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微观经济学教案（1）经济学教研室安晓云第一章导言教学目的：本章讲授西方经济学的研究对象、方法、目的，总体概括西方经济学基本内容，了解什么是现代西方经济学，它企图解决什么问题，并明确为什么要学习西方经济学，应持怎样的态度去研究西方经济学。
使学生不仅对西方经济学有梗概了解，而且能够确立一个正确的指导思想贯穿于西方经济学整个学习过程中。
重点和难点：正确理解西方经济学的含义，研究对象的特性，分析方法的特性。
对稀缺、稀缺法则、比较分析法、西方经济学的双重性质的分析理解。
课堂教学设计：在与马克思主义经济学研究对象的比较分析中展开教学，特别针对学生把马克思主义经济学与西方经济学相对立的、认为政治经济学无现实意义等模糊认识，从社会经济活动具有社会性和自然性两方面属性入手，引申对西方经济学研究对象与方法的讲授分析。
提出问题引发学生边思考、边讨论、边讲授，例如：马克思主义经济学与西方经济学的研究对象有什么区别？由此导致两大理论体系间存在怎样的关系（对立或互补）？从西方经济学对象与方法的了解中如何体会认识和研究经济现象的思维方式应发生的变化？（我将在导言的讲授中，提出自己的观点，即通过西方经济学学习，对我们更有益的是培养认识问题、分析问题的全新思维方式：辨证思维、发散思维、求异思维、创新思维。
）教案内容：社会经济活动有两重性：社会属性——人与人经济关系；自然属性——人与物的关系。
这一章从整体上概括西方经济学研究对象、主要分析方法及为什么研究西方经济学？如何研究西方经济学等。
通过学习，要求了解什么是现代西方经济学？它研究经济活动的什么内容？企图解决什么问题？所运用的主要分析方法有什么特点？同时要明确为什么学习西方经济学？在学习和研究中应持怎样的态度（或者说应确立怎样的指导思想）。
第一节什么是现代西方经济学“经济学“一词在西方具有较广泛的含义，总结起来至少包括三种领域的文献：第一：企业、事业管理的经验、方法总结。
如企业质量管理分析。
ⅣProduction and Cost☻Production Theory ☻Cost TheoryThe Production Function…shows the relationship betweenquantity of inputs used to make a goodand the quantity of output of that good.Q=f (L，K，N，E)•Q=f (L，K ) Short-run•Q=f (L，K) Long-run•Total Product TP=f (L，K)•Average Product AP=TP/L or AP=TP/K •Marginal ProductIn the production process, marginalproduct of any input is the increase inoutput that arises from an additional unitof that input.MP = (dTP/dL ) or (dTP/ dK)a Production Function: Helen’s cookie factoryQuantity of(cookies per hour)150140130120110100908070605040302010Hungry Helen’s Production FunctionMPTP•The slope of TP curve measures the marginal product of an input.•When the marginal product declines, TP curve becomes flatter(decreasing).Diminishing Marginal Product•…is the property whereby the marginalproduct of an input declines as the quantityof the input increases.•As more and more workers are hired at a firm, each additional worker contributes less and less to production because the firm has a limited amount of equipment.•At the beginning of production process…typical production curve-106.2-5809.625211512.51014151520151512.51010627277777570604525101010910810710610510410310210110MP L AP L TP L L K Short-run<>=00TUMUXX•MU ＞0，TU ↑increasing •MU ＜0，TU ↓decreasing •MU ＝0，TU max00TPMP,APLLTP L & MP L•MP L ----the slope of TP L curve•MP L ＞0，TP L increasingMP L increasing & decreasing•MP L ＜0，TP L decreasing •MP L ＝0，TP L maxAP LMP LTP LAP L & MP L•MP L ＞AP L ，AP L increasing •MP L ＜AP L ，AP L decreasing •MP L ＝AP L ，AP L maxTP L & AP L•AP L ---the slope of segment whichlinks the original and any point on TP L curve•When the segment is just the tangent of TP L curve , MP L ＝AP L ，AP L maxL 2L 1L 3ⅠⅢⅡlong-run Q=f (L，K)•Isoquant curve•Isocost curve•OptimizationFour Properties of Isoquant Curves •Higher isoquant curves are preferred tolower ones.•Isoquant curves do not cross.•Isoquant curves are downward sloping.