Study on Dispersion of Liquid Crystal Droplets in PDCLC Film by 2D3D-FTIR Spectrum

收稿日期:2003-12-02作者简介:鲍　颖(1974-),女,天津人,博士后,主要从事工业结晶的研究。

联系人:鲍　颖,电话:(022)27405754,E -mail :chem3baoying @ 。

文章编号:1004-9533(2004)06-0438-06溶析结晶研究进展鲍　颖1,2,王永莉1,王静康1(11天津大学化工学院,天津300072;21天津经济技术开发区企业博士后工作站,天津300457)摘要:溶析结晶是一种常见的分离提纯方法,广泛应用于化工、医药、食品等行业。

近年来人们拓展了一些新的研究方向,比如显著影响结晶产品性质的溶析剂加入点的混合技术,与超临界流体技术耦合的溶析结晶微粒制造技术。

本文从应用开发、动力学、聚集与混合、晶形与多晶型、超临界流体溶析结晶五个方面回顾了溶析结晶的研究进展。

关键词:溶析结晶;动力学;混合;晶形;多晶型;超临界流体中图分类号:T Q02816　文献标识码:AProgress in Dilution CrystallizationBAO Y ing1,2,W ANG Y ong -li 1,W ANGJing -kang1(11School of Chemical Engineering ,T ianjin University ,T ianjin 300072,China ;21P ost -D octoral S tation of T ianjin Economic and T echnological Development Area ,T ianjin 300457,China )Abstract :Dilution crystallization is a usual method for separation and purification.It is widely used in chemical industry ,pharmaceutical industry ,food industry and s o on.S ome new research fields were extended in recent years ,for instance ,study on mixing technique of diluent entrance ,where mixing situation markedly affect crystal characteristics and study on finely crystal preparation by dilution crystallization coupled with supercritical fluid technique.In this paper ,the progress in five aspects including application and development ,kinetics ,mixing and agglomeration ,crystal shape and polym orph and supercritical fluid dilution crystallization were reviewed for dilution crystallization.K ey w ords :dilution crystallization ;kinetics ;mixing ;crystal shape ;polym orph ;supercritical fluid 溶析结晶属溶液结晶范畴。

氟化石墨烯的分散性和摩擦学性能研究作者：罗健许世海向硕来源：《当代化工》2020年第11期摘要：以氟化石墨为原料，N-甲基吡咯烷酮（NMP）为插层溶剂，采用液相剥离法制备出氟化石墨烯纳米片，使用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、拉曼光谱（Raman）和X射线衍射仪（XRD）等表征方法对其微观形貌和晶体结构进行了表征分析，并通过紫外可见分光光度计对氟化石墨烯和氟化石墨在大豆油中的分散性与再分散性进行了对比研究，最后使用Rtec多功能摩擦磨损试验机考察了氟化石墨烯作为润滑油添加剂对大豆油摩擦学性能的影响。

结果表明：制备的氟化石墨烯纳米片具有很完整的片层结构，其在大豆油中的分散性和再分散性都明显优于氟化石墨，作为润滑油添加剂在一定范围内可以增强大豆油的减摩性能。

在设定的实验条件下，氟化石墨烯在大豆油中的最佳添加质量浓度为0.2 mg·mL-1。

关键词：氟化石墨;氟化石墨;分散性;摩擦学性能中图分类号：TH117.1 文献标识码： A 文章编号： 1671-0460（2020）11-2472-05Study on Dispersion and Tribological Properties of Fluorinated GrapheneLUO Jian， XU Shi-hai， XIANG Shuo（Army Logistics University，Chongqing 401311， China）Abstract： Using fluorinated graphite as raw materials， N-methyl pyrrolidone （NMP） as the intercalation solvent， fluorinated graphene nanometer sheet was prepared by liquid phase stripping. Its microscopic morphology and crystal structure were characterized by transmission electronmicroscope （TEM）， Raman spectroscopy （Raman） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）characterization methods. The dispersibility and redispersibility of fluorinated graphene and fluorinated graphite in soybean oil were compared and studied by the ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer. Finally，the effect of fluorinated graphene as lubricant additive on tribological properties of soybean oil was investigated by using Rtec multifunctional friction and wear tester. The experimental results showed that the prepared fluorinated graphene nanosheet had complete laminar structure， and its dispersibility and redispersibility in soybean oil were obviously better than fluorinated graphite. Under the experimental conditions set in this paper， the optimal concentration of fluorinated graphene was 0.2 mg·mL-1.Key words： Fluorinated graphene;Fluorinated graphite; Dispersibility; Tribological properties自2010年曼徹斯特大学Geim课题组[1]首次报道氟化石墨烯（ Fluorinated graphene，FG ）以来，由于其独特的晶体结构、超常的化学稳定性和优异的润滑性能等，使得氟化石墨烯备受关注。

