下载文档原格式
absolute reference frame 绝对参考坐标系adjacency analysis 相邻分析adjoining sheets 邻接图幅agglomeration （制图分类中的）聚合方法aggregation 聚合；聚集altitude tinting 分层设色anima ted mapping 动画制图anima tion 动画applica tions package 应用软件包applica tion program 应用程序Application Programming Interface(API) 应用程序界面Applications Program Interface 应用程序接口applica tions system 应用系统applied cartography 应用地图学auto-cartography 自动制图automa ted cartography 自动制图学automa ted data dictionary 自动数据字典automa ted data processing 自动数据处理Automated Digitizing System(ADS) 自动数字化系统automa ted feature recognition 自动特征识别azimuth coordinate system 方位坐标系B-spline b样条曲线B-tree 二叉树；二元树base map of topography 地形底图base map/cadastre 底图／地籍图Beijing geodetic coordinate system 1954 １９５４年北京坐标系block correction 区域改正block 数据块；信息组；程序块border figure 图廓数据border information 图廓注记border line 图廓线border matching 边缘匹配border 边缘；界限；边界线；邻接；图廓间cadastral survey 地籍测量cadaster 地政局；地籍图cadastral attribute 地籍特征cadastral data base 地籍数据库cadastral features 地籍特征cadastral information system 地籍信息系统cadastral information 地籍信息cadastral inventory 地籍调查cadastral la yer 地籍信息层cadastral lists 地籍册cadastral ma nagement 地籍管理cadastral map 地籍图cadastral map series 地籍图册cadastral mapping 地籍制图carrier frequency(GPS) 载波频率（全球定位系统）cartographic analysis 地图分析cartographic classification 地图分类cartographic communication 地图传输cartographic data base ma nagementsystem地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base 地图数据层cartographic data model 地图数据模型cartographic expert system 制图专家系统cartographic genera lization 制图综合cartographic projection 地图投影cartographic(a l) analysis 地图分析cartography 地图制图学；地图学chorographic map 时序图choropleth map 等值区域图class interval 分级间距；分类间距class list 分类清单class 分类，分级classification rule 分类规则cluster 聚类分析compaction 压缩completeness 完整性computer-graphics technology 计算机图形技术congruent ima ge 叠合图象contour 等高线，等值线，轮廓contouring displa y 分层显示cover-ID 层标识符covera ge ［GIS］图层Ddata 数据data access security 数据存取安全性data accessibility 数据可达性data acquisition 数据获取data analysis 数据分析data architecture 数据结构data attribute 数据特性data base；database 数据库data capture 数据采集data catalogue 数据目录data communications 数据通信data quality 数据质量data security 数据安全性data conversion 数据转换data definition 数据定义data editing 数据编辑data element 数据要素data encoding 数据编码data entry 数据输入Data Exchange Format 数据交换格式data extraction 数据提取data file 数据文件data handling 数据处理data item 数据项data layering 数据分层data manipulation 数据操作data model 数据模型data product 数据产品data quality 数据质量data reality 数据真实性data records 数据记录data reduction 数据整理data reduction；datacompression 数据压缩data redundancy 数据冗余度data representation 数据表示data retrieval 数据查询data schema 数据模式data security 数据安全性data sensitivity 数据灵敏性data set 数据集data set quality 数据集质量data smoothing 数据平滑data snooping 数据探测法data sources 数据源data storage 数据贮存data structure conversion 数据结构转换data structure 数据结构data transfer 数据传输data transmission 数据传输data type 数据类型data updating 数据更新data vectorization 数据矢量化datum transformation 基准变换descriptive data 描述数据desktop GIS 桌面地理信息系统differential Global Positioning System ；DGPS差分全球定位系统digital cartography 数字地图制图digital correlation 数字相关digital data collection 数字数据存贮系统Digital Data Communication Message Protocol 数字化数据通讯消息协议Digital Data System 数字化数据系统digital data 数据；数字资料Digital Elevation Matrix(DEM) 数字高程矩阵digital encoding 数字编码digital exchange format 数据转换标准Digital Field Update System 数字化外业更新系统digital files synchronization 数字化文件同步化Digital Geographic Information 数字化地理信息交换标准Exchange Standard；DGIWG；NATOdigital image processing 数字图象处理digital image 数字影（图）象Digital Landscape Model 数字景观模型Digital Line Graph；DLG 数字线划图digital map registration 数字地图套合digital mapping 数字测图digital map 数字地图digital mosaic 数字镶嵌digital mosaicing 数字镶嵌digital number；DN 数字值digital orthoimagery 数字正射影象digital orthoimage 数字正射影象Digital Orthophotoquads；DOQ 数字正方形正射象片图digital orthophoto 数字正射影象digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量digital process 数字化过程digital rectification 数字纠正digital simulation 数字模拟digital surface model；DSM 数字表面模型digital tablet 数字化板Digital Terrain Model；DTM 数字地面模型Digital to Analog Converter 数／模转换器digital tracing table 数控绘图桌digital value 数字化值digital voice 数字化声音digital-analog 数字模拟digitalyzer 模数转换器digital 数字的digitization 数字化digitize maps 数字化地图digitized data 数字化数据digitized file 数字化文件digitized image 数字化影象digitized terrain data 数字化地面数据digitized video 数字影（图）象digitizer accuracy 数字化仪精度digitizer resolution 数字化仪分辨率digitizer workstation 数字化工作站digitizer 数字化仪digitizing 数字化digitizing board 数字化板digigtizing cursor 数字化鼠标digitizing edit 数字化编辑digitizing table；tablet 数字化板digitizing threshold 数字化阀值digraph 有向图disk space 磁盘空间disk storage 磁盘存储diskette 软磁盘disk 磁盘distributed architecture 分布式体系结构Distributed Computing Environment 分布式计算环境Distributed Data Processing 分布式数据处理Distributed Database Management System,DDBMS 分布式数据管理系统Distributed Database ；DDB 分布式数据库distributed processing 分布式处理Distributed Relational 分布式关系数据库结构Database Architecture(DRDA)districe coding 地区编码districting 分区（空间聚合）disturbed orbit 卫星轨道升交点document file 文档文件Document Image Peocessing(DIP) 文件影象处理document window 文档窗口document-file icon 文档文件图标document/page reader 光符识别仪器documentation drawing 二维绘图downloadable font 可传输字符download 文件（程序）传输（从中心机到个人微机）drafting scale 绘图比例尺drafting 绘制；绘图；草拟draft 草图；草案drainage map 水系图；流域图drainage pattern 水系类型；水网类型drainage 水系；水文要素；排水设备drape 两维数据在表面叠加产生透视图draping 两维数据叠加在透视图上drawing board 绘图板drawing entities 绘图实体Drawing Exchange Format 图形交换格式drawing extents 绘图范围drawing file 绘图文件drawing grid 绘图格网drawing interchange format 绘图交换格式drawing limits 绘图限制drawing registration 绘图对齐；绘图定位drawing sizes 图面大小；图幅尺寸drawing unit 绘图单元drawing 绘图drum plotter 滚筒式绘图机drum scanner 滚筒式扫描机duobinary coding 双二进制编码DX 90 水文地理数据格式dynamic-Link Library,DLL 动态链接库EE-R diagram E-R图earth gravity model 地球重利模型Earth Resources Information System；ERIS 地球资源信息系统EROS 地球资源观测系统earth satellite thematic sensing 地球卫星专题遥感earth shape；figure of the earth 地球形状Earth spheroid 地球椭球体Earth spherop 地球椭球面earth surface 地球表面earth synchronous orbit 地球同步轨道earth window 地球数据窗口Earth-centered ellipsoid 地心椭球Earth-fixed coordinate system 站心坐标系EarthResource Technology Satellite 地球资源技术卫星Earthwatch 地球监视卫星ecosystem 生态系统edge join 边缘匹配edge matching 边缘匹配edge of the format；map border 图廓Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 电子数据交换edit 编辑；修改edit verification 编辑核实edit/display on input 输入编辑/显示edit/display on output 输出编辑/显示editing 编辑effective radius of the Earth 地球有效半径eigenvector analysis 特征向量分析eigenvector 特征向量EIS process 环境影响评价过程electric mail ；e-mail 电子邮件electronic bearing 电测方位electronic chart 电子海图Electric Chart and Display 电子图形显示信息系统Information System；SCDISelectronic chart data base；ECDB 电子海图数据库Electronic Data Collection 电子数据集合Electronic Data Interchange；EDI 电子数据交换electronic drawing tablet 电子绘图板electronic engraver 电子刻图机electronic imaging system 电子成像系统electronic line scanner 电子扫描机electronic map 电子地图electronic publishing system 电子印刷系统Embedded QUEL 内嵌式查询embedded SQL 镶嵌式查询语言emergency run 地图翻印encipher；encode；encoding 编码enclosing rectangle (最小)封闭四边形encoding code model 编码模型encoding scheme 编码方法End Of Line 文件结束标志End Of Text 行结束标志end points 文本结束标志end user participation 终端用户参与end user 终端用户ent-to-end data system 终端站间数据系统Enhanced graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配器enhanced imagery 增强图象enhanced mode 增强模式entity 实体entity classes 实体类entity classes 实体分类entity instance 实体样品entity object 实体对象entity point 实体定位点entity relationship data model 实体关系数据模型entity relationship diagram；ERD 实体关系图Entity Relationship Model；E-R Model 实体关系模型entity set model 实体集模型entity set 实体集entity subtype/supertype 实体子类型/母类型entity type 实体类型Entity-Relationship Approach E-R法entity 实体,组织,结构entropy coding 熵编码entropy 熵(平均信息量)environmental analysis 环境分析environmental assessment 环境评价environmental cadastre 环境地籍图environmental capacity 环境容量environmental data base 环境数据库environmental data/information 环境数据/信息environmental map 环境地图environmental mapping data 环境制图数据environmental overlays 环境图environmental planning 环境规划environmental quality assessment 环境质量评价environmental remote sensing 环境遥感Eclogically Sustainable Development 生态平衡的持续发展equation item 方程项European Transfer Format(ETF) 欧洲传输格式executable file 执行文件execution 执行(程序指令)extended color 扩展彩色Extended Graphics Adapter(EGA) 增强图形适配卡Extended Graphics Array 扩展图形矩阵Extensional Database 扩展数据库external attribute table 外部属性表external data storage 外部数据存储(相对于数据库) external database file 外部数据库文件external margin 外图廓external polygon 外部多边形external program 外部程序external schema 外部模式external storage 外部存储设备Ffacilities 设施；装备facility data 设施数据facility instrument 设施设备facility map 设施图facility network 设施网络facility splice 设施接合fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue 地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table 特征属性表feature bounded 边界标识地物feature class 特征分类feature codes menu 特征码清单feature codes 特征码feature coding 特征编码feature extraction 特征提取feature identifier 特征标识符feature ID 特征标识符feature instance 特征实例feature item 特征项feature marked 有标记特征feature number 特征标识符feature selection 特征选择feature separation 特征分类feature spanned 跨区特征feature supported 支持特征feature user-ID 特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing 联邦信息处理标准Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/ 联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTSfield ［数据］域file ［计算机］文件file activity 文件活动file attribute 文件属性file compression 文件压缩file format 文件格式file fragmentation 文件分段存储file indexing 文件管理索引file integrity 文件完整性file name extension 文件扩展名file name 文件名file protection 文件保护file server protocol 文件服务器协议file server 文件服务器file set 文件集file specification 文件说明；文件说明表file structure 文件结构file system 文件系统File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议file transfer 文件转换file-by-file compression 文件压缩filename extension 文件后缀名fill pattern 填充模式fixed length record format 定长记录格式flag 标志；特征flair point 识别点；明显地物点flap 叠置floppy disk；floppy 软盘form line 地表形态线format conversion 格式转换format line 格式行format model 格式模型format 格式formatted model 格式化模型formatting function 格式化函数；格式编排Gauss plane coordinate 高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate 高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid 高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection 高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate 高斯坐标gazetteer 地名录general scale 基本比例尺generic term 地理通名Geo Based Information System 基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis 地理分析geo-defined unit 地理定义单元geo-distribution 地理分布geo-politic data base 行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system 地理参考信息系统geobase system 地区系统geobased information system 地区信息系统geobase 地区库geobotanical cartography 地植物学制图geocartography 地理制图geocoded virtual map 地理编码虚拟图geocodes 地理编码formatting 格式化formfeed 换页；格式馈给forms interface 格式界面forms processing 表格处理fractal 分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale 分数地图比例尺fractional scale 分数比例尺frequency band 频段；频带frequency bias 频偏frequency curve 频率曲线frequency demodulation 鉴频frequency distribution 频率分布full-resolution picture 全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key 全连串码fully digital mapping 全数字化制图function library 功能库functional data base 功能数据库functional mapping 功能制图functional structure 功能结构fuzzy analysis 模糊分析fuzzy C-means 模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法fuzzy distance 模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept 模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance 模糊容限fuzzy 模糊的；失真的geocode 地理编码geocoding system 地理编码系统geocoding 地理编码Geographer's Line 地理坐标网geographic aggregation 地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS) 地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP) 地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability 地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis 地理分析geographic area boundaries 地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI) 地理面积编码索引Geographic Base File(GBF) 地理基础文件Geographic Base File/Dual 地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME)Geographic Base Information System(GBIS) 地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS) 地理基础系统geographic boundaries 地理边界geographic boundary data 地理边界数据geographic calibration 地理标准geographic center 地理中心geographic classification 地理分类geographic codes 地理坐标码geographic coding 地理编码geographic coordinates 地理坐标geographic coordinate 地理坐标geographic coverage 地理层geographic data base 地理数据库geographic data set 地理数据集geographic data structure 地理数据结构Geographic Database 地理数据库geographic data 地理数据geographic display system 地理显示系统geographic entity 地理实体geographic feature data 地理特征数据geographic feature 地理特征geographic graticule 地理坐标网geographic grid 地理网格geographic identifiers 地理标识符geographic indexed file 地理索引文件geographic indexes 地理索引geographic information system 地理信息系统geographic inverse 地理位置反算geographic landscape 地理景观geographic latitude 地理纬度geographic location 地理位置geographic longitude 地理经度geographic meridian 地理子午线geographic modeling 地理模拟geographic name 地理名称geographic net 地理坐标格网geographic numbering system 地理编号系统geographic object 地理对象geographic pole 地极geographic position 地理位置geographic reference system 地理参考系统geographic reference 地理参考geographic referencing 地理参考过程geographic standardization 地理标准化geographic survey 地理测量geographic value 地理坐标值geographical coordinate 地理坐标geographical data base 地理数据库geographical general name 地理通名geographical map 地理图geographical mile 地理海哩geographical name index 地名索引transcription；geographical 地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name 地名geographical network 地理格网geographical pole 地极geographical position 地理位置geographical reference system 地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance 地理视距geographical zones 地理带geographical-exploration traverse 地理勘测路线geographical 地理的geographics limits 细线；内图廓线geographic 地理的；地理学的geography 地理学Geomatics （加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification 几何校正geometric registration 几何配准geomorphic map 地貌类型图geomorphological mapping 地貌制图geomorphological map 地貌图geomorphology 地貌学geoprocessing application 地理处理应用geoprocessing approach 地理处理方法geoprocessing functions 地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling 地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations 地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity 地理处理率geoprocessing system 地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system 地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP) 地理处理过程geoprocessor 地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system 世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid 世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system 地理坐标参考系georeference 地理坐标参考georeferenced 地理坐标参考的georeferencing 地理坐标参考过程GEOREF 世界地理坐标参考系georelational model 地理相关模型geosphere 地理圈geostatistics 地理统计GIS/LIS 地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environmental Monitoring System(UNEP) 全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS) 全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS) 全球定位系统global positioning 全球定位global rediation 总辐射global satellite system 全球卫星系统Global Telecommunications System 全球远程通讯系统global 全球的graphic compose 图形合成graphic data base file 图形数据库文件graphic data base 图形数据库graphic data concept 图形数据概念graphic illustration 图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure 图形输入法graphic input unit 图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format 图形交换格式graphic interpolation 图解内插法graphic limits 图形边界graphic manipulation 图形维护graphic map features 图示地图特征graphic map manipulation 图示地图操作graphic map scale 图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point 图解图根点graphic menu 图示菜单graphic modes 图示模式graphic object 图形对象graphic output unit 图形输出设备graphic overlay 图形叠加graphic plane 图示面graphic primitive 图形元素graphic presentation 图形显示graphic production 图形生成graphic product 图形产品graphic rectification 图形校正graphic representation 图形表示graphic scale 图解比例尺graphic sign 图形记号graphic superimposition 图形叠加graphic symbol 图形符号graphic symbols/symbology 图形符号／符号表示graphic system components 图形系统组成graphic tablet 图形数字化板graphic terminal 图形终端graphic text string 图形文本串graphic trace 图形跟踪graphic variable 图形变量graphical screen interface 图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI) 图形用户界面graphics accelerator 图形加速卡graphics cursor 图形光标graphics display units 图形显示单元graphics inquiry 图形查询graphics languages 图形语言graphics mode 图形模式graphics page 图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC) 图形工作特性graphics resolution 图形分辨率graphics screen 图形屏幕界面graphics software 图形软件graphics tablet 图形数字化板graphics 图形graphic 图形的；图示的graph 图；图形graticule 格网graticule 十字丝；地理坐标网grating 光栅grid 格网grid amplitude 格网幅度grid azimuth 坐标方位角grid bearing 坐标方位角grid cell 格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing 网眼组成grid cell data structure 网眼数据结构grid cell data 网眼数据结构grid cell lattice 三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format 网眼地图记录格式grid cell map 网眼地图grid cell modeling 网眼模拟grid cell search 网眼搜寻grid convergence 坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system 格网坐标系grid coordinates 格网坐标系grid data 格网数据grid declination 格网真北偏角grid equator 格网赤道grid factor 格网因子grid format 格网格式grid interval 网格间距grid inverse 网格反算grid length 坐标网距grid lines/codes 格网线／码grid magnetic angle 格网磁偏角grid map 格网地图grid meridian 坐标网纵线grid method 格网法grid of neighboring zone 邻带方里网grid origin 坐标格网原点grid structure 网格结构grid system 格网系统grid tick 格网标记grid variation 格网磁偏角grid zone 坐标带grid 栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method 