2016年社科院博士研究生入学考试英语试题

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Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, Cand D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all the legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a resul t of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: C阅读理解答案如下：Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is _____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchild63. When there exists a “marker” in thechild, according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthe third paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. A higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. A large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who need medicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tells us__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title for thepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to the monitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technology, Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport would saythat __________.B. there is no such a thing as predictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a change in____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing写作英语作文：With the development of medical career, people increasingly high demand for community services, at present Chinese medicine in development stage, general practitioners training become a kind of trend, general practitioners in the community as a medical, health care, prevention, health management, training and education level, problems still exist and need to be improved.随着医学事业的发展,人们越来越高的对社区服务的需求,目前中医在发展阶段,全科医生培训成为一种趋势,在社区全科医生作为医疗、保健、预防、健康管理,培训和教育水平,问题仍然存在,需要改善。

华慧考博针对2016年社科院考博英语试题特点分析来源：华慧考博网综述：2016年社科院考博英语试题（A卷）试题分为有选项的完型填空、阅读理解题、阅读和写作（A部分为从所给的7个句子中选5个句子分别填入文章中，B部分为用英语对文章内容进行概括）、翻译（A部分为英文文章中5个划线句子的英译中；B部分为三个小段落的中译英）四个部分。

除阅读理解部分比较难外，其它部分的试题属于中等难度。

有选项的完型填空主要考察词义辨析、逻辑关系、固定搭配和语法题，考生在做这部分题时一定要利用上下文语境来做题。

阅读部分有四篇文章，文章内容涉及男子气概在现代社会中的失去、科幻小说、美国的国防开支、小说家肖沃尔特和她所写的书Hystories。

阅读和写作部分难度不大，对于其中的句子选择，可以从利用上下文对照来做；而对于文字内容的概括，这需要考生通读全文后来总结。

翻译部分的英译中或中译英的难度属于中等，其不仅要求考生掌握一定的语法知识和词汇量，还要熟练地运用中英互译的技巧和方法。

(华慧考博 )一、社科院考博英语：有选项的完型填空1. 分值+题量：20分= 20道题2. 难度：大学英语六级水平3. 考点：主要考察词义辨析、逻辑关系、固定搭配和语法题，考生在做这部分题时一定要利用上下文语境来做题二、社科院考博英语：阅读题1. 分值+题量：30分=4篇（每篇5道题，共20道题）2. 难度：高于英语专业四级水平（641-671字）3. 题型：阅读文章后做选择题4. 特点：文章内容涉及男子气概在现代社会中的失去、科幻小说、美国的国防开支、小说家肖沃尔特和她所写的书Hystories。

试题整体难度较大，文章内容不好理解。

5. 考点：侧重于推理判断题和细节事实题三、社科院考博英语：阅读和写作A部分1. 分值+题量：10分=每个句子5分2. 难度：大学英语六级水平3. 题型：从所给的7个句子中选5个句子分别填入文章中4. 考点：充分利用上下文语境来进行推理的能力。

