聚焦动词不定式

选择性必修四Unit3重点语法讲解动词不定式总复习动词不定式的形式与功能不定式是英语动词的非谓语形式之一，形式上由“to+动词原形”构成。

不定式仍保留着动词的部分特性,可以需宾语和状语构成不定式短语，有时态和语态的变化。

句法功能上，动得不定式（短语）与名词、形容词或副词作用类似，在句子中可以交当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补等成分。

⑴作主语：To see s to believe. 百闻不如一见。

It's very important to master a foreign language 掌握一门外语是很重要的。

（作形式主语）⑵作表语：The most important thing for a doctor is to heal the wounded and save the dying医生最重要的职责是救死扶伤。

The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade across the historic Silk Road areas.这一偶议旨在促进具有历史意义的丝绸之熟周边地区的合作与贸票。

⑶作宾语：Would you like to watch a football game with me?你愿意践我去看足球赛吗？Ho finds it very difficult to stand on one foot for a long time.他发现长时间单足站立很困难。

（it作形式宾语）⑷作定语（通常位于所修饰的调之后）：He is always the last ore to leave the office. 他总是最后一个高开办公室。

We are very busy and we all have a lot of work to do on weekends 我们都很忙，周末也有很多工作要做。

一.动词不定式的特征和种类动词不定式由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成。

在某些情况下，to 也可以省略。

A. 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。

He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好象很高兴。

（同时发生）To catch the train ，we’d better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。

(to catch the train 发生在hurry to the station 之后.)B. 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。

It happens to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧下雨。

I’m glad to be travelling with you. 我很高兴和你一起旅游。

C .不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语表示的动作之前。

I’m sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄没了。

I meant to have finished my work last night , but I didn’t feel very well. 我本来想昨晚完成工作的，但是我觉得身体不舒服。

It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country. 对我来说，应邀来你们国家是一件很荣耀的事。

D.不定式的完成进行式不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生并且一直进行着。

He was said to have been living in London for 20 years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。

