Criteria of translation

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。

2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言，跨文化的交际活动。

Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。

Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译)；Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译)；Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢，贫穷也罢，丈夫和妻子携手一生，情深意长。

英汉翻译入门I.Introduction 引言1.D efinition of Translation 翻译之定义七定义①Translating is the art of composinga work in another language without losing its original flavor.----Columbia Encyclopedia②Translating is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.----J.C.Cartford2.C riteria of Translation 翻译之标准①The most popular and acclaimedcriterion was the three characters as faithfulness ,expressiveness, and elegance or refinement raised by Yan Fu.②译书自以能存真为第一要义……最好一面极力求不失愿意，一面要译文流畅。

--郑振铎duo③译者不但要求达意，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠于原文之字神句气与言外之意。

--林语堂3.I s Translation Easy?①He is easily the best student in the class. 他绝对/无疑是班上最好的学生。

②I can’t agree more. 我完全同意。

劳累-hard labor 苦工-hard work③Do you have a family? 你有孩子了吗？4. Literal Translation vs. Liberal TranslationWasted and withering years 蹉跎岁月Just to reap easy-to-reach profit 坐收近水楼台之利He bent solely upon profit他这个人唯利是图。

RequirementsoftranslationRequirements of translationBefore the translator begins to translate and the translation beginners learning translation, they all should satisfy some personal requirements. Otherwise ,they don’t know where to go .Firstly, the requirement is that knowing Chinese very well. Many people always ignored it, considering that Chinese is their mother language. It’s more than enough to deal with the translation problems depend on their primary Chinese knowledge. However, we cudgel our brains due to the dissatisfied expression of a word or a sentence when we translate the English to Chinese. Sometimes, it’s still the ideal one even after we have an answer. When translating the Chinese to English, we often have an understanding deviation of normal Chinese style, which affect the veracity of target language. Such as the Tang and Song poetry, the Book of Songs. We could know from this that the comprehension of Chinese expression and understanding can influence the equality of translation directly. It’s important for translation to work hard on Chinese and have a good Chinese foundation.How to learning Chinese very well? On the one hand , we could master the Chinese grammar with the help of textbook. We had contacted the Chinese grammar from the primary school of our Chinese book, it’s not difficult to master the Chinese grammar. On the other hand ,we should study the authentic expression of Chinese by reading some outstanding literature.There are so many choices ,such as Four Great Classical Novels, The Four Books and so on .There are many foreignlearning Chinese form The Four Books as well. Zhong Ning ,who is the Chinese professor in Xiamen University write that Jesuits came to China learning Chinese and reading those books for god ,for god harvesting the soul of the East. Those classical books are the best materials to learning Chinese grammar absolutely. If you are a good writer in your first language, you have probably com e accross som e writing, even published writing, that m akes you shudder. Native speakers can write poorly, too! If you want to be a translator, you need superior writing skills in your target language. You need an excellent command of grammar and style. If a com pany pays hundreds or thousands of dollars for a translation, the docum ent must be im portant to them and they will expect quality.Secondly, a good translator should have a strong English linguistic competence. As a English language learner ,we should not only master comprehensive English grammar knowledge ,but also should remember a great deal of words .Because if we only knew some grammar but fewwords ,we have to consult the dictionary continues ,which would break the normal thinking ,lower the speed of translate and effect the accuracy . The requirements for our source language are not quite as dem anding. we should have an excellent comprehension of your second language, of course. However, when we're translating, you hopefully have access to lots of dictionaries and reference m aterial (m ore on that later).Keep in mind, though, that having to look up a lot of words of the source text will severely reduce your output and speed in translating. I occasionally translate from English to Chinese, but I do have to consult m y dictionary a lot m ore. I believe that my translation is still good, but it takes m e accordingly longer.The number of words should more than 10000 as a dutiful translator , especially for the written translators. We can increase the vocabulary by reading extensively, especially in your non-native language(s).Reading high quality newspapers (e.g. the New Y ork Times, Wall Street Journal) EVERY DAY for at least a year. Reading high quality news magazines (e.g. the Economist), cover to cover. Reading our favorite topics in your non-native language(s). Reading other well-written material that will help broaden our general knowledge.Watching the TV news and listen to radio news and podcasts on current events in all working languages .Don't just listen to news stories; analyze them. Keep abreast of current events and issues. Recording news programs and interviews so we can listen to them later. it is good to have a broad education and general knowledge of certain specialist fields. Translation agencies and clients look for translators that are fam iliar with the topic of the translation. There's nothing harder to translate than a text that you don't really understand. Specializing in certain fields also gives you a m ore limited vocabulary you need to m aster, especially concerning technical term s.Strengthen your general knowledge of economics, history, the law, international politics, and scientific concepts and principles (in that order).Take college-level courses, review high school texts, etc.Strengthen your knowledge in a specialized field (preferably in a technical field, such as computers).Because translators are responsible for converting oral and written materials from one language to another, it is imperative that they be fluent in at least two languages. This includes being able to read, write, speak and understand a language other than English. If only a lot of English words, without a good knowledge of English grammar, then in the English-Chinese translation,translator understanding will certainly be full of mistakes, the Chinese translation and the original will irrel evant; while in the Chinese-English translation The Translator's try to understand the Chinese original, but can not organize a decent English translation, let alone authentic English translation. Therefore, we must first choose an authoritative and comprehensive English grammar book, learning seriously, carefully do grammar exercises, a firm grasp of English grammar, improve the accuracy of our understanding of the English-Chinese translation of the English original as well as in the Han the accuracy of the English translation in the English expression. The same time, we should be reading a lot of the English original, often do read notes that this method can improve our English vocabulary, on the other hand enables us to accumulate a lot of new, authentic English expression, so that our ability to translate increased to a new level.The third condition is to be a wide range of knowledge. To do this well, we must first read, increase their encyclopedic knowledge. Good translation, whether it is the understanding of the original, or translation of the expression, the translator must have the rich encyclopedic knowledge, astronomy, geography, ancient and modern proficient, but also to understand the basic common sense. Without a certain degree of common sense, even if the level of the translator's language no matter how high, is also unable to do the translation work. Translator knowledge of the width of the large extent determines the level of the quality of the translation and the pace. Expansion of knowledge by the usual accumulation, we must not ignore this.Be prepared for lifelong learning.Be patient. Bringing your language skills and analytical skills up to the level required of a professional translator or interpreteris not a task that can be accomplished in a few short years. Only with a lot of sustained hard work can anyone truly succeed in these challenging and exciting fields.Hone your analytical skills.Practice listening to speeches and orally summarizing the main points.Practice writing summaries of news articles.Practice deciphering difficult texts (e.g. philosophy, law, etc.).Practice explaining complicated concepts understandably.Identify resources for background research (e.g. library, Internet, etc.).Fine-tune your writing and research skills.Take challenging composition courses (not just creative writing courses, but classes in journalism, technical writing, etc.) so you can “speak” journale se, UNese, legalese, etc.Copy (by hand) sections of textbooks and periodicals in your non-native language(s).Make a note of unfamiliar or troublesome grammatical points and work towards mastering them. Practice proofreading.。