2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLE TESTUNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATES PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the stateme nt, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university pr ofessors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in suppo rt of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individu al. A. end B. hand C. core D. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a plea santer place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. CriticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9.Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10.While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A.discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A.find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13.In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A.intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A.count B .insist C.fall D. dwell15.When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator. A. hearts B. tempers C. heads D. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A.at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17.In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A.equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18.He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A.honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19.The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20.She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end. A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points) Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources. It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21.A. one B. it C. this D. there22.A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. Executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24.A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25.A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26.A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27.A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28.A. in B. with C. as D. to29.A. least B. late C. latest D. last30.A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31.A. on B. up C. down D. out32.A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33.A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34.A. line B. move C. drive D. track35.A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective. The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base. As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36.The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A.finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37.The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory”apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38.The best definition for the term “historical synthesis”would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39.A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit”of a time period because ____________.A.the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40.Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A.One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos. A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area. (Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.) Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not beclogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42.A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A.locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A.the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44.The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A.assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45.According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A.Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better. A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46.According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A.tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47.In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A.He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48.According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A.make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A.scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50.The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A.old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her. The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated andrepresented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parent al privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunctio n against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes whe n there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state i ntervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.”More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ con duct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate chil d abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of __ __________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _______ ______.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the system Passage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-var ying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a se parate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word ) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economist s, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than m ight be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or th e lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably huma n and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle o r Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. Th e elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. Wit h the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion whi ch has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and cre dible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cel lars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain wi th the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenu es to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicari ously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because __________ _.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to f eel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not pr evail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate a n energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atm osphere.”“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throu ghout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, an d mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it thi s way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of t hemselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Mo reover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, howev er; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathi ng. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems lar ger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers p er hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing w ell?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even d ay-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”62. In this article, “flow” refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.A. awarenessB. ecstasyC. unconsciousnessD. self-rewarding63. The word “immersed” (in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.A. occupiedB. engrossedC. soakedD. committed64. What does one usually act while “flowing” in reading? A. thinks what he is doingB. wonders how fast he can readC. turns the pagesD. minds the page number65. The activity which can successfully bring about “flow” is most probably ____________.A. grippingB. difficultC. boringD. easySection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence fr om the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one senten ce that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your machine scoring Answer She et.Passage 1。

中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。

中国社科院财经系旅游管理专业考博英语真题报考分析--育明考博一、中国社会科学研究院旅游管理专业考博考试内容分析（育明考博辅导中心)专业招生人数初试内容复试内容120203旅游管理2016年2人①1001英语②2002管理学原理③3190旅游管理①外国语综合能力测试50分（含口语及听力）②专业综合150分（笔试、面试）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、中国社会科学研究院旅游管理专业考博的报录比平均在6:1左右（竞争较激烈）2、本专业有3个研究方向：01旅游经济与管理（王诚庆）02旅游与现代服务业（夏杰长）03旅游业投融资（姚战琪）3、初试英语拉开的分差较小，两门专业课拉开的分差非常大，要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数，专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。

4、以同等学力资格报考的考生初试时需加试高等数学和“政治理论”(考试范围：马克思主义经典选读、中国特色社会主义理论)，复试时需加试两门本专业硕士学位主干课程（笔试）。

5、入学考试总成绩=初试成绩*60%+复试成绩*40%。

育明教育考博分校针对中国社会科学研究院旅游管理专业考博开设的辅导课程有：考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。

每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。

根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源，整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料，为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。

（中国社会科学研究院财经系考博资料获取、课程咨询育明张老师叩叩：772678537）二、中国社会科学研究院财经系历年考博复试分数线（育明考博课程中心）育明考博辅导中心张老师解析：1、中国社会科学研究院财经系共有5个博士招生专业：020203财政学、020204金融学、020205产业经济学、020206国际贸易学、120203旅游管理，各个专业竞争压力还是比较大的。