网点板法grid/raster data 格网／栅格数据gridded data 格网数据gridiron layout 格网平面图gridiron pattern 格网图形gridsystem 直角坐标格网grips 数据转换程序Hhalftone screen 半色调屏幕header file 头文件header label 头标header line 标题行header record 首记录header 标题hextree 分级图象数据模型hidden attribute 隐含属性hidden file 隐含文件hidden line removal 隐线消除hidden surfaces 隐面hidden variable 隐含变量hierarchical data base 分级数据库hierarchical data 分级数据hierarchical data model 层次数据模型hierarchical data structure 分级数据结构hierarchical database 分层数据库hierarchical districts 层次分区hierarchical file structure 分级文件结构hierarchical file system 分级文件系统hierarchical model 分级模型hierarchical organization 等级结构hierarchical relationship 分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence 层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship 分级空间关系hierarchical storage 分级存储hierarchical structure 分级结构hierarchical 分级的；层次的hierarchization 分级High Level Data Link Control 高级数据连接控制High Memory Area 高位地址内存区histogram 直方图；柱状图；频率图history 命令记录Huffman code 霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction 人机交互Human Computer Interface 人机界面hypertext 电子文本；超级文本II channel 同相信道；I通路I notation parameter 整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses 输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR) 输入／输出字符识别I/O error 输入／输出错误I/O port 输入／输出端口image coding 图象编码image compression 影（图）象压缩image contrast 影象反差image coordinate 影象坐标image correlation 影象相关image data base 影象数据库image data collection 图象数据收集image data compaction 图象数据压缩image data retrieval 图象数据检索image data storage 图象数据存储image data 影（图）象数据image definition 影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation 影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image description 影象描绘image digitization 图象数字化image displacement 影象位移image distortion 影（图）象失真image integrator 图象综合image intensifier 影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity 图象强度image interpretation 影象判读image magnification 影（图）象放大image matching 影象匹配image processing rectification 图象处理校正复原and restorationimage processing 图象处理校正复原image ray 象点投影线image recognition 影（图）象识别image reconstruction 影（图）象重建image reconstructor 影象再现装置image registration 图象配准image representation 影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution 影象分辨力image scale 影象比例尺image size 影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围image space coordinate system 象空间坐标系image space 象空间image stack 影（图）象栈image transform 影（图）象变换image transformation 图象变换image translator 影（图）象转换器image；imagery 影象image 象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature 影象特征index to Names 地名索引indexed sequential file 顺序索引文件indexed 索引化的indexing 索引；加下标；变址index 指标；指数；索引informatics 信息学information area 信息区information bit 信息位information center 信息中心information collection 信息采集information content 信息量information explosion 信息爆炸information extraction 信息提取information float 信息浮动information format 信息格式information management 信息管理information network 信息网information overlays 信息叠加information rate 信息传输速率Information requirement(IR) 请求信息information revolution 信息革命information science 信息科学information system 信息系统information technology(IT) 信息技术information theory 信息论information window 信息窗口infowmation 信息input area 输入区input data 输入数据input device 输入设备input image(inimage) 输入影（图）象input/output analysis 输入／输出分析input/outpu model 输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O) 输入／输出input 输入inquiry 查询insert 插入；嵌入integrated data base 集成数据库integrated data layer 集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System 集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies 综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system 综合信息系统integrated spatial system 综合空间信息系统integrated system 综合系统interactive 交互式interactive digitizing 人机交互数字化interactive display 人机交互显示interactive drafting 交互式绘图interactive editing 交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System 交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System 交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive 交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics 交互式制图interactive image processing system 人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode 交互式模式Interactive Multimedia 交互式多媒体interactive processing mode 人机交互模式interactive processing 人机交互处理interactive processing 交互式处理interactive restoration 人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling 交互式地表建摸interactive topology 交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling 交互式立体模型intercell plot 单元间图（或文件）interchange format 交换格式interchange modeling 交换模拟interchange model 交换模型internal data model 内部数据模型internal data structure 内部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file 内部数据库文件interrecord data structures 交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform 快速傅立叶变换isoline 等值线isolith 等厚度线isolong 等经度改正线isomagnetic chart 等磁力线图isometric coordinate 等量坐标isometric design 等角投影isometric latitued 等量纬度isometric map projection 等量地图投影isometric mapping 等量制图isoperimetric map projection 等量地图投影isoplane 等平面isopleth mapping 等值线制图isopleth map 等值线图isoplethic mapping 等值线制图isoplethic map 等值线图isopleth 等值线Kkey 关键字key attributes 关键属性key bed 标准层key entry 键盘输入key feedback area 码反馈区key field 关键字段key file 关键文件key horizon 标志层key identifiers 关键标识符key map 索引图；总图key pad 键座key value dictionary 关键值索引key variable indexing 关键变量索引keyboard buffer 键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key 键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut 键盘快捷命令keyboard 键盘Lland evaluation 土地评价Land Information System(LIS) 土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT) 土地信息技术land types 土地类型land unit 土地单元land use 土地利用landform 地表形态landscape drawings 景观绘图landscape map 景观地图layer file 层文件layer index 图层索引layer index 层索引layer system 分层设色法layer-tinted map 分层设色地图layered style map 分层设色地图layered style 分层设色表示法layering 分层；层化layers 层次layer 层layover 覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index 叶区域索引leaf level 叶层次league 里格leaking polygon 未闭合多边形legend 图例lettering 地图注记lineage 数据说明line element 线状要素line feature 线状特征line follower 线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization 趋势线概化line graph 线状图line in polygon calculation 多边形内线判断计算line in polygon retrieval 多边形内线判断查询line intersection 线段交叉line map 线画图line of nodes 交轨线line symbologics 线状符号表达法line symbol 线状符号local database 局域数据库local datum 局部定标数据logical block 逻辑块logical channel number 逻辑通道号码logical consistency 逻辑一致性logical contouring 逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB) 逻辑数据库logical data model 逻辑数据模型logical data structure 逻辑数据结构logical decision 逻辑判定logical design 逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image 影象逻辑异运算logical expression 逻辑表达logical links 逻辑连接logical mounting 逻辑安装logical name 逻辑名字logical operation 逻辑运算logical operator 逻辑运算符logical order 逻辑指令logical overlap 逻辑重叠logical record 逻辑记录logical security 逻辑安全性logical selection 逻辑选择logical storage structure 逻辑存储结构logical unit 逻辑单元logic 逻辑login (=logon)注册lot and block 地块与街段lot dimensions 地块尺寸lot line 地块边界lot of record 地块记录lot 地块LPT port 并行口LU pooling 逻辑单元合并Mmachine bias 机器偏差machine code 机器码machine encoding 机器编码machine language 机器语言machine processable 机器可处理的man-machine interface 人机接口manager access 管理者存取manual digitizer 手扶数字化器manual digitizing 人工数字化manual encoding 人工编码manual link 人工连接manual map enhancement 人工地图增强manuscript map 原图；稿图manuscript 原图many-to-one relate 多对一关系map accuracy (absolute) 绝对地图精度map accuracy (relative) 相对地图精度map accuracy level 地图精度水平map accuracy specifications 地图精度说明map accuracy standards 地图精度标准map adjustment 地图接边；图幅接边map algebra 地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange 地图与图表间数据交换map appearance 地图整饰map average 地形特征地图map black clouds 地图数据密集区map border 图廓map chart 作战海图map clarity 地图清晰性map closure 地图闭合map code （１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data 地图边缘数据map color atlas 地图色谱map compilation 地图编绘map complexity 地图复杂性map composition 地图编制map computerization 地图计算机化map coverage 地图层map data base 地图数据库map data retrieval 地图数据查询map data structure 地图数据结构map data 地图数据map decoration 地图整饰map deformation 地图变形map description 地图描述map digitization 地图数字化map digitizing 地图数字化map directory 地图目录map display 地图显示map distortion 地图畸变map distribution 地图供应map edge 图幅边缘map editing 地图编辑map extent 地图范围map face 图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature 地图特征map files 地图文件map generalization 地图综合map graphics to text data linkage 图形－文本数据连接map graphics 图形－文本数据连接map grid 地图格网map information 地图信息map interpretation 地图判读map join 图幅连接map layer 图层map layout 图面配置map legibility 地图易读性map limits 图范围map linkage 图连接map load 地图负载量map making 制图map matching guidance 地图匹配导航map matching 地图匹配map measure 量图轨map miles 地图英里坐标系统map model system 地图模型系统map nadir 图面底点map name 地图名map of neotectonic strength 图上量算map origin 图坐标原点map overlay analysis 地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis 地图叠置模拟分析map overlay 地图叠置map parallel 图横线map perception 地图感受map plotting 填图map point 图上定位点；图面点map positional file 地图叠置文件map position 地图定位map projection system 地图投影系统map projection transformation 地图投影转换map projection 地图投影map projector 地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad 地图标准图幅map query 地图查询map reading 读图map registration 地图对齐map representation file 地图表示文件map resolution 地图分辨率map revision 地图更新map scale number 地图比例尺数map scale 地图比例尺map scaling 地图比例变换map section 图区map series 系列地图map set miles 图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation 图幅操作map sheet 图幅map shift 图幅移位map sliver 地图细小多边形map specifications 地图规范map standards 地图标准map substitute 临时版地图map symbolism 地图符号体系map symbol 地图符号map systematic errors 地图系统误差map test 地图检测map theme 地图专题map title 图名map tolerance 地图容限map transformation 地图转换map types 地图类型map unit tolerance 地图单位容限map units 地图单位容限。
national 全国性的'næʃən! 'næʃənəlcomputer 电脑,电子计算机kəm'pjutɚkəm'pju:tərank 等级;地位ræŋk ræŋkexamination 检查,调查考试ɪg,zæmə'neʃən i g,zæmi'neiʃən information 资讯信息,ɪnfɚ'meʃən ,infə'meiʃəndata 资料,数据'detə'deitədatabase 资料库,数据库'detə,bes 'deitə,beis DB conceptual 概念上的kən'sɛptʃuəl kən'septjuəl entity 实体'ɛntətɪ'entiti 特Arelationship 关系,关联rɪ'leʃən'ʃɪp ri'leiʃənʃip attribute 属性;特性ə'trɪbjut ə'tribju:t b益Udomain 领域, 范围do'men də'mein 逃欧Akey 键；码ki ki:abstract 抽象的'æbstrækt 'æbstrækttype 集；型taɪp taipvalue 数值'vælju 'vælju:] 欧Uschema 模式'skimə'ski:mə哥instance 实例'ɪnstəns 'instəns 的external 外面的,外部的ɪk'stɝnəl eks'tə:nl 的internal 内的,内部的ɪn'tɝn! in'tə:nəlmapping 映象'mæpɪŋ'mæpiŋcomponent 子件/组件kəm'ponənt kəm'pəunəntgrid 网格grɪd grid 谷engineering 工程化,ɛndʒə'nɪrɪŋ,endʒi'niəriŋtrust 信任,信赖trʌst trʌstbenchmark 标准检查程序'bɛntʃ,mɑrk 'bentʃ,mɑ:k process 过程,进程; 处理'prɑsɛs 'prəusestopic 题目;话题'tɑpɪk 'tɔpikidentifier 标识符aɪ'dɛntə,faɪɚai'denti'faiəindependent 独立的,ɪndɪ'pɛndənt ,indi'pendənt dependent 依靠的;依赖的dɪ'pɛndənt di'pendənt] integer 整数'ɪntədʒɚ'intidʒəintegrity 完整,完全ɪn'tɛgrətɪin'tegriticonstraint 约束;限制kən'strent kən'streint 句index 索引'ɪndɛks 'indeksbucket 桶'bʌkɪt 'bʌkit 啊assertion 断语; 断定ə'sɝʃən ə'sə:ʃənprivilege 权限'prɪv!ɪdʒprivilidʒ柚河愕勒传grant 给予,授予grænt grɑ:nt 谷revoke 撤回,撤销rɪ'vok ri'vəukrole 角色rol rəulconnector 连接件kə'nɛktɚkə'nektəpreliminary 概要prɪ'lɪmə,nɛrɪpri'liminəridetail 细节'ditel 'di:teilcommit 委托kə'mɪt kə'mitrollback 回滚'rol,bæk 'rəulbækcursor 游标'kə:sə'kɝsɚfetch 获取fɛtʃfetʃ去icon 图标'aɪkɑn 'aikɔnmenu 菜单'mɛnju 'menju:pointing 指点；指向'pɔɪntɪŋ'pɔintiŋnumeric 数字的nju'mɛrɪk nju:'merikdecimal 十进位的;小数的'dɛsɪm! 'desiməlfloat 浮点数flot fləut 勒欧real 现实的,实际的'riəl 'ri:əlchar 定长字符tʃɑr tʃɑ:text 文本tɛkst t ekstbinary 二元的；二进制'baɪnərɪ'bainəriimage 影像图象'ɪmɪdʒ'imidʒmoney 货币'mʌnɪ'mʌnicreate 创建krɪ'et kri'eit A特default 默认的dɪ'fɔlt di'fɔ:ltnull 零空nʌl nʌl 愕unique 唯一的ju'nik ju:'ni:kcheck 查对,检查tʃɛk tʃekreference 提及;涉及'rɛfərəns 'refərəns 冷customer 顾客'kʌstəmɚ 'kʌstəmə啊identity 身份;本身aɪ'dɛntətɪ ai'dentitiaddress 住址,地址ə'drɛs ə'drespostcode 邮政编码'post,kod 'pəust,kəuddrop 删除drɑp drɔp 柚alter 改变；修改'ɔltɚ 'ɔ:ltə哦欧column 列'kɑləm 'kɔləmadd 添加;增加æd ædselect 选择sə'lɛkt si'lektwhere 当hwɛr hwɛəhaving 所有'hævɪŋ'hæviŋ益ascend 上升ə'sɛnd ə'senddescend 下降dɪ'sɛnd di'senddistinct 独特的dɪ'stɪŋkt di'stiŋkt D 丁count 总计kaunt kauntsum 总和sʌm sʌm 啊average 平均数'ævərɪdʒ'ævəridʒAVGmaximum 最大数'mæksəməm 'mæksiməm 帽目max minimum 最小量'mɪnəməm 'miniməm Min quantity 数量'kwɑntətɪ 'kwɔntitiamount 总数;总额ə'maunt ə'mauntinner 内部的,里面的'ɪnɚ'inəjoin 连结dʒɔɪn dʒɔinouter 在外的,外面的'autɚ'autəunion 结合'junjən 'ju:njən U呢益percent 百分率pɚ'sɛnt pə'sentcase kes keisinsert 插入ɪn'sɝt in'sə:tupdate 更新ʌp'det ʌp'deit 啊delete 删除dɪ'lit di'li:t 梨exist 存在ɪg'zɪst ig'zisttrue 真的tru tru:false 假的fɔls fɔ:lsclustered 聚集索引'klʌstɚd 'klʌstədoption 选项; 选择'ɑpʃən 'ɔpʃəntransaction 事务træn'zækʃən træn'zækʃən 树print 印刷prɪnt p rintinsufficient 资金不足,ɪnsə'fɪʃənt ,insə'fiʃəntfund 资金fʌnd fʌnd 啊atomicity 原子数consistency 一致性原则kən'sɪstənsɪkən'sistənsi C C isolation 隔离,aɪs!'eʃən ,aisə'leiʃəndurability 持久性,djurə'bɪlətɪ,djurə'bilititemp 临时'tɛmp 'tempsemaphore 信号量'sɛməfor 'seməfɔ: 哦愕lock 锁lɑk lɔklocking 封锁exclusive 排外的iks'klu:siv ɪk'sklusɪv 孤路Cunlock 开…的锁ʌn'lɑk 'ʌn'lɔkdisplay 显示dɪ'sple di'spleigranularity 锁粒度extents 区undo 撤消ʌn'du 'ʌn'du: 啊redo 重做ri'du ri:'du:logging 日志文件'lɔgɪŋ'lɔgiŋ益agent 代理人'edʒənt 'eidʒəntdistributed 分布式的dɪ'strɪbjutɪd dis'tribju:tid 句BU coordinator 协调者ko'ɔrdn,etɚkəu'ɔ:dineitə扣呢A search 检索sɝtʃsə:tʃWindows 窗口操作系统'wɪndoz 'windəuzprofessional 专家prə'fɛʃən! p rə'feʃənəlmaster 雇主'mæstɚ'mɑ:stəpage 页pedʒpeidʒfilename 文件名declare 声明dɪ'klɛr di'klɛə Dimport 输入；引用ɪm'port im'pɔ:t 哦愕export 输出ɪks'port eks'pɔ:t 抱wizard 向导'wɪzɚd 'wizədaccess 访问；存取'æksɛs 'æksesprocedure 存储过程prə'sidʒɚ prə'si:dʒəC execute 执行'ɛksɪ,kjut 'eksikju:t Cきゅfunction 函数'fʌŋkʃən 'fʌŋkʃən 啊trigger 触发器'trɪgɚ'trigəencryption 加密instead of 前触发ɪn'stɛdəv in'stedəv 益inserted 插入的ɪn'sɝtɪd in'sə:tidadministrator 管理人əd'mɪnə,stretɚəd'ministreitəlogin 注册，登录lɑg'ɪn lɔg'inpasswd 更改密码password 口令;暗语'pæs,wɝd 'pɑ:swə:dgroup 组grup gru:pdeny 否定dɪ'naɪdi'naisysadmin 系统管理员security 安全性sɪ'kjurətɪsi'kju:ritiaccount 账户ə'kaunt ə'kauntbackup 备份'bæk,ʌp 'bæk,ʌp 啊physical 物理的'fɪzɪk! 'fizikəldisk 磁盘dɪsk diskpipe 管道paɪp paiptape 磁带tep teiprestore 恢复rɪ'stor ri'stɔ:dump 转储dʌmp dʌmpdifferential 差异备份,dɪfə'rɛnʃəl ,difə'renʃəl truncate 截去'trʌŋket'trʌŋkeit啊んrecovery 复原rɪ'kʌvərɪri'kʌvəri 啊caption 标题'kæpʃən 'kæpʃənfont 字体fɑnt fɔnt 啊text 本文tɛkst t ekstprivate 个人的,私人的'praɪvɪt 'praivitsub 子sʌb sʌb 啊click 点击klɪk klikbeep 警笛声bip bi:ptextbox 文本框checkbox 复选框ListBox 列表框ComboBox 组合框enabled 启用状态dim 标注dɪm dimsucess 成功error 错误'ɛrɚ'erə第17章为空thing 事务θɪŋθiŋdiagram 图表'daɪə,græm 'daiəgræm 谷association 关联ə,sosɪ'eʃən ə,səusi'eiʃən package 打包'pækɪdʒ'pækidʒpublic 公用的'pʌblɪk 'pʌblik 柚捕protected 受保护的prə'tɛktɪd prə'tektidprivate 私人的'praɪvɪt 'praivitpersistent 持久性pɚ'sɪstənt pə'sistənt multiplicity 多样性,mʌltə'plɪsətɪ,mʌlti'plisiti aggregation 聚集,ægrɪ'geʃən ,ægri'geiʃən composition 组成,kɑmpə'zɪʃən ,kɔmpə'ziʃən generalization 继承,dʒɛnərəlai'zeʃən ,dʒenərəlai'zeiʃən cashier 出纳员kæ'ʃɪr kæ'ʃiədescription 描述dɪ'skrɪpʃən di'skripʃən D 哥provider 供应者prə'vaɪdɚprə'vaidəsalesperson 销售员'selz,pɚsn 'seilz,pə:sn universal 普遍的,junə'vɝs! ,ju:ni'və:səladaptive 适应的ə'dæptɪv ə'dæptivhierarchical 层次结构,haɪə'rɑrkɪkl ,haiə'rɑ:kikl warehouse 仓库,货栈'wɛr,haus 'wɛəhaus hierarchy 层次结构'haɪə,rɑrkɪ'haiərɑ:kilevel 层次'lɛv! 'levldimension 维dɪ'mɛnʃən d i'menʃəncube 立方体kjub kju:bdrill-down 钻取roll-up 卷起'rol,ʌp 'rəul,ʌpslice 切片slaɪs slaisdice 切块daɪs dais词组意思缩写data processing 数据处理Data management 数据管理Database management system 数据库管理系统DBMS database system 数据库系统DBSdatabase administrator 数据库管理员DBAend user 最终用户；最终使用者database application system 数据库应用系统DBASdata model 数据模型conceptual data models 概念数据模型entity set 实体集relationship set 联系集relational model 关系模型Data View 数据视图Data abstract 数据抽象Divide and Conquer 分治External level 外部级Conceptual level 概念级Internal level 内部级view level 视图级logical level 逻辑级physical level 物理级external schema 外模式internal schema 内模式data definition language 数据定义语言DDLdata manipulation language 数据操纵语言DML metadata 元数据Data items 数据项data flow diagram 数据流程图DFDmanaged objects 被管对象MOtransaction processing performance council 每秒实务数TPC for exposition only 参照图identifier-independent entities 独立标识符实体集identifier-dependent entities 从属标识符实体集identifying relationships 标定型联系non-identifying relationships 非标定型联系categorization relationships 分类联系non-specific relationships 不确定联系primary key 主关键码foreign key 外部关键码specific relationship 确定型联系connection relationship 连接联系generic entity 一般实体集category entity 分类实体集attribute value 属性值userid 用户标识符integrity constraint 完整性约束user-defined integrity 用户定义约束functional dependencies 函数依赖first normal form 第一范式1NFsecond normal form 第二范式2NFthird normal form 第三范式3NFboyce-codd normal form 改进的第三范式BCNF multivalued dependency 多值依赖forth normal form 第四范式4NFjoin dependencies 连接依赖fifth normal form 第五范式5NFsearch key 查找码heap file 堆文件sequential file 顺序文件clustering file 聚集文件index file 索引文件hashing file 散列文件indexing 索引技术ordered index 有序索引index record 索引记录index entry 附标入口;索引项hash function 散列函数indexed file 被索引文件clustering index 聚集索引nonclustering index 非聚集索引index - sequential file 索引顺序文件sequential access 序列存取；顺序存取direct access 直接存取dense index 稠密索引sparse index 稀疏索引primary index 主索引secondary index 辅助索引bucket overflow 桶溢出dada dictionary 数据字典metadata 元数据system catalog 系统目录derived attribute 派生属性architectural design总体结构设计procedural design 过程设计data design 数据设计procedure design language 过程设计语言PDL pointing device 指点器structured query language 结构化查询语言SQLUnicode 统一的字符编码标准identity card 身份证group by 群组依据serial schedule 串行调度concurrent schedule 并发调度Serializable 可串行conflict serializable 冲突可串行的exclusive lock 排它锁X锁shared lock 共享锁S锁locking protocol 锁协议two-phase locking 两阶段锁2PLlog file 日志文件Distributed Transaction coordinator 分布式事务协调器DTCenterprise manager 企业管理器query analyzer 查询分析器log on 登录American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准代码ASCII data transformation service 数据转换服务DTSobject linking and embeding 对象的链接与嵌入OLEOpen Database Connectivity 开放式数据库连接ODBCapplication interface 应用接口APIobject linking and embed database 对象链接与嵌入的数据库OLE DB activex data object 动态数据对象ADOapplication programming interface 应用程序编程接口APIjava database connectivity standard JDBC第17章为空unified modeling language 统一建模语言UMLmeta - meta model 元元模型层meta model 元模型层user model 用户模型层class model 类模型Type Model 类型模型object model 对象模型instance model 实例模型use - case diagram 用例视图class diagram 结构视图object diagram 对象图sequence diagram 行为视图collaboration diagram 协作图state diagram 状态图activity diagram 活动图sequence diagram 实现视图depolyment diagram 环境视图Superclass 超类communication association 通信关联sterotype 构造型share aggregation 共享聚集subsystem 子系统shared memory 共用存储器shared disk 共用磁盘shared nothing 无共享结构round robin 轮转法hash partitioning 散列划分range partitioning 范围划分operational data 操作性数据decision support system 决策支持系统operational data store 操作性数据存储materrialized view 实视图metadata repository 元数据库On-Line Analytical Processing 在线分析处理materialized views 物化视图rough set 粗糙集。