•Isoquant curves are bowed inward.KQ1Q2CBAD⊿K⊿K⊿L⊿LLLaw of Diminishing Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution•RTSLK =－⊿K/⊿L•It is the rate at which a firm is willing to trade one factor for another.RTS•If ⊿L→0, RTSLK=－dK / dL•C = w·L ＋r·K •K = C/ r －(w/ r)·LWhat the firm can affordThe slope (absolute value)of the isocost lineequals the relative price of the two factors.K LC/wC/ rProducer OptimumBest Combination of Factors•Given quantity, minimize cost •Given cost, maximize quantityKQ1 ABOptimumECLKQ1Q2Q3ABOptimumE CLProducer Optimum occurs…… at the point where the highest isoquant curve and the isocost curve are tangent.•C = w· L＋r· K ; Q=f (L, K)•RTS=w/ rLK•MP/ MP K =w/ rL/ w = MP K / rLAccording to the Law of Supply:•Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high.The economic goal of the firmis to maximize profits.Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit•Total RevenueThe amount a firm receives forthe sale of its output.•Total CostThe market value of the inputsa firm uses in production.•Profit…is the firm’s TR minus its TC.Costs as Opportunity CostsA firm’s cost of production includes all theopportunity costs of making its output ofgoods and services.Explicit and Implicit Costs •Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm.•Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Economic Profit & Accounting Profit π=TR（Q）－TC（Q）•Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as TR minus TC, including both explicit and implicit costs.•Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s TR minus only the firm’s explicit costs.✶When TR exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.✶Economic profit is smaller than.accounting profit.✶Normal profitTypical Cost Curves•The relationship between the quantity a firm can produce and its costs determines pricing decisions.For many firms, the division of TC between fixed and variable costs depends on the time horizon being considered.•In the short run,some costs are fixed.•In the long run,fixed costs become variable costs.The Various Measures of Cost•Costs of production (TC)may be dividedinto fixed costs and variable costs.costs in the short-runFixed and Variable Costs•Fixed costs are those costs that do not varywith the quantity of output produced.•Variable costs are those costs that do varywith the quantity of output produced.Total Costs•Total Fixed Costs (TFC)•Total Variable Costs (TVC)•STC= TFC+ TVC= r· K ＋w· L (Q)Average Costs•AC can be determined by dividing the firm’s costs by the quantity of output it produces.•AC is the cost of each typical unit of product. ✓Average Total Costs SAC=STC/Q=AFC+ AVC ✓Average Fixed Costs AFC=TFC/Q✓Average Variable Costs AVC =TVC/QMarginal Cost•MC measures the increase in TC that arises from an extra unit of production.SMC = ⊿STC/⊿Q= ⊿TVC/⊿QIf ⊿Q→0, MC = d TC/ d Q= d TVC/ d QCost Curves and Their Shapes •SMC、STC、TVCSMC=⊿STC/⊿Q=⊿TVC/⊿Q=⊿w· L/⊿Q=w/(⊿Q/⊿L)=w/MP L•MC rises with the amount of output producedwhich reflects the property of diminishing MP L .