社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。

PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。

旭晨教育-2018年全国医学博士考博英语一本通含2016历年真题答案听力上册目录目录《考博英语一本通》系列丛书序言3考博英语一本通使用说明5第一部分考试指南7一、博士研究生考试指南7二、考博前期准备8三、导师联系和公关13四、专业和院校选择19五、专业课复习策略20六、资料和真题收集方法22七、面试技巧23第二部分医学考博英语复习指导25一、全国医学博士外语统一考试简介25二、全国医学博士外语统一考试英语考试大纲26三、全国医学博士英语统一考试试题分析27四、医学考博英语复习策略32第三部分考博英语专项突破35第一章词汇突破——大规模记忆词汇的方法35医学考博英语词汇题型概述及考情分析35第一节、概述35第二节、大规模记忆词汇的基本方法37第三节、词缀39第四节、词汇解题思路43第五节、考博词汇综合练习（Exercise One- Exercise Twelve）53第二章阅读理解84医学考博英语阅读题型概述及考情分析84第一节、核心理论－化繁为简去伪存真86第二节、解题技巧1－框架结构阅读模版90第三节、解题技巧2－问题类型解题要点102第四节、精准定位－原文命题高发考点118第五节、精准理解－高频词汇长难词句124第六节、阅读理解实战讲解133第七节、阅读理解综合练习137第三章完形填空153医学考博英语完形填空题型概述及考情分析153第一节概述:考试目的和内容156第二节解题方法：一个中心157第三节解题方法：两个结构之层层递进158第四节解题方法：两个结构之对立观点160第五节解题方法：三个层次之篇章161第六节解题方法：三个层次之语法164第七节解题方法：三个层次之词汇165第八节完形填空综合练习(Exercise One-Ten) 167第四章英语写作179医学考博英语写作题型概述及考情分析179第一节、摘要写作概述179第二节、英文摘要写作180第三节、英文短文写作技巧185第五章语法197医学考博英语语法概述及考情分析197第一节语法概述197第二节动词的时态和语态198第三节非谓语动词203第四节虚拟语气210第五节从句213第六节强调与倒装218第四部分医学考博英语历年真题2212016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2212016年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析235 2016年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文2522015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2562015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析271 2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文2832014年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷2882014年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题参考答案及解析303 2014年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文319下册目录第四部分医学考博英语历年真题（续）32013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题32013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析17 2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文242012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题292012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析41 2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文472011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷512011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析622011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文682010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题712010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析84 2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文892009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题922009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析103 2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文109 2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1132008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析123 2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文129 2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1322007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析143 2007年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文148 2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1522006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析163 2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文168 2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1722005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析183 2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文188 2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题1912004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析203 2004年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文209 2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2122003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析224 2003年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文231 2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2362002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析249 2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文255 2001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题2602001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析274 2001年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文281第五部分参考资料284参考资料1:全国博士英语统一考试高频词组284参考资料2:考博英语形近易混淆词总结284参考资料3:考博英语完形填空常考词组及固定搭配汇总284参考资料4:考博英语万能写作模板284参考资料5:医学考博英语写作必记分类词汇284参考资料6:全国博士英语统一考试词汇大纲(医学）284。

中国社会科学院研究生院2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（A卷）2018年 3月24日8:30-11:30答题说明1．请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。

在“姓名”一栏中，请用中文填写本人姓名；“试卷类型”一栏，本人无需填写。

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4．试卷第三部分（包括7选5、概要）、第四部分(包括英译汉、汉译英)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。