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reaction非极性分子non-polar molecule非极性键non-polar bond肥皂soap分馏fractional distillation酚phenol复合材料composite干电池dry cell干馏dry distillation甘油glycerol高分子化合物polymer共价键covalent bond官能团functional group光化学烟雾photochemical fog过氧化氢hydrogen peroxide合成材料synthetic material合成纤维synthetic fiber合成橡胶synthetic rubber核电荷数nuclear charge number核素nuclide化学电源chemical power source化学反应速率chemical reaction rate 化学键chemical bond化学平衡chemical equilibrium还原剂reducing agent磺化反应sulfonation reaction霍尔槽Hull Cell极性分子polar molecule极性键polar bond加成反应addition reaction加聚反应addition polymerization甲烷methane碱金属alkali metal碱石灰soda lime结构式structural formula聚合反应po1ymerization可逆反应reversible reaction空气污染指数air pollution index勒夏特列原理Le Chatelier's principle 离子反应ionic reaction离子方程式ionic equation离子键ionic bond锂电池lithium cell两性氢氧化物amphoteric hydroxide 两性氧化物amphoteric oxide裂化cracking裂解pyrolysis硫氰化钾potassium thiocyanate硫酸钠sodium sulphide氯化铵ammonium chloride氯化钡barium chloride氯化钾potassium chloride氯化铝aluminium chloride氯化镁magnesium chloride氯化氢hydrogen chloride氯化铁iron (III) chloride氯水chlorine water麦芽糖maltose煤coal酶enzyme摩尔mole摩尔质量molar mass品红magenta或fuchsine葡萄糖glucose气体摩尔体积molar volume of gas铅蓄电池lead storage battery强电解质strong electrolyte氢氟酸hydrogen chloride氢氧化铝aluminium hydroxide取代反应substitution reaction醛aldehyde炔烃alkyne燃料电池fuel cell弱电解质weak electrolyte石油Petroleum水解反应hydrolysis reaction四氯化碳carbon tetrachloride塑料plastic塑料的降解plastic degradation塑料的老化plastic ageing酸碱中和滴定acid-base neutralization titration 酸雨acid rain羧酸carboxylic acid碳酸钠sodium carbonate碳酸氢铵ammonium bicarbonate碳酸氢钠sodium bicarbonate糖类carbohydrate烃hydrocarbon烃的衍生物derivative of hydrocarbon烃基hydrocarbonyl同分异构体isomer同素异形体allotrope同位素isotope同系物homo1og涂料coating烷烃alkane物质的量amount of substance物质的量浓度amount-of-substance concentration of B 烯烃alkene洗涤剂detergent纤维素cellulose相对分子质量relative molecular mass相对原子质量relative atomic mass消去反应elimination reaction硝化反应nitratlon reaction硝酸钡barium nitrate硝酸银silver nitrate溴的四氯化碳溶液solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride 溴化钠sodium bromide溴水bromine water溴水bromine water盐类的水解hydrolysis of salts盐析salting-out焰色反应flame test氧化剂oxidizing agent氧化铝aluminium oxide氧化铁iron (III) oxide乙醇ethanol乙醛ethana1乙炔ethyne乙酸ethanoic acid乙酸乙酯ethyl acetate乙烯ethene银镜反应silver mirror reaction硬脂酸stearic acid油脂oils and fats有机化合物organic compound元素周期表periodic table of elements元素周期律periodic law of elements原电池primary battery原子序数atomic number皂化反应saponification粘合剂adhesive蔗糖sucrose指示剂Indicator酯ester酯化反应esterification周期period族group（主族：main group）Bunsen burner 本生灯product 化学反应产物flask 烧瓶apparatus 设备PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂matrass 卵形瓶litmus 石蕊litmus paper 石蕊试纸graduate, graduated flask 量筒,量杯reagent 试剂test tube 试管burette 滴定管retort 曲颈甑still 蒸馏釜cupel 烤钵crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚pipette 吸液管filter 滤管stirring rod 搅拌棒element 元素body 物体compound 化合物atom 原子gram atom 克原子atomic weight 原子量atomic number 原子数atomic mass 原子质量molecule 分子electrolyte 电解质ion 离子anion 阴离子cation 阳离子electron 电子isotope 同位素isomer 同分异物现象polymer 聚合物symbol 复合radical 基structural formula 分子式valence, valency 价monovalent 单价bivalent 二价halogen 成盐元素bond 原子的聚合mixture 混合combination 合成作用compound 合成物alloy 合金organic chemistry 有机化学inorganic chemistry 无机化学derivative 衍生物series 系列acid 酸hydrochloric acid 盐酸sulphuric acid 硫酸nitric acid 硝酸aqua fortis 王水fatty acid 脂肪酸organic acid 有机酸hydrosulphuric acid 氢硫酸hydrogen sulfide 氢化硫alkali 碱,强碱ammonia 氨base 碱hydrate 水合物hydroxide 氢氧化物,羟化物hydracid 氢酸hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,羟anhydride 酐alkaloid 生物碱aldehyde 醛oxide 氧化物phosphate 磷酸盐acetate 醋酸盐methane 甲烷,沼气butane 丁烷salt 盐potassium carbonate 碳酸钾soda 苏打sodium carbonate 碳酸钠caustic potash 苛性钾caustic soda 苛性钠ester 酯gel 凝胶体analysis 分解fractionation 分馏endothermic reaction 吸热反应exothermic reaction 放热反应precipitation 沉淀to precipitate 沉淀to distil, to distill 蒸馏distillation 蒸馏to calcine 煅烧to oxidize 氧化alkalinization 碱化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to neutralize 中和to hydrogenate 氢化to hydrate 水合,水化to dehydrate 脱水fermentation 发酵solution 溶解combustion 燃烧fusion, melting 熔解alkalinity 碱性isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象hydrolysis 水解electrolysis 电解electrode 电极anode 阳极,正极cathode 阴极,负极catalyst 催化剂catalysis 催化作用oxidization, oxidation 氧化reducer 还原剂dissolution 分解synthesis 合成reversible 可逆的1. The Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2. Partial Pressures 分压3. Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离4. The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程5. System and Surroundings 系统与环境6. State and State Functions 状态与状态函数7. Process 过程8. Phase 相9. The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律10. Heat and Work 热与功11. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程12. Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热13. Hess’s Law 盖斯定律14. Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓15. Reaction Rates 反应速率16. Reaction Order 反应级数17. Rate Constants 速率常数18. Activation Energy 活化能19. The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程20. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理21. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂22. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂23. Enzymes 酶24. The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数25. the Direction of Reaction 反应方向26. Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalystsi. 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28. Spontaneous Processes 自发过程29. Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律31. Entropy Changes 熵变32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变33. Acid-Bases 酸碱34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解35. The Proton in Water 水合质子36. The pH Scales pH值37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱38. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量46. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成47. Solubility 溶解度48. The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数49. Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离50. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀51. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应52. Oxidation Number 氧化数53. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平54. Half-Reaction 半反应55. Galvani Cell 原电池56. Voltaic Cell 伏特电池57. Cell EMF 电池电动势58. Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势59. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂60. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程61. Electrolysis 电解62. The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性63. Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型64. Line Spectra 线光谱65. Quantum Numbers 量子数66. Electron Spin 电子自旋67. Atomic Orbital 原子轨道68. The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道69. Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子70. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量71. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理72. Electron Configurations 电子构型73. The Periodic Table 周期表74. Row 行75. Group 族76. Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数77. Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律78. Radius of Atoms 原子半径79. Ionization Energy 电离能80. Electronegativity 电负性81. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷82. Electron Affinities 亲电性83. Metals 金属84. Nonmetals 非金属85. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论86. Covalence Bond 共价键87. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠88. Multiple Bonds 重键89. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道90. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论91. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型92. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道93. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子94. Bond Length 键长95. Bond Order 键级96. Bond Angles 键角97. Bond Enthalpies 键能98. Bond Polarity 键矩99. Dipole Moments 偶极矩100. Polarity Molecules 极性分子101. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子102. Crystal Structure 晶体结构103. Non-Crystal 非晶体104. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积105. Metallic Solids 金属晶体106. Metallic Bond 金属键107. Alloys 合金108. Ionic Solids 离子晶体109. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力110. Molecular Forces 分子间力111. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力112. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键113. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体114. Compounds 化合物115. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构116. Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型117. Chelates 螯合物118. Isomerism 异构现象119. Structural Isomerism 结构异构120. Stereoisomerism 立体异构121. Magnetism 磁性122. Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布123. Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物124. General Characteristics 共性125. s-Block Elements s区元素126. Alkali Metals 碱金属127. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属128. Hydrides 氢化物129. Oxides 氧化物130. Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物131. Hydroxides 氢氧化物132. Salts 盐133. p-Block Elements p区元素134. Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）135. Borane 硼烷136. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）137. Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳138. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物139. Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备140. Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐141. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）142. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸143. Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷144. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）145. Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢146. Sulfides 硫化物147. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）148. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物149. The Noble Gases 稀有气体150. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物151. d-Block elements d区元素152. Transition Metals 过渡金属153. Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾154. Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾155. Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞156. f-Block Elements f区元素157. Lanthanides 镧系元素158. Radioactivity 放射性159. Nuclear Chemistry 核化学160. Nuclear Fission 核裂变161. Nuclear Fusion 核聚变162. analytical chemistry 分析化学163. qualitative analysis 定性分析164. quantitative analysis 定量分析165. chemical analysis 化学分析166. instrumental analysis 仪器分析167. titrimetry 滴定分析168. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法169. regent 试剂170. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析171. product 产物172. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析173. on-line analysis 在线分析174. macro analysis 常量分析175. characteristic 表征176. micro analysis 微量分析177. deformation analysis 形态分析178. semimicro analysis 半微量分析179. systematical error 系统误差180. routine analysis 常规分析181. random error 偶然误差182. arbitration analysis 仲裁分析183. gross error 过失误差184. normal distribution 正态分布185. accuracy 准确度186. deviation偏差187. precision 精密度188. relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）189. coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）190. confidence level 置信水平191. confidence interval 置信区间192. significant test 显著性检验193. significant figure 有效数字194. standard solution 标准溶液195. titration 滴定196. stoichiometric point 化学计量点197. end point滴定终点198. titration error 滴定误差199. primary standard 基准物质200. amount of substance 物质的量201. standardization 标定202. chemical reaction 化学反应203. concentration浓度204. chemical equilibrium 化学平衡205. titer 滴定度206. general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式207. proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论208. acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法209. dissociation constant 解离常数210. conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对211. acetic acid 乙酸212. hydronium ion水合氢离子213. electrolyte 电解质214. ion-product constant of water 水的离子积215. ionization 电离216. proton condition 质子平衡217. zero level零水准218. buffer solution缓冲溶液219. methyl orange 甲基橙220. acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂221. phenolphthalein 酚酞222. coordination compound 配位化合物223. center ion 中心离子224. cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数225. alpha coefficient 酸效应系数226. overall stability constant 总稳定常数227. ligand 配位体228. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸229. side reaction coefficient 副反应系数230. coordination atom 配位原子231. coordination number 配位数232. lone pair electron 孤对电子233. chelate compound 螯合物234. metal indicator 金属指示剂235. chelating agent 螯合剂236. masking 掩蔽237. demasking 解蔽238. electron 电子239. catalysis 催化240. oxidation氧化241. catalyst 催化剂242. reduction 还原243. catalytic reaction 催化反应244. reaction rate 反应速率245. electrode potential 电极电势246. activation energy 反应的活化能247. redox couple 氧化还原电对248. potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾249. iodimetry碘量法250. potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾251. cerimetry 铈量法252. redox indicator 氧化还原指示253. oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）254. chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) 255. dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO) 256. precipitation 沉淀反应257. argentimetry 银量法258. heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡259. aging 陈化260. postprecipitation 继沉淀261. coprecipitation 共沉淀262. ignition 灼烧263. fitration 过滤264. decantation 倾泻法265. chemical factor 化学因数266. spectrophotometry 分光光度法267. colorimetry 比色分析268. transmittance 透光率269. absorptivity 吸光率270. calibration curve 校正曲线271. standard curve 标准曲线272. monochromator 单色器273. source 光源274. wavelength dispersion 色散275. absorption cell吸收池276. detector 检测系统277. bathochromic shift 红移278. Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数279. hypochromic shift 紫移280. acetylene 乙炔281. ethylene 乙烯282. acetylating agent 乙酰化剂283. acetic acid 乙酸284. adiethyl ether 乙醚285. ethyl alcohol 乙醇286. acetaldehtde 乙醛287. β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物288. bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应289. bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应290. open chain compound 开链族化合物291. molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论292. chiral molecule 手性分子293. tautomerism 互变异构现象294. reaction mechanism 反应历程295. chemical shift 化学位移296. Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转n297. Enantiomorph 对映体298. addition rea ction 加成反应299. dextro- 右旋300. levo- 左旋301. stereochemistry 立体化学302. stereo isomer 立体异构体303. Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂304. covalent bond 共价键305. conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃306. conjugated double bond 共轭双键307. conjugated system 共轭体系308. conjugated effect 共轭效应309. isomer 同分异构体310. isomerism 同分异构现象311. organic chemistry 有机化学312. hybridization 杂化313. hybrid orbital 杂化轨道314. heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物315. peroxide effect 过氧化物效应t316. valence bond theory 价键理论317. sequence rule 次序规则318. electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基319. Huckel rule 休克尔规则320. Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验321. infrared spectrum 红外光谱322. Michael reacton 麦克尔反应323. halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃324. haloform reaction 卤仿反应325. systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法e326. Newman projection 纽曼投影式327. aromatic compound 芳香族化合物328. aromatic character 芳香性r329. Claisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应330. Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排331. Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应332. Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原333. Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应334. positional isomers 位置异构体335. unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应336. unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应337. benzene 苯338. functional grou 官能团p339. configuration 构型340. conformation 构象341. confomational isome 构象异构体342. electrophilic addition 亲电加成343. electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂344. nucleophilic addition 亲核加成345. nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂346. nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应347. active intermediate 活性中间体348. Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则349. cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构350. inductive effect 诱导效应t351. Fehling’s reagent 费林试剂352. phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用353. aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物354. elimination reaction 消除反应355. Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂356. nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振357. alkene 烯烃358. allyl cation 烯丙基正离子359. leaving group 离去基团360. optical activity 旋光性361. boat confomation 船型构象362. silver mirror reaction 银镜反应363. Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式364. Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式365. Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应366. Ketone 酮367. carboxylic acid 羧酸368. carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物369. hydroboration 硼氢化反应370. bond oength 键长371. bond energy 键能372. bond angle 键角373. carbohydrate 碳水化合物374. carbocation 碳正离子375. carbanion 碳负离子376. alcohol 醇377. Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则378. Aldehyde 醛379. Ether 醚380. Polymer 聚合物。

专利名称：Dispersion-type liquid crystal displayelement with oriented dichroic dye in thesupport media发明人：Koichiro Shirota,Kazuyuki Sunohara申请号：US07/903282申请日：19920624公开号：US05303073A公开日：19940412专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A liquid crystal display element having a pair of substrates at least one of which is transparent, and a light control layer consisting of a dispersion type liquid crystal material held between the substrates. The dispersion type liquid crystal material consists of a supporting medium, liquid crystal molecules and a dichromatic dye which is oriented within the supporting medium. It is desirable to arrange a polarized light selecting element to cover the outer surface of one of the substrates. In one embodiment, the light control layer is of a laminate structure consisting of a first dispersion type liquid crystal layer prepared by allowing the dichromatic dye to be dispersed and oriented in a first direction within the supporting medium and a second dispersion type liquid crystal layer prepared by allowing another dichromatic dye, which is of the same type as that of the dichromatic dye dispersed in the first dispersion type liquid crystal layer, to be dispersed and oriented in a second direction within the supporting medium.申请人：KABUSHIKI KAISHA TOSHIBA代理机构：Oblon, Spivak, McClelland, Maier & Neustadt更多信息请下载全文后查看。

