oral communication skillsc. matching incoming signals with outgoing signals in one's databankd. implicit messages that are typical of high-context cultures10. Multi-level messagesa. are always intentionalb. communicate only one meaning but on many levelsc. are common practices in low-context culturesd. result in puns and double-meaning jokesChoice. Circle the letter corresponding to the correct response.11. Language is important because ita.helps us shape concepts, controls how we think, and controlshow we perceive others.b. allows us to be understood by foreigners.c. is determined by colonialism.d. is stable, easily understood, and free of diversity.12. Which of the following countries uses high-context language?a. Canadab. Germanyc. Japand. United States13. The term "jargon" refers toa. inoffensive expressions that are used in place of offensivewords.b. competitive conversations that are generally in jest.c.technical terminology used within specialized groups.d. nonverbal signals that are believed over what is actuallysaid.14. Slang is generallya. understood by everyone.b. spoken by the masses.c. easily translated.ed by subgroups.15. Red tape is an example ofa. slang.b. an acronym.c. a homonym.d. an idiom.16. "The part was found defective, and it was determined that there isa defect in the button causing it not to fit into the chassis." Thisstatement is an example of aa. linear explanation.b. verbose explanation.c.nonlinear explanation.d. why explanation.17. A good interpreter will bea. bilingual, familiar with both business cultures, and employedby one of the businesses.b.bicultural, bilingual, and familiar with both businesscultures.c. bicultural and an employee of the visiting business.d. bicultural, bilingual, and employed by the host business. Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the correct response.18. Which statement referring to thought patterns is incorrect?a. Asians typically use the inductive method of reasoning.b. Thought patterns impact oral communication.c. When using the deductive method of reasoning, one starts withthe facts and goes to generalizations.d. Recognizing different thought patterns is important innegotiation with different cultures.19. Which term refers to rate, volume, and quality that interrupts ortemporarily takes the place of speech and affects the meaning ofa message?a. metacommunicationb. chronemicsc. oculesicsd. paralanguage20. Which statement does not reflect the intimate zone?a. the most formal zoneb. less than 18 inchesc. reserved for very close friendsd. entered when shaking hands21. People from cultures that follow the monochronic time system tendtoa. do one thing at a time.b. be committed to people.c. borrow and lend things often.d. build lifetime relationships.22. Nonverbal communication does not includea. chromatics.b. chronemics.c. haptics.d. semantics.23. Which term refers to gaze and eye contact?a. chronemicsb. monochronicc. oculesicsd. olfactics24. Which term refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact?a. kinesicsb. hapticsc. olfacticsd. proxemics25. Which of the following does not belong in the "don't touch" category?a. Englandb. Japanc. Middle East countriesd. United States26. Which of the following statements related to space is incorrect?a. In the United States, the social zone is used for interactingimpersonally in business situations.b. In the United States, offices on the fourth floor have morestatus than those on the first floor.c. French top-level executives have private offices.d. The Japanese do not consider private offices appropriate.27. Which statement regarding oculesics is incorrect?a. People in the United States do not favor direct eye contact.b. People in China lower their eyes as a sign of respect.c. The Japanese direct their gaze below the chin.d. Eye contact is very intense in the Middle East.28. Which statement concerning haptics is incorrect?a. Touching may be interpreted as