请将以下题目的答案填写在答题卡上。

PART I: Cloze (20 points)Directions: Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank.Every street had a story, every building a memory. Those 1 with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily 2 the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was 3 to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn’t. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering 4 possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything with no permit, no inspection, no notice to 5 landowners, nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required 6 and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all. The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Ray roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only 7 were being neglected. A handful had been 8 .This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays 9 go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbours, rest and relax the way God 10 .It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to 11 the good memories 12 Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and there was the public pool he’d swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it 13 admit black children. There were the churches—Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian—facing each other 14 the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples 15 height. They were empty now, but in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening services.The square was as 16 as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had 17 so many small towns. But here the peopl e had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn’t a single empty or boarded-up building around the square—no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched 18 the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always 19 that the family money he’d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mother’s grave, something he hadn’t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father’s study, sipping bad instant tea and receiving instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be given, many 20 and directions, because his father (who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, Ray passed the water tower he’d climbed twice, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he’d never visited since he’d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forrest had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.1. A. praised B. celebrated C. blessed D. inherited2. A. roll back B. drive back C. go back D. think over3. A. excited B. hilarious C. numb D. anxious4. A. as loosely as B. as tightly as C. as firmly as D. as freely as5. A. adjoining B. hostile C. craven D. friendly6. A. documents B. ratification C. approval D. testimony7. A. a lot B. few C. a little D. a few8. A. abandoned B. lost C. shattered D. shunned9. A. but B. except C. besides D. rather than10. A. intends B. was intending C. intend D. intended11. A. dwell B. dwell on C. mull over D. sleep on12. A. at B. in C. of D. about13. A. instead of B. rather than C. instead D. in order to14. A. with B. over C. at D. beyond15. A. enjoying B. looking over C. competing for D. competing to16. A. lifeless B. boring C. null D. tedious17. A. wiped up B. wiped away C. wiped down D. wiped out18. A. to B. at C. into D. through19. A. assumed B. presumed C. alluded D. deluded20. A. declarations B. decrees C. depositions D. declinationsPART II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1LAPD Chief Charlie Beck's tenure has helped answer questions that lingered after the Rampart consent decree ended and outsider Chief William J. Bratton stepped down: Has L.A.'s policing culture permanently changed? Or with outsider chiefs and federal monitors gone, will the Los Angeles Police Department return to its brutal, secretive and racially-tinged past?A department veteran who, under Bratton's tutelage, became a true believer in data, transparency and change, Beck helped instill a more open, reform-oriented culture. He was successful in part because he's smart and his heart was in the right place, but also because he is old-school LAPD, son of a cop, sibling to and father of cops. His embrace of departmental reform in the post-Rampart era was a strong signal to the rank-and-file, to the city's political leaders and to communities that often suffered brutal policing tactics that the new thinking and new practices were there to stay.Beck announced Friday that he would step down in June, before the end of his second and final five-year term.Even though he is not elected, he is a savvy politician who correctly read what the mayor, the Police Commission and the people of Los Angeles wanted from him and what to an extent he was able to deliver: low crime, no scandals, little controversy. He became adept at the regular radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement and criminal justice reform.At a time of national awakening and outrage over police shootings of unarmed AfricanAmerican men and boys, Beck and the LAPD often looked good in comparison, at least for a while.But there have been troubling exceptions. Just days after a police officer fatally shot Michael Brown in Ferguson, Montana., LAPD officers shot another unarmed African American man, Ezell Ford, in Los Angeles. Beck concluded that the shooting was justified despite his police commission's finding to the contrary. His action, and District Attorney Jackie Lacey's decision a year ago not to prosecute —along with numerous other officer-involved shootings —have exacerbated tension between the department and many of the communities it patrols.Beck's decision was to respond to an increase in violent crime in South Los Angeles with increased patrols and what amounts to an L.A.