•MP L ---reciprocal “U”-Shaped•MC ---“U”-ShapedTVC 、TFC 、STC●TFC---straight line●SMC----the slope of STC or TVC curveMC ---“U”-ShapedMC＞0，STC and TVC increasing✓MC increasing, STC and TVC increasing at increasing speed ✓MC decreasing, STC and TVC increasing at decreasing speed•AFC 、A VC 、SACA VC=TVC/Q=(w· L)/Q=w/ (Q/L)=w/AP L•AP---reciprocal “U”-ShapedL•AVC and SAC ---“U”-ShapedThe SAC curve is U-shaped.•At very low levels of output SAC is high because FC is spread over only a few units.•SAC declines as output increases.•SAC starts rising because AVC rises substantially.•The bottom of the U-shaped SAC curve occurs at the quantity that minimizes SAC. •This quantity is sometimes called the efficient scale of the firm.Relationship between MC and SAC(AVC)✓Whenever MC is less than SAC, SAC is falling.✓Whenever MC is greater than SAC, SAC is rising. MC crosses SAC at the efficient scale which is the quantity that minimizes SAC.Three Important Properties of Cost Curves•MC eventually rises with the quantity of output.•SAC,A VC curve are U-shaped.•MC curve crosses the A VC and SAC curve at the minimum of A VC and SAC successively .•Because many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run, a firm’s long-run cost curves differ from its short-run cost curves.•LTC = r· K(Q)＋w· L (Q)•LAC = LTC/Q•LMC= dLTC / dQLTC Q 0LMC LTCLMCLAC2013-7-2347STC 1STC 2STC 3TC Q0Q 1Q 2Q 3LTCSAC 1SAC 2SAC 3C 1C 2C 3Q 1Q 2Q 3Q’ 2Q’1O CQEconomies and Diseconomies of Scale •Economies of scale refer to the property whereby LAC falls as the quantity of output increases.•Diseconomies of scale refer to the property whereby LAC rises as the quantity of output increases.•Constant returns of scale refers to the property whereby LAC stays the same as the quantity of output increases.•f（λL，λk）＞λf（L，k）•f（λL，λk）= λf（L，k）•f（λL，λk）＜λf（L，k）。
《微观经济学》课程教学大纲课程编码：12020401H112课程性质：专业基础课学分：3课时：54开课学期：3适用专业：国际经济与贸易一、课程简介《微观经济学》课程是经济与管理类专业的专业基础课程。
该课程详细介绍了微观经济学的基本概念、基本理论和方法，旨在系统地分析总结了市场机制配置经济资源的基本规律以及不同市场微观经济主体的经济决策行为，并提出了一些微观经济政策。
通过学习可以让学生了解这一课程的基本框架和分析逻辑，理解和掌握微观经济学中的主要分析方法和基本模型，认识个人与企业在市场经济体制中如何达到他们的目的，并且能够运用微观经济学原理观察、分析和解释现实生活中比较简单和典型的一些经济现象。
先修课程是《政治经济学》和《微积分》，后续课程有《宏观经济学》、《统计学》、《金融学》等。
二、教学目标该课程的教学目标是使学生理解和掌握微观经济学的基本理论、基本知识和理论运用能力。
在教学过程中，应注意培养学生的经济学逻辑思维能力和独立学习、独立分析能力，使学生能够用微观经济学的理论知识和分析方法开展基础的研究分析工作，并为学习其他应用经济学科打下坚实的理论基础。
通过本课程的教学应实现以下目标：了解该课程的基本理论体系和框架，以及经济学的前沿问题，并对其主要流派及其观点有一定了解；理解该课程的基本概念和基本分析工具，如十大经济学原理及其运用；需求价格弹性与定价策略；税收成本与贸易得失；外部性和公共产品及相关政策；市场结构与厂商决策行为等；掌握该课程的基本分析方法，如比较静态分析、动态分析、图表分析，并能够运用基本微观经济学理论解释现实经济问题和现象。
三、教学内容Part 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Ten principle of economics主要内容：How people make decisionsHow people interactHow the economy as a whole works教学要求：通过本章教学，使学生了解十大经济学原理，初步接触经济学的思维方式，认识西方经济学的理论体系和研究方法。
