Chapter On e
1.Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers scientific simulations,(animated) graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of geological data(e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).Perhaps the best known supercomputer manufacturer is Cray Research.
超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机非常昂贵并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算的专门应用。例如天气预报需要一台超级计算机。超级计算机也有其他用途，如科学模拟、动画制作、流体动力学计算、核能研究、电子设计及地理数据分析（例如在石油化工勘察）。也许克雷研究所是最著名的超级计算机生产商。
2. It can be defined as a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an individual user. In price, personal computers range anywhere from a few hundred pounds to over five thousand pounds .All are based on the microprocessor technology that enables manufactures to put an entire CPU on one chip. Businesses use personal computers for word processing, accounting, desktop publishing, and for running spreadsheet and database management applications.
个人计算机可被定义为为个人用户设计的小的相对便宜的计算机。价格方面，个人计算机的价格范围在几百英镑到超过五千英镑。它们全部都是基于微处理器技术，这种微处理技术能够使得制造商将整个CPU放到一片芯片上。企业使用个人计算机进行文字处理、计算、桌面排版和运行电子表格程序以及数据管理应用。
4. Today, the world of personal computers is basically divided between Apple Macintoshes and PCs .The principal characteristics of personal computers are that they are single-user systems and are based on microprocessors. However, although personal computer is designed as single-user systems, it is common to link them together to form a network.
如今世界上的个人计算机基本分为苹果机和个人计算机。个人计算机最重要的特征是单用户系统且基于微处理器。然而，尽管个人计算机被设计为单用户系统，人们常把它们连接起来形成一个网络。
Chapter Two
puter systems, such as desktop computers, laptop computers, work stations, and servers,
are information handling systems that are utilized by many individuals and businesses today.
计算机系统，比如台式计算机、笔记本电脑、工作站和服务器都是信息处理系统，它被用于如今的一些个体和企业.
2.These computer systems typically include a system board, or motherboard, secured within a
chassis and a multitude of different internal components such as memory units, processor units, power systems, a cooling system, and various input/output PCI cards.
这些计算机系统通常包括系统板或被固定在机箱内的主板，以及许多不同的内部部件；
比如存储单元、处理器单元、电源系统、冷却系统和各种输入/输出PCI卡。
A computer system may also include one or more built-in peripheral devices, including a keyboard, mouse ,video display, and both serial and parallel ports.
一台计算机系统也许也包含一个或更多的内置周边设备，包括键盘、鼠标、视频显示和串并口。
3.Generally speaking, a motherboard is manufactured so that it can accommodate dissimilar
microprocessors, or microprocessors which respond to differing system bus frequencies or power supply voltages.
一般来说，主板被生产，以便于它可以调适不同的微处理器,或不同系统总线频率或供电电压。
4.In a typical computer system, a motherboard is integrated with PCI slots to enable customers
to plug different PCI cards into the computer for processing output signals. For this reason, the computer chassis typically includes multiple slot openings covered with clamps, which hold the card in place and can be removed before and restored after plugging PCI cards onto the slots.
在一个典型的计算机系统中，主板用PCI插槽集成，来使用户能够插入不同PCI卡到计算机以处理输出信号的PCI插槽。由于这个原因，计算机机箱一般包含多个的被夹钳覆盖的槽插口，这些槽插口能够将卡固定在一个地方并且在将PCI卡插入到槽后可以将其拆卸和复原。
Chapter Three
1.Quick sort also competes with merge sort, another recursive sort algorithm but with the benefit of worst-case O (n log n) running time. Merge sort is a stable sort, unlike quick sort and heap sort, and can be easily adapted to operate on linked lists and very large lists stored on slow-to-access media such as disk storage or network attached storage. Although quick sort can be written to operate on linked lists, it will often suffer from poor pivot choices without random access.
快速排序也与归并排序竞争，另一个递归的快速排序算法的好处是有着n log n的最坏运行时间。归并排序不像快速排序和堆排序，它是一种稳定的排序，并且它能够很容易地适应于对链表的操作以及将多表存储在慢速存储器（磁盘存储或是网络连接存储）中。虽然快速排序可以被写入链表操作链表，但它还是会常常在没有随机访问下遇到较差的支点选择。
Chapter Four
1. Without its software, a computer is basically a useless lump of metal. With its software, a