-style stop-and-frisk policy (automobile stops for arguably pretextual reasons such as broken taillights, in order to search for weapons).Did the tactic work? The violence eventually abated, but not before police reopened old wounds and reinvigorated anti-police sentiment in communities that felt over-patroled. Activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weekly commission meetings.Meanwhile, although Los Angeles continues to enjoy historically low crime rates, the declines began a slight but troubling reverse in 2015. The scandal-free ledger was tainted by the 2013 rampage of fired officer Christopher Dorner, who posted a manifesto of charges against the department, then killed four people and wounded three others before dying as police closed in on him. LAPD officers wounded three innocent bystanders in their sometimes frenetic quest to track down Dorner. There was a scandal of another sort when police cadets, aided by an officer, stole cruisers and other equipment. Their exploits went undetected for weeks.Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by every LAPD chief. In a city in which public safety accounts for more than 80% of the city budget, he faced strong pressure in City Hall and many communities to economize. At the same time, many of the same critics want him to provide better patrols in lower-crime parts of the city while still being able to respond in force to spates of violence in high-crime communities, and while employing a more community-oriented approach to policing citywide. Accomplishing all of those goals simultaneously is simply not possible.Beck is the fourth LAPD chief to be appointed under a key change that followed the 1992 riots, which were sparked by acquittals of officers in the brutal beating of African American motorist Rodney King. After decades in which chiefs could retain their jobs virtually for life, leaders of the department are now appointed to a single five-year term and can be appointed to a second — but no more. Chiefs Willie Williams and Bernard Parks were denied second terms. Bratton won a second but left early for other opportunities. Beck's June departure date leaves plenty of time for the commission and Mayor Eric Garcetti to consider a host of would-be replacements among the younger brass whom Beck has mentored.Comprehension Questions:21. To what extent has the Los Angeles Police Department changed under Beck?A. Permanently.B. Until he steps down.C. Not at all.D. Temporarily.22. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. Charlie Beck’s protecting LAPD officers aggravated the re lationship between the departmentand the communities.B. Charlie Beck’s policy of increasing patrols and the stop-and-frisk policy have beencontroversial among the local people.C. Christopher Dorner was angry with the LAPD and abreacted his dissatisfaction by killinginnocent people.D. The LAPD will return to a brutal, secretive, and racially-tinged past after Chiefs WillieWilliams and Bernard Parks’ retirement.23. Why do you think activists' calls for Beck's firing became a common feature at weeklycommission meetings?A. He was maladroit in radio interview and the soundbite on immigration enforcement andcriminal justice reform.B. When Americans were outraged over police shootings of unarmed African Americans, LAPDunder Beck’s leadership did w ell.C. Beck earns high marks for managing an inherent tension faced in recent decades by everyLAPD chief.D. The increased patrol of the police aroused an anti-police sentiment in communities.24. Which of the following can be the last sentence of the passage?A. It's imperative that Beck's successor be someone who can build on his legacy and continuemoving the department down the path of reform.B. After announcing on Friday that he would step down in June before completing his secondterm on the job, Beck reflected on his LAPD career of more than 40 years.C. Charlie Beck, whose own career with the Los Angeles Police Department spanned four decades,will retire this summer, ending an eight-year tenure as police chief.D. Charlie Beck was credited with major reforms in the department and a general decline inhomicides but also had some missteps.25. What is the author’s attitude toward Charlie Beck as chief of Los Angeles Police Department?A. Cynical.B. Neutral.C. Prejudiced.D. Critical.Passage 2We are in a global health crisis, and it grows worse by the year, as the World Health Organization has warned that by 2030 almost half the world’s population will be overweight or obese if current trends continue. There are already 124 million obese children, a more than tenfold increase in four decades, and more than a million of these live in the UK, which has the worst obesity rates in western Europe. Four in five will grow up to be obese adults; and the leader of the UK’s paediatric body warns that this will cost them 10 to 20 years of healthy life.This is a social problem, both in cause and consequence, as concurred by Simon Stevens, the chief executive of the UK’s National Health Service, whose cautioning that obesity could bankrupt the health service comes across as the placard-wielding stance of a roadside prophet of doom - yet the government’s response has been as modest and inadequate as these figures are shocking. Medical experts