液相色谱词汇中英文对照液相色谱词汇中英文对照高效毛细管电泳high—performance capillary electrophoresis归一化法normalization method毛细管等电聚焦capillary isoelectric focusing毛细管等速电泳isotachophoresis毛细管电色谱capillary electrochromatography毛细管电泳capillary electrophoresis毛细管电泳电喷雾质谱联用capillary electrophoresis – electr芯片电泳microchip electrophoresis色谱法chromatography色谱峰chromatographic peak色谱峰区域宽度peak width色谱富集过样samt injection of chromatography色谱工作站chromatographic working station色谱图chromatogram色谱仪chromatograph色谱柱chromatographic column色谱柱column色谱柱切换技术switching column technique毛细管超临界流体色谱法capillary supercritical fluid chromat…毛细管电泳基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱离线检测off—line capillar…毛细管电泳离子分析capillary ion analysis毛细管电泳免疫分析immunity analysis of capillary electropho…毛细管胶束电动色谱micellar electrokinetic chromatography毛细管凝胶电泳capillary gel electrophoresis毛细管凝胶柱capillary gel column毛细管亲和电泳affinity capillary electrophoresis毛细管区带电泳capillary zone electrophoresis毛细管有效长度the effective length of capillary electrophor…间接检测indirect detection间接荧光检测indirect fluorescence detection间接紫外检测indirect ultraviolet detection检测器detector检测器检测限detector detectability检测器灵敏度detector sensitivity检测器线性范围detector linear range阴离子交换剂anion exchanger阴离子交换色谱法anion exchange chromatography，AEC高速逆流色谱法high speed counter—current chromatography高温凝胶色谱法high temperature gel chromatography高效液相色谱-付里叶变换红外分析法high performance liquid ch…高效液相色谱法high performance liquid chromatography高效柱high performance column高压流通池技术high pressure flow cell technique高压输液泵high pressure pump高压梯度high-pressure gradient高压液相色谱法high pressure liquid chromatography阴离子交换树脂anion exchange resin荧光薄层板fluorescent thin layer plate荧光检测器fluorescence detector荧光色谱法fluorescence chromatography迎头色谱法frontal chromatography迎头色谱法frontal method硬(质）凝胶hard gel有机改进剂organic modifier有机相生物传感器Organic biosensor有效峰数effective peak number EPN有效理论塔板数number of effective theoretical plates有效塔板高度effective plate height有效淌度effective mobility淤浆填充法slurry packing method予柱pre-column在线电堆集on—line electrical stacking在柱电导率检测on-column electrical conductivity detection噪声noise噪信比noise –signal ratio增强紫外—可见吸收检测技术UV-visible absorption enhanced det…窄粒度分布narrow particle size distribution折射率检测器refractive index detector, RID真空脱气装置vacuum degasser阵列毛细管电泳capillary array electrophoresis蒸发光散射检测器evaporative light—scattering detector, ELSD整体性质检测器integral property detector正相高效液相色谱法normal phase high performance liquid chro…正相离子对色谱法normal phase ion—pair chromatography正相毛细管电色谱positive capillary electrokinetic chromatog…直接化学离子化direct chemical ionization GC—MS直接激光在柱吸收检测on-column direct laser detection纸色谱法paper chromatography置换色谱法displacement chromatography制备色谱preparative chromatography制备色谱仪preparative chromatograph制备柱preparation column智能色谱chromatography with artificial intelligence质量色谱mass chromatography质量型检测器mass detector质量型检测器mass flow rate sensitive detector中压液相色谱middle—pressure liquid chromatography重建色谱图reconstructive chromatogram重均分子量weight mean molecular weight轴向扩散longitudinal diffusion轴向吸收池absorption pool of axial direction轴向压缩柱axial compression column柱端电导率检测out-let end detection of electrical conductiv…柱负载能力column loadability柱后衍生化post-column derivatization柱老化condition （aging) of column柱流出物(column) effluent柱流失column bleeding柱内径column internal diameter柱前衍生化pro-column derivatization柱切换技术column switching technique柱清洗column cleaning柱容量column capacity柱入口压力column inlet pressure柱色谱法column chromatography柱上检测on—line detection柱渗透性column permeability柱寿命column life柱头进样column head sampling柱外效应extra-column effect柱温箱column oven柱效column efficiency柱压column pressure柱再生column regeneration柱中衍生化on-column derivatization注射泵syringe pump转化定量法trans-quantitative method紫外—可见光检测器ultraviolet visible detector，UV-Vis紫外吸收检测器ultraviolet absorption detector自动进样器automatic sampler自由溶液毛细管电泳free solution capillary electrophoresis总分离效能指标over—all resolution efficiency总交换容量total exchange capacity总渗透体积total osmotic volume纵向扩散longitudinal diffusion组合式仪器系统building block instrument最佳流速optimum flow rate最佳实际流速optimum practical flow rate最小检测量minimum detectable quantity最小检测浓度minimum detectable concentration萃取色谱法extraction chromatography脱气装置degasser外标法external standard method外梯度outside gradient网状结构reticular structure往复泵reciprocating pump往复式隔膜泵reciprocating diaphragm pump微分型检测器differential detector微孔树脂micro—reticular resin微库仑检测器micro coulometric detector微量进样针micro—syringe微量色谱法micro-chromatography微乳液电动色谱microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography微生物传感器Microbial sensor微生物显影bioautography微填充柱micro—packed column微吸附检测器micro adsorption detector微型柱micro-column涡流扩散eddy diffusion无机离子交换剂inorganic ion exchanger无胶筛分毛细管电泳non-gel capillary electrophoresis无孔单分散填料non-porous monodisperse packing无脉动色谱泵pulse—free chromatographic pump物理钝化法physical deactivation吸附等温线adsorption isotherm吸附剂adsorbing material吸附剂活性adsorbent activity吸附平衡常数adsorption equilibrium constant吸附溶剂强度参数adsorption solvent strength parameter吸附色谱法adsorption chromatography吸附型PLOT柱adsorption type porous—layer open tubular colum…吸附柱adsorption column吸光度比值法absorbance ratio method洗脱强度eluting power显色器color—developing sprayer限制扩散理论theory of restricted diffusion线速度linear velocity线性梯度linear gradient相比率phase ratio相对保留值relative retention value相对比移值relative Rf value相对挥发度relative volatility相对灵敏度relative sensitivity相对碳（重量)响应因子relative carbon response factor相对响应值relative response相对校正因子relative correction factor相交束激光诱导的热透镜测量heat lens detection of intersect …相似相溶原则rule of similarity响应时间response time响应值response小角激光散射光度计low-angle laser light scattering photomet…小内径毛细管柱Microbore column校正保留体积corrected retention volume校正曲线法calibration curve method校正因子correction factor旋转薄层法rotating thin layer chromatography旋转小室逆流色谱rotational little-chamber counter—current c…选择性检测器selective detector循环色谱法recycling chromatography压电晶体piezoelectric crystal压电免疫传感器Piezoelectric Immunosensor压电转换器piezoelectric transducer压力保护pressure protect压力上限pressure high limit压力梯度校正因子pressure gradient correction factor压力下限pressure low limit衍生化法derivatization method衍生化试剂derivatization reagent阳离子交换剂cation exchanger阳离子交换色谱法cation exchange chromatography，CEC氧化铝色谱法alumina chromatography样品环sample loop样品预处理sample pretreatment液-液分配色谱法liquid—liquid partition chromatography液—液色谱法liquid-liquid chromatography液滴逆流色谱drop counter-current chromatography液固色谱liquid—solid chromatography液晶固定相liquid crystal stationary phase液态离子交换剂liquid ion exchanger液相传质阻力resistance of liquid mass transfer液相色谱—傅里叶变换红外光谱联用liquid chromatography-FTIR 液相色谱-质谱分析法liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry 液相色谱-质谱仪liquid chromatography—mass spectrometer液相色谱法liquid chromatography液相载荷量liquid phase loading溶剂效率solvent efficiency溶解度参数solubility parameter溶液性能检测器solution property detector溶胀swelling溶质性质检测器solute property detector容量因子capacity factor渗透极限分子量permeation limit molecular weight生物色谱biological chromatography生物特异性柱biospecific column生物自显影法bioautography升温速率temperature rate湿法柱填充wet column packing十八烷基键合硅胶octadecyl silane石墨化碳黑graphitized carbon black示差折光检测器differential refraction detector试剂显色法reagent color—developing method手动进样器manual injector手性氨基酸衍生物GC固定相chiral amino aci d derivatives stat…手性拆分试剂chiral selectors手性固定相chiral stationary phase手性固定相拆分法chiral solid phase separation手性环糊精衍生物GC固定相chiral cyclodextrin der GC手性金属络合物GC固定相chirametal stationary phase in GC 手性流动相chiral mobile phase手性流动相拆分法chiral mobile phase separation手性色谱chiral chromatography手性试剂chiral reagent手性衍生化法chiral derivation method疏溶剂理论solvophobic theory疏溶剂色谱法solvophobic chromatography疏溶剂作用理论solvophobic interaction principle疏水作用色谱hydrophobic interaction chromatography树脂交换容量exchange capacity of resin数均分子量number mean molecular weight双保留机理dual reservation mechanism双活塞往复泵two-piston reciprocating pump双束差分检测器detector of dual—beam difference双柱色谱法dual column chromatography水凝胶hydragel水系凝胶色谱柱aqua—system gel column死区域dead zone死体积dead volume塔板理论方程plate theory equation碳分子筛carbon molecular sieve特殊选择固定液selective stationary phase梯度洗脱gradient elution梯度洗脱装置gradient elution device梯度液相色谱gradient liquid chromatography体积排斥理论size exclusion theory体积排斥色谱size exclusion chromatography体积色谱法volumetric chromatography填充柱packed column填料packing material停流进样stop-flow injection通用型检测器common detector涂层毛细管coated capillary拖尾峰tailing peak拖尾因子tailing factor流动分离理论separation by flow流动相mobile phase流动相梯度eluent gradient流体动力学进样hydrostatic pressure injection流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume流型扩散dispersion due to flow profile脉冲阻尼器pulse damper酶传感器Enzyme sensor酶联免疫传感器Enzyme linked immunosensor酶免疫分析enzyme immnunoassay内标法internal standard method内标物internal standard内梯度inside gradient逆流色谱法counter-current chromatography逆流色谱仪counter current chromatograph凝胶过滤色谱gel filtration chromatography凝胶内体积gel inner volume凝胶色谱法gel chromatography凝胶色谱仪gel chromatograph凝胶渗透色谱gel permeation chromatography凝胶外体积gel interstitial volume凝胶柱gel column浓度梯度成像检测器concentration gradient imaging detector 浓度型检测器concentration detector排斥极限分子量exclusion limit molecular weight排斥体积exclusion volume排阻薄层色谱法exclusion TLC漂移drift迁移时间migration time迁移时间窗口the window of migration time前延峰leading peak前沿色谱法frontal chromatography强碱性阴离子交换剂strong-base anion exchanger强酸性阳离子交换剂strongly acidic cation exchanger切换时间switching time去离子水deionized water全多孔硅胶macro—reticular silica gel全多孔型填料macro-reticular packing material全二维色谱Comprehensive two-dim ensional gas chromatography…全硅烷化去活complete silylanization deactivation溶剂强度solvent strength激光解吸质谱法laser desorption MS，LDMS激光色谱laser chromatography激光诱导光束干涉检测detection of laser—induced light beam I…激光诱导毛细管振动测量laser-reduced capillary vibration det…激光诱导荧光检测器laser—induced fluorescence detector记忆峰memory peak记忆效应memory effect夹层槽sandwich chamber假峰ghost peak间断洗脱色谱法interrupted-elution chromatography间接光度（检测）离子色谱法indirect photometric ion chromato…间接光度(检测）色谱法indirect photometric chromatography减压液相色谱vacuum liquid chromatography键合固定相bonded stationary phase键合型离子交换剂bonded ion exchanger焦耳热joule heating胶束薄层色谱法micellar thin layer chromatography胶束液相色谱法micellar liquid chromatography交联度crosslinking degree阶梯梯度stagewise gradient进样阀injection valve进样量sample size进样器injector聚苯乙烯PSDVB聚硅氧烷高温裂解去活high—temperature pyrolysis deactivation…聚合物基质离子交换剂polymer substrate ion exchanger绝对检测器absolute detector可见光检测器visible light detector可交换离子exchangable ion空间性谱带加宽band broadening in space空穴色谱法vacancy chromatography孔结构pore structure孔径pore diameter孔径分布pore size distribution控制单元control unit快速色谱法high-speed chromatography理论塔板高度height equivalent to a theoretical plate(HETP）理论塔板数number of theoretical plates峰面积peak area峰面积测量法measurement of peak area峰面积校正calibration of peak area峰容量peak capacity固定相stationary phase固定液stationary liquid固定液的相对极性relative polarity of stationary liquid固定液极性stationary liquid polarity固相扩散solid diffusion固相荧光免疫分析solid phase fluorescence immunoassay固有粘度intrinsic viscosity光散射检测器light scattering detector硅胶silica gel硅烷化法silanization硅烷化法silanizing硅烷化载体silanized support过压液相色谱法over pressured liquid chromatography,OPLC恒流泵constant flow pump恒温操作constant temperature method恒压泵constant pressure pump红色载体red support红外检测器infrared detector红外总吸光度重建色谱图total infrared absorbance reconstruct…化合物形成色谱compound-formation chromatography化学发光检测器chemiluminescence detector化学发光检测器Chemiluminescence detector，SCD化学键合固定相bonded stationary phase化学键合相色谱bonded phase chromatography化学色谱法chemi—chromatography环糊精电动色谱cyclodextrin electrokinetic chromatography环形展开比移值circular development Rf value环形展开法circular development缓冲溶液添加剂buffer additives辉光放电检测器glow discharge detector混合床离子交换固定相mixed—bed ion exchange stationary phase 混合床柱mixed bed column活塞泵piston pump活性activation活性硅胶activated silica gel活性氧化铝activated aluminium oxide基流background current or base current基线baseline基线宽度baseline width基质substrate materials基质隔离技术matrix isolation technique电歧视效应the effect of electrical discrimination电迁移进样electrophoretic injection电渗流electroendosmotic flow电渗流标记物electroendosmotic flow marker电渗流淌度electroendosmotic mobility电泳淌度electrophoretic mobility调整保留时间adjusted retention time调整保留体积adjusted retention volume叠加内标法added internal standard method二极管阵列检测器diode-array detector，DAD二维色谱法two—dimensional chromatography二元溶剂体系dual solvent system反冲洗back wash反吹技术back flushing technique反峰negative peak反离子counter ion反相高效液相色谱法reversed phas e high performance liquid ch…反相离子对色谱reversed phase ion pair chromatography反相离子对色谱法reversed phase ion—pair chromatography反相毛细管电色谱reverse capillary electrokinetic chromatogr…反相柱reversed phase column反应色谱reaction chromatography反圆心式展开anti-circular development反转电渗流reverse electroendosmotic flow范第姆特方程式van Deemter equation仿生传感器Biomimic electrode放射性检测器radioactivity detector放射自显影autoradiography非极性固定相non-polar stationary phase非极性键合相non-polar bonded phase非水系凝胶色谱柱non-aqua-system gel column非水相色谱nonaqueous phase chromatography非吸附性载体non—adsorptive support非线性分流non-linearity split stream非线性色谱non—linear chromatography非线性吸附等温线non—linear adsorption isotherm酚醛离子交换树脂phenolic ion exchange resin分离－反应－分离展开SRS development分离数separation number分离因子separation factor分离柱separation column分配等温线distribution isotherm分配色谱partition chromatography分配系数partition coefficient分析型色谱仪analytical type chromatograph分子扩散molecular diffusion封尾endcapping峰高peak heightpH梯度动态分离dynamic separation of the pH gradient pH值梯度洗脱pH gradient elutionZata电势Zata potentialZ形池Z-form pool氨基键合相amino—bonded phase氨基酸分析仪amino acid analyzer安培检测器ampere detector白色载体white support半微柱semimicro—column半制备柱semi-preparation column包覆型离子交换剂coated ion exchanger包覆型填料coated packing material保护柱guard column保留间隙retention gap保留时间retention time保留体积retention volume保留温度retention temperature保留值定性法retention qualitative method保留值沸点规律boiling point rule of retention保留值碳数规律carbon number rule of retention保留指数retention index保留指数定性法retention index qualitative method背景电导background conductance苯酚磺酸树脂phenol sulfonic acid resin苯乙烯styrene比保留体积specific retention volume比例阀proportional valve比渗透率specific permeability比移值Rf value便携式色谱仪portable chromatograph标准偏差standard deviation表观电泳淌度apparent electrophoretic mobility表观交换容量apparent exchange capacity表面电位检测器surface potential detector表面多孔硅胶superficially porous silica gel表面多孔填料superficially porous packing material表面多孔型离子交换剂superficially porous ion-exchanger玻璃球载体glass beads support不分流进样splitless sampling参比柱reference column场放大进样electrical field magnified injection场流分离field—flow fractionation场流分离仪field—flow fractionation场效应生物传感器Field effect transistor based Biosensor常压液相色谱法common-pressure liquid chromatography超声波脱气ultrasonic degas程序变流色谱法programmed flow (gas）chromatography程序升温进样programmed temperature sampling程序升温色谱法programmed temperature (gas）chromatography 程序升温蒸发器programmed temperature vaporizer ，PTV程序升压programmed pressure大孔树脂macro-reticular resin大孔填料macro—reticular packing material大内径毛细管柱Megaobore column单活塞往复泵single piston reciprocating pump单相色谱仪single phase chromatograph单向阀one—way valve单柱离子色谱法single column ion chromatography等度洗脱isocratic elution等离子体色谱法plasma chromatography等途电泳-毛细管区带电泳耦合进样isotachophoresis injection—c…低负荷柱low load column低容量柱low capacity column低压梯度low—pressure gradient低压液相色谱low—pressure liquid chromatography电导池conductance cell电导检测法conductance detection电荷转移分光光度法charge transfer spectrophotometry电化学检测器electrochemical detector电解抑制器electrolyze suppressor。