I’m sorry to have been interrupting you. 很抱歉，我一直打扰你。

第十二章动词不定式思维导图知识梳理一、不定式概述动词不定式的基本形式是:“t o+动词原形”,有时可以不带to.不带to的不定式与动词原形同形,但它不是原形,而是一种语法形式.除基本助动词do和情态动词外,英语动词都有不定式形式.动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语,但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分－主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语.动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语.不定式有时态、语态变化(以do为例):主动语态被动语态一般式to do to be done进行式to be doing -完成式to have done to have been done 完成进行式to have been doing -(一)作主语用作主语的动词不定式通常表示一种具体的、特定的行为,其谓语动词用第三人称单数形式.To obey the laws is everyone's duty.服从法律是每个人的职责.How to use the computer is a question.怎么使用计算机是一个问题.How to get there is not decided yet.怎样去那里还没决定下来.点拨(1)在很多情况下,常用it作形式主语,而把真实主语不定式放在谓语之后.It was difficult to sell my car.我的车很难卖掉.It's not known where to stay for the night.在哪里过夜还不知道.(2)如果要表示不定式的动作是谁做的,一般在不定式前加一个for短语.It will be a regret for us not to help him.我们没有帮助他是个遗憾.(3)在某些形容词(如kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时,不定式前常可加一个以of引起的短语,来说明不定式指的是谁的情况.It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation.(我们)拒绝他们的邀请,会显得无礼.(二)作表语作表语,一般紧跟在系动词,如:be, seem, get等后面,用以说明主语.The question is when to start.问题是什么时候启程.You seem to have lost weight.你好像减肥了.What we have to do first is to find a solution.我们得做的第一件事是找出一个解决办法.点拨当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时,这个不定式只作单纯的表语,而不具有未来的含义.(三)作宾语能以不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:agree, begin, decide, expect, forget, hope, learn, like, manage, pretend, start, try, want, wish等.Do you wish to see the manager?你想见经理吗?They decided to learn English hard.他们决定好好学英语.Don't forget to meet me at 6:00.别忘了六点钟和我见面.有些动词,如:tell, advise, show, teach, know, forget, learn , remember, show,understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, decide, discuss等后面,常用带疑问词的不定式作宾语.We don't know who(whom)to ask.我们不知道问谁.We asked how to get to the station.我们问怎么到达车站.Have you decided where to go for your holidays?你们决定到哪儿度假了吗?I don't know whether to apply for the job or not?那份工作我不知道申请还是不申请?(四)作定语I have no time to waste.我没有时间可浪费.Let me find a place to park.我来找个停车的地方.He is always the first to come to work and the last to leave.他总是第一个来上班,最后一个走.点拨不定式修饰something, anything, nothing时,放在它们的后面.如果something, anything, nothing 有形容词来修饰,词序是something(nothing...)+形容词＋不定式.My father had something to do.我父亲有事要办.Have you got anything important to buy?你有什么重要的东西要买吗?(五)作状语不定式常可用作状语,修饰动词,表示行为的目的、结果、原因等.一般放在被修饰词之后,但在表示目的时,为了强调也可放在句首.1.作目的状语为加强语气在否定式前还可加上in order或so as组成词组(即:in order to...,so as to...),作状语表示目的.To live a long and healthy life, we must learn to have a balanced diet.为了能过长寿而健康的生活,我们必须懂得吃均衡的食品.I stayed there so as to see what would happen.我留在那儿,为的是想看看会发生什么事.In order to help him, we would do everything we can.为了帮助他,我们愿意尽一切力量.2.作结果状语表结果,其逻辑主语通常亦是全句的主语.在“so...as to...”“such...as to..“enough to...”“only to...”以及“too...to...”等结构中的不定式皆表示结果.She is old enough to go to school.她已到了可以上学的年龄了.He was too drunk to drive home.他酩酊大醉,没法开车回家.3.作原因状语She trembled to think of the terrible accident.想到那可怕的车祸,她就不寒而栗.We jumped with joy to hear the news.听到这消息,我们都高兴地跳了起来.(六)宾语补足语1、有很多动词的后面都可以有不定式作宾语补足语常见的这类动词有:advise, ask, tell, help, wish, want, expect, forbid, persuade, press, request, teach, warn等.She asked her grandfather to play game with her.她请爷爷跟她一起做游戏.Mother told me to cook the meal.妈妈叫我做饭.2.有一些动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带to,这种动词有两类:一类是感觉动词,另一类是使役动词感觉动词:如feel, see, hear, watch, notice等.使役动词:如make, let, have等.Let me do it for you.让我来替你做.Don't let her go out.别让她出去.I made him work hard.我迫使他加劲干.(1)动词help之后,复合宾语中的不定式可带to,亦可不带to.在上述动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式必须带to.He was seen to enter the theatre.有人看见他走进了剧院.I was made to do my homework the whole night.我被迫整晚做作业.Can you help me (to) move this table?你能帮我移动一下这张桌子吗?(2)感官动词的宾语补足语有两种形式:不带to的不定式和动词-ing形式.I heard Meimei singing in her room when I went past.我路过的时候听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(路过的瞬间正在唱,所以用singing)We often hear Meimei sing in her room.我们经常听见梅梅在房间里唱歌.(经常听见,用不定式)I saw him come in.I saw him coming in.两句话的意思都一样:我看见他进来.用不定式着重于动作的全过程,用动词-ing形式则是强调当时动作的进行情况.3.当谓语动词为think, make, find, consider, feel, regard等词,作宾语的不定式后面有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放在补足语的后面I find it easy to learn English well.我发现要把英语学好很容易.三、不定式的主要句型及注意事项(一)不定式的否定式不定式的否定式:not+不定式,经常和ask(tell)sb. to do sth.句型连用.She asked me not to drive him to the station.她要我不要开车送他到车站.Try not to be late.争取不要迟到.Mary asked me not to give my pen to Jimmy.玛丽让我别把笔给吉米.She decided not to come here again.她决定不再到这儿来.点拨不定式的否定式和否定句的区别:I asked him not to open the door.我让他别把门打开.I didn't ask him to open the door.我没让他把门打开.(二)不定式的进行时态进行式:表示在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态发生时正在进行.It's nice to be sitting here with you.在这儿陪你坐着是非常愉快的.It is unwise for him to be talking that topic all the time.他老是谈论这件事,很不明智.(三)不定式的完成时态完成式表示在谓语动词的动作或状态发生时已经完成.She said she was sorry to have missed you.她说她没见到你很遗憾.He seemed to have visited our factory.他好像参观过我们的工厂.They appeared to have met before.他们看来以前见过面.(四)动词不定式的被动语态表示被动意义I didn't want to be told about it.我不想被告知这件事.Nothing seems to have been forgotten.似乎什么也没有被遗忘.The building is said to have been destroyed in a fire two years ago.据说这幢大楼两年前已毁于一场大火.在以某些形容词,如kind, good, silly, honest, bad, stupid, bold, clever, cruel,courteous, nice, rude, sensible, tactful, wise, wrong等作表语时,后面需用以“of+名词(或代词宾格)＋不定式”结构,以说明不定式所表示的动作的执行者是谁(即of短语是不定式的逻辑主语).It's very good of you to come.谢谢你的光临.How silly of you (it is)to make such a mistake!你出了这样的差错,多傻啊！It's very kind of you to say so.多谢你这么说.在had better, had best, would rather, would rather...than, would sooner, would sooner...than, cannot but, do nothing but等结构后面的不定式要省略“to”.You had better write it in English.你最好用英文写.I would rather stay at home.我宁愿待在家里.好题精练一、用-ing形式或不定式的适当形式完成句子1.Do you enjoy_________ football?(play)2.Fred didn't have any money, so he decided_________ a job.(take)3.We're going out for dinner, Would you like_________ us?