英汉语言对比讲义教材

04.英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译_讲义第四章英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译Fiona Ma April, 201221. 英汉语⾔特点2. 英汉语⾔特点对翻译的启⽰3. 课堂互动及课后练习英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译1.英语重形合，汉语重意合2.英语偏静态，汉语偏动态3.英语重抽象，汉语重具体4.英语重物称，汉语重⼈称5.英语重被动，汉语重主动6.英语多替换，汉语多重复7.英语重后饰，汉语重前饰8.英语重聚焦，汉语重流散9.英语重时体，汉语轻时体1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 4例1: Children will play with dolls equipped withpersonality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.【译⽂】⼉童将与装有个性芯⽚的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为⼯作伙伴⼉不是⼯具，⼈们将在⽓味电视前休闲，这时数字时代就来到了。

例2: 早知今⽇，何必当初？【译⽂】If I had known it would have come to this, I would have acted differently.1.1 英语重形合，汉语重意合1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 5例3: As we lived near the road, we oftenhad the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.【译⽂】我们就住在路边。

第四讲英汉对比理论❖综合语与分析语(Synthetic vs. Analytic)❖聚集与流散(Compact vs. Diffusive)❖形合与意合(Hypotactic vs. Paratactic)❖物称与人称(Impersonal vs. Personal)❖被动与主动(Passive vs. Active)❖静态与动态(Stative vs. Dynamic)❖抽象与具体(Abstract vs. Concrete)I综合语与分析语An analytical language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to expression synthetic.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.主人对他的冷淡让他更加不舒服。

I could have laughed to hear him talk like this. 听到他这样讲话，我差点笑了出来。

综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系。

Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary给综合语定义为：A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”。

拉丁语、德语及古英语等都属于这类语言。

分析语的特征是不用形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系。

The Random House College Dictionary给分析语定义为：An analytic language is “characterized by relatively frequent use of function words. Auxiliary verbs. And changes in word order to express syntactic relations rather than of inflected forms”。

英汉语言对比与翻译讲义（二）一、常见的被动式习语译法[1] It is said that 据说，有人说[2] It will be said that 有人会说[3] It is well-known that 大家都知道，众所周知[4] It is believed that 人们相信，大家相信[5] It is reported that 据报导，据报告，据通报[6] It is learned that 据闻，据说，已经查明[7] It is found that 据发现，人们认为[8] It has been found that 已经发现[9] It is considered that 据估计，人们认为[10] It is usually considered that 通常认为[11] It is thought that 有人认为[12] It is universally accepted that 普遍认为，是普遍接受的[13] It is taken that 人们认为，有人以为[14] It is regarded that 人们认为[15] It is generally agreed that 人们通常认为[16] It is generally recognized that 通常大家都承认[17] It is noticed that 人们注意到，有人指出[18] It is noted that 前面已经指出[19] It is announced that 据称，有人宣称[20] It is sometimes asked that 人们有时会说[21] It will be seen that 可见，可以看出[22] It will be seen from this (that) 由此可见[23] It should be pointed out that 必须指出[24] It must be admitted that必须承认，老实说[25] It is supposed that 据推测，人们猜测，假定[26] It may be safely said that 可以有把握地说[27] It is asserted that 有人主张[28] It has been proved that 已经证明[29] It has been shown (stated) that 有人指出，据说，据称，有人说[30] It has been illustrated that 据说明，据图示[31] It is expected that 人们希望[32] It is understood that 不用说，大家知道[33] It is suggested that 有人建议，建议[34] It is demonstrated that 据证实，已经证明[35] It is pointed out that人们指出，有人指出[36] It is estimated that 据估计，有人估计[37] It is claimed that 据称，有人宣称[38] It is recommended that 有人推荐，有人建议[39] It is decided that 已经决定[40] It cannot be denied that 无可否认[41] It is stressed that 人们强调说[42] It is arranged that 已经商定，已经准备[43] It has been calculated that 据估计[44] It is mentioned that 据说[45] It is assumed that 假定，假设[46] It is declared that 据宣称，有人宣称[47] It is hypothesized that 假设[48] It is proposed that 有人指出，有人提议，一般认为[49] It has been viewed that 讨论了，检查了[50] It is enumerated that 列举了[51] It is outlined that 概括地说[52] It is established that 可以认定[53] It is still to be hoped that （我们）仍应希望[54] It is predicted that 据估计，预计[55] It is hoped that 希望，有人希望二、王佐良谈翻译中的具体问题王佐良教授关于翻译的论述，归纳起来，有以下要点。

《英汉语言对比与翻译》讲义翻译典型译例举隅：（1）形神兼备式七八个星天外，两三点雨山前。

（辛弃疾）Beyond the clouds seven or eight stars twinkle,Before the hills two or three raindrops sparkle.（2）舍形取神式Why the river is rich, because it has two banks.为什么河流是富有的，因为它总向前（钱）流。

（3）文字游戏人曾为僧；人弗能成佛，女卑为婢；女又何妨成奴。

A Buddhist cannot bud into a Buddha,A maiden may be made a home maid.（4）得形忘义抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁。

（李白）Drawing sword, cut into water, water again flows;Raising up, quench sorrow, sorrow again sorrow.（5）象形诗的翻译starIf you areA love compassionate,You will walk with us this year.HuddldAt your feet星啊，如果你那爱中满含怜悯，来年就和我们同行。

我们面对冰河距离，如今拥挤在你脚底（6）难译的原文石室诗士施氏，嗜狮，誓食十狮。

氏时适市视狮。

十时，适十狮适市。

氏视十狮，恃矢势，使十狮逝死。

氏拾是十狮尸，适石室，石室湿，氏使拭石室，石室拭，氏始试食是十狮尸。

食时，实识是狮尸，实十石狮尸，试释是事。

第一讲1、何谓翻译翻译，中国古代叫做“象寄”或“通事”《礼记·王制》。

严复在《天言论》的译例言中说：“海通以来，象寄之才，随地多有”。

《杨子·方言》中说：“译，传也。

”《说文解字》里说：“传译四夷之言者”。

汉明帝时，“摩腾始至，而译《四十二章》，因称译也。