跨文化交际实用教程unit4课件

跨文化Unit4跨文化交际实用教程INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: A PRACTICAL COURSEBOOK王凌燕制作王凌燕制作Unit 4 Verbal Communication“Careful with fire,” is good advice, we know; “Careful with words,” is ten times doubly so. Will Carleton, The First Settler’s Story01 02 03 04 05 06Warm-up Cases Culturally Loaded Words Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns ExercisesUnit 4 Verbal Communication01 Warm-up Cases Cases 02 03 04 05 06 Culturally Loaded Words Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Exercises01Warm-up CasesCase 1 Shoes for Street Walking (P67)It is said that in Rome, in front of a shoe store, there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers: Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit. The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists, but not to look at the shoes displayed in the windows, but to read the sign and then break out into laughter.Unit 4 Verbal Communication401Warm-up Casesa street walker ------ a prostitute to have a fit ------ to become suddenly and violently angry or upset (勃然大怒) Unit 4 Verbal Communication501Warm-up CasesCase 2 A Misunderstanding Caused by a Joke (P67)Roger was the Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm. In 1996, Roger was working in Brazil to help promote their business. One evening, there was a party, attended by both his employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people. At the party, Roger bumped into Rosalita, a Brazilian woman he had known for some time. Roger generally had a very good impression of Rosalita and always felt at ease with her, so that he felt free to tell jokes and share personal thoughts, and talk about Brazil and Brazilian life without having the jitters of offending Rosalita. During the party, Rosalita said to Roger, “I’d like to introduce you to one of my good friends. She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family. She is very much interested in your company.” Hearing that, Roger smiled and replied, “OK, but I just hope I don’t get hustled.” Unfortunately, Roger’s reply made Rosalita quite upset. Very soon she excused herself as politely as she could, and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.Unit 4 Verbal Communication601Warm-up Casesto force sb. to make a decision before they are ready or sure to work as a prostitute; romance or sex is hintedUnit 4 Verbal Communication701Warm-up CasesCase 3 Look Out (P69)A foreign student in the U.S. was sitting by a window reading a book. She heard someone yelling “Look out!”, so she stuck her head out of the window. Just then a board hurtled down from above, narrowly missing her. She looked up, half in anger and half in fright. There was a man on the roof doing repairs. “Didn’t you hear me call ‘Look out’?” he demanded. “Yes, and that’s what I did,” she replied.to be careful, especially when there is dangerto stick your head outside of sth.(window/door) to take a lookUnit 4 Verbal Communication8Unit 4 Verbal Communication01 03 04 05 06Warm-up Cases02 Culturally Loaded Words Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Exercises02Culturally Loaded WordsA beautiful womanUnit 4 Verbal Communication1002Culturally Loaded WordsDoes “dragon” mean the same to a Westerner as “龙” to a Chinese?In Chinese culture, “龙” is a totem['t??t?m] with many royal association, such as “龙颜”, “龙床”, “龙袍”, “龙心大喜”. Unit 4 Verbal CommunicationThe associations of “dragon” to Westerners are horrible, disgusting monsters.1102Culturally Loaded WordsUnit 4 Verbal Communication1202Culturally Loaded WordsUnit 4 Verbal Communication1302Culturally Loaded WordsDoes “知识分子” have the same meaning as “intellectual”?In CC, it refers to people including college teachers, college students, middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers, interpreters who have had a college education. ? In EC, it includes only people of high academic statussuch as college professors, not ordinary college students. (Cover a much smaller range of people.) (Not always a complimentary term, sometimes used in derogatory[d?'r?g?t(?)r?] sense.) Unit 4 Verbal Communication1402Culturally Loaded Words干部cadreIn EC, “cadre” is not a common word, and many Englishspeaking people do not know what it means. ? Some other substitutes: official, functionary, administrator, etc. But none of these gets exact same meaning as Chinese word “干部”.Unit 4 Verbal Communication1502Culturally Loaded Words社会科学Social Sciences“社会科学” covers all the fields except the ones in the natural sciences and applied sciences. It would be the same to “the humanities” in English: language, literature, philosophy, etc. ? The English term “social sciences” covers a smaller area of learning. It includes political science, economics, history (which is often classified under the humanities), and sociology ----the branches of learning that study human society, especially its organization and relationship of individual members to it.Unit 4 Verbal Communication1602Culturally Loaded Words Generic termchicken duck goose horse cattle/cow pig dog sheep deerName for malecock, rooster drake gander stallion bull boar dog ram stag Name for femalehen duck goose mare cow sow bitch ewe doeName for the chick youngduckling gosling foal calf shoat puppy lamb fawnWith certain less common animals and birds, “bull” or “cow” and “cock” or “hen” are frequently used to distinguish sex, e.g. bull seal, cow seal; bull elephant, cow elephant; cock pheasant, hen pheasant; cock sparrow, hen sparrow. Also, using the term “male” or “female”, or someti mes “she” with the generic name, is acceptable, as in “male leopard”, “female panda”, “she wolf”, etc. Unit 4 Verbal Communication1702Culturally Loaded WordsChinese Terms in English viceassociate assistant 副deputy lieutenant [lu't?n?nt] underExamples in English vice-chairman, vice-president associate professor, associate director assistant manager, assistant secretary deputy director, deputy chief-of-staff lieutenant governor, lieutenant general undersecretary (of, U.S.) Unit 4 Verbal Communication1802Culturally Loaded WordsUnit 4 Verbal Communication1902Culturally Loaded WordsThe major semantic differences between English and Chinese terms might be grouped as follows:A term in one language does not necessarily have a counterpart in the other language;（干部） ? Words or terms in both languages appear to refer to the same object or concept only on the surface, but actually refer to quite different things;（龙） ? Things or concepts are represented by one or perhaps two terms in one language, but by many more terms in the other language, i.e. finer distinctions exist in the other language;（副） ? Terms have more or less the same primary meaning, but have secondary or additional meanings that may differ considerably from each other. （hustle）Unit 4 Verbal Communication20Unit 4 Verbal Communication01 02 04 05 06Warm-up Cases Culturally Loaded Words03 Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboos Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Exercises03Cultural Reflections on ProverbsProverbs may provide interesting glimpses or clues to a people’s geography, history, social organization, social views,etc. People who live along coasts and whose livelihood is dependent on the sea will definitely have proverbs about sailing, about braving the weather, and about fish and fishing. Nomadic people will have sayings about the desert or pasture, about sheep and horses or camels, and about wolves and jackals. In cultures where old age is revered, there will be proverbs about the wisdom of the elders, and in societie s where women’s status is low, there will be a number of demeaning sayings about woman.Unit 4 Verbal Communication2203Cultural Reflections on ProverbsThe proverbs show the similarities of human experiences and observations 新官上任三把火。

Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。

⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。

重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。

Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 T ypes of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It‟s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon V alley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Y ellowstone Park, Silicon V alley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Y oung(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. Y ou attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹―old, conservative‖ at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。