1R 算法名称Activation function 激励函数Adaptive classifier combination (ACC) 自适应分类器组合Adaptive 自适应Additive 可累加的Affinity analysis 亲和力分析Affinity 亲和力Agglomerative clustering 凝聚聚类Agglomerative 凝聚的Aggregate proximity relationship 整体接近关系Aggregate proximity 整体接近Aggregation hierarchy 聚合层次AGNES 算法名称AIRMA 集成的自回归移动平均Algorithm 算法Alleles 等位基因Alternative hypothesis 备择假设Approximation 近似Apriori 算法名称AprioriAll 算法名称Apriori-Gen 算法名称ARGen 算法名称ARMA 自回归移动平均Artificial intelligence (AI) 人工智能Artificial neural networks (ANN) 人工神经网络Association rule problem 关联规则问题Association rule/ Association rules 关联规则Association 关联Attribute-oriented induction 面向属性的归纳Authoritative 权威的Authority权威Autocorrelation coefficient 自相关系数Autocorrelation 自相关Autoregression 自回归Auto-regressive integrated moving average 集成的自回归移动平均Average link 平均连接Average 平均Averagelink 平均连接Backlink 后向链接back-percolation 回滤Backpropagation 反向传播backward crawling 后向爬行backward traversal 后向访问BANG 算法名称Batch gradient descent 批量梯度下降Batch 批量的Bayes Rule 贝叶斯规则Bayes Theorem 贝叶斯定理Bayes 贝叶斯Bayesian classification 贝叶斯分类BEA 算法名称Bias 偏差Binary search tree 二叉搜索树Bipolar activation function 双极激励函数Bipolar 双极BIRCH 算法名称Bitmap index 位图索引Bivariate regression 二元回归Bond Energy algorithm 能量约束算法Boosting 提升Border point 边界点Box plot 箱线图Boyer-Moore (BM) 算法名称Broker 代理b-tree b树B-tree B-树C4.5 算法名称C5 算法名称C5.0 算法名称CACTUS 算法名称Calendric association rule 日历关联规则Candidate 候选CARMA 算法名称CART 算法名称Categorical 类别的CCPD 算法名称CDA 算法名称Cell 单元格Center 中心Centroid 质心CF tree 聚类特征树CHAID 算法名称CHAMELEON 算法名称Characterization 特征化Chi squared automatic interaction detection 卡方自动交互检测Chi squared statistic 卡方统计量Chi squared 卡方Children 孩子Chromosome 染色体CLARA 算法名称CLARANS 算法名称Class 类别Classification and regression trees 分类和回归树Classification rule 分类规则Classification tree 分类树Classification 分类Click 点击Clickstream 点击流Clique 团Cluster mean 聚类均值Clustering feature 聚类特征Clustering problem 聚类问题，备选定义Clustering 聚类Clusters 簇Collaborative filtering 协同过滤Combination of multiple classifiers (CMC) 多分类器组合Competitive layer 竞争层Complete link 全连接Compression 压缩Concept hierarchy 概念层次Concept 概念Confidence interval 质心区间Confidence 置信度Confusion matrix 混淆矩阵Connected component 连通分量Contains 包含Context Focused Crawler (CFC) 上下文专用爬虫Context graph 上下文图Context layer 上下文层Contiguous subsequeace 邻接子序列Contingency table 列联表Continuous data 连续型数据Convex hull 凸包Conviction 信任度Core points 核心点Correlation coefficient r 相关系数rCorrelation pattern 相关模式Correlation rule 相关规则Correlation 相关Correlogram 相关图Cosine 余弦Count distribution 计数分配Covariance 协方差Covering 覆盖Crawler 爬虫CRH 算法名称Cross 交叉Crossover 杂交CURE 算法名称Customer-sequence 客户序列Cyclic association rules 循环关联规则Data bubbles 数据气泡Data distribution 数据分配Data mart 数据集市Data Mining Query Language (DMQL) 数据挖掘查询语言Data mining 数据挖掘Data model 数据模型Data parallelism 数据并行Data scrubbing 数据清洗Data staging 数据升级Data warehouse 数据仓库Database (DB) 数据库Database Management System 数据库管理系统Database segmentation 数据库分割DBCLASD 算法名称DBMS 算法名称DBSCAN 算法名称DDA算法名称，数据分配算法Decision support systems (DSS) 决策支持系统Decision tree build 决策树构造Decision tree induction 决策树归纳Decision tree model (DT model) 决策树模型Decision tree processing 决策树处理Decision tree 决策树Decision trees 决策树Delta rule delta规则DENCLUE 算法名称Dendrogram 谱系图Density-reachable 密度可达的Descriptive model 描述型模型Diameter 直径DIANA 算法名称dice 切块Dice 一种相似度量标准Dimension modeling 维数据建模Dimension table 维表Dimension 维Dimensionality curse 维数灾难Dimensionality reduction 维数约简Dimensions 维Directed acyclic graph (DAG) 有向无环图Direction relationship 方向关系Directly density-reachable 直接密度可达的Discordancy test 不一致性测试Dissimilarity measure 差别度量Dissimilarity 差别Distance based simple 基于距离简单的Distance measure 距离度量Distance scan 距离扫描Distance 距离Distiller 提取器Distributed 分布式的Division 分割Divisive clustering 分裂聚类Divisive 分裂的DMA 算法名称Domain 值域Downward closed 向下封闭的Drill down 下钻Dynamic classifier selection (DCS) 动态分类器选择EM 期望最大值Encompassing circle 包含圆Entity 实体Entity-relationship data model 实体-关系数据模型Entropy 熵Episode rule 情节规则Eps-neighborhood ϵ-邻域Equivalence classes 等价类Equivalent 等价的ER data model ER数据模型ER diagram ER图Euclidean distance 欧几里得距离Euclidean 欧几里得Evaluation 评价Event sequence 事件序列Evolutionary computing 进化计算Executive information systems (EIS) 主管信息系统Executive support systems (ESS) 主管支持系统Exhaustive CHAID 穷尽CHAIDExpanded dimension table 扩张的维表Expectation-maximization 期望最大化Exploratory data analysis 探索性数据分析Extensible Markup Language 可扩展置标语言Extrinsic 外部的Fact table 事实表Fact 事实Fallout 错检率False negative (FN) 假反例False positive (FP) 假正例Farthest neighbor 最远邻居FEATUREMINE 算法名称Feedback 反馈Feedforward 前馈Finite state machine (FSM) 有限状态机Finite state recognizer 有限状态机识别器Firefly 算法名称Fires 点火Firing rule 点火规则Fitness function 适应度函数Fitness 适应度Flattened dimension table 扁平的维表Flattened 扁平的Focused crawler 专用爬虫Forecasting 预报Forward references 前向访问Frequency distribution 频率分布Frequent itemset 频率项目集Frequent 频率的Fuzzy association rule 模糊关联规则Fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑Fuzzy set 模糊集GA clustering 遗传算法聚类Gain 增益GainRatio 增益比率Gatherer 收集器Gaussian activation function 高斯激励函数Gaussian 高斯GDBSCAN 算法名称Gene 基因Generalization 泛化，一般化Generalized association rules 泛化关联规则Generalized suffix tree (GST) 一般化的后缀树Generate rules 生成规则Generating rules from DT 从决策树生成规则Generating rules from NN 从神经网络生成规则Generating rules 生成规则Generic algorithms 遗传算法Genetic algorithm 遗传算法Genetic algorithms (GA) 遗传算法Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 地理信息系统Gini 吉尼Gradient descent 梯度下降g-sequence g-序列GSP 一般化的序列模式Hard focus 硬聚焦Harvest rate 收获率Harvest 一个Web内容挖掘系统Hash tree 哈希树Heapify 建堆Hebb rule hebb规则Hebbian learning hebb学习Hidden layer 隐层Hidden Markov Model 隐马尔可夫模型Hidden node 隐节点Hierarchical classifier 层次分类器Hierarchical clustering 层次聚类Hierarchical 层次的High dimensionality 高维度Histogram 直方图HITS 算法名称Hmm 隐马尔可夫模型HNC Risk Suite 算法名称HPA 算法名称Hub 中心Hybrid Distribution (HD) 混合分布Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP) 混合型联机分析处理Hyper Text Markup Language 超文本置标语言Hyperbolic tangent activation function 双曲正切激励函数Hyperbolic tangent 双曲正切Hypothesis testing 假设检验ID3 算法名称IDD 算法名称Inverse document frequency(IDF) 文档频率倒数Image databases 图像数据库Incremental crawler 增量爬虫Incremental gradient descent 增量梯度下降Incremental rules 增量规则Incremental updating 增量更新Incremental 增量的Individual 个体Induction 归纳Information gain 信息增益Information retrieval (IR) 信息检索Information 信息Informational data 情报数据Input layer 输入层Input node 输入节点Integration 集成Interconnections 相互连接Interest 兴趣度Interpretation 解释Inter-transaction association rules 事务间关联规则Inter-transaction 事务之间Intra-transaction association rules 事务内关联规则Intra-transaction 事务之内Intrinsic 内部的Introduction 引言IR 算法名称Isothetic rectangle isothetic矩形Issues 问题Itemset 项目集Iterative 迭代的JaccardJaccard’s coefficient Jaccard系数Jackknife estimate 折叠刀估计Java Data Mining (JDM) Java数据挖掘Join index 连接索引K nearest neighbors (KNN) K最近邻K-D tree K-D树KDD object KDD对象KDD process KDD过程Key 键K-means K-均值K-Medoids K-中心点K-Modes K-模KMP 算法名称Knowledge and data discovery management system (KDDMS) 知识与数据发现管理系统Knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) 数据库知识发现Knowledge discovery in spatial databases 空间数据库知识发现Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm 算法名称Kohonen self organizing map Kohonen自组织映射k-sequence K-序列Lag 时滞Large itemset property 大项集性质Large itemset 大项集Large reference sequence 强访问序列Large sequence property 大序列性质Large 大Learning parameter 学习参数Learning rule 学习准则Learning 学习Learning-rate 学习率Least squares estimates 最小二乘估计Levelized dimension table 层次化维表Lift 作用度Likelihood 似然Linear activation function 线性激励函数Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) 线性判别分析Linear filter 线性滤波器Linear regression 线性回归Linear 线性Linear 线性的Link analysis 连接分析Location 位置LogisticLogistic regression logistic回归Longest common subseries 最长公共子序列Machine learning 机器学习Major table 主表Manhattan distance 曼哈顿距离Manhattan 曼哈顿Map overlay 地图覆盖Market basket analysis 购物篮分析Market basket 购物篮Markov Model (MM) 马尔可夫模型Markov Property 马尔可夫性质Maximal flequent forward sequences 最长前向访问序列Maximal forward reference 最长前向访问Maximal reference sequences 最长访问序列Maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) 极大似然估计MBR 最小边界矩形Mean squared error (MSE) 均方误差Mean squared 均方Mean 均值Median 中值Medoid 中心点Merged context graph 合并上下文图Method of least squares 最小二乘法Metric 度量Minimum bounded rectangle 最小边界矩阵Minimum item supports 最小项目支持度Minimum Spanning Tree algorithm 最小生成树算法Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) 最小生成树Minor table 副表MinPts 输入参数名称MINT 一种网络查询语言MISapriori 算法名称Mismatch 失配Missing data 缺失数据Mode 模Momentum 动量Monothetic 单一的Moving average 移动平均Multidimensional Database (MDD) 多维数据库Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) 多维OLAP Multilayer perceptron (MLP) 多层感知器Multimedia data 多媒体数据Multiple Layered DataBase (MLDB) 多层数据库Multiple linear regression 多元线性回归Multiple-level association rules 多层关联规则Mutation 变异Naïve Bayes 朴素贝叶斯Nearest hit 同类最近Nearest miss 异类最近Nearest Neighbor algorithm 最近邻算法Nearest neighbor query 最近邻查询Nearest neighbor 最近邻Nearest Neighbors 最近邻Negative border 负边界Neighborhood graph 近邻图Neighborhood 邻居Neural network (NN) 神经网络Neural network model (NN model) 神经网络模型Neural networks 神经网络Noise 噪声Noisy data 噪声数据Noncompetitive learning 非竞争性学习Nonhierarchical 非层次的Nonlinear regression 非线性回归Nonlinear 非线性的Nonparametric model 非参数模型Nonspatial data dominant generalization 以非空间数据为主的一般化Nonspatial hierarchy 非空间层次Nonstationary 非平稳的Normalized dimension table 归一化维表NSD CLARANS 算法名称Null hypothesis 空假设OAT 算法名称Observation probability 观测概率OC curve OC曲线Ockham’s razor 奥卡姆剃刀Offline gradient descent 离线梯度下降Offline 离线Offspring 子孙OLAP 联机分析处理Online Analytic Processing 在线梯度下降Online gradient descent 在线梯度下降Online transaction processing (OLTP) 联机事务处理Online 在线Operational characteristic curve 操作特征曲线Operational data 操作型数据OPTICS 算法名称OPUS 算法名称Outlier detection 异常点检测Outlier 异常点Output layer 输出层Output node 输出结点Overfitting 过拟合Overlap 重叠Page 页面PageRank 算法名称PAM 算法名称Parallel algorithms 并行算法Parallel 并行的Parallelization 并行化Parametric model 参数模型Parents 双亲Partial-completeness 部分完备性Partition 分区Partitional clustering 基于划分的聚类Partitional MST 划分MST算法Partitional 划分的Partitioning Around Medoids 围绕中心点的划分Partitioning 划分Path completion 路径补全Pattern detection 模式检测Pattern discovery 模式发现Pattern matching 模式匹配Pattern Query Language (PQL) 模式查询语言Pattern recognition 模式识别Pattern 模式PDM 算法名称Pearson’s r 皮尔逊系数rPerceptron 感知器Performance measures 性能度量Performance 性能Periodic crawler 周期性爬虫Personalization 个性化Point estimation 点估计PolyAnalyst 附录APolythetic 多的Population 种群Posterior probability 后验概率Potentially large 潜在大的Precision 查准率Predicate set 谓词集合Prediction 预测Predictive model 预测型模型Predictive Modeling Mark-Up Language (PMML) 预测模型置标语言Predictor 预测变量Prefix 前缀Preprocessing 预处理Prior probability 先验概率PRISM 算法名称Privacy 隐私Processing element function 处理单元函数Processing elements 处理单元Profile association rule (PAR) 简档关联规则Profiling 描绘Progressive refinement 渐进求精Propagation 传播Pruning 剪枝Quad tree 4叉树Quantitative association rule 数量关联规则Quartiles 4分位树Query language 查询语言Querying 查询QUEST 算法名称R correlation coefficient r相关系数Radial basis function (RBF) 径向基函数Radial function 径向函数Radius 半径RainForest 算法名称Range query 范围查询Range 全距Rank sink 排序沉没Rare item problem 稀疏项目问题Raster 光栅Ratio rule 比率规则RBF network 径向基函数网络Recall 召回率Receiver operating characteristic curve 接受者操作特征曲线Recurrent neural network 递归神经网络Referral analysis 推荐分析Region query 区域查询Regression coefficients 回归稀疏Regression 回归Regressor 回归变量Related concepts 相关概念Relation 关系Relational algebra 关系代数Relational calculus 关系计算Relational model 关系模型Relational OLAP 关系OLAPRelationship 关系Relative operating characteristic curve 相对操作特征曲线Relevance 相关性Relevant 相关的Reproduction 复制Response 响应Return on investment 投资回报率RMSE 均方根误差RNN 递归神经网络Robot 机器人ROC curve ROC曲线ROCK algorithm ROCK算法ROI 投资回报率ROLAP 关系型联机分析处理Roll up 上卷Root mean square error 均方根误差Root mean square (Rms) 均方根Roulette wheel selection 轮盘赌选择R-tree R树Rule extraction 规则抽取Rules 规则Sampling 抽样SAND 算法名称Satisfy 满足Scalability 可伸缩性Scalable parallelizable induction of decision trees 决策树的可伸缩并行归纳Scatter diagram 散点图Schema 模式SD CLARANS 算法名称，空间主导的Search engine 搜索引擎Search 搜索Seed URL 种子URLSegmentation 分割Segments 片段Selection 选择Self organizing feature map (SOFM) 自组织特征映射Self organizing map (SOM) 自组织映射Self organizing neural networks 自组织神经网络Self organizing 自组织Semantic index 语义索引Sequence association rule problem 序列关联规则问题Sequence association rule 序列关联规则Sequence association rules 序列关联规则Sequence classifier 序列分类器Sequence discovery 序列发现Sequence 时间序列Sequential analysis 序列分析Sequential pattern 序列模式Sequential patterns 序列模式Serial 单行的Session 会话Set 集合SGML 一种置标语言Shock 冲击Sigmoid activation function S型激励函数Sigmoid S型的Silhouette coefficient 轮廓系数Similarity measure 相似性度量Similarity measures 相似性度量Similarity 相似性Simple distance based 简单基于距离的Simultaneous 同时的Single link 单连接Slice 切片Sliding window 滑动窗口SLIQ 算法名称Smoothing 平滑Snapshot 快照Snowflake schema 雪花模式Soft focus 软聚焦SPADE 算法名称Spatial Association Rule 空间关联规则Spatial association rules 空间关联规则Spatial characteristic rules 空间特征曲线Spatial clustering 空间聚类Spatial data dominant generalization 以空间数据为主的一般化Spatial data mining 空间数据挖掘Spatial data 空间数据Spatial database 空间数据库Spatial Decision Tree 空间决策树Spatial discriminant rule 空间数据判别规则Spatial hierarchy 空间数据层次Spatial join 空间连接Spatial mining 空间数据挖掘Spatial operator 空间运算符Spatial selection 空间选择Spatial-data-dominant 空间数据主导Spider 蜘蛛Splitting attributes 分裂属性Splitting predicates 分裂谓语Splitting 分裂SPRINT 算法名称SQL 结构化查询语言Squared Error algorithm 平方误差算法Squared error 平方误差Squashing function 压缩函数Standard deviation 标准差Star schema 星型模式Stationary 平稳的Statistical inference 统计推断Statistical significance 统计显著性Statistics 统计学Step activation function 阶跃激励函数Step 阶跃Sting build 算法名称STING 算法名称Strength 强度String to String Conversion 串到串转换Subepisode 子情节Subsequence 子序列Subseries 子序列Subtree raising 子树上升Subtree replacement 子树替代Suffix tree 后缀树Summarization 汇总Supervised learning 有指导的学习Support 支持度SurfAid Analytics 附录ASurprise 惊奇度Targeting 瞄准Task parallelism 任务并行Temporal association rules 时序关联规则Temporal database 时序数据库Temporal mining 时序数据挖掘Temporal 时序Term frequency (TF) 词频Thematic map 主题地图Threshold activation function 阈值激励函数Threshold 阈值Time constraint 时间约束Time line 大事记Time series analysis 时间序列分析Time series 时间序列Topological relationship 拓扑关系Training data 训练数据Transaction time 事务时间Transaction 事务Transformation 变换Transition probability 转移概率Traversal patterns 浏览模式Trend dependency 趋势依赖Trend detection 趋势检测Trie 一种数据结构True negative (TN) 真反例True positive (TP) 真正例Unbiased 无偏的Unipolar activation function 单极激励函数Unipolar 单级的Unsupervised learning 无指导学习Valid time 有效时间Variance 方差Vector 向量Vertical fragment 纵向片段Virtual warehouse 虚拟数据仓库Virtual Web View (VWV) 虚拟Web视图Visualization 可视化V oronoi diagram V oronoi图V oronoi polyhedron V oronoi多面体WAP-tree WAP树WaveCluster 算法名称Wavelet transform 小波变换Web access patterns Web访问模式Web content mining Web内容挖掘Web log Web日志Web mining Web挖掘Web usage mining Web使用挖掘Web Watcher 一种方法WebML 一种Web挖掘查询语言White noise 白噪声WordNet Semantic NetworkWordNet 一个英语词汇数据库。
单词汇总（数据库专业一点的词汇其实主要就是每章后面review items的内容，在这里简单列一下，如果你实在没时间看书，至少这些单词要认识。
