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备战2022年中考英语考前时事热点话题阅读+题型专练热点60 煤炭资源等与能源安全一、阅读理解1Right now, the biggest source of energy(能源) in the world is fossil fuel(矿物燃料). Fossil fuels are oil, gas, and coal (煤). More than 80 percent of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuel. There are many problems with fossil fuel. One problem is that when fossil fuel is burned, it pollutes the air. Also, when we take fossil fuel from the Earth, we often cause a lot of harm. Another problem is that we’re running out of it.A big source of energy for many countries is nuclear power(核能).Thirty-one countries use nuclear power. A lot of ships also use it.Nuclear power has some advantages(优点). First of all, we can’t run out of nuclear power. Nuclear power does not make the air dirty. Also, if a country has nuc lear power, it doesn’t need to buy as much oil from other countries.However, there are also a lot of problems that come with nuclear power. For example, nuclear accidents are very serious. In 1986, there was a nuclear accident in Russia. In the next 20 years, about 4,000 people got sick and died. In 2011 there was another very serious nuclear accident in Japan. That was several years ago, but Japan is still trying to clean up the nuclear waste from the accident.Many people don’t want nuclear power in thei r countries. They say that it’s not safe. A lot of people in the United States, Russia, France, Japan, India, and many other countries want their countries to use safer and cleaner ways to get electricity(电力). Sometimes they get together to show their strong disagreement with nuclear energy.Many people hate nuclear energy, but more and more countries are using it. One reason for this is that the world is using more and more energy. We just don’t have enough fossil fuel. However, if we use nuclear power, then we may have more serious problems in the future.1. In the second sentence of the fifth paragraph, what does the underlined word “it” mean?A. The country.B. Nuclear power.C. A person.D. The electricity.2. What can we learn from the passage?A. Nuclear power is a kind of fossil fuels.B. There were no nuclear accidents in 1986.C. Nuclear power is easy enough to make.D. People may run out of fossil fuel one day.3. The following sentence would best be placed at the end of ________.“That’s why we nee d new sources of energy.”A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 3 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 54. What would be the best title for the passage?A. A Safe Source of Energy?B. The Best Energy Source in the World!C. Everyone Loves Nuclear Power .D. We Should Only Use Fossil Fuels.【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A【解析】本文是一篇议论文，主要讨论了核能作为许多国家的第一能源是否安全的问题。
世界各国能源政策比较能源政策作为各国经济与社会发展的重要组成部分，直接关系到国家的可持续发展和安全。
随着全球对于气候变化及环境保护的关注加剧，各国在能源领域的政策也日渐丰富和多样。
本文将从不同国家和地区的能源政策出发，比较其特点、做法及效果，分析其背后的原因与影响。
一、美国的能源政策美国是全球最大的能源消费国和二氧化碳排放国，其能源政策面临多重挑战，如减少温室气体排放、促进能源独立及确保能源供应安全等。
能源独立美国政府通过提升国内油气开采和可再生能源生产，实现了部分的能源独立。
近年来，页岩气革命使美国的天然气产量暴增，大幅度降低了对外依赖。
与此同时，美国还增加了对可再生能源如风能、太阳能的投资，以推动绿色转型。
清洁能源计划尽管美国在特朗普总统任内退出了巴黎协定，但拜登政府重回国际气候舞台，提出了“清洁能源计划”，旨在2035年前实现电力行业的零排放。
这一计划强调要大幅度降低煤炭的使用，并支持风能与太阳能的发展。
补贴与激励措施美国各州纷纷推出补贴政策以鼓励使用清洁能源。
例如，联邦税收抵免（ITC）和生产税抵免（PTC）对可再生电源和存储技术提供长达十年的优惠。
这一政策有效刺激了可再生能源的发展。
二、中国的能源政策中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家，在快速工业化进程中面临着巨大的能源需求与环境污染问题，因此实施了一系列综合性的能源政策。
五年规划中国定期发布五年规划，将清洁生产、节能降耗作为重要目标。
在“十四五”规划中，提出到2025年非化石能源占一次性能源消费比重达到20%以上，这体现了中国向绿色发展转型的决心。
发展可再生能源中国大力推广风能、太阳能等可再生能源的发展，是全球最大的太阳能光伏发电和风力发电市场。