describe its childhood obesity strategy as weak, embarrassing and even insulting. Though it inherited a tax on sugary drinks, it rowed back from restrictions on price-cutting promotions and junk food marketing or advertising, leaving its strategy to rely heavily on measuressuch as school activity programmes.Campaigners had warned that would not be enough; now research proves they were right –even when such initiatives tackle both diet and exercise, and make efforts to reach out to families. Children in schools in England’s West Midlands were given a year of extra ph ysical activity sessions, a healthy eating programme and cookery workshops with their parents, all of which failed to have any significant effect on children’s weight.The causes of the obesity epidemic are multiple and complex, as the landmark Foresight report produced over a decade ago underscored: we live in an obesogenic environment, and some more so than others (more than twice as many children in deprived areas are obese as in affluent areas). TVs and smartphones in bedrooms and reliance on cars play their part; so too do food deserts, where fruit and vegetables are expensive or inaccessible, which leaves the more economically strapped sector of the population choosing to fill a hungry child with donuts rather than apples.But one factor leaps out: greed. The problem is not gluttony by a generation of Augustus Gloops but the avarice of the Willy Wonkas who press junk food on consumers, then profess surprise at the results. The tactics of big food are, as the global health organisation Vital Strategies points out in its report Fool Me Twice, strikingly similar to those of big tobacco over the years. But big food has the advantage that everyone needs to eat, while no one needs to smoke, and that a biscuit does not damage health as a cigarette does, obesity notwithstanding. Thus, these companies tell us that we should not restrict individual freedom; that it is up to people to show self-discipline; and that their products are fine as occasional indulgences - never mind that they present family-size packs as if they are suitable for individuals, nor that highly processed foods, packed with salt and sugar, tend to be cheaper to produce, store and deliver – as well as being habit-forming.Other countries have been far bolder in tackling the industry, instead of relying on voluntary action. In Latin America, governments have forced companies to remove cartoon characters - naturally an instant appeal to young children - from cereal boxes, imposed junk food taxes and ordered school tuck shops to replace high-salt/sugar products with fruit and vegetables. Tougher rules reshape consumer perceptions and decisions and in doing so, they can also push companies into changing products.A ban on junk food advertising before the 9pm watershed is long overdue. It should be su pplemented by a ban on promotions and price cuts for “sharing” bags of chocolates, as Action on Sugar urged last month, and the sugar tax on drinks could be extended to food products, with the revenue channelled into initiatives making fresh produce more affordable and attractive to consumers. The government’s failure to force change means that the rest of us will pay the price –in ill health and higher taxes – as big food rakes in the profits.Comprehension Questions:26. Findings and studies demonstrate that________________.A. The obesity problem is largely a European oneB. Unhealthy children have unhealthy parentsC. There are more obese children in lower socio-economic areasD. People now are dying younger27. Who does the author believe to be primarily responsible for failing to stop obesity?A. Parents.B. Advertisers.C. Government.D. Manufacturers.28. Which of the following is NOT inferred in the passage________________.A. There are more obese children than adultsB. Obesity will drain funds from government resourcesC. Corporations do not care about obesityD. Lack of physical activity contributes to obesity29. Which ‘chain of events’ is indicated in the passage?A. New government laws →consumers buy different items →manufacturers change products.B. Manufacturers increase sugar content →more children buy products →life span isshortened.C. Regular exercise program →learning to cook own food →reduction in obesity.D. Television advertising is regulated →manufacturers lose revenue →product costs decrease.30. Company policy to manufacture family-size packs of unhealthy food while stating that it is theconsumer who is responsible for limiting what they eat is an example of________________. A. analogy B. rhetoric C. hypocrisy D. sophistryPassage 3The annual meeting of the World Economic Forum, (“WEF”) in Davos, Switzerland, was well under way when it officially commenced, early on a Wednesday evening in January, with an address, in the Congress Hall of the Congress Center, by Angela Merkel, the Chancellor of Germany. She had a lot to say about Europe. Some of it—“Do we dare more Europe? Yes, we do dare”—made the news. But outside the hall many Davos participants paid her no mind. They loitered in various lounges carrying on conversations with each other. They talked and talked—as though they hadn’t been talking all day. They had talked while sitting on panels or while skipping panels that others were sitting on. “Historic Complexity: How Did We Get Here?,” “The Compensatio n Question,” “Global Risks 2012: The Seeds of Dystopia”: over the course of five days, a man could skip more than two hundred and fifty such sessions.Davos is, fundamentally, an exercise in corporate