）：1.数据库系统：database system(DS),database management system(DBMS)2.数据库系统（DS），数据库管理系统（DBMS）3.关系和关系数据库table= relation，column = attribute属性，domain, atomic domain, row= tuple，relational database, relation schema, relation instance, database schema, database instance;4.表=关系，列=属性属性，域，原子域，排=元组，关系型数据库，关系模式，关系实例，数据库模式，数据库实例;1.key们: super key, candidate key, primary key, foreign key, referencing relation, referencedrelation;2.超码，候选码，主码，外码，参照关系，被参照关系5.关系代数(relational algebra)：selection, project, natural join, Cartesian product, set operations,union, intersect, set difference ( except\minus), Rename, assignment, outer join, grouping, tuple relation calculus6.（关系代数）：选择，项目，自然连接，笛卡尔积，集合运算，集，交集，集合差（除\负），重命名，分配，外连接，分组，元组关系演算7. sql组成：DDL：数据库模式定义语言，关键字：createDML：数据操纵语言，关键字：Insert、delete、updateDCL：数据库控制语言，关键字：grant、removeDQL：数据库查询语言，关键字：select8.3.SQL语言：DDL，DML，DCL，QL，sql query structure, aggregate functions, nested subqueries,exists(as an operator), unique(as an operator), scalar subquery, assertion, index(indices), catalogs, authorization, all privileges, granting, revoking, grant option, trigger, stored procedure, stored function4.SQL语言：DDL，DML，DCL，QL，SQL查询结构，聚合函数，嵌套子查询，存在（如运营商），独特的（如运营商），标量子查询，断言指数（指数），目录，授权，所有权限，授予，撤销，GRANT OPTION，触发器，存储过程，存储函数9.表结构相关：Integrity constraints, domain constraints, referential integrity constraints10.完整性约束，域名约束，参照完整性约束5.数据库设计(ER 模型)：Entity-Relationship data model, ER diagram, composite attribute,single-valued and multivalued attribute, derived attribute,binary relationship set, degree of relationship set, mapping cardinality,1-1, 1-m, m-n relationship set (one to one, one to many, many to many), participation, partial or total participation, weak entity sets, discriminator attributes, specialization and generalization6.实体关系数据模型，ER图，复合属性，单值和多值属性，派生属性，二元关系集，关系集，映射基数的程度，1-1，1-米，MN关系集合（一对一，一对多，多对多），参与部分或全部参与，弱实体集，分辨符属性，特化和概化11.函数依赖理论：functional dependence, normalization, lossless join (or lossless) decomposition,First Normal Form (1NF), the third normal form (3NF), Boyce-codd normal form (BCNF), R satisfies F, F holds on R, Dependency preservation保持依赖, Trivial, closure of a set of functional dependencies函数依赖集的闭包, closure of a set of attributes属性集闭包,Armstrong’s axioms Armstrong公理, reflexivity rule自反律, augmentation rule，增广率, transitivity传递律, restriction of F to R i ，F在Ri上的限定，canonical cover正则覆盖,extraneous attributes无关属性, decomposition algorithm分解算法.7.函数依赖，规范化，无损连接（或无损）分解，第一范式（1NF），第三范式（3NF）BC范式（BCNF），R满足F，F持有R，依赖保存，平凡，一组函数依赖封闭，一组属性，8.事务：transition, ACID properties ACID特性,并发控制系统concurrency control system,故障恢复系统recovery system,事务状态transition state, 活动的active, 部分提交的partially committed, 失败的failed, 中止的aborted, 提交的committed,已结束的terminated, 调度schedule,操作冲突conflict of operations, 冲突等价conflict equivalence,冲突可串行化conflict serializablity,可串行化顺序serializablity order,联级回滚cascading rollback,封锁协议locking protocol,共享（S）锁shared-mode lock (S-lock),排他（X）锁exclusive-mode lock (X-lock), 相容性compatibility, 两阶段封锁协议2-phase locking protocol, 意向锁intention lock, 时间戳timestamp, 恢复机制recovery scheme,日志log, 基于日志的恢复log-based recovery, 延迟的修改deferred modification, 立即的修改immediate modification, 检查点checkpoint.数据库系统DBS Database System数据库系统应用Database –system applications文件处理系统file-processing system数据不一致性data inconsistency一致性约束consistency constraint数据抽象Data Abstraction实例instance模式schema物理模式physical schema逻辑模式logical schema物理数据独立性physical data independence数据模型data model实体-联系模型entity-relationship model（E-R）关系数据模型relational data model基于对象的数据模型object-based data model半结构化数据模型semistructured data model数据库语言database language数据定义语言data-definition language数据操纵语言data-manipulation language查询语言query language元数据metadata应用程序application program规范化normalization数据字典data dictionary存储管理器storage manager查询管理器query processor事务transaction原子性atomicity故障恢复failure recovery并发控制concurrency-control两层和三层数据库体系结构two-tier/three-tier 数据挖掘data mining数据库管理员DBA database administrator表table关系relation元组tuple空值null value数据库模式database schema数据库实例database instance关系模式relation schema关系实例relation instance码keys超码super key候选码candidate key主码primary key外码foreign key参照关系referencing relation被参照关系referenced relation属性attribute域domain原子域atomic domain参照完整性约束referential integrity constraint 模式图schema diagram查询语言query language过程化语言procedural language非过程化语言nonprocedural language关系运算operations on relations选择元组selection of tuples选择属性selection of attributes自然连接natural join笛卡尔积Cartesian product集合运算set operations关系代数relational algebraSQL查询语言SQL query structureSelect 字句select clauseFrom 字句from clauseWhere 字句where clause自然连接运算natural join operationAs字句as clauseOrder by 字句order by clause相关名称(相关变量，元组变量) correlation name （correlation variable，tuple variable）集合运算set operationsUnionInterestExcept空值null values真值“unknown”truth “unknown”聚集函数aggregate functionsavg，min，max，sum，countgroup byhaving嵌套子查询nested subqueries集合比较set comparisons{《，《=，》，》=}{some，all}existsuniquelateral字句lateral clausewith字句with clause标量子查询scalar subquery数据库修改database modification删除deletion插入insertion更新updating参照完整性referential integrity参照完整性约束referential –integrity constraint 或子集依赖subset dependency可延迟的deferrable断言assertion连接类型join types内连接和外连接inner and outer join左外连接、右外连接和全外连接left 、right and full outer joinNatural 连接条件、using连接条件和on连接条件natural using and so on视图定义view definition物化视图materialized views视图更新view update事务transactions提交commit work回滚roll back work原子事务atomic transaction完整性约束integrity constraints域约束domain constraints唯一性约束unique constraintCheck 字句check clause参照完整性referential integrity级联删除cascading delete级联更新cascading updates断言assertions日期和时间类型date and time types默认值default values索引index大对象large object用户定义类型user-defined types域domains目录catalogs模式schemas授权authorization权限privileges选择select插入insert更新update所有权限all privileges授予权限granting of privileges收回权限revoking of privileges授予权限的权限privileges to privileges Grant option角色roles视图授权authorization on views执行授权execute authorization调用者权限invoker privileges行级授权row-level authorizationJDBCODBC预备语句prepared statements访问元数据accessing metadataSQL注入SQL injection嵌入式SQL embedded SQL游标cursors可更新的游标updatable cursors动态SQL dynamic SQLSQL函数SQL functions存储过程stored procedures过程化结构procedural constructs外部语言例程external language routines触发器triggerBefore 和after 触发器before and after triggers过渡变量和过渡表transition variables and tables递归查询recursive queries单调查询monotonic queries排名函数ranking functionsRankDense rankPartition by分窗windowing联机分析处理（OLAP）online analytical processing多维数据multidimensional data度量属性measure attributes维属性dimension attributes转轴pivoting数据立方体data cube切片和切块slicing and dicing上卷和下钻rollup and drill down交叉表cross-tabulation第七章实体-联系数据模型Entity-relationship data model实体和实体集entity and entity set属性attribute域domain简单和复合属性simple and composite attributes单值和多值属性single-valued and multivalued attributes空值null value派生属性derived attribute超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key 联系和联系集relationship and relationship set二元联系集binary relationship set联系集的度degree of relationship set描述性属性descriptive attributes超码、候选码以及主码super key ,candidate key, and primary key 角色role自环联系集recursive relationship setE-R图E-R diagram映射基数mapping cardinality一对一联系one-to-one relationship一对多联系one-to-many relationship多对一联系many-to-one relationship多对多联系many-to-many relationship参与participation全部参与total participation部分参与partial participation弱实体集和强实体集weak entity sets and strong entity sets分辨符属性discriminator attributes标识联系identifying relationship特化和概化specialization and generalization超类和子类superclass and subclass属性继承a ttribute inheritance单和多继承single and multiple inheritance条件定义的和用户定义的成员资格condition-defined and userdefined membership 不相交概化和重叠概化disjoint and overlapping generalization全部概化和部分概化total and partial generalization聚集aggregationUMLUML类图UML class diagram第八章E-R模型和规范化E-R model and normalization分解decomposition函数依赖functional dependencies无损分解lossless decomposition原子域atomic domains第一范式（1NF）first normal form(1NF)合法关系legal relations超码super keyR满足F R satisfies FF在R上成立F holds on RBoyce-Codd范式BCNF Boyce-Codd normal form(BCNF)保持依赖dependency preservation第三范式（3NF）third normal form(3NF)平凡的函数依赖thivial functional dependencies函数依赖集的闭包closure of a set of functional dependenciesArmstrong公理Armstrong ‘s axioms属性集闭包closure of attribute setsF在Ri上的限定restriction of F to Ri正则覆盖canonical cover无关属性extraneous attributesBCNF分解算法BCNF decomposition algorithm3NF分解算法3NF decomposition algorithm多值依赖multivalued dependencies第四范式（4NF）fourth normal form(4NF)多值依赖的限定restriction of a multivalued independency投影-连接范式（PJNF）project-join normal form(PJNF)域-码范式（DKNF）domain-key normal form(DKNF)泛关系universal relation唯一角色假设unique-role assumption 去规范化denormalization。
GIS专业英语常用术语Aabsolute reference frame绝对参考坐标系adjacency analysis相邻分析adjoining sheets邻接图幅agglomeration（制图分类中的）聚合方法aggregation聚合；聚集altitude tinting分层设色animated mapping动画制图animation动画applications package应用软件包application program应用程序Application Programming Interface(API)应用程序界面Applications Program Interface应用程序接口applications system应用系统applied cartography应用地图学auto-cartography自动制图automated cartography自动制图学automated data dictionary自动数据字典automated data processing自动数据处理Automated Digitizing System(ADS)自动数字化系统automated feature recognition自动特征识别azimuth coordinate system方位坐标系B-CB-spline b样条曲线B-tree二叉树；二元树base map of topography地形底图base map/cadastre底图／地籍图Beijing geodetic coordinate system1954１９５４年北京坐标系block correction区域改正block数据块；信息组；程序块border figure图廓数据border information图廓注记border line图廓线border matching边缘匹配border边缘；界限；边界线；邻接；图廓间cadastral survey地籍测量cadaster地政局；地籍图cadastral attribute地籍特征cadastral data base地籍数据库cadastral features地籍特征cadastral information system地籍信息系统cadastral information地籍信息cadastral inventory地籍调查cadastral layer地籍信息层Dcadastral lists地籍册cadastral management 地籍管理cadastral map地籍图cadastral map series 地籍图册cadastral mapping地籍制图carrier frequency(GPS)载波频率（全球定位系统）cartographic analysis地图分析cartographic classification 地图分类cartographic communication地图传输cartographic data base management system地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base 地图数据层cartographic data model 地图数据模型cartographic expert system 制图专家系统cartographic generalization 制图综合cartographic projection 地图投影cartographic(al)analysis 地图分析cartography地图制图学；地图学chorographic map 时序图choropleth map 等值区域图class interval 分级间距；分类间距class list 分类清单class分类，分级classification rule 分类规则cluster聚类分析compaction 压缩completeness完整性computer-graphics technology 计算机图形技术congruent image 叠合图象contour等高线，等值线，轮廓contouring display 分层显示cover-ID 层标识符coverage［GIS］图层data数据data access security 数据存取安全性data accessibility 数据可达性data acquisition 数据获取data analysis 数据分析data architecture 数据结构data attribute数据特性data base ；database 数据库data capture 数据采集data catalogue数据目录data communications 数据通信data quality 数据质量data security 数据安全性data conversion 数据转换data definition数据定义data editing数据编辑data element数据要素data encoding数据编码data entry数据输入Data Exchange Format数据交换格式data extraction数据提取data file数据文件data handling数据处理data item数据项data layering数据分层data manipulation数据操作data model数据模型data product数据产品data quality数据质量data reality数据真实性data records数据记录data reduction数据整理data reduction；datacompression数据压缩data redundancy数据冗余度data representation数据表示data retrieval数据查询data schema数据模式data security数据安全性data sensitivity数据灵敏性data set数据集data set quality数据集质量data smoothing数据平滑data snooping数据探测法data sources数据源data storage数据贮存data structure conversion数据结构转换data structure数据结构data transfer数据传输data transmission数据传输data type数据类型data updating数据更新data vectorization数据矢量化datum transformation基准变换descriptive data描述数据desktop GIS桌面地理信息系统差分全球定位系统differential Global Positioning System；DGPSdigital cartography数字地图制图digital correlation数字相关digital data collection数字数据存贮系统Digital Data Communication Message Protocol数字化数据通讯消息协议Digital Data System数字化数据系统digital data数据；数字资料Digital Elevation Matrix(DEM)数字高程矩阵digital encoding数字编码digital exchange format数据转换标准Digital Field Update System数字化外业更新系统digital files synchronization数字化文件同步化Digital Geographic Information数字化地理信息交换标准Exchange Standard；DGIWG；NATOdigital image processing数字图象处理digital image数字影（图）象Digital Landscape Model数字景观模型Digital Line Graph；DLG数字线划图digital map registration数字地图套合digital mapping数字测图digital map数字地图digital mosaic数字镶嵌digital mosaicing数字镶嵌digital number；DN数字值digital orthoimagery数字正射影象digital orthoimage数字正射影象Digital Orthophotoquads；DOQ数字正方形正射象片图digital orthophoto数字正射影象digital photogrammetry数字摄影测量digital process数字化过程digital rectification数字纠正digital simulation数字模拟digital surface model；DSM数字表面模型digital tablet数字化板Digital Terrain Model；DTM数字地面模型Digital to Analog Converter数／模转换器digital tracing table数控绘图桌digital value数字化值digital voice数字化声音digital-analog数字模拟digitalyzer模数转换器digital数字的digitization数字化digitize maps数字化地图digitized data数字化数据digitized file数字化文件digitized image数字化影象digitized terrain data数字化地面数据digitized video数字影（图）象digitizer accuracy数字化仪精度digitizer resolution数字化仪分辨率digitizer workstation数字化工作站digitizer数字化仪digitizing数字化digitizing board数字化板digigtizing cursor数字化鼠标digitizing edit数字化编辑digitizing table；tablet数字化板digitizing threshold数字化阀值digraph有向图disk space磁盘空间disk storage磁盘存储diskette软磁盘disk磁盘distributed architecture分布式体系结构Distributed Computing Environment分布式计算环境Distributed Data Processing分布式数据处理Distributed Database Management System,DDBMS分布式数据管理系统Distributed Database；DDB分布式数据库distributed processing分布式处理Distributed Relational分布式关系数据库结构Database Architecture(DRDA)districe coding地区编码districting分区（空间聚合）disturbed orbit卫星轨道升交点document file文档文件Document Image Peocessing(DIP)文件影象处理document window文档窗口document-file icon文档文件图标document/page reader光符识别仪器documentation drawing二维绘图downloadable font可传输字符download文件（程序）传输（从中心机到个人微机）drafting scale绘图比例尺drafting绘制；绘图；草拟draft草图；草案drainage map水系图；流域图drainage pattern水系类型；水网类型drainage水系；水文要素；排水设备drape两维数据在表面叠加产生透视图draping两维数据叠加在透视图上drawing board绘图板drawing entities绘图实体Drawing Exchange Format图形交换格式drawing extents绘图范围drawing file绘图文件drawing grid绘图格网drawing interchange format绘图交换格式drawing limits绘图限制drawing registration绘图对齐；绘图定位drawing sizes图面大小；图幅尺寸drawing unit绘图单元drawing绘图drum plotter滚筒式绘图机drum scanner滚筒式扫描机duobinary coding双二进制编码DX90水文地理数据格式dynamic-Link Library,DLL动态链接库EE-R diagram E-R图earth gravity model地球重利模型Earth Resources Information System；ERIS地球资源信息系统EROS地球资源观测系统earth satellite thematic sensing地球卫星专题遥感earth shape；figure of the earth地球形状Earth spheroid地球椭球体Earth spherop地球椭球面earth surface地球表面earth synchronous orbit地球同步轨道earth window地球数据窗口Earth-centered ellipsoid地心椭球Earth-fixed coordinate system站心坐标系EarthResource Technology Satellite地球资源技术卫星Earthwatch地球监视卫星ecosystem生态系统edge join边缘匹配edge matching边缘匹配edge of the format；map border图廓Electronic Data Interchange(EDI)电子数据交换edit编辑；修改edit verification编辑核实edit/display on input输入编辑/显示edit/display on output输出编辑/显示editing编辑effective radius of the Earth地球有效半径eigenvector analysis特征向量分析eigenvector特征向量EIS process环境影响评价过程electric mail；e-mail电子邮件electronic bearing电测方位electronic chart电子海图Electric Chart and Display电子图形显示信息系统Information System；SCDISelectronic chart data base；ECDB电子海图数据库Electronic Data Collection电子数据集合Electronic Data Interchange；EDI电子数据交换electronic drawing tablet电子绘图板electronic engraver电子刻图机electronic imaging system电子成像系统electronic line scanner电子扫描机electronic map电子地图electronic publishing system电子印刷系统Embedded QUEL内嵌式查询embedded SQL镶嵌式查询语言emergency run地图翻印encipher；encode；encoding编码enclosing rectangle(最小)封闭四边形encoding code model编码模型encoding scheme编码方法End Of Line文件结束标志End Of Text行结束标志end points文本结束标志end user participation终端用户参与end user终端用户ent-to-end data system终端站间数据系统Enhanced graphics Adapter(EGA)增强图形适配器enhanced imagery增强图象enhanced mode增强模式entity实体entity classes实体类entity classes实体分类entity instance实体样品entity object实体对象entity point实体定位点entity relationship data model实体关系数据模型entity relationship diagram；ERD实体关系图Entity Relationship Model；E-R Model实体关系模型entity set model实体集模型entity set实体集entity subtype/supertype实体子类型/母类型entity type实体类型Entity-Relationship Approach E-R法entity实体,组织,结构entropy coding熵编码entropy熵(平均信息量) environmental analysis环境分析environmental assessment环境评价environmental cadastre环境地籍图environmental capacity环境容量environmental data base环境数据库environmental data/information环境数据/信息environmental map环境地图environmental mapping data环境制图数据environmental overlays环境图environmental planning环境规划environmental quality assessment环境质量评价environmental remote sensing环境遥感Eclogically Sustainable Development生态平衡的持续发展equation item方程项European Transfer Format(ETF)欧洲传输格式executable file执行文件execution执行(程序指令)extended color扩展彩色Extended Graphics Adapter(EGA)增强图形适配卡Extended Graphics Array扩展图形矩阵Extensional Database扩展数据库external attribute table外部属性表external data storage外部数据存储(相对于数据库) external database file外部数据库文件external margin外图廓external polygon外部多边形external program外部程序external schema外部模式external storage外部存储设备Ffacilities设施；装备facility data设施数据facility instrument设施设备facility map设施图facility network设施网络facility splice设施接合fast Fourier transform快速傅立叶变换feature特征Feature and Attribute Coding Catalogue地物与属性编码目录feature attribute table特征属性表feature bounded边界标识地物feature class特征分类feature codes menu特征码清单feature codes特征码feature coding特征编码feature extraction特征提取feature identifier特征标识符feature ID特征标识符feature instance特征实例feature item特征项feature marked有标记特征feature number特征标识符feature selection特征选择feature separation特征分类feature spanned跨区特征feature supported支持特征feature user-ID特征用户标识码Federal Information Processing联邦信息处理标准Standards(FIPS)Federal Information Processing Standards/联邦信息处理标准／空间数据转换标准Spatial Data Transfer Standard；FIPS/SDTSfield［数据］域file［计算机］文件file activity文件活动file attribute文件属性file compression文件压缩file format文件格式file fragmentation文件分段存储file indexing文件管理索引file integrity文件完整性file name extension文件扩展名file name文件名file protection文件保护file server protocol文件服务器协议file server文件服务器file set文件集file specification文件说明；文件说明表file structure文件结构file system文件系统File Transfer Protocol文件传输协议file transfer文件转换file-by-file compression文件压缩filename extension文件后缀名fill pattern填充模式fixed length record format定长记录格式flag标志；特征flair point识别点；明显地物点flap叠置floppy disk；floppy软盘form line地表形态线format conversion格式转换format line格式行format model格式模型format格式formatted model格式化模型formatting function格式化函数；格式编排formatting格式化formfeed换页；格式馈给forms interface格式界面forms processing表格处理fractal分数的；分形；分数维fractional map scale分数地图比例尺fractional scale分数比例尺frequency band频段；频带frequency bias频偏frequency curve频率曲线frequency demodulation鉴频frequency distribution频率分布full-resolution picture全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fully concatenated key全连串码fully digital mapping全数字化制图function library功能库functional data base功能数据库functional mapping功能制图functional structure功能结构fuzzy analysis模糊分析fuzzy