高分子液晶材料的研究现状及开发前景一摘要液晶高分子是指在熔融状态或溶液中具有液晶特性的高分子，即该类高分子在熔融状态或溶液中，一方面，在一定程度上分子呈类似于晶体的有序排列；另一方面，又具有各项同性液体的流动性。

能够形成液晶相的高分子通常由刚性部分和柔性部分组成，刚性部分多由芳香和脂肪环状结构构成，在生物高分子中，含有手性基团的螺旋结构也具有刚性体的功能，柔性部分则多由可以自由旋转的d键连接起来的饱和链构成。

液晶高分子的制备是将含有刚性结构和柔性结构的单体通过聚合反应连接起来。

由于液晶相的形成，使得高分子的性能发生变化，某些性能显著提高，并出现类似于小分子液晶的特殊性能，从而使其具有更为诱人的应用前景，成为一个研究热点。

高分子液晶是近十几年迅速兴起的一类新型高分子材料[ 1～5] , 它具有高强度、高模量、耐高温、低膨胀系数、低成型收缩率、低密度、良好的介电性、阻燃性和耐化学腐蚀性等一系列优异的综合性能, 作为液晶自增强塑料、高性能纤维、板材、薄膜及光导纤维包覆层, 被广泛应用于电子电器、航天航空、国防军工、光通讯等高新技术领域以及汽车、机械、化工等国民经济各工业部门。

正是由于其优异的性能和广阔的应用前景, 使得高分子液晶成为当前高分子科学中颇有吸引力的一个研究领域。

二国外对液晶高分子材料的研究1． A series of main-chain liquid-crystalline polymers (LCPs) with pendant sulfonic acid groups have been synthesized by use of biphenyl-4,4-diol, 6,7-dihydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, and bis(4-(chlorocarbonyl)phenyl) decanedioate in a one-step esterification reaction. Emeraldine base form of polyaniline (PAN) is doped by the synthesized sulfonic acid-containing LCPs to obtain PAN-LCP ionomers. A series of electrorheological (ER) fluids are prepared using the synthesized PAN-LCP ionomers and silicone oil. The chemical structure, liquid-crystalline behavior, dielectric property of LCPs, and PAN-LCP ionomers, and ER effect of the ER fluids are characterized by use of various experimental techniques. The synthesized sulfonic acid-containing LCPs and PAN-LCP ionomers display nematic mesophase. The PAN-LCP ionomers show a slight elevation of glass transition temperatures and decrease of enthalpy changes of nematic-isotropic phase transition compared with corresponding sulfonic acid-containing LCPs. The relative permittivity of the PAN-LCP ionomers is much higher than that of the corresponding sulfonic acid-containing LCPs. The ER effect of the PAN-LCP ionomer dispersions is better than PAN dispersions, suggesting a synergistic reaction should be occurred among liquid crystalline component, and PAN part under electric fields.已经合成了一系列的主链液晶聚合物（LCP ）与磺酸侧基通过使用二苯基-4,4 - 二醇，6,7 - 二羟基萘-2 - 磺酸，和双（4 - （氯羰基）苯基）decanedioate 在一个单步酯化反应。

液相法制备石墨烯摘要近年来, 石墨烯以其独特的结构和优异的性能, 在化学、物理和材料学界引起了广泛的研究兴趣。

石墨烯是一种二维单元子层厚度的晶体，其碳原子呈蜂窝状晶格排布，并在单原子层厚度上集合了优异的电学、机械、光学与热学性质。

目前人们已经在石墨烯的制备方面取得了积极的进展, 为石墨烯的基础研究和应用开发提供了原料保障。

现有的石墨烯的制备方法有微机械剥离法、化学气相沉积法、液相或气相直接剥离法、晶体外延生长法﹑氧化-还原法等，但大规模高质量制备技术仍然是制约其进入实际应用的瓶颈之一。