(join)4.The teacher reminded the students_________ their test paper on time.(finish)5.When I was tired, I enjoyed_________ TV.(watch)6.It was a nice day, so the old man agreed_________ for a walk.(go)7.I'm not in a hurry, I don't mind_________.(wait)答案:1.playing2.to take3.to join4.to finish5.watching6.to go7.waiting二、选择括号内所给词组完成句子,注意括号内“go+v.-ing形式”构成固定搭配的用法(go boating; go fishing; go dancing; go running; go skating; go hunting; go singing)1.She's a good dancer. She always_________ on Saturday.2.I've got a gun. I'll_________ with that strong hunter next weekend.3.“Where is Tim?”“He has. _________ He always runs in the morning.”4.We have enough fish to eat. Our father_________ every day.答案:1.goes dancing2.go hunting3.gone running4.goes fishing三、仿照示例改写下列句子示例:It is very interesting to play baseball.→ To play baseball is very interesting.1.lt was not polite to speak that way before Mr. Lee.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _2.It can be quite easy to travel by air.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _3.lt will be no problem to arrive there before noon.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _4.To make those strangers believe us was so difficult.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _5.To help Tom speak Chinese well is not at all easy.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _答案:1.To speak that way before Mr. Lee was not polite.2.To travel by air can be quite easy.3.To arrive there before noon will be no problem.4.It was so difficult to make those strangers believe us.5.It is not at all easy to help Tom (to) speak Chinese well.四、选择填空1. _________ the bookstore, he stopped_________ a few books.A. Passing; buyingB. Passing; to buyC. To pass; buyingD. Having passed; to buy2.Bruce,look at your dirty shoes, You'd better_________ them right now.A. washedB. washingC. washD. to wash3. _________ the room, I found the computer_________.A. Entering; stealingB. Entering; stolenC. To enter; stealD. To enter; stealing4.We've worked hard for nearly one hour. Let's stop_________ a rest now.A. haveB. to haveC. havingD. have had5.My mother always tells me not_________ to the net bars(网吧)．A. goB. to goC. goesD. going6.The teacher asked us_________ English for half an hour in the morning.A. reads B reading C. to read D. read7.You will have to get up early tomorrow. Stop_________ TV, Peter.A. watchesB. watchC. to watchD. watching8.I find it hard_________ English well.A. learnB. learningC. to learnD. learns9.The teacher asked John_________ a short talk in our class meeting.A. giveB. to giveC. gaveD. giving10.The girl was too poor_________ a houseA. to buy; to live inB. to buy ;to liveC. buy; to liveD. buying; living in11.It was very late at night, but Mr. Brown still went on_________.A. works B .worked C. working D. work12.Remember_________ him about it before he goes away.A. tellB. to tellC. tellingD. to telling13.Lin Tao is strong enough_________ the big box.A. carryB. to carryC. carryingD. carries14.Her mother told her_________ in bed.A. not readB. not to readC. don't readD. to not read15.When class began, we stopped_________ to the teacher carefully.A. listeningB. listenC. listens D .to listen16.You'd better_________ the cinema by bus.A. don't goB. to goC. to go toD. go to17.What did the manager_________ you to_________ at the meeting?A. tell; sayB. ask; speakC. tell; speakD. ask; talk18.Tom was let_________ in the gate house.A. waitB. to waitC. waitingD. to have waited19.Mr.Hu has enough time_________ the job in two days.A. finishB. to finishC. finishingD. finished20.Look,the building_________ is our library.A. is repairedB. being repairedC. repairingD. to be repairing21. _________ no money, I could not buy this coat.A. HaveB. HavingC. To haveD. Have had22.The teacher has something important_________ us.A. to tellB. tellsC. tellingD. told23.Li Ming didn't know_________ next.A. to do whatB. what to doC. how to doD. what do24.I'd love_________ to your birthday party.A. comeB. cameC. to comeD. comes25.It took me two hours_________ by bus.A. to get thereB. to get to thereC. get thereD. get to there答案:1-5BCBBB 6-10CDCBA11-15CBBBD 16-20DABBB21-25 BABCA五、改正下列句子的错误1.He seems to not hear from her.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _2.I hope see you soon.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _3.I made them to give the money back.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _4.The scientist gave us some advice on how learning English.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _5.No one noticed him to leave the room.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _6.Have you given up to smoke?___________________________________________________________________________________________ _7.We found him waited at the school gate.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _8.Why not to turn off the light?___________________________________________________________________________________________ _9.She didn't want me go.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _10.I don't know to swim.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _11.China is a developed country belonging to the third world.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _12.It's getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _13.He said he had an important meeting to attended.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _14.They don't allow that people smoke.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _15.It's difficult sell my car.___________________________________________________________________________________________ _答案:1.He seems not to...2.I hope to see...3.I made them give...4....how to learn...5....him leave...6....given up smoking?7...him waiting...8.Why not turn off...9.She didn't want me to go.10.I don't know how to swim.11....a developing...12....to live in13....to attend.14. ...people to smoke.15...to sell my car.。