C-means模糊聚类法fuzzy classifier method模糊分类法fuzzy distance模糊距离fuzzy intersection concept模糊交叉概念fuzzy tolerance模糊容限fuzzy模糊的；失真的GGauss plane coordinate高斯平面坐标Gauss-Kruger coordinate高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Kruger grid高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Kruger map projection高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussian coordinate高斯坐标gazetteer地名录general scale基本比例尺generic term地理通名Geo Based Information System基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis地理分析geo-defined unit地理定义单元geo-distribution地理分布geo-politic data base行政区划数据库geo-referenced information system地理参考信息系统geobase system地区系统geobased information system地区信息系统geobase地区库geobotanical cartography地植物学制图geocartography地理制图geocoded virtual map地理编码虚拟图geocodes地理编码geocode地理编码geocoding system地理编码系统geocoding地理编码Geographer's Line地理坐标网geographic aggregation地理聚合Geographic Analysis and Display System(GADS)地理分析显示系统Geographic Analysis Package(GAP)地理分析软件geographic analysis/modeling capability地理分析／模拟能力geographic analysis地理分析geographic area boundaries地理面积边界Geographic Area Code Index(GACI)地理面积编码索引Geographic Base File(GBF)地理基础文件Geographic Base File/Dual地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码Independent Map Encoding(GBF-DIME)Geographic Base Information System(GBIS)地理基础信息系统Geographic Base System(GBS)地理基础系统geographic boundaries地理边界geographic boundary data地理边界数据geographic calibration地理标准geographic center地理中心geographic classification地理分类geographic codes地理坐标码geographic coding地理编码geographic coordinates地理坐标geographic coordinate地理坐标geographic coverage地理层geographic data base地理数据库geographic data set地理数据集geographic data structure地理数据结构Geographic Database地理数据库geographic data地理数据geographic display system地理显示系统geographic entity地理实体geographic feature data地理特征数据geographic feature地理特征geographic graticule地理坐标网geographic grid地理网格geographic identifiers地理标识符geographic indexed file地理索引文件geographic indexes地理索引geographic information system地理信息系统geographic inverse地理位置反算geographic landscape地理景观geographic latitude地理纬度geographic location地理位置geographic longitude地理经度geographic meridian地理子午线geographic modeling地理模拟geographic name地理名称geographic net地理坐标格网geographic numbering system地理编号系统geographic object地理对象geographic pole地极geographic position地理位置geographic reference system地理参考系统geographic reference地理参考geographic referencing地理参考过程geographic standardization地理标准化geographic survey地理测量geographic value地理坐标值geographical coordinate地理坐标geographical data base地理数据库geographical general name地理通名geographical map地理图geographical mile地理海哩geographical name index地名索引transcription；geographical地名注音法name transliterationgeographical name；place name地名geographical network地理格网geographical pole地极geographical position地理位置geographical reference system地理坐标参考系geographical viewing distance地理视距geographical zones地理带geographical-exploration traverse地理勘测路线geographical地理的geographics limits细线；内图廓线geographic地理的；地理学的geography地理学Geomatics（加拿大）地球信息学geometric rectification几何校正geometric registration几何配准geomorphic map地貌类型图geomorphological mapping地貌制图geomorphological map地貌图geomorphology地貌学geoprocessing application地理处理应用geoprocessing approach地理处理方法geoprocessing functions地理处理函数geoprocessing modeling地理处理模拟geoprocessing operations地理处理操作geoprocessing productivity地理处理率geoprocessing system地理处理系统geoprocessing virtual map system地理处理虚拟图系统Geoprocessing(GP)地理处理过程geoprocessor地理处理器GEOREF coordinate system世界地理坐标参考系GEOREF grid世界地理坐标参考网格georeference system地理坐标参考系georeference地理坐标参考georeferenced地理坐标参考的georeferencing地理坐标参考过程GEOREF世界地理坐标参考系georelational model地理相关模型geosphere地理圈geostatistics地理统计GIS/LIS地理信息系统／土地信息系统Global Environmental Monitoring System(UNEP)全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）global land information system(GLIS)全球土地信息系统Global Positioning System(GPS)全球定位系统global positioning全球定位global rediation总辐射global satellite system全球卫星系统Global Telecommunications System全球远程通讯系统global全球的graphic compose图形合成graphic data base file图形数据库文件graphic data base图形数据库graphic data concept图形数据概念graphic illustration图解说明；图解例证graphic input procedure图形输入法graphic input unit图形输入设备Graphic Interchange Format图形交换格式graphic interpolation图解内插法graphic limits图形边界graphic manipulation图形维护graphic map features图示地图特征graphic map manipulation图示地图操作graphic map scale图解地图比例尺graphic mapping control point图解图根点graphic menu图示菜单graphic modes图示模式graphic object图形对象graphic output unit图形输出设备graphic overlay图形叠加graphic plane图示面graphic primitive图形元素graphic presentation图形显示graphic production图形生成graphic product图形产品graphic rectification图形校正graphic representation图形表示graphic scale图解比例尺graphic sign图形记号graphic superimposition图形叠加graphic symbol图形符号graphic symbols/symbology图形符号／符号表示graphic system components图形系统组成graphic tablet图形数字化板graphic terminal图形终端graphic text string图形文本串graphic trace图形跟踪graphic variable图形变量graphical screen interface图形屏幕界面graphical user interface(GUI)图形用户界面graphics accelerator图形加速卡graphics cursor图形光标graphics display units图形显示单元graphics inquiry图形查询graphics languages图形语言graphics mode图形模式graphics page图形页Graphics Performance Characterization(GPC)图形工作特性graphics resolution图形分辨率graphics screen图形屏幕界面graphics software图形软件graphics tablet图形数字化板graphics图形graphic图形的；图示的graph图；图形graticule格网graticule十字丝；地理坐标网grating光栅grid格网grid amplitude格网幅度grid azimuth坐标方位角grid bearing坐标方位角grid cell格网元素；网眼grid cell compositing网眼组成grid cell data structure网眼数据结构grid cell data网眼数据结构grid cell lattice三维网眼格数据结构grid cell map-record format网眼地图记录格式grid cell map网眼地图grid cell modeling网眼模拟grid cell search网眼搜寻grid convergence坐标纵线收敛角grid coordinate system格网坐标系grid coordinates格网坐标系grid data格网数据grid declination格网真北偏角grid equator格网赤道grid factor格网因子grid format格网格式grid interval网格间距grid inverse网格反算grid length坐标网距grid lines/codes格网线／码grid magnetic angle格网磁偏角grid map格网地图grid meridian坐标网纵线grid method格网法grid of neighboring zone邻带方里网grid origin坐标格网原点grid structure网格结构grid system格网系统grid tick格网标记grid variation格网磁偏角grid zone坐标带grid栅格，格网；坐标网grid-point method网点板法grid/raster data格网／栅格数据gridded data格网数据gridiron layout格网平面图gridiron pattern格网图形gridsystem直角坐标格网grips数据转换程序Hhalftone screen半色调屏幕header file头文件header label头标header line标题行header record首记录header标题hextree分级图象数据模型hidden attribute隐含属性hidden file隐含文件hidden line removal隐线消除hidden surfaces隐面hidden variable隐含变量hierarchical data base分级数据库hierarchical data分级数据hierarchical data model层次数据模型I hierarchical data structure分级数据结构hierarchical database分层数据库hierarchical districts层次分区hierarchical file structure分级文件结构hierarchical file system分级文件系统hierarchical model分级模型hierarchical organization等级结构hierarchical relationship分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchical sequence层次序列hierarchical spatial relationship分级空间关系hierarchical storage分级存储hierarchical structure分级结构hierarchical分级的；层次的hierarchization分级High Level Data Link Control高级数据连接控制High Memory Area高位地址内存区histogram直方图；柱状图；频率图history命令记录Huffman code霍夫编码hull TIN表面Human Computer Interaction人机交互Human Computer Interface人机界面hypertext电子文本；超级文本I channel同相信道；I通路I notation parameter整数记号参数I-beam I指针I/O addresses输入／输出地址I/O Character Recognition(I/O CR)输入／输出字符识别I/O error输入／输出错误I/O port输入／输出端口image coding图象编码image compression影（图）象压缩image contrast影象反差image coordinate影象坐标image correlation影象相关image data base影象数据库image data collection图象数据收集image data compaction图象数据压缩image data retrieval图象数据检索image data storage图象数据存储image data影（图）象数据image definition影象清晰度（分辨力）image degradation影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减image description影象描绘image digitization图象数字化image displacement影象位移image distortion影（图）象失真image integrator图象综合image intensifier影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器image intensity图象强度image interpretation影象判读image magnification影（图）象放大image matching影象匹配image processing rectification图象处理校正复原and restorationimage processing图象处理校正复原image ray象点投影线image recognition影（图）象识别image reconstruction影（图）象重建image reconstructor影象再现装置image registration图象配准image representation影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现image resolution；ground resolution影象分辨力image scale影象比例尺image size影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围image space coordinate system象空间坐标系image space象空间image stack影（图）象栈image transform影（图）象变换image transformation图象变换image translator影（图）象转换器image；imagery影象image象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imagery feature影象特征index to Names地名索引indexed sequential file顺序索引文件indexed索引化的indexing索引；加下标；变址index指标；指数；索引informatics信息学information area信息区information bit信息位information center信息中心information collection信息采集information content信息量information explosion信息爆炸information extraction信息提取information float信息浮动information format信息格式information management信息管理information network信息网information overlays信息叠加information rate信息传输速率Information requirement(IR)请求信息information revolution信息革命information science信息科学information system信息系统information technology(IT)信息技术information theory信息论information window信息窗口infowmation信息input area输入区input data输入数据input device输入设备input image(inimage)输入影（图）象input/output analysis输入／输出分析input/outpu model输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O)输入／输出input输入inquiry查询insert插入；嵌入integrated data base集成数据库integrated data layer集成数据层Integrated Geographical Information System集成化地理信息系统integrated GIS/technologies综合地理信息系统／技术integrated information system综合信息系统integrated spatial system综合空间信息系统integrated system综合系统interactive交互式interactive digitizing人机交互数字化interactive display人机交互显示interactive drafting交互式绘图interactive editing交互式编辑Interactive Graphics and Retrieval System交互图形与恢复系统Interactive Graphics Design System交互式图形设计系统Interactive Graphics System/Interactive交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统Graphics Subsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractive graphics交互式制图interactive image processing system人机对话影（图）象处理系统interactive mode交互式模式Interactive Multimedia交互式多媒体interactive processing mode人机交互模式interactive processing人机交互处理interactive processing交互式处理interactive restoration人机对话复原Interactive Surface Modeling交互式地表建摸interactive topology交互式拓扑Interactive Volume Modeling交互式立体模型intercell plot单元间图（或文件）interchange format交换格式interchange modeling交换模拟interchange model交换模型internal data model内部数据模型internal data structure内部数据结构（只在处理过程中保持的）internal database file内部数据库文件interrecord data structures交互记录的数据结构inverse fast Fourier transform快速傅立叶变换isoline等值线isolith等厚度线isolong等经度改正线isomagnetic chart等磁力线图isometric coordinate等量坐标isometric design等角投影isometric latitued等量纬度isometric map projection等量地图投影isometric mapping等量制图isoperimetric map projection等量地图投影isoplane等平面isopleth mapping等值线制图isopleth map等值线图isoplethic mapping等值线制图isoplethic map等值线图isopleth等值线K-Lkey关键字key attributes关键属性key bed标准层key entry键盘输入key feedback area码反馈区key field关键字段key file关键文件key horiz on标志层key identifiers关键标识符key map索引图；总图key pad键座key value dictionary关键值索引key variable indexing关键变量索引keyboard buffer键盘缓冲keyboard equivalent key键盘等价命令键keyboard shortcut键盘快捷命令keyboard键盘land evaluation土地评价Land Information System(LIS)土地信息系统Land Information Technology(LIT)土地信息技术land types土地类型land unit土地单元land use土地利用landform地表形态landscape drawings景观绘图landscape map景观地图layer file层文件layer index图层索引layer index层索引layer system分层设色法layer-tinted map分层设色地图layered style map分层设色地图layered style分层设色表示法layering分层；层化layers层次layer层layover覆盖；遮蔽（雷达影像）Leaf Area Index叶区域索引leaf level叶层次league里格leaking polygon未闭合多边形legend图例lettering地图注记lineage数据说明line element线状要素line feature线状特征line follower线跟踪器（量测转换边界）line generalization趋势线概化line graph线状图line in polygon calculation多边形内线判断计算line in polygon retrieval多边形内线判断查询line intersection线段交叉line map线画图line of nodes交轨线line symbologics线状符号表达法line symbol线状符号local database局域数据库local datum局部定标数据logical block逻辑块logical channel number逻辑通道号码logical consistency逻辑一致性logical contouring逻辑恒直线logical data base(LDB)逻辑数据库logical data model逻辑数据模型logical data structure逻辑数据结构logical decision逻辑判定logical design逻辑设计logical exclusive operation of image影象逻辑异运算logical expression逻辑表达logical links逻辑连接logical mounting逻辑安装logical name逻辑名字logical operation逻辑运算logical operator逻辑运算符logical order逻辑指令logical overlap逻辑重叠logical record逻辑记录logical security逻辑安全性logical selection逻辑选择logical storage structure逻辑存储结构logical unit逻辑单元logic逻辑login(=logon)注册lot and block地块与街段lot dimensions地块尺寸lot line地块边界lot of record地块记录lot地块LPT port并行口LU pooling逻辑单元合并Mmachine bias机器偏差machine code机器码machine encoding机器编码machine language机器语言machine processable机器可处理的man-machine interface人机接口manager access管理者存取manual digitiz er手扶数字化器manual digitizing人工数字化manual encoding人工编码manual link人工连接manual map enhancement人工地图增强manuscript map原图；稿图manuscript原图many-to-one relate多对一关系map accuracy(absolute)绝对地图精度map accuracy(relative)相对地图精度map accuracy level地图精度水平map accuracy specifications地图精度说明map accuracy standards地图精度标准map adjustment地图接边；图幅接边map algebra地图代数Map and Chart Data Interchange地图与图表间数据交换map appearance地图整饰map average地形特征地图map black clouds地图数据密集区map border图廓map chart作战海图map clarity地图清晰性map closure地图闭合map code（１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码map collar data地图边缘数据map color atlas地图色谱map compilation地图编绘map complexity地图复杂性map composition地图编制map computerization地图计算机化map coverage地图层map data base地图数据库map data retrieval地图数据查询map data structure地图数据结构map data地图数据map decoration地图整饰map deformation地图变形map description地图描述map digitization地图数字化map digitizing地图数字化map directory地图目录map display地图显示map distortion地图畸变map distribution地图供应map edge图幅边缘map editing地图编辑map extent地图范围map face图幅尺寸；图幅面积map feature地图特征map files地图文件map generalization地图综合map graphics to text data linkage图形－文本数据连接map graphics图形－文本数据连接map grid地图格网map information地图信息map interpretation地图判读map join图幅连接map layer图层map layout图面配置map legibility地图易读性map limits图范围map linkage图连接map load地图负载量map making制图map matching guidance地图匹配导航map matching地图匹配map measure量图轨map miles地图英里坐标系统map model system地图模型系统map nadir图面底点map name地图名map of neotectonic strength图上量算map origin图坐标原点map overlay analysis地图叠置分析map overlay modeling analysis地图叠置模拟分析map overlay地图叠置map parallel图横线map perception地图感受map plotting填图map point图上定位点；图面点map positional file地图叠置文件map position地图定位map projection system地图投影系统map projection transformation地图投影转换map projection地图投影map projector地图投影仪map quadrangle/map quad地图标准图幅map query地图查询map reading读图map registration地图对齐map representation file地图表示文件map resolution地图分辨率map revision地图更新map scale number地图比例尺数map scale地图比例尺map scaling地图比例变换map section图区map series系列地图map set miles图集英里比例尺map sheet manipulation图幅操作map sheet图幅map shift图幅移位map sliver地图细小多边形map specifications地图规范map standards地图标准map substitute临时版地图map symbolism地图符号体系map symbol地图符号map systematic errors地图系统误差map test地图检测map theme地图专题map title图名map tolerance地图容限map transformation地图转换map types地图类型map unit tolerance地图单位容限map units地图单位容限map use地图利用map z oom地图放大map地图map-controlled mosaic地图控制镶嵌图map-grid地图格网map-matching guidance地图匹配指导map-projection aspect地图投影轴map-to-page transformation地图－页变换mapland制图地区mapping accuracy standards制图精度标准mapping accuracy制图精度mapping angle（子午线）收敛角mapping control图根控制mapping control point图根点Mapping Data Interchange Format(MDIF)制图数据交换格式Mapping Information Management System(MIMS)制图信息管理系统mapping制图；测图MAPSAT制图卫星mapsheet图幅marginal data图廓资料margin边缘；图边；页边；空白master map projection母型投影master model立体地图原型medium媒体；中等的megabit ram兆字节存储器menu bar菜单条menu box菜单盒menu button菜单按钮menu icons菜单图标menu item菜单项menu mark菜单符号menu origin菜单原点menu tablet菜单输入板menu title菜单标题menu-controlled program特征码清单控制程序menu清单；菜单minimum access time最小存取时间minimum boundary rectangle最小边界矩形minimum distance classification最短距离分类minimum distance routing最短距离选择minimum mapping units最小制图单元minimum path network最短路网minimum path tree最短路径树modular software模块化软件modular模数的；模块的Modulator；DEM modulator数字地面模型模块module field模块区（空间数据转换）multi-media多媒体multimedia GIS多媒体GIS multimedia systems多媒体系统multimedia多媒体multiuser多用户Nnative code本机语言native map本土地图natural resource data自然资源数据network analysis网络分析network architecture网络结构network basefile system网络基本文件系统netwok chain网络链network data网络数据network data model网络数据模型network database网络数据库Network File Server网络文件服务器Network File System(NFS)网络文件系统Network Interface Card网络接口卡network layer网络层network model网状模型Network Operating System网络操作系统。
复试计算机专业⽂献翻译数据挖掘（Data Mining）NO.1：In the current era of big data, the mining and analysis of massive data is particularly important. Data mining technology has been widely applied in the fields of media, finance, medical care, transportation and e-commerce.However, the complexity and diversity of big data and the particularity of the application of data mining technology in various industries have also put forward new theoretical and technical challenges in the field of data mining.NO.2：The era of big data for the data mining technology has brought more opportunities and problems, such as the big data content for more efficient data mining algorithm and the accumulation of large data more quickness requirement of real-time data mining algorithms, the complexity of the large data diversity requires more flexible data mining algorithm, the universality of big data in all walks of life to the particularity in the field of data mining algorithm, etc.This also presents a new demand for data mining.翻译NO1在⼤数据时代，⼤量数据的挖掘和分析变得⾮常重要。
