第五讲 英汉语篇对比

This kind of approach examines not only language forms, meanings and functions, it also studies the social settings in which a speech event takes place. Factors such as participants’ social status, sex, racial and age differences are a crucial part in the analysis.
小结 虽然英汉语都使用各种照应（Reference）手段衔 接语篇，但比较而言，英语中使用人称照应和指示 照应的频率远比汉语用得多。 Quietly, so as not to disturb the child’s mother, he rose from the bed and inched toward the cradles. Reaching down, he gently lifted the warm bundle to his shoulder. Then he tiptoed from the bedroom, she lifted her head, open her eyes and – daily dose of magic – smiled at her dad.
Discourse analysis probes into the basic question: why is a particular discourse the way it is and no other way, and try to answer questions like: 1. what it is that makes pieces of language meaningful and coherent both in terms of formal and contextual properties; 2. how a longer stretch of discourse can be divided into parts and what the criteria and characteristics of division;
第五讲 英汉语篇对比
第一节 语篇与语篇分析
The term discourse is generally used to refer to language in use, but linguists have slightly different interpretations of the word. Some linguists prefer to include the study of all spoke language, particularly if it is longer than on sentence, under DISCOURSE ANALYSIS, and text is the term used to refer to written and so the analysis of written language is called TEXT ANALYSIS.
Tom is slow at learning language. Compared with Jack, he is a quick learner. They got a car more expensive than yours. 你的字写得比谁都漂亮。 夏天，女孩子们一个个穿着时髦，越发地惹眼了。
她不是鲁镇人。有一年的冬天，四叔家里要换个女 工，做中人的卫老婆子带她进来了，头上扎着白头 绳，乌裙，蓝夹袄，月白背心，年纪大约二十六七， 脸色青黄，但两颊还是红的。卫老婆子叫她祥林嫂， 说是自己母家的邻舍，死了当家人，所以出来做工 了。
Demonstrative reference
Halliday and Hasan categrize demonstrative reference into two kinds: Neutral demonstrative: the Selective demonstratives: this, that, these, those (nominal demonstratives) and here, there, now, then (adverbial demonstratives) For example:
3. Cognitive approach In cognitive analysis, discourse is seen as a dynamic process of construction and interpretation. Special attention is paid to the process of discourse production and inference of discourse intention, stressing the function of cognition in communication.
In general, approaches to discourse analysis may be: descriptively structural, social-cultural, cognitive and critical.
1. descriptively structural approach Discourse analysts study and conduct descriptions of elements of different types of discourse with an aim to find out how these elements are connected, sequenced and organized into larger coherent and meaning units.
Personal reference
It is made with personal pronouns, possessive determiners and possessive pronouns. For example, Several times on his trips to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese government, Bill’s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.
There are a lot of umbrellas of different sizes and colours in that shop. I’m sure you can get one you are satisfied with here. They moved away the stones and found many bodies, the wounded were immediately sent to hospital, the dead were kept in a freezer.
2. Social-cultural approach The emphasis of this kind of analysis is on social functions of language, i.e. to scaffold the performance of social activities and human affiliation within cultures (to conduct a particular social activity in certain situation as well as to transmit information or to express feelings).
第二节 英汉语篇的衔接手段
1. 2. 3. 4. Reference ubstitution and ellipsis Conjunction Lexical cohesion
1. Reference
According to Halliday and Hasan, there are three types of reference: personal, demonstrative and comparative.
4. Critical approach Critical discourse analysis is conducted in relevance to social factors like ideology, hierarchy or power, sex, age, racial and class discrimination and prejudice, emphasizing the relationship between the production of discourse and the sociopolitical issues in question.
我还清楚记得，小时候看露天电影，一大堆 人挤在一块不大的空地上，老的带板凳坐在 前面，年轻力壮的站在后面，穿开裆裤光屁 丫子的串来串去，惹得一阵阵轻声的斥骂。
Comparative reference: particular and general
Particular comparative reference is expressed with adjective or adverbs in their comparative forms. Particular comparison is referential in that there must be a standard of reference by which one entity is said to be better, equal or inferior either in quantity or quality. The standard may be implicit or a measure.