四元聚焦·英语——助动词类《对点训练+综合训练》非谓语动词类（含解析）非谓语动词类考点一：动词不定式1.______ her career, Lucy will leave her present job and take a new one.A. To furtherB. FurtherC. Having furtherD. Furthered【解析】A句意：为了促进她的事业，露西将会辞去目前的工作而找份新的工作。

根据句意可知，her career是句子的目的状语，需要使用不定式。

2.As a journalist you should first decide what events ______ before you make some interviews.A. to reportB. reportedC. to be reportedD. reporting【解析】A句意：作为一名记者，在你制作访谈之前首先应当决定好要报道什么样的事件。

句子主语是you (a journalist)，与report之间是主谓关系，且表示“将来的事情”，故使用不定式的主动式。

3.Our government will try to beautify the city and with trees and flowers ______ everywhere, our city will take on a new look.A. plantedB. plantingC. to be plantedD. having planted【解析】C句意：我们的政府将会努力美化城市；伴随着花草树木将在各处栽种，我们的城市将呈现新的面貌。

根据句意可知，trees andC. attended；there beD. attending；there was【解析】B句意：——我们没有发现布莱克一家参加演讲。

——没人告诉他们第二天有一场演讲。

2019摘要：非谓语动词是高考语法必考点，必然也是教学中的重点，而实践证明它还是教学的难点，学生没兴趣学也学不会，那么怎样才能突破这个瓶颈呢？笔者通过查阅资料发现聚焦形式教学已经成为第二语言习得与教学所关注的一个焦点。

因此笔者设计了一个应用聚焦形式教学于高中英语非谓语动词作状语教学的实验研究。

实验证明相对于PPP 教学法，学生更愿意接受聚焦形式教学，这种方法也更有助于学生对非谓语动词的接受，教学效果更好。

聚焦形式教学是语法教学中的有效方法，可以应用于其他的语法教学。

关键词：聚焦形式教学非谓语动词兴趣对于高中生来讲，语法是英语学习必备的知识，是日常交际中准确表达的基础。

高中英语课程标准也强调了语法在高考中的重要地位。

然而，许多高中学生认为语法是英语学习中最难掌握的部分，学习兴趣不浓，学习效果很差。

在所有的语法项目中，非谓语动词是最难掌握的语法之一，原因是英汉语言上的差异和非谓语动词结构的复杂性，那么怎样才能突破这个瓶颈呢？一、语法教学现状及存在的问题笔者对所教班级学生进行了一次关于语法学习和教学态度的问卷调查，结果发现大部分学生能意识到语法学习的重要性但认为学好很难，只有一小部分学生能够知晓并能应用语法，大多数学生对一些语法点存在困惑特别是非谓语动词用法。