GIS专业英语常用术语(F-N) facilities 设施；装备facilitydata 设施数据facilityinstrument 设施设施facilitymap 设施图facilitynetwork 设施网络facilitysplice 设施接合fastFouriertransform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特色facilities 设施；装备facilitydata 设施数据facilityinstrument 设施设施facilitymap 设施图facilitynetwork 设施网络facilitysplice 设施接合fastFouriertransform 快速傅立叶变换feature 特色FeatureandAttributeCodingCatalogue 地物与属性编码目录featureattributetable 特色属性表featurebounded 界线表记地物featureclass 特色分类featurecodesmenu 特色码清单featurecodes 特色码featurecoding 特色编码featureextraction 特色提取featureidentifier 特色表记符featureID 特色表记符featureinstance 特色实例featureitem 特色项featuremarked 有标志特色featurenumber 特色表记符featureselection 特色选择featureseparation 特色分类featurespanned 跨区特色featuresupported 支持特色featureuser-ID 特色用户表记码FederalInformationProcessing 联邦信息办理标准Standards(FIPS)FederalInformationProcessingStandards/ 联邦信息办理标准／空间数据变换标准SpatialDataTransferStandard；FIPS/SDTSfield［数据］域file［计算机］文件fileactivity文件活动fileattribute文件属性filecompression文件压缩fileformat文件格式filefragmentation文件分段储藏fileindexing文件管理索引fileintegrity文件完满性filenameextension文件扩展名filename文件名fileprotection文件保护fileserverprotocol文件服务器协议fileserver文件服务器fileset文件集filespecification文件说明；文件说明表filestructure文件结构filesystem文件系统FileTransferProtocol文件传输协议filetransfer文件变换file-by-filecompression文件压缩filenameextension文件后缀名fillpattern填充模式fixedlengthrecordformat定长记录格式flag标志；特色flairpoint鉴别点；明显地物点flap叠置floppydisk；floppy软盘formline地表形态线formatconversion格式变换formatline格式行formatmodel格式模型format格式formattedmodel格式化模型formattingfunction格式化函数；格式编排GGaussplanecoordinate高斯平面坐标Gauss-Krugercoordinate高斯－克吕格坐标Gauss-Krugergrid高斯－克吕格格网Gauss-Krugermapprojection高斯－克吕格地图投影Gaussiancoordinate高斯坐标gazetteer地名录generalscale基本比率尺genericterm地理通名GeoBasedInformationSystem基于地学的信息系统geo-analysis地理解析geo-definedunit地理定义单元geo-distribution地理分布geo-politicdatabase行政区划数据库geo-referencedinformationsystem地理参照信息系统geobasesystem地区系统geobasedinformationsystem地区信息系统geobase地区库geobotanicalcartography地植物学制图geocartography地理制图geocodedvirtualmap地理编码虚假图geocodes地理编码formatting格式化formfeed换页；格式馈给formsinterface格式界面formsprocessing表格办理fractal分数的；分形；分数维fractionalmapscale分数地图比率尺fractionalscale分数比率尺frequencyband频段；频带frequencybias频偏frequencycurve频率曲线frequencydemodulation鉴频frequencydistribution频率分布full-resolutionpicture全精度影（图）象，高分辨率影（图）象fullyconcatenatedkey全连串码fullydigitalmapping全数字化制图functionlibrary功能库functionaldatabase功能数据库functionalmapping功能制图functionalstructure功能结构fuzzyanalysis模糊解析fuzzyC-means模糊聚类法fuzzyclassifiermethod模糊分类法fuzzydistance模糊距离fuzzyintersectionconcept模糊交织看法fuzzytolerance模糊容限fuzzy模糊的；失真的geocode地理编码geocodingsystem地理编码系统geocoding地理编码Geographer'sLine地理坐标网geographicaggregation地理聚合GeographicAnalysisandDisplaySystem(GADS)地理解析显示系统GeographicAnalysisPackage(GAP)地理解析软件geographicanalysis/modelingcapability地理解析／模拟能力geographicanalysis地理解析geographicareaboundaries地理面积界线GeographicAreaCodeIndex(GACI)地理面积编码索引GeographicBaseFile(GBF)地理基础文件GeographicBaseFile/Dual地理底图基础文件／双重独立地图编码IndependentMapEncoding(GBF-DIME) GeographicBaseInformationSystem(GBIS)地理基础信息系统GeographicBaseSystem(GBS)地理基础系统geographicboundaries地理界线geographicboundarydata地理界线数据geographiccalibration地理标准geographiccenter地理中心geographicclassification地理分类geographiccodes地理坐标码geographiccoding地理编码geographiccoordinates地理坐标geographiccoordinate地理坐标geographiccoverage地理层geographicdatabase地理数据库geographicdataset地理数据集geographicdatastructure地理数据结构GeographicDatabase地理数据库geographicdata地理数据geographicdisplaysystem地理显示系统geographicentity地理实体geographicfeaturedata地理特色数据geographicfeature地理特色geographicgraticule地理坐标网geographicgrid地理网格geographicindexedfile地理索引文件geographicindexes地理索引geographicinformationsystem地理信息系统geographicinverse地理地址反算geographiclandscape地理景观geographiclatitude地理纬度geographiclocation地理地址geographiclongitude地理经度geographicmeridian地理子午线geographicmodeling地理模拟geographicname地理名称geographicnet地理坐标格网geographicnumberingsystem地理编号系统geographicobject地理对象geographicpole地极geographicreferencesystem地理参照系统geographicreference地理参照geographicreferencing地理参照过程geographicstandardization地理标准化geographicsurvey地理测量geographicvalue地理坐标值geographicalcoordinate地理坐标geographicaldatabase地理数据库geographicalgeneralname地理通名geographicalmap地理图geographicalmile地理海哩geographicalnameindex地名索引transcription；geographical地名注音法nametransliterationgeographicalname；placename地名geographicalpole地极geographicalposition地理地址geographicalreferencesystem地理坐标参照系geographicalviewingdistance地理视距geographicalzones地理带geographical-explorationtraverse地理勘探路线geographical地理的geographicslimits细线；内图廓线geographic地理的；地理学的geography地理学Geomatics（加拿大）地球信息学geometricrectification几何校正geometricregistration几何配准geomorphicmap地貌种类图geomorphologicalmapping地貌制图geomorphologicalmap地貌图geomorphology地貌学geoprocessingapplication地理办理应用geoprocessingapproach地理办理方法geoprocessingfunctions地理办理函数geoprocessingmodeling地理办理模拟geoprocessingoperations地理办理操作geoprocessingproductivity地理办理率geoprocessingsystem地理办理系统geoprocessingvirtualmapsystem地理办理虚假图系统Geoprocessing(GP)地理办理过程geoprocessor地理办理器GEOREFcoordinatesystem世界地理坐标参照系GEOREFgrid世界地理坐标参照网格georeferencesystem地理坐标参照系georeference地理坐标参照georeferenced地理坐标参照的georeferencing地理坐标参照过程GEOREF世界地理坐标参照系georelationalmodel地理相关模型geosphere地理圈geostatistics地理统计GIS/LIS地理信息系统／土地信息系统GlobalEnvironmentalMonitoringSystem(UNEP)全球环境监测系统（联合国环境项目）globallandinformationsystem(GLIS)全球土地信息系统GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)全球定位系统globalpositioning全球定位globalrediation总辐射globalsatellitesystem全球卫星系统GlobalTelecommunicationsSystem全球远程通讯系统global全球的graphiccompose图形合成graphicdatabasefile图形数据库文件graphicdatabase图形数据库graphicdataconcept图形数据看法graphicillustration图解说明；图解例证graphicinputprocedure图形输入法graphicinputunit图形输入设施GraphicInterchangeFormat图形交换格式graphicinterpolation图解内插法graphiclimits图形界线graphicmanipulation图形保护graphicmapfeatures图示地图特色graphicmapmanipulation图示地图操作graphicmapscale图解地图比率尺graphicmappingcontrolpoint图解图根点graphicmenu图示菜单graphicmodes图示模式graphicobject图形对象graphicoutputunit图形输出设施graphicoverlay图形叠加graphicplane图示面graphicprimitive图形元素graphicpresentation图形显示graphicproduction图形生成graphicproduct图形产品graphicrectification图形校正graphicrepresentation图形表示graphicscale图解比率尺graphicsign图形记号graphicsuperimposition图形叠加graphicsymbol图形符号graphicsymbols/symbology图形符号／符号表示graphicsystemcomponents图形系统组成graphictablet图形数字化板graphicterminal图形终端graphictextstring图形文本串graphictrace图形追踪graphicvariable图形变量graphicalscreeninterface图形屏幕界面graphicaluserinterface(GUI)图形用户界面graphicsaccelerator图形加速卡graphicscursor图形光标graphicsdisplayunits图形显示单元graphicsinquiry图形盘问graphicslanguages图形语言graphicsmode图形模式graphicspage图形页GraphicsPerformanceCharacterization(GPC)图形工作特色graphicsresolution图形分辨率graphicsscreen图形屏幕界面graphicssoftware图形软件graphicstablet图形数字化板graphics图形graphic图形的；图示的graph图；图形graticule格网graticule十字丝；地理坐标网grating光栅grid格网gridamplitude格网幅度gridazimuth坐标方向角Hgridbearing坐标方向角gridcell格网元素；网眼gridcellcompositing网眼组成gridcelldatastructure网眼数据结构gridcelldata网眼数据结构gridcelllattice三维网眼格数据结构gridcellmap-recordformat网眼地图记录格式gridcellmap网眼地图gridcellmodeling网眼模拟gridcellsearch网眼搜寻gridconvergence坐标纵线收敛角gridcoordinatesystem格网坐标系gridcoordinates格网坐标系griddata格网数据griddeclination格网真北偏角gridequator格网赤道gridfactor格网因子gridformat格网格式gridinterval网格间距gridinverse网格反算gridlength坐标网距gridlines/codes格网线／码gridmagneticangle格网磁偏角gridmap格网地图gridmeridian坐标网纵线gridmethod格网法gridofneighboringzone邻带方里网gridorigin坐标格网原点gridstructure网格结构gridsystem格网系统gridtick格网标志gridvariation格网磁偏角gridzone坐标带grid栅格，格网；坐标网grid-pointmethod网点板法grid/rasterdata格网／栅格数据griddeddata格网数据gridironlayout格网平面图gridironpattern格网图形gridsystem直角坐标格网grips数据变换程序halftonescreen半色彩屏幕headerfile头文件headerlabel头标headerline标题行headerrecord首记录header标题hextree分级图象数据模型hiddenattribute隐含属性hiddenfile隐含文件hiddenlineremoval隐线除掉hiddensurfaces隐面hiddenvariable隐含变量hierarchicaldatabase分级数据库hierarchicaldata分级数据hierarchicaldatamodel层次数据模型Ihierarchicaldatastructure分级数据结构hierarchicaldatabase分层数据库hierarchicaldistricts层次分区hierarchicalfilestructure分级文件结构hierarchicalfilesystem分级文件系统hierarchicalmodel分级模型hierarchicalorganization等级结构hierarchicalrelationship分级关系式（数据文件结构）hierarchicalsequence层次序列hierarchicalspatialrelationship分级空间关系hierarchicalstorage分级储藏hierarchicalstructure分级结构hierarchical分级的；层次的hierarchization分级HighLevelDataLinkControl高级数据连接控制HighMemoryArea高位地址内存区histogram直方图；柱状图；频率图history命令记录Huffmancode霍夫编码hullTIN表面HumanComputerInteraction人机交互HumanComputerInterface人机界面hypertext电子文本；超级文本Ichannel同相信道；I通路Inotationparameter整数记号参数I-beamI指针I/Oaddresses输入／输出地址I/OCharacterRecognition(I/OCR)输入／输出字符鉴别I/Oerror输入／输出错误I/Oport输入／输出端口imagecoding图象编码imagecompression影（图）象压缩imagecontrast影象反差imagecoordinate影象坐标imagecorrelation影象相关imagedatabase影象数据库imagedatacollection图象数据收集imagedatacompaction图象数据压缩imagedataretrieval图象数据检索imagedatastorage图象数据储藏imagedata影（图）象数据imagedefinition影象清楚度（分辨力）imagedegradation影（图）象退化；影（图）象衰减imagedescription影象描绘imagedigitization图象数字化imagedisplacement影象位移imagedistortion影（图）象失真imageintegrator图象综合imageintensifier影（图）象增强器；变象管；象亮化器imageintensity图象强度imageinterpretation影象判读imagemagnification影（图）象放大imagematching影象般配imageprocessingrectification图象办理校正复原andrestorationimageprocessing图象办理校正复原imageray象点投影线imagerecognition影（图）象鉴别imagereconstruction影（图）象重建imagereconstructor影象再现装置imageregistration图象配准imagerepresentation影（图）象显示；影（图）象再现imageresolution；groundresolution影象分辨力imagescale影象比率尺imagesize影（图）象尺寸；影（图）象范围imagespacecoordinatesystem象空间坐标系imagespace象空间imagestack影（图）象栈imagetransform影（图）象变换imagetransformation图象变换imagetranslator影（图）象变换器image；imagery影象image象，象片；影象，图象；镜象图形imageryfeature影象特色indextoNames地名索引indexedsequentialfile次序索引文件indexed索引化的indexing索引；加下标；变址index指标；指数；索引informatics信息学informationarea信息区informationbit信息位informationcenter信息中心informationcollection信息收集informationcontent信息量informationexplosion信息爆炸informationextraction信息提取informationfloat信息浮动informationformat信息格式informationmanagement信息管理informationnetwork信息网informationoverlays信息叠加informationrate信息传输速率Informationrequirement(IR)央求信息informationrevolution信息革命informationscience信息科学informationsystem信息系统informationtechnology(IT)信息技术informationtheory信息论informationwindow信息窗口infowmation信息inputarea输入区inputdata输入数据inputdevice输入设施inputimage(inimage)输入影（图）象input/outputanalysis输入／输出解析input/outpumodel输入／输出模型Input/Output(I/O)输入／输出input输入inquiry盘问insert插入；嵌入integrateddatabase集成数据库K-Lintegrateddatalayer集成数据层IntegratedGeographicalInformationSystem集成化地理信息系统integratedGIS/technologies综合地理信息系统／技术integratedinformationsystem综合信息系统integratedspatialsystem综合空间信息系统integratedsystem综合系统interactive交互式interactivedigitizing人机交互数字化interactivedisplay人机交互显示interactivedrafting交互式画图interactiveediting交互式编写InteractiveGraphicsandRetrievalSystem交互图形与恢复系统InteractiveGraphicsDesignSystem交互式图形设计系统InteractiveGraphicsSystem/Interactive交互式制图系统／交互式制图子系统GraphicsSubsystem；IGS/IGSSinteractivegraphics交互式制图interactiveimageprocessingsystem人机对话影（图）象办理系统interactivemode交互式模式InteractiveMultimedia交互式多媒体interactiveprocessingmode人机交互模式interactiveprocessing人机交互办理interactiveprocessing交互式办理interactiverestoration人机对话复原InteractiveSurfaceModeling交互式地表建摸interactivetopology交互式拓扑InteractiveVolumeModeling交互式立体模型intercellplot单元间图（或文件）interchangeformat交换格式interchangemodeling交换模拟interchangemodel交换模型internaldatamodel内部数据模型internaldatastructure内部数据结构（只在办理过程中保持的）internaldatabasefile内部数据库文件interrecorddatastructures交互记录的数据结构inversefastFouriertransform快速傅立叶变换isoline等值线isolith等厚度线isolong等经度改正线isomagneticchart等磁力线图isometriccoordinate等量坐标isometricdesign等角投影isometriclatitued等量纬度isometricmapprojection等量地图投影isometricmapping等量制图isoperimetricmapprojection等量地图投影isoplane等平面isoplethmapping等值线制图isoplethmap等值线图isoplethicmapping等值线制图isoplethicmap等值线图isopleth等值线key要点字keyattributes要点属性keybed标准层keyentry键盘输入keyfeedbackarea码反响区keyfield要点字段keyfile要点文件keyhorizon标志层keyidentifiers要点表记符keymap索引图；总图keypad键座keyvaluedictionary要点值索引keyvariableindexing要点变量索引keyboardbuffer键盘缓冲keyboardequivalentkey键盘等价命令键keyboardshortcut键盘快捷命令keyboard键盘landevaluation土地议论LandInformationSystem(LIS)土地信息系统LandInformationTechnology(LIT)土地信息技术landtypes土地种类landunit土地单元landuse土地利用landform地表形态landscapedrawings景观画图landscapemap景观地图layerfile层文件layerindex图层索引layerindex层索引layersystem分层设色法layer-tintedmap分层设色地图layeredstylemap分层设色地图layeredstyle分层设色表示法layering分层；层化layers层次layer层layover覆盖；掩盖（雷达影像）LeafAreaIndex叶地区索引leaflevel叶层次league里格leakingpolygon未闭合多边形legend图例lettering地图注记lineage数听闻明lineelement线状要素linefeature线状特色linefollower线追踪器（量测变换界线）linegeneralization趋势线概化linegraph线状图lineinpolygoncalculation多边形内线判断计算lineinpolygonretrieval多边形内线判断盘问lineintersection线段交织linemap线画图lineofnodes交轨线linesymbologics线状符号表达法linesymbol线状符号localdatabase局域数据库localdatum局部定标数据logicalblock逻辑块logicalchannelnumber逻辑通道号码Mlogicalconsistency逻辑一致性logicalcontouring逻辑恒直线logicaldatabase(LDB)逻辑数据库logicaldatamodel逻辑数据模型logicaldatastructure逻辑数据结构logicaldecision逻辑判断logicaldesign逻辑设计logicalexclusiveoperationofimage影象逻辑异运算logicalexpression逻辑表达logicallinks逻辑连接logicalmounting逻辑安装logicalname逻辑名字logicaloperation逻辑运算logicaloperator逻辑运算符logicalorder逻辑指令logicaloverlap逻辑重叠logicalrecord逻辑记录logicalsecurity逻辑安全性logicalselection逻辑选择logicalstoragestructure逻辑储藏结构logicalunit逻辑单元logic逻辑login(=logon)注册lotandblock地块与街段lotdimensions地块尺寸lotline地块界线lotofrecord地块记录lot地块LPTport并行口LUpooling逻辑单元合并machinebias机器误差machinecode机器码machineencoding机器编码machinelanguage机器语言machineprocessable机器可办理的man-machineinterface人机接口manageraccess管理者存取manualdigitizer手扶数字化器manualdigitizing人工数字化manualencoding人工编码manuallink人工连接manualmapenhancement人工地图增强manuscriptmap原图；稿图manuscript原图many-to-onerelate多对一关系mapaccuracy(absolute)绝对地图精度mapaccuracy(relative)相对地图精度mapaccuracylevel地图精度水平mapaccuracyspecifications地图精度说明mapaccuracystandards地图精度标准mapadjustment地图接边；图幅接边mapalgebra地图代数MapandChartDataInterchange地图与图表间数据交换mapappearance地图整饰mapaverage地形特色地图mapblackclouds地图数据密集区mapborder图廓mapchart作战海图mapclarity地图清楚性mapclosure地图闭合mapcode（１）地图代码；（２）变换码，印象码mapcollardata地图边缘数据mapcoloratlas地图色谱mapcompilation地图编绘mapcomplexity地图复杂性mapcomposition地图编制mapcomputerization地图计算机化mapcoverage地图层mapdatabase地图数据库mapdataretrieval地图数据盘问mapdatastructure地图数据结构mapdata地图数据mapdecoration地图整饰mapdeformation地图变形mapdescription地图描绘mapdigitization地图数字化mapdigitizing地图数字化mapdirectory地图目录mapdisplay地图显示mapdistortion地图畸变mapdistribution地图供应mapedge图幅边缘mapediting地图编写mapextent地图范围mapface图幅尺寸；图幅面积mapfeature地图特色mapfiles地图文件mapgeneralization地图综合mapgraphicstotextdatalinkage图形－文本数据连接mapgraphics图形－文本数据连接mapgrid地图格网mapinformation地图信息mapinterpretation地图判读mapjoin图幅连接maplayer图层maplayout图面配置maplegibility地图易读性maplimits图范围maplinkage图连接mapload地图负载量mapmaking制图mapmatchingguidance地图般配导航mapmatching地图般配mapmeasure量图轨mapmiles地图英里坐标系统mapmodelsystem地图模型系统mapnadir图面底点mapname地图名mapofneotectonicstrength图上量算maporigin图坐标原点mapoverlayanalysis地图叠置解析mapoverlaymodelinganalysis地图叠置模拟解析mapoverlay地图叠置mapparallel图横线mapperception地图感觉mapplotting填图mappoint图上定位点；图面点mappositionalfile地图叠置文件mapposition地图定位mapprojectionsystem地图投影系统mapprojectiontransformation地图投影变换mapprojection地图投影mapprojector地图投影仪mapquadrangle/mapquad地图标准图幅mapquery地图盘问mapreading读图mapregistration地图对齐maprepresentationfile地图表示文件mapresolution地图分辨率maprevision地图更新mapscalenumber地图比率尺数mapscale地图比率尺mapscaling地图比率变换mapsection图区mapseries系列地图mapsetmiles图集英里比率尺mapsheetmanipulation图幅操作mapsheet图幅mapshift图幅移位mapsliver地图微小多边形mapspecifications地图规范mapstandards地图标准mapsubstitute临时版地图mapsymbolism地图符号系统mapsymbol地图符号mapsystematicerrors地图系统误差maptest地图检测maptheme地图专题maptitle图名maptolerance地图容限maptransformation地图变换maptypes地图种类mapunittolerance地图单位容限mapunits地图单位容限mapuse地牟利用mapzoom地图放大map地图map-controlledmosaic地图控制镶嵌图map-grid地图格网map-matchingguidance地图般配指导map-projectionaspect地图投影轴map-to-pagetransformation地图－页变换mapland制图地区mappingaccuracystandards制图精度标准mappingaccuracy制图精度mappingangle（子午线）收敛角mappingcontrol图根控制mappingcontrolpoint图根点N。
