王丽君SOCIOLINGUISTICS-unit2

LinguisticsTopic 8 Sociolinguistics8.1 The scope of sociolinguistics8.1.1 Speech community8.1.2 Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies: Micro & macro sociolinguistics8.2 Varieties of language8.2.1 Dialectal varieties8.2.1.1 Geographical variation8.2.1.1.1 BrE & AmE8.2.1.1.2 Dialect vs. Accent8.2.1.2 Social varieties / sociolect8.2.1.3 Gender varieties / genderlect8.2.1.4 Language and age / agelect8.2.1.5 Idiolect8.2.1.6 Ethnic dialect8.2.2 Register8.2.2.1 Degree of formality8.2.2.2 Slang8.2.2.3 Jargon & argot8.2.2.4 Taboo and Euphemism8.3 Pidgin and creole8.4 Bilingualism and multilingualism8.1 The scope of sociolinguisticsSociolinguistics is the field that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Linguistic phenomena are placed in the general context of society.People’s use of language is in part determined by his social background.Purpose of language use1 to communicate meaning2 to express feelings2 to establish and to maintain social relationships.Examples:GreetingsWatch a mother with a young child. Most of their talk is devoted to nurturing the social bond between them.8.1.1 Speech community (言语社团)There are various definitions.For some, a speech community is defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of a language.Some others define speech community as a group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes toward linguistic norms.8.1.2 Two approaches to sociolinguistic studies:Micro & macro sociolinguisticsIn micro sociolinguistics, the sociolingui st’s goal might be to show how specific differences in pronunciation or grammar lead individual member of a speech community to make judgments about the education or economic status of a speaker.In macro sociolinguistics, the scholars pay attention to the whole of a language or variety. They consider how language functions in the whole society and how it reflects the social differentiations.8.2 Varieties of languageIn the daily life, almost every person has the experience of contacting a language which is different from his or her own. Even one single person speaks differently according to different occasions.For example, a girl’s way of speaking to her boyfriend is definitely of different styles from the way she speaks to her linguistic professor.Example 1(Ray, a student, comes home after school.)Ray: Hi, mum.Mum: Hi. You’re late.Ray: Yeah, that bastard Sootbucker Kept us in again.Mum: Lina’s here.Ray: Oh sorry. Where is she?Example 2(Leaving school, Ray runs into the school principal.)Ray: Good afternoon, sir.Principal: What are you doing here at this time?Ray: Mr. Sutton kept us in, sir.8.2 Varieties of languageThe varieties of a language are the actual manifestations of the general notion of the language and they are assumed to be related both to the language user and to the use to which the language is put.Varieties related to the user are normally known as dialects.Varieties related to use are known as registers.8.2.1 Dialectal varietiesThe study of variations in language has long been given serious attention before sociolinguistics became a separated discipline.The study of regional dialects played a major role in the historical linguistics that flourished in the late 18th and the 19th centuries.8.2.1.1 Geographical variationGeographical variation, which refers to the variation of language across geographical regions, can be generally divided into international variation and regional dialects.International variation refers to the variation of a language among different nations and is best exemplified by the American English and British English.Regional dialect denotes the variations within one country.Reasons for the variations:1. Geographical barriers2. Loyalty to one’s native speech3. Physical and psychological resistance to change中国七大方言分区1.北方话（简称：北语）2.广东话（简称：粤语）3.江浙话（简称：吴语）4.福建话（简称：闽语）5.湖南话（简称：湘语）6.江西话（简称：赣语）7.客家话（简称：客语）An example of misunderstanding caused by international variationsA British visitor to New Zealand decided while he was in Auckland he would look up an oldfriend from his war days. He found the address, walked up the path and knocked on the door.“Gidday,” said the young man who opened the door. “What can I do for you?”“I’ve called to see my old mate Don Stone,” said the visitor.“Oh he’s dead now mate,” said the young man.The visitor was just about to express his condolences when he was slapped in the back by Don Stone himself. He turned around, and found Don Stone was still alive and was as fit as a fiddle.Actually, the young man had said “Here’s dad now mate,” as his father came in the gate.8.2.1.1.1 BrE & AmEBrE is the basis for the varieties spoken in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and South Africa.AmE includes chiefly the English of Canada and the United States.Phonological differencesdance /α:/ /æ/ can, glass, half, canThe treatment of ‘r’.In the standard BrE, such sound has disappeared except when it is followed by a vowel.In AmE, it is pronounced in all positions. Most Americans have a retroflex /r/ when ‘r’ appears after a vowel i n words like car, far, towards, etc…Lexical DifferencesMeaning lost in BrE, but surviving in AmE.e.g. fall: autumnOrthographical