此外，中国还提出加强电网建设，以实现可再生资源的大规模接入，提高整体供电效率。
减排目标中国承诺在2030年前达到碳排放峰值，并争取2060年实现碳中和。
这一目标引导着国家在运输、建筑及工业等领域加速转型，推动清洁低碳技术的发展。
第23卷第4期VOL.23 NO.4广东外语外贸大学学报JOURNAL OF GUANGDONG UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN STUDIES2012年7月Jul. 2012收稿日期：2012-02-28 *基金项目：本文系广东省科技计划项目“广东省能源可持续发展战略研究：基于欧盟能源政策比较视野”(2011B080701044)；广东省科技厅科技计划项目《广东”双转移”战略下产业结构优化与区域金融服务支持》（2010B080701029）的研究成果。
作者简介：祝佳（1981—），女，汉族，江西樟树人，经济学博士，广东金融学院讲师；研究方向：区域产业经济、国际经济。
汪前元（1963—），男，湖北洪湖人，经济学博士，广东金融学院教授；研究方向：产业集聚研究。
唐松（1980—），男，汉族，云南大理人，经济学博士，广东金融学院副教授；研究方向：区域产业经济。
欧盟能源供给安全：现状分析和前景展望祝 佳 汪前元 唐 松（广东金融学院·广州·510521）内容提要：作为世界能源消费大国，欧盟十分重视其能源供给安全。
本文对欧盟能源供给当前存在的问题进行了分析，发现欧盟当前能源对外依存度很高且呈上升趋势、进口来源集中在少数国家。
造成欧盟能源对外依存度很高的原因在于欧盟本土化石能源枯竭以及本土非化石能源开发力度不足。
因此，欧盟在未来很长一段时间内仍然要保持较高的能源对外依存度，但欧盟采取的能源供给来源多样化、完善的能源战略储备等措施可以使欧盟在一定程度上减轻能源供给受制于人的局面，进一步提高能源供给安全。
关键词：欧盟；能源；供给安全中图分类号：F206 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-0962(2012)04-0027-05作为世界能源消费大国，欧盟经济社会受到世界能源形势的影响很大。
“如何在全球能源需求和能源价格迅速增长的时代确保能源供给安全？”成为欧盟所重视的问题。
有鉴于此，本文对欧盟能源供给安全进行了分析，首先指出欧盟能源供给所存在的问题，并深入分析这些问题所造成的原因，进而对欧盟能源供给安全的前景进行展望。
欧盟的电力市场与能源互联互通政策欧盟一直致力于建立统一、高效且可持续的电力市场，以满足不断增长的能源需求，并推动经济发展。
为了实现电力市场的互联互通，欧盟制定了一系列政策措施，旨在促进能源间的交流与合作。
本文将探讨欧盟的电力市场和能源互联互通政策，并分析其对欧洲能源格局和国际能源合作的影响。
一、欧盟电力市场的发展欧盟成员国之间的电力市场一直存在不同程度的障碍和壁垒。
为了消除这些障碍，欧盟制定了一系列政策目标和法规，推动电力市场的发展与整合。
其中最重要的是《欧洲电力市场法规》（EU Power Market Regulation），该法规于2019年生效，旨在促进电力市场的统一和互联互通。
根据该法规，欧盟成员国需要建立透明、开放和非歧视性的电力市场。
这意味着所有的电力供应商和购买者都能够平等地进入市场，并享受公平的竞争环境。
此外，欧盟还鼓励成员国之间建立跨境电力交易机制，以便更好地利用各国之间的电力资源。
这将有助于提高能源供应的安全性，并降低能源成本，从而为欧洲的消费者带来更多好处。
二、能源互联互通政策的实施为了进一步推动电力市场的互联互通，欧盟采取了一系列政策措施。
首先是促进跨境电力输电线路的建设。
欧盟鼓励成员国之间建设更多的跨境输电线路，以便实现电力之间的互联互通。
这将有助于提高能源供应的可靠性和稳定性，并促进欧洲能源市场的一体化。
其次是通过政策和法规的制定，推动可再生能源的发展。
欧盟设定了雄心勃勃的可再生能源目标，要求各成员国增加可再生能源的比例。
为了实现这一目标，欧盟通过为可再生能源项目提供资金支持和激励措施，吸引更多的投资和技术创新。
这将有助于减少对传统化石燃料的依赖，并促进低碳经济的发展。
三、欧盟政策对能源格局和合作的影响欧盟的电力市场和能源互联互通政策对欧洲的能源格局和国际能源合作产生了积极影响。
首先，欧盟的电力市场整合促进了各国之间的能源交流和合作。
成员国可以通过跨境输电线路，将多余的电力出售给其他国家，从而提高能源利用效率，并增加收入来源。
欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第2005/32/EC 号指令2005 年7 月6 日为规定耗能产品的生态设计要求建立框架并修订第92/42/EEC 号和第96/57/EC 号理事会指令与欧洲议会和欧盟理事会第2000/55/EC 号指令欧洲议会和欧盟理事会注意到《建立欧洲欧共体条约》，尤其是其中第95 条，注意到欧盟委员会的提议，注意到欧洲经济与社会委员会的意见1执行《条约》第251条规定的程序2，鉴于：注：1OJ C 112, 30.4.2004, 第25 页。
2.欧洲议会2004 年4 月20 日意见(OJ C 104 E, 30.4.2004,第319 页)，理事会2004 年11 月29 日共同立场(OJ C 38E, 15.2.2005, 第45 页)，欧洲议会2005 年4 月13 日立场和理事会2005 年5 月23 日决定。
(1) 各成员国实施的与耗能产品生态设计相关的法律或行政措施不一致会产生贸易壁垒并扭曲共同体内的竞争，或许因而对内部市场的建立及其作用产生直接影响。
各国法律的协调一致是防止此类贸易壁垒和不公平竞争的唯一途径。
(2) 耗能产品(EuPs)在共同体自然资源和能源消耗中占有很大比例。
它们对环境也有其他许多重要的影响。
就共同体市场可获得的大部分种类产品而言，尽管它们功能相似，但可以发现其对环境的影响程度截然不同。
为了可持续发展，应鼓励主要通过对环境负面影响主要来源的确定和避免污染转移的方式，持续改善那些产品对环境的总体影响，只要这种改善不会产生过多的费用。
(3) 产品的生态设计是共同体一体化产品政策战略的一个至关重要的因素。
作为一种预防性的措施，它在保持产品功能质量的同时，通过设计使产品环境性能最大化，为制造商、消费者和社会整体提供了真正的全新机会。
(4) 能效的提高—连同供选方案之一，使电力的最终用途更为有效—被认为对共同体达到控制温室气体排放目标做出了实质性贡献。
电力需求是发展最快的一种能源最终用途，计划在未来20－30 年得到不断发展，如果没有任何政策行为来抑制这种趋势的话。
备战2022年中考英语考前时事热点话题阅读+题型专练热点60 煤炭资源等与能源安全一、阅读理解1Right now, the biggest source of energy(能源) in the world is fossil fuel(矿物燃料). Fossil fuels are oil, gas, and coal (煤). More than 80 percent of the world’s energy comes from fossil fuel. There are many problems with fossil fuel. One problem is that when fossil fuel is burned, it pollutes the air. Also, when we take fossil fuel from the Earth, we often cause a lot of harm. Another problem is that we’re running out of it.A big source of energy for many countries is nuclear power(核能).Thirty-one countries use nuclear power. A lot of ships also use it.Nuclear power has some advantages(优点). First of all, we can’t