Chapter_7_language,culture_and_society_(new)

Chapter 8 Language and Society

1. The relatedness between language and Society

1) While language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and

maintain social relationships.

2) Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently. The kind of language each of them

chooses to use is in part determined by his social background. Language, in its turn, reveals

information about its speaker.

3) To some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects the physical

environments of a society.

Whereas English, for example, has only one word for snow ( or two if we include sleet), Eskimo

has several. The reasons for this are obvious. It is essential for Eskimos to be able to distinguish

efficiently between different types of snow.

English, of course, is quite able to make the same distinctions: fine snow, dry snow, soft snow, and

语言学常用术语英汉对照表

语言学常用术语英汉对照表Ｃhapter 1 Inｔｒodｕｃtion to Lingｕistics语言学简介

1、anthropoｌogical lingｕistics 人类语言学

2、applied linguisｔics应用语言学

3、arbitｒａrｉness任意性

4、petence 语言能力

５、putational ｌinguisｔics计算机语言学

６、cultural tｒａnｓmｉssion 文化传递性

7、dｅscrｉpｔivｅ(grammar) 描写(语法)

８、dｅsｃriptive fｕｎctｉon描写功能

9、deｓiｇn feａtuｒes识别特征

１0、diａｃhronic linguistｉcs历时语言学

11、dｕａlｉty二重性

12、dｉｓplacｅment不受时空限制得特征

13、emotive fuｎｃtiｏn表情功能

１４、exｐrｅｓsivｅfuncｔioｎ表达功能

1５、geneｒal linguisｉｔcs 普通语言学

16、ｉdｅaｔioｎａl funｃtion概念功能

1７、iｎtｅrｐｅｒｓoｎａl funｃtiｏn人际功能

18、lanｇuｅ语言

１9、ｌinguistiｃs [lｉ?'gwｉstｉks] 语言学

２0、morphｏlｏgy 形态学

２１、mａthemａtical lingｕistｉcs 数理语言学

22、ｍetaliｎguistｉc fuｎcｔion

23、neｕrologｉcaｌliｎｇｕｉsｔics 神经语言学

24、ｐhonetｉcｓ语音学

25、pｈonolｏgy 音系学

2６、pragmaｔics 语用学 2７、prｅscriptiｖｅ(grａmｍａｒ）规定(语法)

2８、ｐsychｏlｉnguｉsｔicｓ心理语言学

２9、paｒole言语

3０、ｐerformance语言运用

31、pｒodｕctivｉty能产性

语言学概论

Chapter 1

Invitations to Linguistics

1. What is language

Senses of language in Webster’s New World Dictionary

(our book, p. 2) “Language is a system of arbitrary

vocal symbols used for human communication. “(Wardaugh)

2. Design features of language语言设计特征

1. arbitrariness (任意性) 2. duality (双重性)

3. Creativity (创造性) or productivity 4. displacement

(移位性)

5. interchangeability (互换性) 6. specialization (专业化)

7. cultural transmission （文化传承）

3. Functions of Language(语言功能)

Jakobson’s view: (情感功能) （指代功能) (诗学功能) （寒暄功能） (元语言)

(意动功能)

Halliday’s view: 1.ideational function (概念功能)

2. Interpersonal function（人际功能）

3. Textual function（语篇功能）

Functions on the book: (告知性的) Function(人际功能)

(行事功能) Function Communion（寒暄功能） Function(娱乐功能) Function(元语言功能)

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics

1.1why Study Language

1.2what Is Language

1.3 Design Features Language

1.3.1 Arbitrariness

1.3.2 Duality

1.3.3 Creativity

1.3.4 Displacement

1.4 Origin of Language

1.5functions of Language

1.5.1 Informantive

1.5.2 Interpersonal Function

1.5.3 Performative

1.5. 4 Emotive Function

1.5.5 Phatic Communion

1.5.6 Recreational Function

1.5.7 Metalingual Function

1.6 What Is Linguistics?

1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics

1.7.1 Phonetics

1.7.2 Phonology

1.7.3 Morphology

1.7.4 Syntax

1.7.5 Semantics

1.7.6 Pragmatics

1.8 Macrolinguistics

1.9 Important Distinction in Linguistics

1.9.1 Descriptive Vs. Prescriptive

1.9.2 Synchronic Vs. Diachronic

1.9.3 Langue & Parole

1.9.4 Competence and Performance Chapter 2 Speech Sounds

2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made?

2.1.1 Speech Organs

2.1.2 The IPA