DifferencesSome words are spelt differently in AmE and BrE. On the whole, the words in AmE are spelt more simply than those in BrE.Words ending with –our in BrE usually end with –or in AmE. (color, favor, labor, behavior, neighbor)Words ending with –re in BrE usually end with –er in AmE. (liter, meter, center, theater)Words ending with –ogue in BrE usually end with –og in AmE. (dialog, monolog, catalog) Words ending with –ce and –ze in BrE usually end with –se in AmE. (license, defense, realise)Grammatical Differences1) The treatment of collective nouns in AmE and BrE is different.Americans tends to treat the collectives as single nouns whereas the British people were more likely to use them as plurals.e.g. The family was/were invited to the party.2) The speakers of these two varieties use the verb do with auxiliaries can and have differently. Q: Have you repaired the bicycle for the girl?AmE: No, I haven’t.BrE: No, I haven’t done yet.3) Some of the prepositions are used differently in AmE and BrE.e.g. He saw his ex-wife on/in the street.The book caters to/for the readers below the age of 12.He worked Monday through/to Sunday.8.2.1.1.2 Dialect vs. AccentDialect is a regionally or socially distinctive variety of a language, identified by a particular set of words and grammatical structures.BrE – AmE CantoneseAccent refers to the characteristics of speech that convey information about the speaker’s dialect, which may reveal in what country or which part of the country the speaker grows up.Shanxi accent – Henan accentThe difference between accent and dialect lies in the fact that the former refers to pronunciation only while the latter refers to grammar and vocabulary as well.8.2.1.2 Social varieties / sociolectSocial varieties are language varieties in accordance with people’s social status, including economic and educational prestige.Generally speaking, speech of people in higher socio-economic group is less likely to be influenced by the varieties of regions where they are born and grew up. Their speech is more approximate to a standard variety.An example: p.113Standard variety/dialectStandard variety is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.Standard variety is just a language variation of common origin. However, it has been elevated to a higher status and put on a higher social recognition. Standard languages are the result of a direct and deliberate intervention by society.Unlike the non-standard variety, st andard dialects are dialects having been “standardized” through the process of “standardization” by the government.It is a superimposed variety.It is the result of language planning by the government.e.g. Standard English Mandarin普通话以北京语音为标准音，以北方话为基础方言，以典范的现代白话文著作为语法规范。

Unit 15 How does it taste？04/2014授课人：汪丽君教学目标：1、To revise old vocabulary and learn new vocabulary about food.（复习旧单词并学习有关食物的新词汇。

）2、To talk about likes and dislikes with regard to food.（讨论喜欢的和不喜欢的食物。

）3、To use adjectives to describe different tastes.（用形容词描述不同的味道。

）4、to know more about the tastes in life.(理解生活中的味道——人们的喜怒哀乐)教学重难点：1、词汇rice, hamburgers, chicken, fish, apples, oranges, vegetables, cakes, coke, chocolate, tea，lemon, vinegar, hotpot, sugar, sandwich, sweet, sour, salty,spicy2、句型：1）What food do you like？(你喜欢什么食物？)What food does he/she likes？(他/她喜欢什么食物？)2）How does it taste？(它尝起来是什么味道？)It tastes sweet/sour/salty/bitter/spicy.(它尝起来是甜的/酸的/咸的/ 苦的/辣的。

)3、教学活动设计能力教学步骤：Step I Lead-in（导入）Talk about food for meals one likes and dislikes.Describe different tastes about food.讨论学生们喜欢的食物和它们的味道。

Step II.Words and expressions（新单词和词组)1、Talk about food for three meals and snacks. This is a fun activity to learnand revise vocabulary and spelling.讨论自己的三餐和小点。

Unit 2Sociological InvestigationText APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation was dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out th e world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations ( : data page: World Bank ( : can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive,understand, and jud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). The major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created. Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.forabout cause and effectand Could expose subjects to the possibility of harm Subjects often behave differently under scientific observation Laboratory experiments are often highly artificialII. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge thereforean authority, specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, but he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues. A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things.Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefor e closer to “reality”, butit is based on an individual’s encounter and perspe ctive on reality, and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empiricalstudy with scientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity. (3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change ofroles or environment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independent variable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would exposesubjects to the possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children? Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey through the Internet are that it’s very quick(in terms of time)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, userbehavior analytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often havedifficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massively parallel software running on tens, hundreds, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer)The Internet companies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about thesestatistical figures might be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media(newspapers, radio, TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on (6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for (2) appeals for (3) applies…to (4) draw from (5) employed in(6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from(9) passes…from(10) exposes…toII. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematic observation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies – is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employmentsituation, this specialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods,sociology became an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories. (3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut inresearch funding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling,the poll result of this organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lackof check and balance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily useindication to manipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified itsstance to stay and develop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the pressconference, the spokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)It is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post80s and 90s generation was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。

Unit 2Sociological InvestigationText APreparatory Work(1)Experiment: variable, hypothesis, stimulus, control groupSurvey Research: sampling, questionnaire, interview, close-ended questions, open-ended questions, code sheet, telephone surveyField Research: observation, participantAnalysis of Existing Data: content analysis, statistics(2)Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect (also referred to as the observer effect) is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed. The original research at the Hawthorne Works in Cicero, Illinois, on lighting changes and work structure changes such as working hours and break times were originally interpreted by Elton Mayo and others to mean that paying attention to overall worker needs would improve productivity. This interpretation wa s dubbed “the Hawthorne effect”.(3) (open)Teaching SuggestionYou can use the data banks of the two international organizations to check out the world or any particular country’s information in terms of GDP, population, territory area, human development index etc.The United Nations (/en/) : data page: /The World Bank (/) : /You can also use the website of the Statistical Bureau of China to check out any statistical information about China:/Critical ReadingI. Understanding the text1.Thesis: How Sociology Is Done (Research methods/techniques employed in(1)“common sense”:Common sense is a basic ability to perceive, understand, andjud ge things, which is shared by (“common to”) nearly all people and can reasonably be expected of nearly all people without any need for debate. However, many of the common sense beliefs are actually lacking in support from scientific evidences and therefore biased and prejudiced.(2)Ordinary people often define their reality and what they know throughauthoritative opinions, traditional beliefs, personal experience, and mysticism (superstition). T he major differences between this kind of “common sense” view knowledge and the results/facts identified through scientific methods are: the former are not based on logical reasoning and hard evidences and therefore tend to be subjective and biased while the latter are just opposite.(3)The three major components of the scientific method are theory,operationalization, and observation. Theory provides the foundation for concepts so that statements about the relationship among variables can be created.Operationalization allows for the measurement of the variables so that they may be empirically examined. And observation involves the actual collection of data to test the hypothesis.II. Evaluation and exploration(1)An authority is a specialist in certain field of knowledge therefore an authority,specialized knowledge from an authority is closer to “truth”, but he is not a knowing-all figure, and he might also be biased in his attitude toward some issues.A tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society withsymbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. They are followed by and considered right by certain group of people, but cannot applied to other groups who have their own tradition; and since they are formed and passed down from the past, they might not be applicable to the present world. Religions may contain symbolic stories, which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the Universe, and other things. Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. However, religious beliefs mostly lack in empirical or scientific proof. Personal experience is based on one’s real life and reality and therefore closer to “reality”, but it is based on an individual’s encounter and perspective on reality, and cannot totally represent the common experience shared by a group of people. Mysticism is popularly known as becoming one with God or the Absolute, but may refer to any kind of ecstasy or altered state of consciousness which is given a religious or spiritual meaning. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truths, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. But it is based on religion or superstition, even farther away from being objective and scientific.(2)Since sociologists base their research and conclusion on empirical study withscientific method, it is similar to the disciplines of natural science, but there are two factors that differentiate it from natural sciences. The object of study is human being who can be very complicated and change with time. Also the sociologists are also human beings who can be subjective or even biased in their study. In this sense, sociology is still not equal to natural science in objectivity.(3)The hypothesis of the Stanford prison experiment is that change of roles orenvironment causes change of human behavior (effect). The independentvariable is the two roles （prisoner and prison guard）assigned to the 24 students who are all randomly selected (sampling) from among the university students, and the dependent variable is their (change of) behavior.(4)First, experiments are often not possible because they would expose subjects tothe possibility of harm. For example, what if a researcher wanted to know whether people who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their children?Second, the subjects often behave differently when they are under scientific observation from the way they would in their normal environment. Third, laboratory experiments are often highly artificial. When researchers try to set up social situations in laboratories, they often must omit many of the factors that would influence the same behavior in a real-life situation, thus affecting the validity of the experiment result.(5)The merits of survey through the Internet are that it’s very quick (in terms oftime)and efficient (in terms of cost), but the drawbacks are also obvious: not all citizens use the Internet (and therefore excluded from the sampling), and also not all netizens participate in the survey and therefore further affect the survey result.(6)The term often refers simply to the use of predictive analytics, user behavioranalytics, or certain other advanced data analytics methods that extract value from data, and seldom to a particular size of data set. Accuracy in big data may lead to more confident decision making, and better decisions can result in greater operational efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Relational database management systems and desktop statistics and visualization packages often have difficulty handling big d ata. The work instead requires “massively parallel software running on tens, hundred s, or even thousands of servers”. Also, those who do not use the Internet are excluded from the analysis therefore affect the analysis and conclusion.(7)(This question is open for discussion and there’s no definite answer) The Int ernetcompanies are caught between the two sides: the government side who emphasize gathering monitoring information for public security or national security reason, and the netizens who defend their right of “privacy”. Laws should be made regarding the right and responsibility of each side.(8)(This question is open for discussion) How one feels about these statistical figuresmight be affected by the class, occupation, gender, region and age group (and other factors) an individual belongs to. And also, the official statistics might not be very accurate.(9)(This question is open for discussion) Obviously, mass media (newspapers, radio,TV, the Internet) are the major channel people get most of their information which is supposed to be true and real. But there are some factors that influence the so-called truth: ownership (private or public), editors’ stance, class background of the participants (in the Internet) can all influence the information we get from the mass media.Language EnhancementI. Words and phrases1.(1) C&D (2) A&C (3) C&E (4) B&C (5) B&D(6) D&F (7) B&D (8) C&E (9) A&C (10) C&E2.(1) in; as; of (2) beyond; in (3) by; to (4) into; in; of (5) to; on; of; for(6) of; for; on (7) In; between; with; of (8) to; of; upon (9) In; with (10) like; in; of 3.(1) from scratch (2) appealed to (3) applied (4) apply (5) relies on(6) suffering from (7) guard against (8) died off (9) ran out of (10) contribute to4.(1) provide…for(2) appeals for (3) applies…to(4) draw from (5) employed in (6) participate in (7) refers…to(8) received…from (9) passes…from (10) exposes…to II. Sentences and discourse1.(1) The scientific method bases knowledge on direct and systematic observation through logical systems.