run out of nuclear power. Nuclear power does not make the air dirty. Also, if a country has nuc lear power, it doesn’t need to buy as much oil from other countries.However, there are also a lot of problems that come with nuclear power. For example, nuclear accidents are very serious. In 1986, there was a nuclear accident in Russia. In the next 20 years, about 4,000 people got sick and died. In 2011 there was another very serious nuclear accident in Japan. That was several years ago, but Japan is still trying to clean up the nuclear waste from the accident.Many people don’t want nuclear power in thei r countries. They say that it’s not safe. A lot of people in the United States, Russia, France, Japan, India, and many other countries want their countries to use safer and cleaner ways to get electricity(电力). Sometimes they get together to show their strong disagreement with nuclear energy.Many people hate nuclear energy, but more and more countries are using it. One reason for this is that the world is using more and more energy. We just don’t have enough fossil fuel. However, if we use nuclear power, then we may have more serious problems in the future.1. In the second sentence of the fifth paragraph, what does the underlined word “it” mean?A. The country.B. Nuclear power.C. A person.D. The electricity.2. What can we learn from the passage?A. Nuclear power is a kind of fossil fuels.B. There were no nuclear accidents in 1986.C. Nuclear power is easy enough to make.D. People may run out of fossil fuel one day.3. The following sentence would best be placed at the end of ________.“That’s why we nee d new sources of energy.”A. Paragraph 1 B. Paragraph 3 C. Paragraph 4 D. Paragraph 54. What would be the best title for the passage?A. A Safe Source of Energy?B. The Best Energy Source in the World!C. Everyone Loves Nuclear Power .D. We Should Only Use Fossil Fuels.2Thousands of years ago, people didn’t know that the Earth moved. They thought the sun really did move across the sky. The Greek God Helios was said to drive the sun across the sky with his chariot. But now, the way people think has chang ed. Nowadays, it is the sun that drives a “chariot” around the sky.What do I mean by this? Well, quite simply, there is now a plane (or “chariot”) that is powered by the sun. It has special parts on its wings. These parts absorb power from the sun. They get so much power that the plane can still fly even at night. In Greek mythology, Helios had to take a break at night. It seems we’re finally even more powerful than the gods themselves.This plane is called Solar Impulse. It will fly across the US next month. This is very important for the future of the world.Why is solar energy important? Well, other kinds of energy are known to cause problems. If you live in China, you’ve probably noticed the pollution. This is caused by burning coal and gas to make ener gy. The heat and chemicals created by burning these things give us power. But if we use power from the sun, we don’t have to burn anything and there will not be any pollution.Solar energy is not ready yet. It needs to be improved. But the best thing about it is that, unlike coal and gas, it doesn’t run out. The Solar Impulse plane could pretty much keep flying forever. Of course, the sun’s light will finally run out too one day, but not for another 5 billion years. That’s a pretty long flight.5. The Solar Impulse ________.A. has to take a break at nightB. is powered by chemicalsC. has already flown across the USD. is a special