Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and Society
Anthropological linguistics: Often simply the study of lesser-known languages through field
work. Also, more generally, of any work on language from an anthropological viewpoint: of the
use of language in ritual, of vocabulary in relation to culture, of the organization of information in
a text, and so on.
Sociolinguistics: Any study of language in relation to society. Commonly, from the late 1960s,
of studies of variation in language by Labov and his followers. In that sense, sociolinguistics
might be defined as the study of correlations between linguistic variables . the precise phonetic
quality of a vowel . individuals from different social classes may pronounce ar in different ways),
or the presence or absence of a certain element in a construction . Cicily: When I see a spade I
语言学第七章知识点总结
Language is an essential part of a given culture. It is an
indispensable carrier of culture. It is regarded as a mirror of
society.
In primitive culture, the meaning of a word greatly
depended on its occurrence in a given context.
Firth-Context of Situation -illustrate the close relationship
between language use and its co-occurrence factors.
1. The relevant features of the participants, persons, and
personalities
The verbal action of the participants; the non-verbal action
of the participant
2. The relevant objects
3. The effects of the verbal action
Speech Community
It refers to a group of people share the same rules of
speaking and one linguistic variety as well.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Our language helps mould our way of thinking. Different
languages may probably express speakers' unique ways of
语言学教程 chapter1-3
1. design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as
arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.
本质特征：决定了我们语言性质的特征。如任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性等等。
2. function: the use of language to communicate,to think ,nguage functions
inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,
emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual
function.
功能：运用语言进行交流、思考等等。语言的功能包括信息功能、人际功能、施为功能、感情功能。
3. etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s
distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic means making far too many, as
well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case
with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper.
非位的：相对于“位学的”源于美国语言学家派克对于语音学和音位学的区分。
语言学概论复习资料（全）
语言学概论
一、知识题（填空与选择）：
1、语言的客观存在形式，首先表现为人与人之间的口头交际行为。
2、口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的。
3、瑞典、挪威、丹麦三个国家使用同一个语言。
4、口语和书面语包括物理现象和心理现象。
5、口头交际活动有两个因素：语言和言语。
6、瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》开创了20世纪现代语言学的新局面。
7、语言系统是由语音系统、语汇系统、语法系统、语义系统组成。
8、在任何语言中，音调变化都是语调的主要构成因素。
9、音强变化在许多语言中有区别意义的作用。
10、音质是由声波的形式决定的。
11、音质是声音四要素中最重要的。
12、人体的发音器官包括发音的动力源、发音体、共鸣腔。
13、口腔、鼻腔和咽腔是人类共鸣腔。
14、语音的物理属性和生理属性是语音的自然属性。
15、[e][ ε][a][ u ][o ][ ][ ɑ]八个音被称作定位元音或标准元音。
16、辅音的音质决定于发音部位和发音方法。
17、音位变体分条件变体和自由变体。
18、音素之间存在着对立关系和互补关系。
19、韵母分成韵头、韵腹、韵尾。
20、常见的语流音变现象有同化、异化、脱落、弱化、增音。
21、同化又可分顺同化和逆同化。
22、从音位理论的角度看，最小的音段是音位。音位的组合又可进一步划分为音节、音节组合、语句。
23、汉藏语系包括汉语、藏语、苗语。印欧语系一般都是非声调语言，包括英语、法语、俄语等。
24、声调可从调值和调位两方面来分析。
25、重音可分为词重音和句重音。
26、语汇学包括语汇的类聚系统和语汇的构造形式。
27、根据音节的数量将词分成单音节词、双音节词和多音节词。根据包含语素的数量将词分成单纯词和合成词。
28、古语词包括历史词语和文言词语。根据词的不同来源分成新造词、古语词、方言词和外来词。
29、语法分为词法部分和句法部分。