a form of sexual harassment.b. Some cultures are more comfortable with bodily contact thanothers.c. Japan is considered a "touch" culture.d. In the Middle East, avoid touching someone with your left hand.29. Which statement relating to chromatics is incorrect?a. Chromatics can have negative and positive connotations.b. Americans and Japanese both wear black to funerals.c. Brides in India often wear red or yellow.d. In China, a green hat signifies that your wife or sister isa prostitute.30. Which statement is incorrect?a. Costly business blunders are often the result of a lack ofknowledge of another culture's nonverbal communicationpatterns.b. Processes of reasoning and problem solving are the same inall cultures.c. Attitudes toward time and use of space convey nonverbalmessages in intercultural encounters.d. When in another culture, an appropriate caution would be towatch the behavior of the persons you are talking with andmatch their style.31. Which statement is incorrect?a. Knowing cultural variations in the use of silence is helpfulwhen conversing with persons in another culture.b. Determining cultural meanings associated with various colorsis advised to assure that nonverbal messages associated withcolor are positive ones.c. Good advice when communicating with persons in other culturesis to keep gestures to a minimum.d. Although oral communication varies from culture to culture,nonverbal communication is almost always interpreted the samein each culture.Choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the correct response.32. Present your business card with both hands when ina. Africa.b. Japan.c. Germany.d. Russia.33. Which of the following statements related to business card exchangeis incorrect?a. U.S. persons only exchange business cards when there is areason to contact the person later.b. Business cards for use internationally should be white withblack ink.c. Present the business card with the left hand only in Africa.d. Present the business card with both hands in Japan.34. People with a college degree are entitled to be called "Doctor" ina. Mexico.b. England.c. Italy.d. Russia.35. Which statement concerning India's caste system is incorrect?a. Each caste has its own status and rights.b. Discrimination based on caste has been outlawed.c. The caste system is not a major influence anywhere on thecontinent at this time.d. In a caste, interaction is often limited.36. Which statement regarding holidays is incorrect?a. Germany has a carnival season similar to Mardi Gras.b. Many countries celebrate New Year's Day.c. Many Japanese companies close from April 29 to May 5.d. June is a bad time to conduct business in Europe as this is consideredthe vacation month.37. Which statement regarding office customs/practices is incorrect?a. U.S. employees are expected to keep busy while at work evenduring slow periods.b. Peru has one of the longest workweeks in the world.c. U.S. firms give more and longer breaks than do most Europeancompanies.d. In the United Kingdom, the only grounds for job terminationare criminal behavior.38. Appropriate public behavior in the United States includes:a. giving priority to older persons when waiting in line.b. speaking quietly in elevators.c. keeping to the left when walking on the street.d. treating service personnel with courtesy and respect.39. Which statement regarding special foods is incorrect?a. Corn-on-the-cob, a U.S. food, is considered a food foranimals only in other countries.b. Most countries enjoy popcorn.c. Eating sheep's eyeballs in Saudi Arabia is common.d. In Mexico, chicken soup may contain the chicken's feet.40. Which statement regarding consumption taboos is incorrect?a. Strict Muslims do not consume pork.b. Hindus do not eat any beef; the cow is considered sacred.c. Orthodox Jews eat only cattle or fowl that has been rituallyslaughtered so that it is "kosher."d. U.S. persons do not eat horse meat because of religious taboos.。