kind of plane6. What can we learn about solar energy in this passage?A. People can use solar energy forever.B. Solar energy is the most popular energy.C. Using solar energy makes the Earth cleaner.D. Creating solar energy is hard but important.7. What does the underlined word “absorb” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. look forB. take inC. give awayD. make up8. What’s the p assage mainly about?A. The special plane of solar energy.B. The ways of making use of energy.C. The story of the Greek God Helios.D. The uses and advantages of solar energy.3There is not enough oil in the world now. As time goes by, it becomes less and less, so what are we going to do when it runs out? Perhaps we will go back to use horses, carriages and bicycles.In the Second World War, some people didn’t use gas made from petroleum（石油）in their cars. They made gas from wood and plants instead. The c ar didn’t go fast, but they ran, so this was better than nothing. However, in the future, we can’t cut down all our trees to make gas; we need our trees for other things, too.Besides different types of gas, we can also use electricity（电）to run our cars, but first we must make electricity! Some countries have coal and they make electricity with that, but we might not always have coal, either. Other countries have big, strong rivers, and they can use the power of water to turn turbines（涡轮机）and make electricity more easily and cheaply. We are also able to get power from the ocean tides（海潮）. We put turbines into the mouth of the river. Then the tide comes in, the water turns the turbines and then it goes out, it turns them again.Which of these ways will be used to run our cars in the future?9. When might people have to go back to use horses and carriages?A. When they are poor.B. When they run out of oil.C. When they need more exercise.D. When there aren’t any big trees in the world.10. What did some people use to make gas in the Second World War?A. Water.B. Coal.C. Wood and plants.D. Tides.11. How many ways are suggested to make electricity in the passage?A. 2.B. 5.C. 4.D. 3.12. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. There is more petroleum than we can use now.B. Trees are needed for some other things besides making gas.C. We got electricity from ocean tides in the old days.D. Gas wasn’t used to run cars in the Second World War.13. The passage is mainly about ________.A. how to run our carsB. what to do when oil runs outC. different types of gasD. the ways to make electricity4According to the Xinhua News Agency, on August 28, 2003. The Tibet Autonomous Region which enjoys over 3000 hours of sunlight every year has become the most important place in the country in terms of solar energy development and use. Thanks to the development of solar energy, electricity has become available to 200,000 people in Tibet. Solar energy is also used for heating and cooking. Using solar energy can save Tibet 135,000 tons of coal every year. Do you know what solar energy is? What is solar cooking?Solar energy is often used to heat houses directly (the sun enters through the windows, and makes the rooms warm). Solar energy is also often used to heat water (a solar collector is put in direct sunlight, and heats the water in the water tank).Solar cookers use no electricity or gas, need no firewood, and produce no air pollution. The simplest type of solar cooker is a box cooker: an insulted box painted black on the inside and covered with glass or plastic. Sunlight enters the box and