本文采用液相直接剥离石墨来制备石墨烯，按照正交试验设计方案，通过多次实验，改变石墨与溶剂的配比、超声时间、超声功率等，使得石墨剥离充分，通过适当时间的高速离心得到分散较好的石墨烯分散液。

再选用不同的溶剂同样对石墨进行剥离得到石墨烯分散液。

实验结果表明使用二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为溶剂剥离石墨,当浓度配比在0.14mg/ml，超声时间在9小时时效果最好，丁达尔效应表明分散液分散效果良好, 紫外光谱(UV)结果分析得出DMF剥离石墨没有引入其他官能团，利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)得出微观图，得到低于五层的石墨烯。

与其他石墨烯制备方法相比，本论文所采用的液相直接剥离法制备石墨烯具有仪器设备简单、原材料便宜易得、液相体系便于材料加工成型等优点。

直接利用数控超声机对放有石墨的溶剂进行超声剥离，不涉及化学变化从而得到的样品质量高。

关键词：石墨烯，液相剥离，正交试验设计Graphene by Liquid Phase-based ExfoliationABSTRACTGraphene has attracted much interest in recent years due to its unique and outstanding properties. Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal with atomic thickness, whose atoms are arranged in a honey comb lattic. Different routes to prepare graphene have been developed and achieved. Preparation methods of graphene used in recent years are intensively introduced, including micromechanical cleavage, chemical vapor deposition, liquid/gas phase-based exfoliation of graphite, epitaxial growth on an insulator, chemical reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide, etc. But large high quality preparation technology is still restrict the bottleneck of entered actual application.In this paper, liquid phase-based exfoliation of graphite method was used to fabricate graphene. By controlling the graphite and solvent ratio, the ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power according to orthogonal test design. Make graphite stripping fully, and at the same time through proper time of high-speed centrifugal get spread good graphene dispersed, and then choose different solvents of graphite and on the same stripped of graphene to dispersed. The experimental shown that when using DMF as solvent stripping graphite, it brought the best results when the ultrasonic time is nine hours and the concentration ratio is 0.14mg/ml. Then Tyndall effect shown that the dispersion liquid had a good dispersion effect Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV) analysis of the results obtained that other functional groups were not introduced in DMF stripped graphite.Finally, the Graphene less than five layers could be observed in the microgram obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)In comparison with other methods, liquid phase-based exfoliation of graphite method in preparation of grapheme has advantages that the devices required are simple, raw materials are cheap and easy to get, liquid-phase state is easy to be further processed and suitable for mass production. Numerical control ultrasonic machine using directly to a solvent with graphite for ultrasound dissection, not only simple operation, but also very safe.KEY WORDS: graphene, liquid phase-based exfoliation, orthogonal experimental design目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT (II)1绪论 (1)1.1课题的背景及研究意义 (1)1.2石墨烯的发现及发展现状 (2)1.3石墨烯的研究发展前景 (4)1.4本文的框架及安排 (4)2 石墨烯的性质、制备、表征及应用 (6)2.1 石墨烯的结构及性质 (6)2.1.1 石墨烯的结构 (6)2.1.2电学性质 (7)2.1.3 非电学特性 (8)2.1.4 化学性质 (9)2.2 石墨烯的制备方法 (9)2.2.1 微机械剥离法 (9)2.2.2 液相或气相直接剥离法 (10)2.2.3 化学气相沉积法（CVD） (11)2.2.4 晶体外延生长法(SiC 高温退火) (11)2.2.5 氧化−还原法(含氧化−修饰−还原法) (11)2.2.6 其他方法 (13)2.3 石墨烯的表征方法 (13)2.3.1透射电子显微镜（transmission electron microscopy） (13)2.3.2 原子力显微镜（atomic force microscopy） (13)2.3.3 拉曼光谱(Raman spectra) (14)2.3.4 紫外光谱（UV） (14)2.3.5 其他表征方法 (15)2.4石墨烯的应用领域 (15)2.4.1 可做“太空电梯”缆线 (15)2.4.2 代替硅生产电子产品 (15)2.4.3 传感器 (16)2.4.4 触摸面板 (16)2.4.5 太阳能电池 (17)2.4.6 其他应用 (17)IV3 正交试验设计 (18)3.1 正交试验设计的概念 (18)3.2 正交试验的意义 (18)3.3 正交表及其基本性质 (20)3.4 正交试验的设计过程 (20)3.5 正交试验的结果分析 (20)3.5.1 极差分析 (20)3.5.2 较优条件选择 (21)3.5.3 正交试验分析方法 (21)4 石墨烯的制备及表征 (22)4.1 石墨烯的制备 (22)4.1.1 胆酸钠作为溶剂制备 (22)4.1.2 DMF作为溶剂制备 (25)4.1.3 改进制备 (26)4.2 表征结果分析 (27)4.2.1 表征所用到的仪器 (27)4.2.2 丁达尔效应 (27)4.2.3 紫外光谱分析 (28)4.2.4 扫描电子显微分析 (29)5.1 本文总结 (34)5.2 展望 (34)致谢 (35)参考文献 (36)液相法制备石墨烯 11绪论1.1课题的背景及研究意义碳是最重要的元素之一，它有着独特的性质，是所有地球生命的基础。

圆孔液晶透镜的ZEMAX设计与优化杨兰;蔡晓梅;周雄图;郭太良;叶芸【摘要】液晶透镜是自由3D显示的新器件,其原理是利用基于向列相液晶指向矢随外加电场作用发生变化的光电特性.本文提出一种简易准确的透镜参数设计和优化方案.以单圆孔结构的液晶透镜为例,利用光学软件ZEMAX和焦距缩放法对圆孔结构的液晶透镜的参数加以设计并优化.分析液晶透镜的像差,评价成像质量.结果表明,优化后的液晶透镜的像差明显减小,3.5°视场下,弥散斑均方根半径RMS值由248.118μm减小到62.192μm,为原来的25.1%;光学调制传递函数MTF值明显改善.最后实验测试验证了液晶透镜阵列的衍射光斑亮度及清晰度均显著提高.%Liquid-crystal lenses are new devices for free 3D display, its photoelectric properties are controlled by electric field. The accurate design and optimization method of lens parameters were presented in this paper. Based on the optical software ZEMAX and the focal length zoom method, the parameters of LCDs were designed and optimized. Then, the aberration of liquid crystal lens and image quality were evaluated. it is proved that the optimized liquid crystal lens aberration decreases evidently. The dispersion spot root mean square radius (RMS) value decreases from 248. 118μm to 62. 192 μm with 3. 5° view and the optical modulation transfer function MTF is improved. The ex-perimental results show that the brightness and clarity of the diffractive lens array are significantly improved.【期刊名称】《发光学报》【年(卷),期】2017(038)012【总页数】7页(P1688-1694)【关键词】液晶透镜;调制传递函数(MTF);光学设计;像质评价【作者】杨兰;蔡晓梅;周雄图;郭太良;叶芸【作者单位】集美大学理学院,福建厦门 361021;集美大学理学院,福建厦门361021;福州大学物理与信息工程学院, 福建福州 350116;福州大学物理与信息工程学院, 福建福州 350116;福州大学物理与信息工程学院, 福建福州 350116【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN141液晶具有较大的光电各项异性，是很好的光电材料，已经广泛地应用于各类光学器件，如液晶显示器[1]、液晶滤波器、液晶透镜[2]、液晶相位延迟器[3]等。