speed-dating. “Everyone comes because everyone else co mes,” Larry Summers told me. A hedge-fund manager or a C.E.O. can pack into a few days the dozens of meetings—with other executives, with heads of state or their deputies, with non-governmental organizations whose phone calls might otherwise have been ignored—that it would normally take months to arrange and tens of thousands of Gulfstream miles to attend. They conduct these compressed and occasionally fruitful couplings, the so-called bilateral meetings, either in private rooms that the W.E.F. has set aside for this purpose or in hotel rooms, restaurants, and hallways. All that’s missing is the hourly rate.Many Davos participants rarely, if ever, attend even one. Instead, they float around in the slack spaces, sitting down to one arranged meeting after another, or else making themselves available for chance encounters, either with friends or with strangers whom they will ever after be able to refer to as friends. The Congress Center, the daytime hub, is a warren of interconnected lounges, cafés, lobbies, and lecture halls, with espresso bars, juice stations, and stacks of apples scattered about. The participants have their preferred hovering areas. Wandering the center in search of people totalk to was like fishing a stretch of river; one could observe, over time, which pools held which fish, and what times of day they liked to feed. Jamie Dimon, running shoes in hand, near the espresso stand by the Global Leadership Fellows Program, in the late afternoon. Fareed Zakaria, happily besieged, in the Industry Partners Lounge, just before lunch. The lunkers would very occasionally emerge from their deep holes (there were rumors of secret passageways) and glide through the crowd, with aides alongside, like pilot fish. (The W.E.F. says that Davos is an entourage-free zone, but this doesn’t seem to apply to the biggest of the big wheels, like heads of state.) It is said that the faster you walk the more important you are.It is a name-dropper’s paradise. Central bankers, industrial chiefs, hedge-fund titans, gloomy forecasters, astrophysicists, monks, rabbis, tech wizards, museum curators, university presidents, financial bloggers, virtuous heirs. I found myself in conversation with a newspaper columnist and an executive from McKinsey & Company, the management-consulting firm. This was serendipitous, as so many conversations in Davos turn out to be, because, at the urging of many, I was supposed to be angling for an invitation to the McKinsey party, at the Belvedere Hotel. A must, people said, with a glint. I was suspi cious, owing to an incongruity between the words “party” and “management consulting.” But this was Davos. The executive cheerfully added me to the list. A McKinsey for a Merkel: a fair trade.The newcomer hears repeated bits of Davos advice. Ride the shuttle: you might meet someone. Go to a session that deals with a subject you know nothing about: you might learn something. Come next year, and the one after, if they invite you back: you might begin to understand. Everyone says that you can’t get the hang of Davos until you’ve been three or four times. So many things are going on at once that it is impossible to do even a tenth of them. You could spend the week in your hotel room, puzzling over a plan, wrestling with your doubts and regrets, but a person who would do this is not the kind who would be invited to Davos.Another admonition: no matter how much you do, you will always have the sense that something else, something better, is going on elsewhere. On the outskirts of town, three men are hunched in the candlelit corner of a pine-panelled Gaststube, discussing matters of grave importance. You may think you don’t care about such things, but the inkling burrows like a tapeworm. The appetite for admittance can become insatiable. Whenever I passed through town, I noticed men in good suits and sturdy boots, walking with intent in the opposite direction. Where were they going? They ducked into tea shops or into Mercedes sedans with darkened passenger windows. “Wheels within wheels,” one woman whispered to me. “What happens in Davos stays in Davos,” many people said, but even when you’re there it’s hard to know what is happening in Davos. Yossi Vardi, an Israeli tech investor and an eighteen-year Davos veteran, said, “What you see here, in the Congress Center, is just twenty per cent of the action.”There are as many Davoses as there are perceptions of Davos. Schwab might use the term “stakeholders,” and the stakeholders may be partial to the word “silos,” but another term that springs to mind when you are there i s “cliques.” A certain ferment occurs where the cliques overlap, but as often as not they pass in the night.Comprehension Questions:31. The World Economic Forum (“WEF”) in Davos is a very important world event mainlybecause________________.A. The important lectures about world economic problems by world leadersB. People mingleC. Non-Governmental Organization can raise capital by meeting with governments andcompaniesD. World economic trends are established32. “Entourage free zone” is a very imp ortant characteristic of the WEF because_______________.A. Participants are free from companyB. Participants are free to exchange confidential business informationC. There are zones in WEF where everyone can freely attend to make business contactsD. None of the above33. When the writer describes the WEF as a “Name-Dropper’s Paradise”, the writermeans_______________.A. Participants can give their name cards to a lot of