有一部分同学认为语法课太无聊，教师教学方法单一，也导致他们没兴趣，因此对语法学习甚至英语学习失去信心。

事实也证明教师课上花时间讲解语法规则，学生记笔记，再做机械练习效果不佳，长此以往学生没有了参与课堂的兴趣，事倍功半。

因此，通过改变语法教学的方法，让学生体会到学习语法的快乐才能从根本上解决语法学习的难题。

二、聚焦形式教学概念20世纪90年代以来，聚焦形式教学已经成为第二语言习得与教学所关注的一个焦点。

聚焦形式教学（Focus on Form ）是一种教学方法，是一种在二语和外语教学中受欢迎并有效的教学方法，它以全形式教学法（Focus on Forms ）和意义教学法（Focus on Meaning ）为基础，将意义与形式相结合，在课堂教学中学生主要关注交际内容和意义，只有在交际中出现问题时才把注意力转向语法形式。

英语语法讲义（1）动词不定式动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。

这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。

不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。

常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。

时态\语态主动被动一般式 to do to be done进行式 to be doing /完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing /一、不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。

1、有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。

例如：afford aim agree arrange ask decidebother care choose demand desire determineelect endeavor hope fail help learnlong 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretendrefuse tend undertake expect hate intend例如：The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。

2、有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。

例如：ask choose expect help beg intendlike/love need prefer prepare want wish例如：I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。

I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。

动词不定式和目的如何用动词不定式表示目的意愿或计划动词不定式是英语中的一种非谓语动词形式，常用来作为目的状语，表示一个动作或状态的目的、意愿或计划。

在句子中引入目的状语时，我们可以使用动词不定式来表达。

本文将详细介绍动词不定式的用法以及如何使用它来表示目的意愿或计划。

一、动词不定式的基本形式动词不定式由"to"加上动词原形构成，例如：to go，to eat，to learn 等。

它通常可以作为名词、形容词或副词的补语，并且可以与情态动词连用，或者带有助动词的形式，构成不同的句子结构。

二、动词不定式表示目的意愿或计划的常见用法1. 作为动词的直接宾语例如：- I want to study abroad next year.（我明年想出国留学。

）- She hopes to find a new job.（她希望找到一份新工作。

）2. 作为形容词的定语例如：- He bought a book to read on the plane.（他买了一本书在飞机上读。

）- This is a great opportunity to improve your skills.（这是一个提高你技能的绝佳机会。

）3. 作为副词修饰动词例如：- He woke up early to catch the train.（他早起抓住火车。

）- She went to the supermarket to buy some groceries.（她去超市买些杂货。

）4. 作为情态动词的补充例如：- They must study hard to pass the exam.（他们必须努力学习才能通过考试。

）- You should practice more to improve your English speaking skills.（你应该多练习提高英语口语能力。

）5. 作为不定式短语作为句子的主语例如：- To travel is my dream.（旅行是我的梦想。

非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动词-ing、动词-ed。

非谓语动词在高中所学的语法当中属于难度较高的内容，也是每年高考英语试题的热点考点之一。

非谓语动词也是学生普遍感到较难理解、掌握和运用的语法点。

它在句子中不能作谓语，没有人称和单复数的变化，但是它具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，可以接自己的宾语、状语等。

本文通过多道典型例句帮助同学们梳理非谓语动词中不定式的常见用法，以期提升同学们对其的理解和运用能力。

动词不定式（to do）在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语、补语、状语。

不定式一般不带时间的标记，即没有现在时、过去时和将来时的制约；同时也不受主语人称和数的制约，但会有“体”和“态”的形态变化，这种变化分为四种：一般形式、进行体形式、完成体形式和完成进行体形式。

不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式前加not、nev-er等否定词。

一、不定式的形式1.一般形式：to do，其所表示的动作是在谓语动词动作之后发生，或表将来的动作。

（一般被动式：to be done，其所表示的动作是在谓语动词动作之后发生并与主语或被修饰词构成被动关系）【例1】I have a lot of homework(complete) before the end of this weekend.【解析】句意表示有很多作业要完成，其动作在谓语之后发生，主语I和complete构成主动关系，故使用不定式的一般形式，答案为to complete。

2.进行体形式：to be doing，其所表示的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生。

【例2】The boy pretended(work)hard.【解析】根据句意“这个男孩假装正在认真工作”可知，不定式表示的动作与谓语动作是同时发生的，故使用不定式的进行时，答案为to be working。

3.完成体形式：to have done，不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。

（完成被动式：to have been done，动作在谓语动词动作之前发生并与主语或被修饰词构成被动关系）【例3】When the teacher came in，he pretended (complete)his homework.【解析】句意表示假装已经完成了作业，表示不定式的动作——完成作业，在谓语动词动作——假装之前发生，故使用不定式的完成式，答案为to have com-pleted。