(2) Operationalization provides conditions to measure the variables which may be checked empirically.(3) Since religion is a system of beliefs and practices based on worshipping the holy, people easily tend to equate faith to facts or facts to faith.(4) The obvious advantage of using available data, be it government statistics or the result of other research studies –is the savings in time and money. Otherwise, you would need a lot of time and money spent on collecting the information from the very start.(5) The savings are tempting, but the potential error and distortion from the second-hand data mean that you might not get the “truth”.2.(1)Basing on his overall investigation of China’s current employment situation, thisspecialist refuted the view that the population profit has been used up.(2)Thanks to the application of valid and objective survey methods, sociologybecame an independent branch of social sciences in the 19th century, transcending philosophy and ordinary social theories.(3)The head of the Academy of Social Sciences asserted that the cut in researchfunding would have a great impact on its long-term stable development.(4)Due to its limited survey range and invalid unscientific sampling, the poll result ofthis organization has seriously distorted the reality.(5)The cause of the phenomenon that officials abuse their power is lack of check andbalance.(6)He suspects that his rival is bluffing in the negotiation.(7)In conducting social investigation, the researcher may easily use indication tomanipulate the respondents to get the desired answer.(8)Through the major internet media, this company has clarified its stance to stay anddevelop its business in China.(9)Faced with continual questions from the reporters at the press conference, thespokesman had to refer to the documents in his hand for answers.(10)I t is believed by some people that the lazy and irresponsible post 80s and 90sgeneration was largely associated with the fact that they were mostly the only kid in the family.3.内容分析法可以应用于任何形式的通信交流，是对社会物件的系统分析，其内容包括书籍、杂志、诗歌、报纸、歌曲、绘画、讲演、信函、法律以及与此有关的任何成分或收集物。

Lesson PlanCourse book: Oxford 3BTopic: Module2 My favourite things Unit 2 ToysPeriod: 1st periodTeacher: Corinna ( 刘丽君 )Task：To imitate the story and act it out naturallyTo use wh-questions to find out specific informationTo express one's likes and dislikes freely and offer supported reasons Background study and material analyzeAccording to the teaching material, this conversation about toys is the integration of expressing one's likes and dislikes. This is the second time that students learning how to use wh-questions to inquire for one's favourite toys. While imitating and acting out the story repeatedly, students may grasp and apply the pattern freely. Students in Grade three have already known the expression about one's likes and dislikes in Module 2, Unit 1. They also learned how to differ the nouns singular form and the plural form according to the pattern " I like ...s " and "I like the..." . It is an interesting topic for them to choose their favorite toys to describe it. While students learning the conversation, performing the conversation, the teacher guides students the flexible attitude through the possession about different toys. The teacher may encourage students to share the toys and participate in different games with the toys.Objectives: To review the nouns about toysTo express one's likes and dislikesTo describe the toysTo act out the storyTo learn how to share the toysDifficulties: To memorize the whole storyTo express "I like...s" and " I like the..." correctlyAids: multi-media, tape, wall cards, posters, toys, exercise sheetProcedures Contents Methods PurposesI Pre-taskpreparations1. Greetings2.Revision aboutthe chant3.Brain stormingToys for boys:Toys for girls:Toys for both:4.Daily talk T: greet with SsSs: do daily greetingsT: guide Ss to act outthe chant about toysSs: act them outT: guide Ss to elicitthe toys they knownT: ask some questionsabout toysWhat do you like?Do you like skateboards?Sn: answer themTo do the dailygreetingsTo elicit the topicTo offer theenvironment abouttoysTo foster thedaily oralexpressionsII While- task procedures 1. Listening andunderstanding thestory2. Imitation aboutthe story by twoparts3. Role playT: BrianSgirls: JaneSboys: Harry4.Read the story1) Ss: listen to thedialogue of the story2) T: ask the questionabout the storyHow many kids do yousee?What does Harry like?3) Sa: answer itT: guide Ss to learnthe story1) Ss/Slines/Sn: try toimitate the story2) Ss/S2: say it again1) T: guide Ss to act itout2) S3: act it outSs: read the wholestoryTo have thegeneral idea aboutthe storyTo imitate thestory with actionTo experience thedifferentcharactersTo encourage kidsto act it outTo read the wholestory vividly5.Practice the patternWhat do you like?I like...sThey are ...I like the ...It's...It can ... T: I like teddy bears.They are cute.I like this teddy bear.I sleep with it everynight.T: What do you like?Spair: say and shareTo express thetoys students likeand get ready forthe new storyIII Post- task activities 1. New story acting1) ExampleT act to be theprofessorSa act to be HarrySb act to be Jane2)Practice thenew