11 01. THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期表。
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量
The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of 22
the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 术语元素是指，一个纯粹的物质与一个单一的一种原子。到药店“种”的原子是由它的原子序数，因为它的属性决定了其化学行为。目前所有的原子从2 =1=107是已知有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素被给予了一个名字和一个独特的符号。对大多数元素符号的简单的缩写形式的英语名字组成一个或2个字母，例如：
oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
Some elements,which have been known for a long time,have symbols based on their Latin names, for example: 一些元素，已经知道了很长时间，有符号的基础上他们的拉丁名称，例如：
iron==Fe(ferrum) copper==Cu(cuprum) lead==Pb(plumbum)
A complete listing of the elements may be found in Table 1. 一个完整的列表的元素可以被发现在表1。
Beginning in the late seventeenth century with the work of Robert Boyle, who proposed the presently accepted concept of an element, numerous investigations produced a considerable knowledge of the properties of elements and their compounds1. In 1869, and L. Meyer, working independently, proposed the 33
periodic law. In modern form, the law states that the properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. In other words, when the elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, elements having closely similar properties will fall at definite intervals along the list. Thus it is possible to arrange the list of elements in tabular form with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns2. Such an arrangement is called a periodic 从第十七世纪后期的工作，罗伯特波义耳，谁提出了目前公认的概念的一种元素，许多调查产生了相当的知识性质的元素和图4。1869，门捷列夫和梅尔，独立工作，提出了周期律。在现代形式，法律规定，元素的性质是周期函数，其原子序数。换句话说，当元素被列为原子量，元素具有相似性质会在一定的间隔沿着列表。因此，这是可以安排的元素列表以表格的形式元素具有类似的属性放置在垂直columns2。这样的安排被称为周期
Each horizontal row of elements constitutes a period. It should be noted that the lengths of the periods vary. There is a very short period containing only 2 elements, followed by two short periods of 8 elements each, and then two long periods of 18 elements each. The next period includes 32 elements, and the last period is apparently incomplete. With this arrangement, elements in the same vertical column have 44
similar characteristics. These columns constitute the chemical families or groups. The groups headed by the members of the two 8-element periods are designated as main group elements, and the members of the other groups are called transition or inner transition elements. 每一行的元素构成的。应该指出的是，长度的不同时期。有一个很短的时间只包含2个要素，其次是短周期各有8个元素，然后两只长周期各有18个元素。今后一个时期，包括32个单元，及一期显然是不完整的。有了这项安排，在同一垂直列有相似的特点。这些柱子构成的化学家庭或团体。该团体的成员为首的8期间被指定为主族元素，和其他成员的团体称为过渡或内过渡元素。
In the periodic table, a heavy stepped line divides the elements into metals and nonmetals. Elements to the left of this line (with the exception of hydrogen) are metals, while those to the right are nonmetals. This division is for convenience only; elements bordering the line—the metalloids-have properties characteristic of - both metals and nonmetals. It may be seen that most of the elements, including all the transition and inner transition elements, are metals. 在周期表，重走线分为金属和非金属元素。元素线的左边（除氢）是金属，而那些正确的是非金属。这种划分是为了方便；邻近的元素称为在线性能特点-金属和非金属。可以看出，大部分元素，包括所有 55
的过渡和内过渡元素都是金属的。 Except for hydrogen, a gas, the elements of group IA make up the alkali metal family. They are very reactive metals, and they are never found in the elemental state in nature. However, their compounds are widespread. All the members of the alkali metal family, form ions having a charge of 1+ only. In contrast, the elements of group IB —copper, silver, and gold—are comparatively inert. They are similar to the alkali metals in that they exist as 1+ ions in many of their compounds. However, as is characteristic of most transition elements, they form ions having other charges as well. 除了氢气，天然气，这些元素构成了碱金属族。他们是非常活泼金属，他们从来没有发现元素的状态性质。然而，它们的化合物是普遍的。所有成员的碱金属离子，形成有一个负责的1 +只。与此相反，兴业集团的元素铜，银，和gold-are相对惰性。它们是类似的碱金属在它们存在1+离子在他们的许多化合物。然而，作为特点是大多数过渡元素，形成离子具有其它费用等。