heats the food inside. A simple cooker can be made out of cardboard, and can reach temperatures over 250F. A higher-quality cooker can reach temperatures up to 425 F.Besides cooking food, solar cookers can also be used to purify drinking water, and heat water for laundry. Solar energy can make people’s lives much better.14. From the first paragraph, we know that Tibet_________.A. has plenty of sunlight.B. has 200,000 citizens.C. Produces 135,000 tons of coal every year.D. is the first to use solar energy in the world.15. In the passage, we are told that solar energy can do all of the following EXCEPT_________.A. save coalB. heat the houseC. produce electricityD. purify water16. A high-quality solar cooker_________.A. is a box painted black outsideB. is made of plastic or glassC. produces no air pollutionD. reaches temperatures up to 250F.5The meeting focused on the use and safety of hydrogen. In the meeting, experts discussed the direction of developing the hydrogen industry in China, the basic research of hydrogen, the development of hydrogen fuel cell technology, the new way to develop hydrogen and fuel cells in Shenzhen and so on.Hyd rogen is secondly energy. And it’s produced by primary energy (一次能源). For example, if we use some energy to produce electricity, then we can use the electricity to produce hydrogen. Hydrogen fuel cells have a few advantages. Firstly, they take only a few m inutes to recharge. Secondly, they aren’t affected by temperature. Thirdly, hydrogen is very safe, safer than gasoline. At present, because of climate change, the world is developing this energy. It doesn’t contain carbon. Many countries have made a plan f or hydrogen. Japan, Germany and the US are the leading ones. China has used different policies (政策) to encourage the development of hydrogen since 2016. It will become a kind of very important energy like electricity in the future.Yu Yiping, chairman of t he board of directors at Scientific Valley Group, said, “In order to prepare the summit, we’ve done lots of work. We went to other countries, such as Germany, France and the US, to learn experience. We also went to California, the US to learn about the hydrogen production, storage and transportation, and the construction of hydrogen refueling stations.” Du Zheng, vice director of the Nanshan District Science, Technology and Innovation Bureau, said, “We are pushing forward the development of hydrogen in thre e ways: the planning of the hydrogen industry, the policy guidance and the building of some basic facilities, such as hydrogen refueling stations.”17. What does Paragraph 2 mainly show us?A. Who attended the meeting.B. How long the meeting lasted.C. The topics discussed in the meeting.D. The decisions made in the meeting.18. Why is hydrogen secondary energy?A. Because it is very safe.B. Because it is clean energy.C. Because it was developed not long ago.D. Because it can be made from primary energy.19. How many advantages of hydrogen fuel cells are mentioned in Paragraph 3?A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Five.20. Which of the following is TRUE?A. Hydrogen has been widely used in people’s life in China.B. The members of Scientific Valley Group once went to England for study.C. The development of hydrogen will be pushed in four ways.D. The Chinese government strongly supports the development of hydrogen.6Have you ever heard of “a ball of energy”? People often use it to describe a very active chi ld. But today we tell about an invention called the sOccket