商务交际英语（2）期末复习资料Part I. MULTIPLE CHOICE （10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分）Directions: Choose the letter indicating the best choice to complete each sentence or answer each question1.Which of the following would make the best opening for a persuasive letter?a.As a world traveler, would you please speak to our group on your life-changing experiences intouring India?b.Because of your varied experiences as an elementary school administrator, we would like youto address the district's annual meeting of school principals.c.Wc arc looking for a speaker for our meeting next month. I know you arc busy, but would youconsider being our speaker?d・ People who think they learned everything they need to know in kindergarten haven't heard you speak・2.In writing instructions, which of the following should you remember?a.What the intended readers already know.b.What they need to know・c.The terms they understand.d.All of the above are essential.3.A drawing is used to ____________ .a.show geographic relationships.b・ emphasize details of an idea or procedure・c.show lines of authority.pare one or more quantities with another.4.Which is not one of the three miscellaneous graphic and visual aids?a.mapsb. photographsc. objectsd. drawings5.What is the most complex form of communication?a.one-on-one communication b・ communication in printc・ communication by e-mail d. telephone communication6.Which of the following is a part of your image?a.Level of sclf-confidcncc b・ friendlinessc. appearanced. all of the above are parts of your image7.A barrier to effective listening could be ____________ ・a.A bad mental attitude about the subject of the speaker.b.A bad mental attitude about the speake匚c.A loud noise・d.All of the above.& To lead a meeting effectively, ____________ ・e an agenda・b.do not waste time by restating the objective of the meeting.c.let the experts and extroverts dominate the discussion.d・ all of the above are effective ways to lead meetings*9.In planning a manual, which of the following is most important to consider?a.Your own experience with the topic of the manual.b.What the intended readers need to know・c.What you would like to teach the readers・d.The placement of graphics and illustrations.anization charts are used to ________ ・a.show relationshipsb.illustrate trendsc.explain steps of a complicated procedured.indicate proportions11.Which of the following are internal customers for a worker in a flower shop?a.The people who work at the dry cleaning establishment next doo匚b.The truck drivers for the wholesale florist, from which the shop gets its flowers.c.The woman who wants to put a poster in the window about a charity craft sale.d.The man who orders flowers for his mother on Mother's Day.12.Which of the following describes an appropriate way to receiver customers?a.A secretary behind a big glass window occasionally smiles out upon the waiting customers.b.Employees bustle through a front office; they assume waiting customers have been greeted bythe receptionist, even though she is not at her desk at the moment.c.A woman behind a desk nods at people who come up to her desk while she talks on the phone,then motions for them to be seated in a chair on the other side of the room.d.A receptionist just inside the door greets everyone who enters, even though she is busy withwork at her desk.13.The intimate zone of personal space is _______ ・a.0 to 18 inches for North Americans but larger for Latin Americansb.0 to 18 inches for North Americans but smaller for Latin Americansc.18 inches to 2 feet for North Americansd.12 inches to 18 inches for those from the Middle East14.Which of the following is not part of the listening process?a. Hearing・b. Symbolizing・c. Focusing・d. Remembering・15.Which of the following would be considered a short oral presentation?a.A presentation to the Board of Directors.b.A report on the progress of a very large, major project.c.An introduction of a presenter at a social club・d.None of the above would be a short presentation.16.Which of the following will not provide a helpful influence on a meeting?a. Be flexible・b. Discuss ideas.c・ Use body language to your advantage.d.All of the above will help provide a helpful influence・Part II. TRUE/FALSE （10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分）________ 1 ・ People tend to read parts of a manual instead of the whole thing.________ 2. In a persuasive letter, the direct approach gets the best results.________ 3. Your visual aids should always be titled.________ 4. Providing quality customer service is vital to a company's success・________ 5. An outgoing voice-mail message should be as detailed as possible・________ 6. Color is a nonverbal environmental symbol that establishes mood.________ 7. Hearing and listening are identical in their meaning・________ 8. A supervisor might be more likely to read a process description instead of a set of instructions.________ 9. The benefits of granting your request will be obvious to most readers・________ 10. The reference to your graphic aid within the written text should come before the actual graphic aid appears・________ 11. A pie chart is the appropriate graphic aid to use when comparing one or more quantities with another.________ 12. Being informed of the reason for a delay may help customers wait more patiently・________ 13. A nod of the head up and down while saying "yes" is an example of a nonverbal symbol that substitutes.