disintegration 分解；蜕变disjunction 切断disk array 磁盘阵列disk caching 磁盘高速缓冲存储器disk index 硬盘索引disk operating system (DOS) 磁盘操作系统disk server 磁盘伺服器disk, erasable compact 可抹式光盘disk, floppy 软盘disk, floptical 软式光盘disk, hard 硬盘disk, magneto-optical 磁光盘disk, optical 光盘disk, removal hard 可装拆式硬盘disk, very high density floppy (VHDFD) 超高密度软碟disk, write once read many compact (WORM-CD) 单写多读型光盘disk, write once read many optical 单写多读型光盘dislocation 错位dislocation, crystal 晶体错位dislodge 脱落dispatcher 分配程序dispatcher interface 分配程序接口dispenser 分配器；涂料器dispensing 涂料dispensing, air-operated 气动涂料dispensing, pneumatic 气动涂料dispersant 分散剂dispersion 色散；散射dispersion effect 散射效果displacement 位移displacement bus 位移总线displacement ratio 位移比displacement, angular 角位移displacement, dielectric 介电质位移displacement, phase 相位移displacement-time graph 位移－时间图display 显示器display address space 显示器地址空间display mode 显示方式，显示模式display register 显示器寄存器display, active-matrix 主动矩阵显示器display, digital 数字显示器display, double super-twisted liquid crystal 双倍超级扭曲式液晶显示器display, dual-mode plasma 双模等离子显示器display, electro-luminescent 电发光显示器display, field emission (FED) 场式放射显示器display, flat panel (FPD) 扁平面板显示器display, gas plasma 气体等离子显示器display, guest/host liquid crystal (GH LCD) 宾主液晶显示器display, liquid crystal (LCD) 液晶显示器display, on-screen (OSD) 屏幕显示器display, plasma 等离子显示器display, simple matrix 简单矩阵显示display, super-twisted liquid crystal (STN) 超级扭曲向列式液晶显示器display, thin-film transistor liquid crystal (TFT LCD) 薄膜晶体管液晶显示器display, twisted nematic liquid crystal (TN LCD) 扭曲向列式液晶显示器display, vacuum fluorescent (VFD) 真空萤光显示器dissipate force 耗散力dissipation 耗散；耗损dissipation factor 耗散因数；耗损因数dissipation, heat 散热dissipation, power 功率耗散dissociation 分解distance learning 远程学习distance of most distinct vision 明视距离distance, fringing 边缘相接范围distance, grid 栅距distance, image 像距distance, object 物距distance-coded reference mark 编码间隔参考标记distance-vector routing protocol 矢量间隔选路协议distillation 蒸馏distillation, fractional 分馏distortion 失真distortion factor 失真因素distortion tolerance 失真容限distortion, amplitude 振幅失真distortion, attenuation 衰减失真distortion, crossover 交接失真；交越失真distortion, harmonic 谐波失真distortion, harmonic voltage 谐波电压失真distortion, intermodulation 交互调制失真distortion, total harmonic (THD) 总谐波失真distributed application 分布式应用distributed architecture 分布式体系结构distributed array processor (DAP) 分布式阵列处理器distributed computing 分布式运算distributed computing environment (DCE) 分布式运算环境distributed control system (DCS) 分布式控制系统distributed data management (DDM) 分布式数据管理distributed data management architecture (DDMA) 分布式数据管理结构distributed database 分布式数据库distributed interactive simulation (DIS) 分布式交互仿真distributed network 分布式网络distributed object modeling 分布式对象建模distributed operating multi-access interactive network(DOMAIN) 分布式作业多重存取交互式网络distributed processing 分布式处理distributed queued dual bus (DQDB) 分布式队列双总线distributed shared memory (DSM) 分布式共享存储器distributed system 分布式系统distributed system architecture (DSA) 分布式系统结构distributed system network (DSN) 分布式系统网络distributed transaction processing (DTP) 分布式交易处理技术distribution amplifier 分布式放大器distribution database 分布式数据库distribution line 分配线，分布线distribution transformer 配电变压器distribution, automatic call 自动电话分配distribution, computer-integrated (CID) 电脑综合分销distribution, power 功率分布distributive rules 分配规则distributive search 分配式搜寻distributive sort 分配式排序distributor box 燃料分配器disturbance 干扰dither 高频脉动：高频抖动divergence 发散度divergent lens 发散透镜divergent mirror 发散球面镜dividend 被除数divider 分割器；分压器；除法器divider, broadband power 宽频带功率分割器divider, frequency 分频器divider, resistor 电阻分割器do-it-yourself (DIY) 自装，自己动手docsis 1.1 以CA TV为中心的DOCSIS规范也叫做DOCSIS 1.1document 文件document interchange format (DIF) 文件交换格式document object model 文件对象模型document type 文件类型document type definition (DTD) 文件类型定义documentation 文件；文书资料；文献dolby AC-3 杜比AC-3[多声道编码技术]dolby digital 杜比数字[声音格式]domain 域；范围domain key distributor (DKD) 域密钥分配器，域密钥分配人domain name server (DNS) 域名服务器domain name system (DNS) 域名系统domain, frequency 频域domain, magnetic 磁畴domain, time 时域dominant mode 主模donor dopant 施体渗染剂donor impurity 施体杂质dopant 渗染剂dopant, donor 施体渗染剂doped region 渗染区doping 掺杂doping compensation 渗染补偿dose 剂量dose rate 剂量率dosimetry 剂量学dot address 点地址dot matrix printer 点阵式打印机dot pitch 点距dot product 点乘积dots per inch (DPI) 每英寸点数double density (DD) 双密度double linked list 双链结串列double modulation 双重调制double reflection 双反射double refraction 双折射double scan 双扫描double scanning line 双扫描线double super-twisted (DSTN) 双倍超级扭曲double super-twisted liquid crystal display 双倍超级扭曲液晶显示器double super-twisted nematic (DSTN) 双倍超级扭曲double wave soldering 双重波峰式焊锡double-ended queue 双端队列double-height 倍高double-layer interconnection 双层互连double-layer metal (DLM) 双层金属double-precision 双精度double-scan color graphics adapter 双扫描彩色图像标准double-sideband transmitter 双侧频带发送器double-sided assembly 双面组装double-sided board 双面电路板double-tuned circuit 双调谐电路double-wave soldering 双波峰焊锡doubler 增倍器doubler, capacitive voltage 电容性电压增倍器doubler, voltage 电压增倍器doubleword 双字组dovetail joint 燕尾接合down 停机down system, 系统停机down-converted signal 下变频信号downlink 下行链路download 下载；下装downloadable 可下载downsapling 下采样downstream 下行流downtime 停机时间downward compression 下向压缩downward-compatible 下向兼容doze mode 休止模式draftsman 绘图员drag 拖曳drain 泄漏；漏极drain electrode 漏极电极drain leakage 漏极泄漏[电流]drain sense input 漏极感应输入drain voltage 漏极电压drain, power 电源泄漏drawbridge 吊桥drift 漂移drift compensation 漂移补偿drift rate 漂移速率drift, input offset current 输入偏移电流漂移drift, input offset voltage 输入偏移电压漂移drill template 钻孔样板drill, pneumatic 风钻drive 磁盘机drive array 磁盘机阵列drive current 驱动电流drive, Winchester hard disk 温彻斯特硬盘机drive, dynamic multiplex 动态多工驱动drive, erasable optical 可拭除式光盘机drive, floppy disk (FDD) 软盘机drive, hard disk (HDD) 硬盘机drive, optical 光盘机drive, optical disk 光盘机drive, tape 磁带机driven 驱动driven, event- 事件驱动driven, interrupt- 中断驱动driven, shell- 壳体驱动driver 驱动器driver, address 地址驱动器driver, bus 总线驱动器driver, hardware 硬件驱动程序driver, instrument 仪器驱动器driver, quad power 四重功率驱动器driver, software 软件驱动程序driver, software 软件驱动器driver, system clock 系统时钟驱动器droop 斜面；固定偏差；垂度；减少，减弱drop cable 分接电缆，引入电缆drop, potential 电位降drop, switch 交换电压降drop, voltage 电压降drop-in test 混入测试drop-out test 漏失测试dropout 漏失dross 废物，碎片dross content 焊渣；无用信息dry bulb 乾泡dry cell 乾电池dry contact 乾式接点dry film 乾膜dry-film laminate 乾膜薄片dry-film photoresist 乾膜光阻dry-type 乾式的dual actuator 双起动器dual digital potentiometer 双数字式电位计；双数字式分压计dual integrated circuit 双集成电路dual memory management unit (DMMU) 双重存储器管理单元dual mode 双重模式dual operation 双操作dual probing 双探测dual rate codec 双速率编解码器dual retargetable architecture (DRA) 双重可转移目标架构dual ring 双环dual synchronous 双同步dual synchronous communication channel 双同步通讯通道dual tone 双音调dual video amplifier 双视频放大器dual-access memory 双重存取存储器dual-attached connection 双配附连接dual-attached station (DAS) 双配附传讯站dual-channel 双通道dual-in-line package (DIP) 双列直插式封装dual-in-line switch 双列直插式开关dual-layer aluminum wiring process 双层铝线工艺dual-layer polysilicon 双层多硅晶体dual-mode plasma display 双模等离子显示器dual-port 双端口dual-port memory 双端口存储器dual-port random access memory 双端口随机存取存储器dual-sided fixture 双面夹具dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) 双音多频dubbing 配音；转录duct 导管ductile 可延伸的；柔软的dumb 基本的dumb frame buffer 基本型画面缓冲器dumb modem 基本型调制解调器dumb terminal 哑终端，无智能终端，可视终端dummy antenna 仿真天线dump 倾卸；转储dumping 倾销dumping, anti- 反倾销duo-decimal 十二进制的duodiode 双二极管duplex 双工duplex, full 全双工duplex, half 半双工duplexer 双工器；天线公用器，天线收发转换开关duplicate 复制duplication address detection (DAD) 重复地址检测duration 持续时间dust, radioactive 放射尘dust-tight 隔尘的，防尘的dustproof 防尘的duty cycle 工作周期duty factor 效率系数duty jitter 工作抖动duty, continuos 连续运行duty, intermittent 间歇运行duty, periodic 周期运行duty, short time 短期运行duty, varying 不定期运行duty-cycle 占空比dwell 停顿dwell time 停顿时间dynamic 动态dynamic HTML 动态超文本标识语言dynamic SQL (Structured Query Language) 动态结构化查询语言dynamic accuracy 动态准确度dynamic allocation 动态配置dynamic bandwidth allocation 动态带宽分配dynamic braking 动态制动dynamic burn-in 动态老化测试dynamic bus-sizing 动态总线规划dynamic caching 动态高速缓存dynamic channel allocation (DCA) 动态信道定位,动态信道分配dynamic channel assignment (DCA) 动态信道分配dynamic characteristic 动态特性dynamic configuration 动态配置dynamic crossover current 动态交越电流dynamic data exchange (DDE) 动态数据交换dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡dynamic flex 动态扭曲，动态弯曲dynamic functional analysis 动态功能分析dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) 动态主机配置协议dynamic link library (DLL) 动态链路库，动态链接库dynamic load 动态负载dynamic multiplex drive 动态多工驱动dynamic power-on-demand (DPD) 需求动态功率dynamic random access memory (DRAM) 动态随机存取存储器dynamic range 动态范围dynamic routing 动态路由选择dynamic scanning 动态扫描dynamic sharing 动态共享dynamic source routing (DSR) 动态资源路由选择dynamic storage management 动态存储器管理dynamic thread 动态线程dynamically reconfigurable hardware 可动态配置硬件，动态可重构硬件dynamics 动力学dynamics, lattice 晶格动力学dynamics, nuclear reaction 核反应动力学dynamo 直流发电机dynamometer 功率计dyne 达因e-beam 电子束e-commerce portal 电子商务入口e-printing 远程网络输出e2prom (electrically-erasable programmable read-only memory) 电可擦除可编只读存储器early binding 初期联编early packet discard (EPD) 早期信息包删除，早期信息包废弃earth radius factor 地球半径因子（地球有效半径与实际半径之比，约为1.33）earth station 地球站，地面站earthing 接地eccentricity error 偏心误差echo 回波；回音echo cancellation 回波消除echo suppression 回波抑制echo-suppression control回波抑压控制eddy current 涡流eddy-current loss 涡流损耗edge connector 卡缘连接器edge detection 边缘检测edge, falling 下建边缘edge, input 输入边缘edge, refracting 折射边edge, rising 上升边缘edge, timing 定时边缘edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) 边缘限定硅膜生长工艺edge-emitting chip 边缘发射芯片edge-sensitive 边缘敏感edge-sensitive scan design 边缘敏感扫描设计edge-trigger 边缘触发edge-trigger phase and frequency detector 边缘触发相位及频率检测器edge-triggered interrupt 边缘触发中断edit 编辑editor 编辑程序；编辑器effect 效应effect, Faraday 法拉第效应effect, Hall 霍尔效应effect, Seebeck 塞贝克效应effect, Zeebeck 齐北克效应effect, Zeeman 塞曼效应effect, Zener 齐纳效应effect, cooling 冷却效应effect, current-spreading 电流扩散效应effect, dispersion 散射效果effect, field 电场效应effect, greenhouse 温室效应effect, inverse photoelectric 反光电效应effect, mirror 镜像效应effect, photoconductive 光传导效应effect, photoelectric 光电效应effect, physical 物理效应effect, quantum Hall 量子霍尔效应effect, quantum tunnel 量子隧道效应effect, saturated 饱和效应effect, thermoelectric 热电效应effect, transmission line 传输线效应effect, tunnel 隧道效应effect, volta 伏特效应effective address 有效地址effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) 各向同性辐射有效功率effective magnetic moment 有效磁距effective permeability 有效磁导率,有效渗透性effective power 有效功率effective resistance 有效电阻effective value 有效值efficiency 效率efficiency, conversion 转换效率efficiency, luminous 发光效率efficiency, machine 机械效率efficiency, mechanical 机械效率efficiency, quantum (QE) 量子效率efficiency, rectifier 整流效率efficiency, thermal 热效率effluent 污水effort 力；施力elapsed time 经过时间elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数elastic store 弹性存储[器]elasticity 弹性elasticity buffer 弹性缓冲器elasticity, modulus of 弹性模数elastomer 弹性体elastomeric 弹性体的，合成橡胶的electret 驻极体electric 电；电动；带电electric charge 电荷electric conductance 电导electric current 电流electric dipole 电偶极子electric dipole moment 电偶极electric discharge 放电electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field strength 电场强度electric force 电力electric oscillation 电振荡electric potential 电位；电势electric potential difference 电位差；电势差electric potential energy 电位能electric potential energy 电势能electric power 电功率electric power steering (EPS) 电力控制electric resistance 电阻electric vehicle (EV) 电动车辆electric-dipole moment 电偶极electric-field intensity 电场强度electrical 电力的；电气的electrical conductivity 电气导电能力electrical consideration 电气特性考虑electrical emission 电气放射electrical ground loop 电气接地环路electrical load 电气负载electrical overstress (EOS) 电过载，电超载electrical potential 电位electrical resonance 电气共振electrical rule check (ERC) 电气检测规则electrical zero 电零点electrically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM) 电气可拭除可编程只读存储器electricity 电；电学electricity, heating effect of 电流之热效应electricity, static 静电electrification 起电electrification by friction 摩擦起电electrified body 带电体electro-deposit copper 电解铜electro-engraving 电刻electro-luminescent (EL) 场致发光electro-luminescent display 场致发光显示electro-optic modulator 电光调制器electrochemical equivalent 电流当量electrochemical means 电化学方法electrochemistry 电化学electrocoating 电涂层electrocution 触电死亡electrode 电极electrode cut wire 电极线electrode potential 电极电位electrode, drain 漏极电极electrode, negative 负电极electrode, positive 正电极electrodeposit 电沉淀物electrodynamics 电动力学electrodynamometer 电流计electroless copper 无电解铜electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解溶液；电解质electrolytic capacitor 电解电容器electrolytic corrosion 电解侵蚀，电蚀electrolytic plating 电镀electromagnet 电磁体electromagnetic 电磁的electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 电磁兼容性electromagnetic field 电磁场electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic interference (EMI) 电磁干扰electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic relay 电磁继电器electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetism 电磁学electromagnetization 电流磁化electromechanical 电机的electrometer 静电的electromigration 电子漂移electromotive force (EMF) 电动势electron 电子electron beam 电子束electron beam epitaxy (EBE) 电子束外延生长[技术] electron beam lithography 电子束刻蚀法，电子束平印术electron beam prober 电子束探测器electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) 电子回旋磁力加速器谐振electron gun 电子枪electron microscope 电子显微镜electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) 电子探头微量分析electron projection lithography 电子投影金属版印刷，电子投影光刻electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) 化学分析电子光谱法electron track 电子轨迹electron volt (eV) 电子伏特electron, bound 束缚电子electron, free 自由电子electron, valence 原子价电子electronic cash (e-cash) 电子现金, 电子货币electronic commerce 电子商务electronic commerce modeling language (ECML) 电子商务建模语言electronic control gear (ECG) 电子控制装置electronic control unit (ECU) 电子控制单元，电子控制部件electronic data interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换electronic data interchange for administration,commerce and transport 管理.