story3)Show the newstory in a group2.Fill in(Exercise Sheet)3. Exhibit posters4. AssignmentT: instruct theexampleSs: learn to make anew storyaccording to the oldmaterials learnedbeforeSg: choose the toysthey like andcooperate with theirfriendsSg: present it in classT: give phrases andcorrectionT: ask Ss to writetheir favorite toysSs: stick the exercisesheet and share thereasons1) Read Module 2 Unit2 (3)2) Make a new story3) Read the exercisesheetTo get the generalidea aboutmaking a newstory beforeactingTo cooperate ingroupsTo presentdifferent stoireslivelyTo practicewriting abilityTo express thedifferent reasonTo consolidatewhat they havelearned afterclassOn the blackboard What do you like?I (don't) like ...s. They are ...I like the ... It's ...Exercise Sheet:Story:Brian: Christmas is coming. Here are some toys for you. What do you like?Harry: I like skateboards. They are cool. Do you likeskateboards?Jane: No. I don't like skateboards. Abracadabra. I like dolls. They are nice.Harry: I don't like dolls. Dolls are for girls. Abracadabra. I like the skateboard. I can ride it very well. It's fun.Jane: I like this doll. It's lovely.Brian: You may share the toys to your friends, Right?My favourite toysI like _________. They're _________.See, this is a _________. It is ______. ______________________________. I like this _________ very much.Analysis the lesson:After I browsing through the teaching materials about the same topic---my favourite toys in Oxford 1B and 2B, I decided to design the conversation which integrate the grammar point together. It includes not only the wh-questions, general questions and answers, but also describing the singular and plural forms about the toys. Actually, it's a tough job for students to use the pattern correctly and freely. So I think the teacher should design the passage first. The passage itself is the example for students to learn and to consolidate the pattern vividly. Before learning the passage, I lead student to involve in the environment about toys by brain storming. While asking students favourite toys, students review the toys they have learned before. The new words in this unit, "skateboard, toy train, doll, robot" are not new for them. They have already learned the words in Joy of Learning, Kids' Stories and Oxford. They also known the nouns about toys like teddy bear, balloons, etc.Students show the enthusiasm about the hot movie, Harry Potter. So I use the familiar characters, like Harry Potter, Jane and the Professor to arouse students interest to learn the story. Students especially like to use the magical terms and experience the western culture about magician.I want to apply the story teaching methods in holistic reading. First, I show students the whole story and offer the general idea about story. I design some key questions to guide students to grasp the story before learning. For example, the questions could be "Which festival is coming?" "What does Harry like?" ...Then, I elicit the first part of the story.Brian: Christmas is coming. Here are some toys for you. What do you like? Harry: I like skateboards. They are cool. Do you like skateboards? Jane: No. I don't like skateboards. Abracadabra. I like dolls. They are nice.In part one, students review the pattern "What do you like?" "I like ...s." After students imitation, teacher can guide students to ask their deskmateswhat toy they like and give the reason. I think the reasons are very important. Students can express the reason like "they are cool." to describe the toys. They can also link themselves to play with the toys. For instance, "I like robots. Because they can help me do my homework. " The reasons should not be limited by the "to be" pattern.Harry: I don't like dolls. Dolls are for girls. Abracadabra. I like the skateboard. I can ride it very well. It's fun.Jane: I like this doll. It's lovely.Brian: You may share the toys to your friends, Right?In part two, teacher should help students differ the general and specific pattern. "I like ...s." and " I like the ..." After imitating this part, teacher set the example to the students, "I like teddy bears. They are cute. I like this teddy bear. I sleep with it every night." Students could understand the differences through the meaningful practice.Students may recite the story by different ways of reading. For example, read in a group, read with the teacher, etc. After that, role play is a vivid practice for students to act out the story. The teacher may ask students to make a new story according to the toys they like. The teacher should encourage students to give different opinions about the reasons. Of course, teacher should comment their performances directly and actively at the right moment.The post-task for students is to write and draw their favourite toys. The teacher could say: "If you have a magic wand. What do you like?" After their writing, they can stick the toys to the big posters. Teacher and students count the most popular toys and organize the students to share the toys they like in one group. Everyone in one group like the same toy, but they can share their different reasons.Some steps I designed are not very smooth. It needs more practice to improve the lesson itself.。