________ 14. In a meeting, you send a message about who you are, your abilities, and your competence.Part III QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS （5 小题，每小题2 分，共10 分）1.What kind of description writing requires a step-by-step description?ANS:2.What is customer service?ANS:3.n It's not what you say, but how you say it that counts" is a statement that reflects the importance of what area of nonverbal communication?ANS:4.What are the important symbols in an oral presentation?ANS:5.What type of resume can be placed on the Internet?ANS:6.In planning a set of instructions, whose knowledge determines the technical level, the writer's or the reader's?ANS:7.How many sets of data should you present in one bar graph at most?ANS:8.What nonverbal symbols compose your image?ANS:9.How can a presenter know if his or her presentation is successful?ANS:10.What are the two methods for organizing resumes?ANS:Part IV READING COMPREHENSION （10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分）Part V TRANSLATION （3段短文，每段5分，共15分）1. A sales letter tries to persuade a potential customer to purchase a product or service・ Likeother persuasive messages, it involves gaining the reader's attention, establishing a need, showing how a product or service will meet that need, presenting supporting information, and providing for an easy way for the reader to respond・ A sales letter might appeal to readers1 senses by describing how something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes・ This appeal can range from the warm, cinnamon smell of apple pie to the silky feel of a new blouse.2.Face the audience when using your visual aids. Audience members prefer to see the front of you. When you speak, they can hear you better if you are facing them rather than the screen behind you. When using a pointer, hold the pointer in the hand closest to the visual aid to avoid turning your back to the audience. Read from your transparency while facing the overhead projector (and thus your audience) rather than turning around to read from the screen. Likewise, read from your computer monitor rather than turning toward the projected image as you speak.3.Within two days after the interview, you will want to write a brief follow-up letter to the interviewer, thanking him or her for the interview. If you are sure you want the job, indicate your interest・ Follow-up letters are courteous and thoughtful, and they bring your name before the interviewer agai n.4.Instructions tell readers how to do something. Manuals are sets of instructions combined with explanations, descriptions, definitions, and other related information. Both instructions and manuals should provide all the guidance reader need in order to carry out the tasks・ Your challenge is to write instructions and manuals that arc so inviting and easy to use that people decide to read and follow them.5.Spoken or written symbols make up the verbal part of a message and are accompanied by nonverbal symbols・ However, a nonverbal message may not have a verbal counterpart・Nonverbal symbols——body language, appearance, touch, space, time, voice——exist in written and oral communication as well as in the environment.6.Preparing formal oral presentations is challenging. A long speech may last from 20 minutes to more than an hour. As part of your preparation, determine the objective of your speech, analyze the audience, determine the time available for the speech, gather information, and determine the appropriate mode of delivery.7.Too much confidence can hurt you. If others see you as cocky, inflexible, or as a “know it alF\ they will see you as self-centered and unrealistic about your own abilities. They will probably respond to you negatively and with serious questions about your "ability to work with others" or your "ability to get the job done.55Part VI WRITING (共15 分)参考答案:Part I. MULTIPLE CHOICE （10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分）Ld 11.b 2. d 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. d 7. d &a 9. b10.Part II. TRUE/FALSE （10 小题，每小题2 分，共20 分）l.T 6.T ILF2.F3.T4.T5.F 7.F &T 9.F 10. T12.T 13.F 14. TPart III QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS （5 小题，每小题2 分，共10 分）1 • What kind of description writing requires a step-by-step description?ANS: a process description2.What is customer service?ANS: the performance of activities to ensure customer satisfaction3.M Ifs not what you say, but how you say it that counts'* is a statement that reflects theimportance of what area of nonverbal communication?ANS: voice or paralanguage4.What are the important symbols in an oral presentation?ANS: （a） vocal qualities, （b） nonverbal symbols, and （c） visual aids5.What type of resume can be placed on the Internet?ANS: on-line resume6.In planning a set of instructions, whose knowledge determines the technical level, thewriter's or the reader^?ANS: the reader's7.How many sets of data should you present in one bar graph at most?ANS: four8.What nonverbal symbols compose your image?ANS: level of confidence; friendliness; sincerity; appearance; and body actions or eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and posture.9.How can a presenter know if his or her presentation is successful?ANS: read the feedback10.What are the two methods for organizing resumes?ANS: reverse chronological order and functional orderPart V TRANSLATION （3段短文，每段5分，共15分）1.销售信函试图说服潜在的顾客购买产品或服务。