商业和运输的电子数据交换electronic data processing (EDP) 电子数据处理electronic data system (EDS) 电子数据系统electronic design automation (EDA) 电子设计自动化electronic emission 电子放射electronic fuel injection (EFI) 电子燃油喷注electronic funds transfer (EFT) 电子资金转帐electronic load 电子负载electronic mail 电子邮递electronic numerical integrator and calculator (ENIAC) 电子数字积分器和计算器electronic packaging 电子封装electronic performance support system (EPSS) 电子性能支持系统electronic reservation system 电子预订系统electronic switching system 电子交换系统electronic toll collection (ETC) 电子长途收费electronic toll-collection system 电子道路收费系统electronics 电子学electronics manufacturing service (EMS) 电子制造业服务electronics, integrated device (IDE) 整合器件电子学electrophorus 起电盘electroplating 电镀electroscope 验电器electroscope, gold-leaf 金箔验电器electrostatic 静电electrostatic capacity 静电容量electrostatic deflection 静电偏向；静电偏转electrostatic discharge (ESD) 静电释放electrostatic field 静电场electrostatic force 静电力electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic shield 静电屏蔽[罩]electrostatic unit 静电单位electrostatic voltmeter 静电伏特计electrostatics 静电学electrotyping 电铸element 元素element list file (ELF) 元素表列档案elementary particle 基本粒子elementary wave 元波elliptical polarization 椭圆极化，椭圆偏振elongation 伸长elongation, coefficient of 伸长系数embedded 嵌入的embedded Java 嵌入式Javaembedded Web server 嵌入式网络服务器embedded control 嵌入式控制embedded controller 嵌入式控制器embedded servo system 嵌入式伺服系统embedded software 嵌入式软件embedded system 嵌入式系统embedded test 嵌入式测试embossed carrier tape 模压载体带emergence angle 出射角emergency power 应急能力emergency shut down (ESD) 事故停机，紧急停机，紧急关机emission 放射emission spectrum 放射光谱emission, electrical 电气放射emission, electronic 电子放射emission, field 电场放射emission, spontaneous 自发放射emission, thermionic 热离子放射emissivity 放射能力emitter 放射器；射极emitter dotting 射极连线emitter voltage 射极电压emitter, common 共射极emitter, panel 平板射极emitter-coupled logic (ECL) 射极耦合逻辑emitter-coupled transistor logic (ECTL) 射极耦合晶体管逻辑empirical 经验的emulate 仿真emulation, analog 模拟仿真emulation, bus-timing 总线定时仿真emulator 仿真器emulator, in-circuit (ICE) 内电路仿真器emulsifier 乳化剂enable 允许；生效enable dis- 抑制enabled, write- 使能写入enameled wire 漆包铜线encapsulant 密封剂encapsulating compound 密封剂，封装料encapsulating material 灌封材料encapsulating security payload (ESP) 数据打包安全有效载荷（为IP数据包提供完整性和安全性）encapsulation 灌封enclosure 包围encode 编码encoder 编码器encoder/decoder 编码／解码器encoder/decoder data separator 编码器／解码器数据分隔器encoding, multiplex sub-Nyquist sampling (MUSE) 亚尼奎斯特取样编码encroachment 侵蚀encroachment, lateral 横向侵蚀encryption 加密encryption, data 数据加密end distortion 末端畸变end system 终端系统end user 终端用户end, back- 后端end, front- 前端end, high- 高档end, low- 低档end-of-burst 成组传递结束，猝发结束end-of-burst confirmation (EOBC) 成组传递结束确认，猝发结束确认end-of-file character 尾档字符end-to-end 端对端endpoint 终点；末端endurance tests 耐久性测试energy 能；能量energy band 能带energy consumption 能量消耗energy density 能量密度energy dispersive spectrograph (EDS) 能量扩散光谱仪energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) 能量扩散X射线energy level 能量水平energy, activation 活化能量energy, atomic 原子能energy, binding 结合能energy, conservation of 能量守恒energy, electric potential 电位能energy, gravitational potential 引力位能energy, heat 热能energy, internal 内能energy, kinetic 动能energy, luminous 光能energy, mechanical 机械能energy, potential (PE) 位能energy, radiant 辐射能energy, solar 太阳能energy, surface 表面能energy, translational 平移能量engine 引擎；机器engine, internal combustion 内燃机engineering change order (ECO) 工程变更次序engineering change request (ECR) 工程变动请求engineering verification testing (EVT) 工程验证测试engineering workstation 工程工作站engineering, computer-aided (CAE) 电脑辅助工程engineering, computer-aided software (CASE) 电脑辅助软件工程engineering, concurrent 并行工程engineering, reverse 还原工程enhanced GPRS 增强型通用无线分组业务enhanced audio processor (EAP) 增强声频处理器enhanced circuit-switched data (ECSD) 增强型电路交换数据enhanced color graphics adapter (EGA) 增强图像标准enhanced data rates for GSM evolution 改进的GSM数据速率enhanced expanded memory specification (EEMS) 增强扩充存储器规格enhanced full rate (EFR) 增强型全速率enhanced plastic ball grid array 增强型塑料球栅阵列enhanced serial communication controller (ESCC) 增强式串行通讯控制器enhanced small device interface (ESD) 增强式小型器件接口enhanced specialized mobile radio (ESMR) 增强型专用移动无线电enhancement-mode FET 增强型场效应晶体管enterprise network 企业网络enterprise resources planning (ERP) 企业资源计划，企业资源规划enterprises and private carriers 企业和私人运营商entity 实体entrapment 截留entrapment, gas 气体截留entropy coding 熵编码，平均信息量编码entry 入口entry point 进入点entry, bus 总线入口environment 环境environment mapped bump mapping 环境凹凸映射environment, application execution 应用执行环境environment, computer-aided test (CA TE) 电脑辅助测试环境environment, distributed computing (DCE) 分布式运算环境environment, fuzzy inference development (FIDE) 模糊推论开发环境environment, fuzzy system standard (FSSE) 模糊系统标准环境environment, virtual terminal (VTE) 虚拟终端机环境environmental impact 环境冲击environmental temperature 环境温度enzyme 酶，酵素epitaxial 外延epitaxial diode 外延二极管epitaxial layer 外延层epitaxial passivated integrated circuit (EPIC) 外延钝化集成电路epitaxy 外延生长技术，取向附生epitaxy, molecular-beam 分子束外延epoxy 环氧epoxy resin 环氧树脂epoxy-glass laminate 环氧玻璃层压板epoxy-paper laminate 环氧纸基层压板equalization 均衡；等化equalization, adaptive 自适应等化equalization, attenuation 衰减均衡equalization, decision feedback (DFE) 决策反馈等化equalization, time-domain 时域均衡equalizer 均衡器；等化器equalizer, graphic 图形均衡器equalizer, stereo graphic 立体声图形均衡器equalizing pulse 等化脉冲equally tempered scale 等程音阶equation 方程equation, Boolean 布尔方程equation, circuit 电路方程equator, magnetic 磁赤道equilibrant 平衡；平衡状态equilibrium potential 平衡状态位能equilibrium, dynamic 动态平衡equilibrium, neutral 随遇平衡equilibrium, radioactive 放射平衡equilibrium, rotational 转动平衡equilibrium, stable 稳定平衡equilibrium, temperature 温度平衡equilibrium, thermal 热平衡equilibrium, unstable 不稳定平衡equipment 设备；装置equipment terminal, (TE) 终端设备equipment, automatic test (A TE) 自动化测试器材equipment, data communication (DCE) 数据通讯设备equipment, data terminal (DTE) 数据终端设备equipotential 等位的equipotential line 等位线equipotential surface 等位面equiripple finite impulse response filter (EFIR) 平波有限脉冲反应滤波器equivalent 等效的；当量equivalent circuit 等效电路equivalent gate 等效门equivalent integrated circuit 等效集成电路equivalent load 等效负载equivalent resistance 等效电阻equivalent series inductance (ESI) 等效串联电感equivalent series resistance (ESR) 等效串联电阻equivalent time sampling 等效时间取样equivalent weight 当量equivalent, electrochemical 电化当量equivalent, gram 克当量equivalent, thermal 热当量equivalent, water 水当量erasable optical drive 可拭除式光盘机erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) 可拭除式可编程逻辑器件erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM) 可拭除式可编程只读存储器erase 拭除erase, block 区段式拭除erasing head 拭除头；消磁磁头erbium (Er) 铒erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier 掺铒光纤放大器erect image 正立像erg 尔格ergonomics 人体工学error 故障；错误error amplifier 误差[信号]放大器error bit 误码，差错位error burst 错误资组error checking and correction (ECC) 错误检测及改正error condition 错误条件error correction 错误更正error detection and correction 检错与纠错error free second (EFS) 无误码秒，无差错秒error tolerance 错误容限error, absolute 绝对错误error, alignment 定位错误error, coplanarity 共面误差error, crossover 交接错误；交越错误error, experimental 实验误差error, fatal 致命错误error, gain 增益误差error, hard 不可更正的错误；硬错误error, head position 磁头定位错误error, marginal timing 边际定时错误error, mean-squared (MSE) 均方误差error, overwrite 重写错误；覆写错误error, parity 奇偶错误error, probable 可能误差error, random 无规误差error, relative 相对误差error, soft 可更正的错误；软错误error, standard 标准错误error, timing 时序错误error, transposition 对换错误error-correction code (ECC) 错误更正编码error-detection protocol 错误检测协定error-free 无误errored second (ES) 误码秒escape velocity 逃逸速度esonant flip-flop 共振触发器estimator 估值器estimator, numerical 数字估值器estimator, physical 实体估值器etch back 回蚀etching 蚀刻法etching, photo- 光蚀刻法etching, plasma 等离子蚀刻法etching, reactive ion (RIE) 反应离子蚀刻法ethane 乙烷ethernet 以太网ethernet network 以太网络ethyl 乙基eutectic bond 低熔点粘接，低熔点焊接evaluation 评价evaporation 蒸发evaporation rate 蒸发率evaporation temperature 蒸发温度evaporation, heat of 蒸发热evaporator 蒸发器even harmonic 偶谐波even parity 偶数奇偶校验event 事件event control 事件控制event driven 事件驱动event trigger 事件触发event-driven simulation 事件驱动模拟exalted carrier reception 恢复载波接收exception 例外；异常exception mode 异常状态；异常模式excessive solder joint 多余焊点exchange capability 信息互换能力exchange computerized branch, (CBX) 电脑化分机交换exchange identification (XID) 交换识别exchange termination (ET) 交换终端exchange, computerized branch (CBX) 电脑化分机交换exchange, dynamic data (DDE) 动态数据交换exchange, mobile telephone (MTX) 移动电话交换机exchange, private automatic branch (PABX) 专用自动分机交换exchange, private branch (PBX) 专用分机交换exchanger, heat 热交换器excising 删除;收税excitation 激发excitation potential 激发电位excitation voltage 激发电压excited state 受激状态exclusive NOR (XNOR) 逻辑同exclusive OR (XOR) 逻辑或excursion 摆幅execute 执行execution engine 执行引擎execution unit 执行单元exosphere 外大气层expanded memory 扩充存储器expanded memory block (EMB) 扩充存储器区块expanded memory manager (EMM) 扩充存储器管理器expanded memory specification (EMS) 扩充存储器规格expanded sweep 扩充扫描expander 扩充器expansion 膨胀expansion ratio 膨胀比率expansion slot 扩展槽expansion, Boolean 布尔延伸式expansion, absolute 绝对膨胀expansion, adiabatic 绝热膨胀expansion, anomalous 反常膨胀expansion, apparent 视膨胀expansion, coefficient of 膨胀系数expansion, coefficient of thermal (CTE) 热膨胀系数expansion, cubical 体膨胀expansion, free 自由膨胀expansion, real 真膨胀expansion, superficial 表面膨胀expansion, surface 面膨胀expansion, thermal 热膨胀expansivity 膨胀性；膨胀系数expansivity, cubic 体膨胀系数expansivity, superficial 表面膨胀系数expansivity, volume 体膨胀系数experimental error 实验误差expert 专家expert routing approach 专家路由法expert system 专家系统explicit congestion notification (ECN) 显式拥塞通知exploit 充份利用；全面应用exponent 指数；幂exponential 指数的exponential decay 衰变常数express transfer protocol (XTP) 直达传送协议expression 表达式extended 延伸；扩展extended ASCII code 美国国家信息交换标准扩展码extended basic input/output system data area (EBDA) 基本输入／输出延伸系统数据区域extended binary coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) 扩充的二—十进制交换码extended data out (EDO) 延伸数据输出extended device 扩展器件extended graphics array (XGA) 延伸图像阵列extended hypertext markup language (XHTML) 扩展的超文本标识语言extended industry standard architecture (EISA) 工业标准延伸架构extended longword serial 扩展的长字串extended memory 延伸存储器extended memory specification (XMS) 延伸存储器规格extended processing architecture (EPA) 延伸存储器架构extended processing unit (EPU) 延伸处理单元extended super frame (ESF) 扩展的超帧extended total access communications systems (E-TACS) 扩展型可全接入通信系统extensibility 延长性extensible computing 可扩展计算extensible markup language (XML) 可扩展标识语言extension 引伸；外延；延伸；延续extension, multiprocessor architecture (MPAX) 多处理器延伸架构exterior gateway protocol (EGP) 外部网关协议external 外部；外置external access 外部存取external data representation (XDR) 外部数据表示external force 外力external interrupt 外部中断external memory 外存存储器；外置存储器external memory interface 外置存储器接口external routine 外部例行程序external search 外部搜寻external sort 外部排序external test 外部测试external trigger 外触发；外触发器external work 外功extinction voltage 熄灭电压extraction 析出extraction, parasitic 寄生析出extraction, resistance 电阻析出extractor, timing 时序析取器extrapolation 推演extreme high frequency (EHF) 极高频extreme ultraviolet 远紫外，超紫外[线]extreme ultraviolet lithography 远紫外线金属版印刷,远紫外光刻extrinsic 外表的，外在的；非本质的，非本征的extrusion forming 挤压成形eye phone 可视电话eye piece 目镜eyelet 眼孔，小孔fab 工厂，加工车间fabrication 制造fabrication, wafer 晶圆制造face-surface mirror 表面镜像facility, post-processing 后处理设施facility, report generation 报表生成设施facsimile 传真机factor 因数factor, amplification 放大因数factor, crest 峰值因数factor, damping 阻尼因数factor, derating 降额因数factor, dissipation 耗损因数factor, interleave 交错因数factor, power 功率因数factoring 因子分解factory automation interconnection system (FAIS) 工厂自动化互连系统fade in 渐强；淡入fade margin 衰落极限fade out 渐弱；淡出fading 褪色fail-safe 故障保险failure analysis 故障分析failure criteria 失效准则failure mode 失效模式，故障模式failure rate 故障率failure, initial 初始故障failure, random 随机故障failures, mean time between (MTBF) 平均失效时间fall time 下降时间falling edge 下建边缘false alarm 假警报false trigger 假触发family radio service (FRS) 家庭无线电服务fan cooled 风扇致冷fan-in 扇入fan-in cone 扇入驱动电路fan-in cone 扇入驱动电路fan-out 扇出far field 远地far-end crosstalk 远端交越干扰farad (F) 法拉fast Ethernet 快速以太网fast Fourier transform (FFT) 快速傅立叶变换fast Fourier transform algorithm 快速傅立叶变换演算法fast SCSI 快速小型计算机系统接口fast fading 快速衰落fast handshake 快速握手。