About the T utorialAn ETL tool extracts the data from all these heterogeneous data sources, transforms the data (like applying calculations, joining fields, keys, removing incorrect data fields, etc.), and loads it into a Data Warehouse. This is an introductory tutorial that explains all the fundamentals of ETL testing.AudienceThis tutorial has been designed for all those readers who want to learn the basics of ETL testing. It is especially going to be useful for all those software testing professionals who are required to perform data analysis to extract relevant information from a database. PrerequisitesWe assume the readers of this tutorial have hands-on experience of handling a database using SQL queries. In addition, it is going to help if the readers have an elementary knowledge of data warehousing concepts.Disclaimer & CopyrightCopyright 2015 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent of the publisher.We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our websiteorinthistutorial,******************************************iT able of ContentsAbout the Tutorial (i)Audience (i)Prerequisites (i)Disclaimer & Copyright (i)Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... i i 1.ETL – INTRODUCTION . (1)Difference between ETL and BI Tools (1)ETL Process (2)ETL Tool Function (3)2.ETL TESTING – TASKS (4)3.ETL VS DATABASE TESTING (5)4.ETL TESTING – CATEGORIES (7)5.ETL TESTING – CHALLENGES (9)6.ETL – TESTER'S ROLES (10)7.ETL TESTING – TECHNIQUES (12)8.ETL TESTING – PROCESS (15)9.ETL TESTING – SCENARIOS (TEST CASES) (16)10.ETL TESTING – PERFORMANCE (19)11.ETL TESTING – SCALABILITY (20)12.ETL TESTING – DATA ACCURACY (21)13.ETL TESTING – METADATA (22)ii14.ETL TESTING – DATA TRANSFORMATIONS (23)15.ETL TESTING – DATA QUALITY (24)16.ETL TESTING – DATA COMPLETENESS (25)17.ETL TESTING – BACKUP RECOVERY (26)18.ETL TESTING – AUTOMATION (27)19.ETL TESTING – BEST PRACTICES (28)20.ETL TESTING – INTERVIEW QUESTIONS (30)iiiETL Testing 1The data in a Data Warehouse system is loaded with an ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tool. As the name suggests, it performs the following three operations: ∙Extracts the data from your transactional system which can be an Oracle, Microsoft, or any other relational database, ∙Transforms the data by performing data cleansing operations, and then ∙ Loads the data into the OLAP data Warehouse.You can also extract data from flat files like spreadsheets and CSV files using an ETL tool and load it into an OLAP data warehouse for data analysis and reporting. Let us take an example to understand it better.ExampleLet us assume there is a manufacturing company having multiple departments such as sales, HR, Material Management, EWM, etc. All these departments have separate databases which they use to maintain information w.r.t. their work and each database has a different technology, landscape, table names, columns, etc. Now, if the company wants to analyze historical data and generate reports, all the data from these data sources should be extracted and loaded into a Data Warehouse to save it for analytical work.An ETL tool extracts the data from all these heterogeneous data sources, transforms the data (like applying calculations, joining fields, keys, removing incorrect data fields, etc.), and loads it into a Data Warehouse. Later, you can use various Business Intelligence (BI) tools to generate meaningful reports, dashboards, and visualizations using this data. Difference between ETL and BI T oolsAn ETL tool is used to extract data from different data sources, transform the data, and load it into a DW system; however a BI tool is used to generate interactive and ad-hoc reports for end-users, dashboard for senior management, data visualizations for monthly, quarterly, and annual board meetings.The most common ETL tools include: SAP BO Data Services (BODS), Informatica – Power Center, Microsoft – SSIS, Oracle Data Integrator ODI, Talend Open Studio, Clover ETL Open source, etc.Some popular BI tools include: SAP Business Objects, SAP Lumira, IBM Cognos, JasperSoft, Microsoft BI Platform, Tableau, Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition, etc.1. ETL – IntroductionETL ProcessLet us now discuss in a little more detail the key steps involved in an ETL procedure –Extracting the DataIt involves extracting the data from different heterogeneous data sources. Data extraction from a transactional system varies as per the requirement and the ETL tool in use. It is normally done by running scheduled jobs in off-business hours like running jobs at night or over the weekend.Transforming the DataIt involves transforming the data into a suitable format that can be easily loaded into a DW system. Data transformation involves applying calculations, joins, and defining primary and foreign keys on the data. For example, if you want % of total revenue which is not in database, you will apply % formula in transformation and load the data. Similarly, if you have the first name and the last name of users in different columns, then you can apply a concatenate operation before loading the data. Some data do esn’t require any transformation; such data is known as direct move or pass through data. Data transformation also involves data correction and cleansing of data, removing incorrect data, incomplete data formation, and fixing data errors. It also includes data integrity and formatting incompatible data before loading it into a DW system. Loading the Data into a DW SystemIt involves loading the data into a DW system for analytical reporting and information. The target system can be a simple delimited flat file or a data warehouse.2ETL T ool FunctionA typical ETL tool-based data warehouse uses staging area, data integration, and access layers to perform its functions. It’s normally a 3-layer architecture.∙Staging Layer– The staging layer or staging database is used to store the data extracted from different source data systems.∙Data Integration Layer–The integration layer transforms the data from the staging layer and moves the data to a database, where the data is arranged into hierarchical groups, often called dimensions, and into facts and aggregate facts. The combination of facts and dimensions tables in a DW system is called a schema.∙Access Layer–The access layer is used by end-users to retrieve the data for analytical reporting and information.The following illustration shows how the three layers interact with each other.3ETL Testing4ETL testing is done before data is moved into a production data warehouse system. It is sometimes also called as table balancing or production reconciliation . It is different from database testing in terms of its scope and the steps to be taken to complete this. The main objective of ETL testing is to identify and mitigate data defects and general errors that occur prior to processing of data for analytical reporting. ETL Testing – Tasks to be PerformedHere is a list of the common tasks involved in ETL Testing –1. Understand the data to be used for reporting2. Review the Data Model3. Source to target mapping4. Data checks on source data5. Packages and schema validation6. Data verification in the target system7. Verification of data transformation calculations and aggregation rules8. Sample data comparison between the source and the target system9. Data integrity and quality checks in the target system10. Performance testing on data2. ETL Testing – TasksETL Testing 5Both ETL testing and database testing involve data validation, but they are not the same. ETL testing is normally performed on data in a data warehouse system, whereas database testing is commonly performed on transactional systems where the data comes from different applications into the transactional database.Here, we have highlighted the major differences between ETL testing and Database testing.ETL TestingETL testing involves the following operations:1. Validation of data movement from the source to the target system.2. Verification of data count in the source and the target system.3. Verifying data extraction, transformation as per requirement and expectation.4. Verifying if table relations – joins and keys – are preserved during the transformation.Common ETL testing tools include QuerySurge , Informatica , etc. Database TestingDatabase testing stresses more on data accuracy, correctness of data and valid values. It involves the following operations:1. Verifying if primary and foreign keys are maintained.2. Verifying if the columns in a table have valid data values.3. Verifying data accuracy in columns. Example : Number of months column shouldn’t have a value greater than 12.4. Verifying missing data in columns. Check if there are null columns which actually should have a valid value.Common database testing tools include Selenium , QTP , etc.3. ETL vs Database TestingETL TestingEnd of ebook previewIf you liked what you saw…Buy it from our store @ https://6。
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery1,29–53(1997)c 1997Kluwer Academic Publishers.Manufactured in The Netherlands. Data Cube:A Relational Aggregation Operator Generalizing Group-By,Cross-Tab,and Sub-Totals∗JIM GRAY Gray@ SURAJIT CHAUDHURI SurajitC@ ADAM BOSWORTH AdamB@ ANDREW LAYMAN AndrewL@ DON REICHART DonRei@ MURALI VENKATRAO MuraliV@ Microsoft Research,Advanced Technology Division,Microsoft Corporation,One Microsoft Way,Redmond, WA98052FRANK PELLOW Pellow@ HAMID PIRAHESH Pirahesh@ IBM Research,500Harry Road,San Jose,CA95120Editor:Usama FayyadReceived July2,1996;Revised November5,1996;Accepted November6,1996Abstract.Data analysis applications typically aggregate data across many dimensions looking for anomalies or unusual patterns.The SQL aggregate functions and the GROUP BY operator produce zero-dimensional or one-dimensional aggregates.Applications need the N-dimensional generalization of these operators.This paper defines that operator,called the data cube or simply cube.The cube operator generalizes the histogram,cross-tabulation,roll-up,drill-down,and sub-total constructs found in most report writers.The novelty is that cubes are relations.Consequently,the cube operator can be imbedded in more complex non-procedural data analysis programs.The cube operator treats each of the N aggregation attributes as a dimension of N-space.The aggregate of a particular set of attribute values is a point in this space.The set of points forms an N-dimensional cube. Super-aggregates are computed by aggregating the N-cube to lower dimensional spaces.This paper(1)explains the cube and roll-up operators,(2)shows how theyfit in SQL,(3)explains how users can define new aggregate functions for cubes,and(4)discusses efficient techniques to compute the cube.Many of these features are being added to the SQL Standard.Keywords:data cube,data mining,aggregation,summarization,database,analysis,query1.IntroductionData analysis applications look for unusual patterns in data.They categorize data values and trends,extract statistical information,and then contrast one category with another.There are four steps to such data analysis:formulating a query that extracts relevant data from a large database,extracting the aggregated data from the database into afile or table,∗An extended abstract of this paper appeared in Gray et al.(1996).30GRAY ET AL. visualizing the results in a graphical way,andanalyzing the results and formulating a new query.Visualization tools display data trends,clusters,and differences.Some of the most exciting work in visualization focuses on presenting new graphical metaphors that allow people to discover data trends and anomalies.Many of these visualization and data analysis tools represent the dataset as an N-dimensional space.Visualization tools render two and three-dimensional sub-slabs of this space as2D or3D objects.Color and time(motion)add two more dimensions to the display giving the potential for a5D display.A spreadsheet application such as Excel is an example of a data visualiza-tion/analysis tool that is used widely.Data analysis tools often try to identify a subspace of the N-dimensional space which is“interesting”(e.g.,discriminating attributes of the data set).Thus,visualization as well as data analysis tools do“dimensionality reduction”,often by summarizing data along the dimensions that are left out.For example,in trying to analyze car sales,we might focus on the role of model,year and color of the cars in sale. Thus,we ignore the differences between two sales along the dimensions of date of sale or dealership but analyze the totals sale for cars by model,by year and by color only.Along with summarization and dimensionality reduction,data analysis applications extensively use constructs such as histogram,cross-tabulation,subtotals,roll-up and drill-down.This paper examines how a relational engine can support efficient extraction of infor-mation from a SQL database that matches the above requirements of the visualization and data analysis.We begin by discussing the relevant features in Standard SQL and some vendor-specific SQL extensions.Section2discusses why GROUP BY fails to adequately address the requirements.The CUBE and the ROLLUP operators are introduced in Section3 and we also discuss how these operators overcome some of the shortcomings of GROUP BY.Sections4and5discuss how we can address and compute the Cube.Figure1.Data analysis tools facilitate the Extract-Visualize-Analyze loop.The cube and roll-up operators along with system and user-defined aggregates are part of the extraction process.DATA CUBE:A RELATIONAL AGGREGATION OPERATOR31Table1.WeatherAltitude Temp.Pres.Time(UCT)Latitude Longitude(m)(c)(mb)96/6/1:150037:58:33N122:45:28W102211009Many more rows like the ones above and below96/6/7:150034:16:18N27:05:55W102310241.1.Relational and SQL data extractionHow do traditional relational databasesfit into this multi-dimensional data analysis picture? How can2Dflatfiles(SQL tables)model an N-dimensional problem?Furthermore,how do the relational systems support operations over N-dimensional representations that are central to visualization and data analysis programs?We address two issues in this section.The answer to thefirst question is that relational systems model N-dimensional data as a relation with N-attribute domains.For example, 4-dimensional(4D)earth temperature data is typically represented by a Weather table (Table1).Thefirst four columns represent the four dimensions:latitude,longitude,altitude, and time.Additional columns represent measurements at the4D points such as temperature, pressure,humidity,and wind velocity.Each individual weather measurement is recorded as a new row of this table.Often these measured values are aggregates over time(the hour) or space(a measurement area centered on the point).As mentioned in the introduction,visualization and data analysis tools extensively use di-mensionality reduction(aggregation)for better comprehensibility.Often data along the other dimensions that are not included in a“2-D”representation are summarized via aggregation in the form of histogram,cross-tabulation,subtotals etc.In the SQL Standard,we depend on aggregate functions and the GROUP BY operator to support aggregation.The SQL standard(IS9075International Standard for Database Language SQL,1992) providesfive functions to aggregate the values in a table:COUNT(),SUM(),MIN(), MAX(),and AVG().For example,the average of all measured temperatures is expressed as: SELECT AVG(Temp)FROM Weather;In addition,SQL allows aggregation over distinct values.The following query counts the distinct number of reporting times in the Weather table:SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Time)FROM Weather;Aggregate functions return a single ing the GROUP BY construct,SQL can also create a table of many aggregate values indexed by a set of attributes.For example,the32GRAY ET AL.Figure2.The GROUP BY relational operator partitions a table into groups.Each group is then aggregated by a function.The aggregation function summarizes some column of groups returning a value for each group. following query reports the average temperature for each reporting time and altitude: SELECT Time,Altitude,AVG(Temp)FROM WeatherGROUP BY Time,Altitude;GROUP BY is an unusual relational operator:It partitions the relation into disjoint tuple sets and then aggregates over each set as illustrated infigure2.SQL’s aggregation functions are widely used in database applications.This popularity is reflected in the presence of aggregates in a large number of queries in the decision-support benchmark TPC-D(The Benchmark Handbook for Database and Transaction Processing Systems,1993).The TPC-D query set has one6D GROUP BY and three3D GROUP BY s. One and two dimensional GROUP BY s are the most common.Surprisingly,aggregates ap-pear in the TPC online-transaction processing benchmarks as well(TPC-A,B and C).Table2 shows how frequently the database and transaction processing benchmarks use aggregation and GROUP BY.A detailed description of these benchmarks is beyond the scope of the paper (see(Gray,1991)and(The Benchmark Handbook for Database and Transaction Processing Systems,1993).Table2.SQL aggregates in standard benchmarks.Benchmark Queries Aggregates GROUP BYsTPC-A,B100TPC-C1840TPC-D162715Wisconsin1832AS3AP23202SetQuery7511.2.Extensions in some SQL systemsBeyond thefive standard aggregate functions defined so far,many SQL systems add sta-tistical functions(median,standard deviation,variance,etc.),physical functions(center ofDATA CUBE:A RELATIONAL AGGREGATION OPERATOR33 mass,angular momentum,etc.),financial analysis(volatility,Alpha,Beta,etc.),and other domain-specific functions.Some systems allow users to add new aggregation functions.The Informix Illustra system,for example,allows users to add aggregate functions by adding a program with the following three callbacks to the database system(DataBlade Developer’s Kit):Init(&handle):Allocates the handle and initializes the aggregate computation.Iter(&handle,value):Aggregates the next value into the current aggregate.value=Final(&handle):Computes and returns the resulting aggregate by using data saved in the handle.This invocation deallocates the handle.Consider implementing the Average()function.The handle stores the count and the sum initialized to zero.When passed a new non-null value,Iter()increments the count and adds the sum to the value.The Final()call deallocates the handle and returns sum divided by count.IBM’s DB2Common Server(Chamberlin,1996)has a similar mechanism.This design has been added to the Draft Proposed standard for SQL(1997). Red Brick systems,one of the larger UNIX OLAP vendors,adds some interesting ag-gregate functions that enhance the GROUP BY mechanism(RISQL Reference Guide,Red Brick Warehouse VPT,1994):Rank(expression):Returns the expressions rank in the set of all values of this domain of the table.If there are N values in the column,and this is the highest value,the rank is N,if it is the lowest value the rank is1.N_tile(expression,n):The range of the expression(over