1.市场全球化是指把历史上独特的和分离的国家市场合并为一个巨大的全球市场。

2.生产全球化指的是从各地区筹供商品和服务，以利用各国在生产要素上的成本和质量差异。

3.自由贸易是指这样一种情形:一个政府不打算通过配额或关税来影响它的公民从别国进口什么商品，或生产什么产品出口给别国。

自由贸易(开放经济):a.当来自国外的劳动力和资本的供给用于国内生产成为可能时，自由贸易可能增加一国的资源存量。

b.自由贸易也可使一国利用其资源的效率提高。

4.绝对优势理论：○1亚当·斯密 1776年的名著《国富论》 :a.各国生产不同商品的效率不同。

b.各国应该专门生产具有绝对优势的商品，然后用它们交换其他国家生产的商品。

○2各国若按绝对优势分工生产，然后交换，则对两国都有利。

○3假定国家之间有一个绝对的平衡。

5.比较优势：○1李嘉图《政治经济学原理》 (1817).一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己能更有效生产的产品，这样做仍然是有意义的。

○2更好地使用资源。

○3贸易是一种正和博弈。

6.赫克歇尔俄林理论○1各国将出口那些密集使用当地禀赋丰裕的生产要素所生产的产品，a.进口那些密集使用当地禀赋稀缺生产要素所生产的产品。

○2国际贸易方式是由要素禀赋而非生产率差异决定的。

○3要素禀赋的重要性是相对的，不是绝对的。

7.新贸易理论○1如果国际贸易导致一个国家专门生产某一种产品，在该产品的生产过程中，随着产出的扩大存在规模经济，则单位成本将下降。

○2存在学习效应，这也会导致分工的报酬递增。

学习效应是指于中学带来的成本的节约。

新贸易理论–含义A.在高固定成本行业中世界市场仅能支撑有限的生产该产品的国家中有限的几家企业。

B.较早进入一个行业的企业得到的经济和战略上的优势。

先入者从递增报酬中获益的能力形成了一种进入的障碍政府的作用变得明显C.对新贸易理论最具争议的一种观点是该理论对政府干预和战略贸易政策的肯定。

商务交际英语1期末考试复习指导考试题型I. MULTIPLE CHOICES: （10小题，每小题1分，共10分）II. TRUE / FALSE （10小题，每小题1分，共10分）III. READING COMPREHENSION （10小题，每小题2分，共20分）IV. TRANSLATION (4 段短文, 每段5分, 共20 分)V. WRITING （40分）复习内容英语在国际商务活动中起着非常重要的作用。

掌握用英语进行商务交际的能力，有利于在激烈竞争中占有先机，反之，将可能面临挫折和失望。

商务交际英语1这门课程，涵盖了商务交际活动中的基本知识和技能，如：信函、备忘录/便笺、电子邮件和报告的写作技巧等，此外，还讲授了一些当代商务理念、职业道德规范、批判性思维能力和团队精神，以及图表的运用、技术性写作、客户服务、多元文化工作环境中的交际等。

本次考试的具体内容：有关日常生活或工作场所的交际技巧和交际目的；怎样在商务工作中给对方写信息；怎样写备忘录；怎样在工作中给你的工作伙伴或客户写商务信件等。

那么，根据这些内容，所涉及到课本上的章节有：Chapter 1 Communicating in your lifeChapter 2 Communicating in a diverse workplaceChapter 3 Writing with styleChapter 4 Writing memos and E-mailChapter 5 Writing letters to your clients and customersChapter 6 Writing reports: A complex process made easy特别是第2、4、5章节要重点复习。

在写作方面重点复习怎样写商务备忘录和信件。

本次考试分为5个部分，下面就以几个例题为准简单地介绍一下：具体复习重点1. 单项选择（10小题，每小题1分，共10分）主要考查学生对商务交际英语基础知识的掌握学生可把重点放在以下几种商务交际中应注意的地方：the purpose of communication、theprocess of communication、verbal and non-verbal messages、internal and external barriers tocommunication、responsibilities of participants、body language、personal space、lateralscommunication、audience analysis、common channels of oral message、cross-culturalcommunication and the guidelines、communication tips、Challenges of Diversity、direct andindirect order、building strong paragraphs (including the five Ws) 、the purpose of memos ande-mails、communication overload、the common abuses of e-mails、the stage of planning a message、neutral or positive messages等。