that is a real soccer ball of energy. Julia Silverman explains that in fact the sOccket is a portable generator (便携式发电机).Julia Silverman and Jessica Matthews developed the sOccket as part of a group project for an engineering class at Harvard University, the USA. There are mechanisms (装置) in a sOccket. When you kick, hit or throw it, energy is then kept in it by these mechanisms instead of disappearing into the environment. Then the user can put something directly into the ball, like a lamp, or a mobile phone charger (充电器) so that they can get energy from it. For every fifteen minutes of the game play, the sOccket can provide enough electricity for an LED lamp for three hours. The ball can store u p to 24 hours’ electricity.It was reported that nearly one and a half billion people in the world had no electricity to use last year. And most of them live in sub-Saharan Africa and in India and other countries in Asia.Julia and Jessica both had experiences in developing countries before they began the project. They knew that power shortages are a serious problem in many areas. There is an energy crisis (危机) in the world. And besides that, there are a lot of health problems because what people use instead of the electricity are harmful choices like kerosene (煤油) lamps. They produce a lot of smoke.Julia says the sOccket ball is one small solution to a big problem. They hope their sOccket ball will shine more light on the problem of power shortages. It off ers people a chance to put their energy into the world’s most popular sport and get some energy in return.21. What does “a ball of energy” refer to in this passage?A. A very active child. B. A normal soccer ball. C. A soccer ball generator.22. How can the sOccket get energy?A. By getting recharged.B. By being kicked, hit or thrown.C. By getting energy from the environment.23. From the passage we can infer people in _______ are less short of energy or electricity.A. Asian countries like IndiaB. sub-Saharan AfricaC. developed countries24. Which of the following statements is NOT right?A. The world has a serious problem of power shortage at present.B. Julia Silverman and Jessica Matthews are famous American inventors.C. Both Julia Silverman and Jessica Matthews have been to developing countries.25. What can we know from the last two paragraphs?A. The sOccket not only can produce electricity but also is good for health.B. The sOccket has fully helped people to solve the problem of power shortages.C. The sOccket makes it possible for people to get energy by doing different sports.二、短文首字母填空根据短文内容及首字母提示，填写所缺单词，使短文意思完整。
■现代管理科学■2017年第2期一、引言和文献综述1973年,阿拉伯石油禁运引起全球石油价格飞涨,经济大动荡。
以此事件为触发点,以“区域和帝国”为基础的能源安全观称为主流,能源供给安全(Security of Ener⁃gy Supply)成为世界各国维护经济稳定、保障人民生活水平的重大战略问题。
随着全球一体化和市场经济的繁荣,许多学者持有以“市场与制度”为基础的能源安全,乐观地认为能源安全已经不再是一个问题,因为一个国家可以通过全球市场和自由贸易获取满足自身需求的各种类型能源。
但是,从历史的角度来看,能源安全问题绝对不能过于乐观,需要高度重视。
对于能源安全的基本定义,学术界和政府有着不同的声音。
国际能源署(简称为IEA)认为能源安全是在可承受价格水平下可获得的能源供给对需求的满足程度。
亚太能源研究中心指出能源安全是指一个经济体以不对经济体的经济表现产生负面影响的能源价格水平获取可持续和及时的能源供应的能力。
本研究认为考虑能源安全问题,不能脱离复杂的经济社会系统。
能源安全有着自己的内核和外延,其内核是在可接受的价格范围内保证能源短期和长期供给,外延在于可承受的价格下有着充足的能源供人民生活使用,维持经济社会的可持续发展。
能源安全需要在短期内保证能源供给可靠而且及时,价格保持稳定合理,在长期需要保证能源的充足,能源方面的基础设施完备,保证环境友好性。
确定能源安全的基本内涵之后,需要对一国或地区的能源安全水平进行评价。
能源安全的评价有着众多不同的模型。
能源安全评价模型分为四类:加权构建标准化指数(即多指标综合评价法)、衡量(期望)福利损失、构造多样化指数间接刻画风险及测算中断概率。
采用指标加权构建标准化指数评价能源安全的研究比较有代表性有两个:一是国土资源部咨询研究中心将响能源安全因素分为国内生产供应能力、国内资源保障能力、国家调控和应急保障能力、国际市场获取能力和环境安全控制能力五大类,然后采用专家打分法确定指标合成权重,加权得到能源安全的评价指数;二是Badea等人提出的,使用集体决策理论构建反映决策者风险厌恶程度的分线性权重,选取反映欧盟国家长期能源供给安全的主要指标合成指数。