all the input values of the table)is computed and divided into n value ranges of approximately equal population.The function returns the number of the range containing the expression’s value.If your bank account was among the largest10%then your rank(account.balance,10)would return10.Red Brick provides just N_tile(expression,3).Ratio_To_Total(expression):Sums all the expressions.Then for each instance, divides the expression instance by the total sum.To give an example,the following SQL statementSELECT Percentile,MIN(Temp),MAX(Temp)FROM WeatherGROUP BY N_tile(Temp,10)as PercentileHAVING Percentile=5;returns one row giving the minimum and maximum temperatures of the middle10%of all temperatures.Red Brick also offers three cumulative aggregates that operate on ordered tables. Cumulative(expression):Sums all values so far in an ordered list.Running_Sum(expression,n):Sums the most recent n values in an ordered list.The initial n-1values are NULL.Running_Average(expression,n):Averages the most recent n values in an ordered list.The initial n-1values are NULL.34GRAY ET AL. These aggregate functions are optionally reset each time a grouping value changes in an ordered selection.2.Problems with GROUP BYCertain common forms of data analysis are difficult with these SQL aggregation constructs. As explained next,three common problems are:(1)Histograms,(2)Roll-up Totals and Sub-Totals for drill-downs,(3)Cross Tabulations.The standard SQL GROUP BY operator does not allow a direct construction of histograms (aggregation over computed categories).For example,for queries based on the Weather table,it would be nice to be able to group times into days,weeks,or months,and to group locations into areas(e.g.,US,Canada,Europe,...).If a Nation()function maps latitude and longitude into the name of the country containing that location,then the following query would give the daily maximum reported temperature for each nation.SELECT day,nation,MAX(Temp)FROM WeatherGROUP BY Day(Time)AS day,Nation(Latitude,Longitude)AS nation;Some SQL systems support histograms directly but the standard does not1.In standard SQL,histograms are computed indirectly from a table-valued expression which is then aggregated.The following statement demonstrates this SQL92construct using nested queries.SELECT day,nation,MAX(Temp)FROM(SELECT Day(Time)AS day,Nation(Latitude,Longitude)AS nation,TempFROM Weather)AS fooGROUP BY day,nation;A more serious problem,and the main focus of this paper,relates to roll-ups using totals and sub-totals for drill-down reports.Reports commonly aggregate data at a coarse level, and then at successivelyfiner levels.The car sales report in Table3shows the idea(this and other examples are based on the sales summary data in the table infigure4).Data is aggregated by Model,then by Year,then by Color.The report shows data aggregated at three levels.Going up the levels is called rolling-up the data.Going down is called drilling-down into the data.Data aggregated at each distinct level produces a sub-total. Table3a suggests creating2N aggregation columns for a roll-up of N elements.Indeed, Chris Date recommends this approach(Date,1996).His design gives rise to Table3b. The representation of Table3a is not relational because the empty cells(presumably NULL values),cannot form a key.Representation3b is an elegant solution to this problem, but we rejected it because it implies enormous numbers of domains in the resulting tables.36GRAY ET AL. pivots on two columns containing N and M values,the resulting pivot table has N×M values.We cringe at the prospect of so many columns and such obtuse column names. Rather than extend the result table to have many new columns,a more conservative ap-proach prevents the exponential growth of columns by overloading column values.The idea is to introduce an ALL value.Table5a demonstrates this relational and more convenient rep-resentation.The dummy value“ALL”has been added tofill in the super-aggregation items: Table5a is not really a completely new representation or operation.Since Table5a is a relation,it is not surprising that it can be built using standard SQL.The SQL statement to build this SalesSummary table from the raw Sales data is:SELECT‘ALL’,‘ALL’,‘ALL’,SUM(Sales)FROM SalesWHERE Model=‘Chevy’UNIONSELECT Model,‘ALL’,‘ALL’,SUM(Sales)FROM SalesWHERE Model=‘Chevy’GROUP BY ModelUNIONSELECT Model,Year,‘ALL’,SUM(Sales)FROM SalesWHERE Model=‘Chevy’GROUP BY Model,YearUNIONSELECT Model,Year,Color,SUM(Sales)FROM SalesWHERE Model=‘Chevy’GROUP BY Model,Year,Color;This is a simple3-dimensional roll-up.Aggregating over N dimensions requires N such unions.Table5a.Sales summary.Model Year Color UnitsChevy1994Black50Chevy1994White40Chevy1994ALL90Chevy1995Black85Chevy1995White115Chevy1995ALL200Chevy ALL ALL290DATA CUBE:A RELATIONAL AGGREGATION OPERATOR37 Roll-up is asymmetric—notice that Table5a aggregates sales by year but not by color. These missing rows are shown in Table5b.Table5b.Sales summary rows missing form Table5a to convert the roll-up into a cube.Model Year Color UnitsChevy ALL Black135Chevy ALL White155These additional rows could be captured by adding the following clause to the SQL statement above:UNIONSELECT Model,‘ALL’,Color,SUM(Sales)FROM SalesWHERE Model=‘Chevy’GROUP BY Model,Color;The symmetric aggregation result is a table called a cross-tabulation,or cross tab for short.Tables5a and5b are the relational form of the crosstabs,but crosstab data is routinely displayed in the more compact format of Table6.This cross tab is a two-dimensional aggregation.If other automobile models are added, it becomes a3D aggregation.For example,data for Ford products adds an additional cross tab plane.The cross-tab-array representation(Tables6a and b)is equivalent to the relational repre-sentation using the ALL value.Both generalize to an N-dimensional cross tab.Most report writers build in a cross-tabs feature,building the report up from the underlying tabular data such as Table5.See for example the TRANSFORM-PIVOT operator of Microsoft Ac-cess(Microsoft Access Relational Database Management System for Windows,Language Reference,1994).Table6a.Chevy sales cross tab.Chevy19941995Total(ALL)Black5085135White40115155Total(ALL)90200290Table6b.Ford sales cross tab.Ford19941995Total(ALL)Black5085135White107585Total(ALL)6016022038GRAY ET AL. The representation suggested by Table5and unioned GROUP BY s“solve”the problem of representing aggregate data in a relational data model.The problem remains that expressing roll-up,and cross-tab queries with conventional SQL is daunting.A six dimension cross-tab requires a64-way union of64different GROUP BY operators to build the underlying representation.There is another very important reason why it is inadequate to use GROUP BYs.The resulting representation of aggregation is too complex to analyze for optimization.On most SQL systems this will result in64scans of the data,64sorts or hashes,and a long wait.3.CUBE and ROLLUP operatorsThe generalization of group by,roll-up and cross-tab ideas seems obvious:Figure3shows the concept for aggregation up to3-dimensions.The traditional GROUP BY generates the N-dimensional data cube core.The N−1lower-dimensional aggregates appear as points, lines,planes,cubes,or hyper-cubes hanging off the data cube core.The data cube operator builds a table containing all these aggregate values.The total aggregate using function f()is represented as the tuple:ALL,ALL,ALL,...,ALL,f(*)Points in higher dimensional planes or cubes have fewer ALL values.Figure3.The CUBE operator is the N-dimensional generalization of simple aggregate functions.The0D data cube is a point.The1D data cube is a line with a point.The2D data cube is a cross tabulation,a plane,two lines, and a point.The3D data cube is a cube with three intersecting2D cross tabs.Figure4.A3D data cube(right)built from the table at the left by the CUBE statement at the top of thefigure. Creating a data cube requires generating the power set(set of all subsets)of the aggrega-tion columns.Since the CUBE is an aggregation operation,it makes sense to externalize it by overloading the SQL GROUP BY operator.In fact,the cube is a relational operator,with GROUP BY and ROLL UP as degenerate forms of the operator.This can be conveniently specified by overloading the SQL GROUP BY3.Figure4has an example of the cube syntax.To give another,here follows a statement to aggregate the set of temperature observations:SELECT day,nation,MAX(Temp)FROM WeatherGROUP BY CUBEDay(Time)AS day,Country(Latitude,Longitude)AS nation;The semantics of the CUBE operator are that itfirst aggregates over all the<select list>attributes in the GROUP BY clause as in a standard GROUP BY.Then,it UNIONs in each super-aggregate of the global cube—substituting ALL for the aggregation columns. If there are N attributes in the<select list>,there will be2N−1super-aggregate values.If the cardinality of the N attributes are C1,C2,...,C N then the cardinality of theresulting cube relation is (C i+1).The extra value in each domain is ALL.For example, the SALES table has2×3×3=18rows,while the derived data cube has3×4×4=48 rows.If the application wants only a roll-up or drill-down report,similar to the data in Table3a, the full cube is overkill.Indeed,some parts of the full cube may be meaningless.If the answer set is not is not normalized,there may be functional dependencies among columns. For example,a date functionally defines a week,month,and year.Roll-ups by year,week, day are common,but a cube on these three attributes would be meaningless.The solution is to offer ROLLUP in addition to CUBE.ROLLUP produces just the super-aggregates:(v1,v2,...,vn,f()),(v1,v2,...,ALL,f()),...(v1,ALL,...,ALL,f()),(ALL,ALL,...,ALL,f()).Cumulative aggregates,like running sum or running average,work especially well with ROLLUP because the answer set is naturally sequential(linear)while the full data cube is naturally non-linear(multi-dimensional).ROLLUP and CUBE must be ordered for cumulative operators to apply.We investigated letting the programmer specify the exact list of super-aggregates but encountered complexities related to collation,correlation,and expressions.We believe ROLLUP and CUBE will serve the needs of most applications.3.1.The GROUP,CUBE,ROLLUP algebraThe GROUP BY,ROLLUP,and CUBE operators have an interesting algebra.The CUBE of a ROLLUP or GROUP BY is a CUBE.The ROLLUP of a GROUP BY is a ROLLUP.Algebraically, this operator algebra can be stated as:CUBE(ROLLUP)=CUBEROLLUP(GROUP BY)=ROLLUPSo it makes sense to arrange the aggregation operators in the compound order where the “most powerful”cube operator at the core,then a roll-up of the cubes and then a group by of the roll-ups.Of course,one can use any subset of the three operators:GROUP BY<select list>ROLLUP<select list>CUBE<select list>The following SQL demonstrates a compound aggregate.The“shape”of the answer is diagrammed infigure5:Figure5.The combination of a GROUP BY on Manufacture,ROLLUP on year,month,day,and CUBE on some attributes.The aggregate values are the contents of the cube.SELECT Manufacturer,Year,Month,Day,Color,Model,SUM(price)AS RevenueFROM SalesGROUP BY Manufacturer,ROLLUP Year(Time)AS Year,Month(Time)AS Month,Day(Time)AS Day,CUBE Color,Model;3.2.A syntax proposalWith these concepts in place,the syntactic extension to SQL is fairly easily defined.The current SQL GROUP BY syntax is:GROUP BY{<column name>[collate clause],...}To support histograms and other function-valued aggregations,wefirst extend the GROUP BY syntax to:GROUP BY<aggregation list><aggregation list>::={(<column name>|<expression>)[AS<correlation name>][<collate clause>],...}These extensions are independent of the CUBE operator.They remedy some pre-existing problems with GROUP BY.Many systems already allow these extensions.Now extend SQL’s GROUP BY operator:GROUP BY[<aggregation list>][ROLLUP<aggregation list>][CUBE<aggregation list>]3.3.A discussion of the ALL valueIs the ALL value really needed?Each ALL value really represents a set—the set over which the aggregate was computed4.In the Table5SalesSummary data cube,the respective sets are:Model.ALL=ALL(Model)={Chevy,Ford}Year.ALL=ALL(Year)={1990,1991,1992}Color.ALL=ALL(Color)={red,white,blue}In reality,we have stumbled in to the world of nested relations—relations can be values. This is a major step for relational systems.There is much debate on how to proceed.In this section,we briefly discuss the semantics of ALL in the context of SQL.This design may be eased by SQL3’s support for set-valued variables and domains.We can interpret each ALL value as a context-sensitive token representing the set it represents.Thinking of the ALL value as the corresponding set defines the semantics of the relational operators(e.g.,equals and IN).A function ALL()generates the set associated with this value as in the examples above.ALL()applied to any other value returns NULL. The introduction of ALL creates substantial complexity.We do not add it lightly—adding it touches many aspects of the SQL language.To name a few:•ALL becomes a new keyword denoting the set value.•ALL[NOT]ALLOWED is added to the column definition syntax and to the column attributes in the system catalogs.•The set interpretation guides the meaning of the relational operators{=,IN}.There are more such rules,but this gives a hint of the added complexity.As an aside,to be consistent,if ALL represents a set then the other values of that domain must be treated as singleton sets in order to have uniform operators on the domain.It is convenient to know when a column value is an aggregate.One way to test this is to apply the ALL()function to the value and test for a non-NULL value.This is so useful that we propose a Boolean function GROUPING()that,given a select list element,returns TRUE if the element is an ALL value,and FALSE otherwise.3.4.Avoiding the ALL valueVeteran SQL implementers will be terrified of the ALL value—like NULL,it will create many special cases.Furthermore,the proposal in Section3.3.requires understanding of sets as values.If the goal is to help report writer and GUI visualization software,then it may be simpler to adopt the following approach5:•Use the NULL value in place of the ALL value.•Do not implement the ALL()function.•Implement the GROUPING()function to discriminate between NULL and ALL.In this minimalist design,tools and users can simulate the ALL value as by for example:SELECT Model,Year,Color,SUM(sales),GROUPING(Model),GROUPING(Year),GROUPING(Color)FROM SalesGROUP BY CUBE Model,Year,Color;Wherever the ALL value appeared before,now the corresponding value will be NULL in the datafield and TRUE in the corresponding groupingfield.For example,the global sum of figure4will be the tuple:(NULL,NULL,NULL,941,TRUE,TRUE,TRUE)rather than the tuple one would get with the“real”cube operator:(ALL,ALL,ALL,941).Using the limited interpretation of ALL as above excludes expressing some meaningful queries(just as traditional relational model makes it hard to handle disjunctive information). However,the proposal makes it possible to express results of CUBE as a single relation in the current framework of SQL.3.5.DecorationsThe next step is to allow decorations,columns that do not appear in the GROUP BY but that are functionally dependent on the grouping columns.Consider the example:SELECT ,sum(sales)FROM sales JOIN department USING(department_number)GROUP BY sales.department_number;The column in the answer set is not allowed in current SQL,since it is neither an aggregation column(appearing in the GROUP BY list)nor is it an aggregate. It is just there to decorate the answer set with the name of the department.We recommend the rule that if a decoration column(or column value)is functionally dependent on the aggregation columns,then it may be included in the SELECT answer list. Decoration’s interact with aggregate values.If the aggregate tuple functionally defines the decoration value,then the value appears in the resulting tuple.Otherwise the decorationfield is NULL.For example,in the following query the continent is not specified unless nation is.SELECT day,nation,MAX(Temp),continent(nation)AS continentFROM WeatherGROUP BY CUBEDay(Time)AS day,Country(Latitude,Longitude)AS nationThe query would produce the sample tuples:Table7.Demonstrating decorations and ALL.day nation max(temp)continent25/1/1995USA28North AmericaALL USA37North America25/1/1995ALL41NULLALL ALL48NULL3.6.Dimensions star,and snowflake queriesWhile strictly not part of the CUBE and ROLLUP operator design,there is an important database design concept that facilitates the use of aggregation operations.It is common to record events and activities with a detailed record giving all the dimensions of the event. For example,the sales item record infigure6gives the id of the buyer,seller,the product purchased,the units purchased,the price,the date and the sales office that is credited with the sale.There are probably many more dimensions about this sale,but this example gives the idea.Figure6.A snowflake schema showing the core fact table and some of the many aggregation granularities of the core dimensions.。