B版权：是作者、作曲家、剧作家、艺术家和出版商出版及以适当的方式传播其作品的专有合法权利。

B比较优势理论：李嘉图认为，一个国家分工生产最有效率的产品，而从别国购买自己生产效率相对较低的产品，甚至从别国购买自己能更有效生产的产品，这样做仍是有意义的。

B标准化广告的理由：有很大经济优势；广告效果好；许多著名品牌是全球性的。

B并购优点：便于实施；抢占市场先机；并购的风险要比新创企业更小。

B补贴：由政府对国内生产者的一种支付。

补贴有多种形式：现金补贴、低利率贷款、减税和政府参股国内企业。

C产品生命周期理论：贸易模式的趋势转变结果是，随着时间的推移，当生产集中于低成本的外国地区时，发达国家从产品出口国变为产品进口国。

D单一欧洲法案对欧盟经济的影响：为欧洲产业的实体部门的重构提供动力。

许多公司从单国转向了泛欧的生产和销售体系，以便实现统一市场的规模经济和提高竞争力。

经济增长速度进一步加快。

D导致规模经济的因素：（来源）①它能将固定成本分摊到更大的数量上。

②如果没有全球市场的存在，一个企业很难达到有效率的规模产量。

③不断增强其与原料供应商之间的谈判能力，从而达到采购的规模经济，压低关键投入的采购成本，提高盈利能力。

D道德行为的影响因素：个人伦理、组织文化、不现实的绩效目标、领导、决策过程。

D地区调试压力的来源：消费者在兴趣与偏好上的差异；基础设施与传统实践的差异；分销渠道的差异；东道国政府的要求。

D第一进入者优势：①通过建立一个强大的品牌形象抢先阻止竞争对手和赢得需求的能力。

②在那个国家扩大销售量，并在经验曲线上领先于竞争对手，使先入者对后来者拥有成本优势的能力。

③先入者创造出转换成本，把消费者牢牢地捆绑在它们所提供的产品和服务上的能力。

D第一进入者优势概念：指一个产业的早期进入者所具有的经济和战略上的优势。

D掉期：（货币互换）按两个不同的计值日期同时买进和卖出一定数量的外汇。

D定价策略：价格歧视；策略性定价（略夺性定价、多点定价，经验曲线定价）。

1、你认为在一个伊斯兰国家从事商务活动与在美国从事商务活动是否有所不同，如果不同的话，请问有何不同？答：在一个伊斯兰国家从事商务活动与在美国从事商务活动是有区别的，主要体现在两个方面—宗教与文化。

一：宗教伊斯兰国家：1.信奉伊斯兰教,伊斯兰教的信徒是穆斯林。

2.伊斯兰教的核心原则就是万能的真主是唯一的，教徒必须无条件接受真主的唯一性、权利和权威，并了解生命的目标就是执行真主的意志，以期能进入天堂。

伊斯兰教主张，世俗的利益和权力都是虚幻的，那些追求世间财富的人也许能得到它，可是那些放弃世俗欲望而寻求真主恩惠的人可以获得更大的财富——进入天堂。

3.宗教在所有生活领域中是至高无上的，仅穆斯林祷告仪式一天就举行5次，妇女必须戴头巾，禁止食用猪肉和酒类。

4.伊斯兰教的一条经济原则是禁止支付与收受利息，利息被看成是高利贷。

在有些伊斯兰国家，利息不仅关乎宗教原则，而且已被纳入法律禁止范围。

美国：1.信奉基督教、天主教、犹太教。

美国人的价值准则、生活态度以及道德准则在相当大的程度上是受这三大宗教思想影响的。

2.强调信仰自由的国家，政教分离是写进宪法的。

3.美国人的宗教热情很高，但这种对上苍的敬畏并没有阻碍美国人揭开上帝创造的这个世界之迷的勇气和努力二：文化1.阿拉伯的同性站立的时候，喜欢把距离保持的更近，然而美国人则距离相对远一些。

2.在美国，给某个人一个截止时期是表示这件事情的紧迫性或重要性，但是在中东地区，如果一个美国经理坚持要求他的阿拉伯籍商务助理做事要快、效率要高，这位经理就被要求太过分了，其结果可能正好与他所期望的相反，这位阿拉伯籍助理可能会拖延时间来回应这位美国经理的粗俗无礼。