people to develop businessB. Participants can refer business contacts to other attendeesC. Participants easily meet other attendeesD. Participants can easily meet other participants through common business contacts34. The greatest fear of WEF participants is_______________.A. Not making enough business contactsB. Not being able to attend future eventsC. Being left out of the loopD. Giving out business secrets35. When participants attend the WEF they immediately fall into “cliques”. By “cliques” the writermeans_______________.A. Participants meet other participants that can bring business and can share valuable informationB. Participants meet other participants with shared values and interestsC. Participants meet other participants for a common causeD. Participants can meet other participants with different interests and valuesPassage 4A new degree of intellectual power seems cheap at any price. The use of the world is that man may learn its laws. And the human race has wisely signified their sense of this, by calling wealth, means - 'Man' being the end. Language is always wise.Therefore I praise New England because it is the place in the world where is the freest expenditure for education. We have already taken, at the planting of the Colonies, the initial step, which for its importance might have been resisted as the most radical of revolutions, thus deciding at the start the destiny of this country - this, namely, that the poor man, whom the law does not allow to take an ear of corn when starving, nor a pair of shoes for his freezing feet, is allowed to put his hand into the pocket of the rich, and say, "You shall educate me, not as you will, but as I will: not alone in the elements, but, by further provision, in the languages, in sciences, in the useful and in elegant arts. The child shall be taken up by the State, and taught, at the public cost, the rudiments of knowledge, and, at last, the ripest results of art and science".Humanly speaking, the school, the college, society, make the difference between men. All the fairy tales of Aladdin or the invisible Gyges or the taIisman that opens kings' palaces or the enchanted halls underground or in the sea, are any fictions to indicate the one miracle of intellectual enlargement. When a man stupid becomes a man inspired, when one and the same man passes out of the torpid into the perceiving state, leaves the din of trifles, the stupor of the senses, to enter into the quasi-omniscience of high thought - up and down, around, all limits disappear. No horizon shuts down. He sees things in their causes, all facts in their connection.One of the problems of history is the beginning of civilization. The animals that accompany and serve man make no progress as races. Those called domestic are capable of learning of man a few tricks of utility or amusement, but they cannot communicate the skill to their race. Each individual must be taught anew. The trained dog cannot train another dog. And Man himself in many faces retains almost the unteachableness of the beast. For a thousand years the islands and forests of a great part of the world have been led with savages who made no steps of advance in art or skill beyond the necessity of being fed and warmed. Certain nations with a better brain and usually in more temperate climates have made such progress as to compare with these as these compare with the bear and the wolf.Victory over things is the office of man. Of course, until it is accomplished, it is the war and insult of things over him. His continual tendency, his great danger, is to overlook the fact that the world is only his teacher, and the nature of sun and moon, plant and animal only means of arousing his interior activity. Enamored of their beauty, comforted by their convenience, he seeks them as ends, and fast loses sight of the fact that they have worse than no values, that they become noxious, when he becomes their slave.This apparatus of wants and faculties, this craving body, whose organs ask all the elements and all the functions of Nature for their satisfaction, educate the wondrous creature which they satisfy with light, with heat, with water, with wood, with bread, with wool. The necessities imposed by his most irritable and all-related texture have taught Man hunting, pasturage, agriculture, commerce, weaving, joining, masonry, geometry, astronomy. Here is a world pierced and belted with natural laws, and fenced and planted with civil partitions and properties, which all put new restraints on the young inhabitant. He too must come into this magic circle of relations, and know health and sickness, the fear of injury, the desire of external good, the charm of riches, the charm of power. The household is a school of power. There, within the door, learn the tragicomedy of human life. Here is the sincere thing, the wondrous composition for which day and night go round. In that routine are the sacred relations, the passions that bind and sever. Here is poverty and all the wisdom its hated necessities can teach, here labor drudges, here affections glow, here the secrets of character are told, the guards of man, the guards of woman, the compensations which, like angels of justice, pay every debt: the opium of custom, whereof all drink and many go mad. Here is Economy, and Glee, and Hospitality, and Ceremony, and Frankness, and Calamity, and Death, and Hope.Comprehension Questions:36. What is the passage mainly about?A. The power of human civilization.B. The relationship between man and nature.C. Man learning the laws of society.。