青岛科技大学化学工程与工艺专业材料清单青岛科技大学化学工程与工艺专业资料清单教员近5年编写出版的教材清单1. 化工原理学习指点唐继国2001.10 陆地大学出版社2. 化工原理赵文2001.9 石油大学出版社3. 物理化学实验滕虹霓2002.8 化学工业出版社4. 基础无机化学〔化工专业〕杨丰科2001.9 化学工业出版社近5年教员出版的专著清单1．化学化工物性数据手册〔无机卷〕董殿权2002.4 化学工业出版社2．进程系统工程词典韩方煜2002.4 中国石化出版社3．工业水回用及废水最小化〔译〕项曙光2001.12 中国石化出版社4．固体酸催化剂与精细化工于世涛2006.4 化学工业出版社教员近5年宣布的主要教学研讨论文清单1.殷树梅, 改良专业课教学方式，培育创新型科技人才，2001中国现代教育论坛，89-902.王晓红等，基于MATLAB的化工单元操作图形演示模块开发，计算机与运用化学，2001，18〔4〕:373-3763.王晓红等，基于PowerBuilder 的化工原理查询软件的开发与完成，青岛化工学院学报，2001，22〔3〕：2394.叶臣等，化工原理多媒体课件的开发及运用，初等文科教育，2002，〔教育教学研讨专集〕156-1575.赵文等，化工类专业CAI课程体系的研讨，化工初等教育，2002，1:82-836.周传光等，化学工程与工艺课程体系树立的探求与实际，化工初等教育，2002，2：22-257.岳学海等，化工专业CAI系统的研讨与开发，青岛化工学院学报，2002，3:85-888.王犇等，选修课中的探求式教学形式的研讨，现代教学与管理，2003，3〔11〕：8-99.岳学海等，课堂教学CAI体系的构建与实施，航空教育，2004，1：105-10810.岳学海等，MATLAB在化工计算CAI中的运用，实验室研讨与探求，2003，3：78-7911.田文德等，化工原理精馏进程的计算机辅佐计算，计算机与运用化学，2005，10：925-92812.田文德等，化工原理实验装置的数据采集，化工初等教育〔已接受〕13.王许云等，深化化工原理课程革新的实际，高教研讨〔已接受〕近5年承当的省、部级教学革新项目清单1.陈学玺等，化学工程与工艺教学革新试点专业2001年山东省教育厅2.王晓红等，化工原理教学革新试点课程2001年山东省教育厅近5年教员在中心期刊宣布的主要论文清单说明: 局部教员的论文没有统计在内。