3.美国人时间观念很强，但是对阿拉伯人来讲，在他所生活的环境中，社会圈子是信息的重要渠道，维持与他人的关系非常关键，与一个朋友交谈比时间表重要多了。

4.穆斯林文化认为左手是不洁的。

吃饭或者给阿拉伯人递东西的时候，通常只用右手，5坐的时候，不要露出你的鞋底，因为鞋底是不洁的。

国际商务礼仪期末复习1. 引言国际商务礼仪是跨文化交流中不可忽视的要素，它对商务合作的顺利进行起着至关重要的作用。

在当今全球化的商业环境中，了解并遵守国际商务礼仪的规范不仅可以增加商务合作的机会，还能够建立与国际伙伴的持久且成熟的关系。

本文将对国际商务礼仪的关键要点进行复习，并探讨其在实践中的重要性。

2. 礼仪习俗与文化意识在国际商务交流中，不同国家和文化之间存在着很大的差异。

因此，了解并尊重他人的习俗和文化意识是至关重要的。

在进行商务会议、面试或社交活动时，了解对方国家的习俗可以帮助我们更好地理解对方并避免尴尬或冲突的局面。

3. 交流礼仪有效的交流是商务合作成功的关键。

在国际商务交流中，语言的使用和非语言的行为都非常重要。

使用适当的语言和掌握正确的表达方式可以有效地传达自己的意图，并使对方感受到尊重和关注。

此外，注意身体语言和面部表情的正确运用也是交流礼仪的一部分。

4. 商务会议礼仪商务会议是商务合作的重要环节，因此，对商务会议礼仪的了解和遵守也是不可或缺的。

在商务会议中，准时到达、合适的着装、熟悉会议议程、主动参与讨论以及遵守会议规则都是必须要遵守的。

遵循这些礼仪规范可以展示出你的专业素养，并有助于建立良好的商务关系。

5. 礼仪与社交活动与商务会议类似，社交活动也是商务交流的重要组成部分。

宴请客户、参加商务晚宴或商务招待活动时，了解社交礼仪规范是至关重要的。

包括用餐礼仪、交谈技巧、礼品赠送和庆祝活动礼仪等都需要注意。

6. 商务礼品赠送在国际商务交往中，礼品赠送是一种常见的表达尊敬和友好的方式。

然而，在选择和赠送商务礼品时需要特别谨慎。

了解对方文。

国际商务练习题一、单选题1.（A ）是指缔约一方现在和将来所给予任何第三方的一切特权、优待、利益及豁免，也同样给予缔约对方。

（1）.最惠国待遇（2）.国民待遇（3）.市场经济地位（4）.战略伙伴2（B）是指缔约一方保证缔约另一方的公民、企业和船舶在本国境内享受与本国公民、企业和船舶同等的待遇。

（1）.最惠国待遇（2）.国民待遇（3）.市场经济地位（4）.战略伙伴3在下列商业活动中，哪一笔属于国际商务活动（B）。

（1）,美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向美国花旗银行总行贷款（2）,美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向中国建设银行浦东分行贷款（3）,美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向美国城市银行上海浦东分行贷款（4）,美国花旗银行上海浦东分行向美国第一国民银行总行贷款4（B）是企业所特有的、能够经得起时间考验的、具有延展性，并且是竞争对手难以模仿的技术或能力。

（1）.竞争力（2）.核心竞争力（3）.国际竞争力（4）.表层竞争力5.企业通过自身要素的优化及与外部环境的交互作用，在有限的市场资源配置中占有相对优势，进而处于良性循环的可持续发展状态的能力( A )（1）.竞争力（2）.核心竞争力（3）.国际竞争力（4）.表层竞争力6.(C )是竞争力资产与竞争力国际化过程的统一。

（1）.竞争力（2）.核心竞争力（3）.国际竞争力（4）.表层竞争力7.企业通过一系列具体的策略和措施，使本企业成本与同行业其他企业成本相比很低的战略叫（C）（1）.差异化战略（2）.集中战略（3）. 成本领先战略（4）.低价倾销战略8企业采取一种集中的、为一组特定用户服务的战略是( B )A. A.差异化战略（2）.集中战略（3）. 成本领先战略（4）.低价倾销战略9.一些企业拥有或可以得到的那些外国企业不能获得的优势，如产品、技术、规模经济、市场等称之为（A）（1）.所有权优势（2）.区位优势（3）.内部化优势（4）.成本优势10某中国小家电企业，总资产50亿元，年销售额20亿元，雇员总数4万人；其中，国外资产5亿元，国外销售额4亿元，国外雇员2千人，该企业跨国化指数为( D)（1）.10% （2）.20% （3）.5% （4）.11.7%11. 在其他国家境内的本国律师事务所、银行分支机构提供的服务属于服务贸易中的（D）（1）. 境外消费（2）. 跨境提供（3）. 自然人流动（4）. 商业存在12．企业通过各种不同的方式，进口原料、材料或零件，利用本国的生产能力和技术，加工成成品后再出口，从而获得以外汇体现的附加价值，这一国际化方式称(C )（1）.一般贸易（2）.技术贸易（3）.加工贸易（4）.国际特许经营13某公司为东道国建造工厂或其他工程项目，一旦设计与建造工程完成，即将该工厂或项目所有权和管理权依合同完整地给对方，这一国际化方式称(D )。