FACS附录一面部表情编码系统

面部行为编码系统FACS—AU目录【人脸肌肉图】 (1)【专用术语】 (1)AU1——抬起眉毛内角 (5)（一）外显变化 (5)（二）如何做出AU1 (5)（三）AU1在情绪识别上的应用 (5)AU2——抬起眉毛外角 (6)（二）如何做出AU2 (7)（三）AU2在情绪识别上的应用 (7)AU4——皱眉（降低眉毛） (7)（一）外显变化 (8)（二）如何做出AU4 (9)（三）AU4在情绪识别上的应用 (9)AU5——上眼睑上升 (10)（二）外显变化 (10)（三）如何做出AU5 (11)（三）AU5在情绪识别上的应用 (11)AU6——脸颊提升和眼轮匝肌外圈收紧 (12)（一）外显变化 (12)（二）如何做出AU6 (13)（三）AU6在情绪识别上的应用 (13)AU7——眼轮匝肌内圈收紧 (13)（一）外显变化 (13)（二）如何做出AU7 (14)（三）AU7在情绪识别上的应用 (14)AU9——皱鼻 (15)（一）外显变化 (15)（二）如何做出AU9 (16)（三）AU9在情绪识别上的应用 (16)AU10——拉动上嘴唇向上运动 (17)（一）外显变化 (18)（二）如何做出AU10 (18)（三）AU10在情绪识别上的应用 (18)AU11——拉动人中部位的皮肤向上 (19)（一）外显变化 (19)（二）如何做出AU11 (19)（三）AU11在情绪识别上的应用 (19)AU12——拉动嘴角倾斜向上 (20)1（一）外显变化 (21)（二）如何做出AU12 (21)（三）AU12在情绪识别上的应用 (22)【【【【说谎时脸上所伴随的笑的含义】】】】 (22)AU13——急剧的嘴唇拉动 (23)（一）外显变化 (23)（二）如何做出AU13 (23)（三）AU13在情绪识别上的应用 (24)AU14——收紧嘴角 (24)（一）外显变化 (24)（二）如何做出AU14 (25)（三）AU14在情绪识别上的应用 (25)AU15——拉动嘴角向下倾斜 (26)（一）外显变化 (26)（二）如何做出AU15 (26)（三）AU15在情绪识别上的应用 (26)AU16——拉动下唇向下 (27)（一）外显变化 (28)（二）如何做出AU16 (28)（三）AU16在情绪识别上的应用 (28)AU17——推动下唇向上 (29)（一）外显变化 (29)（二）如何做出AU17 (29)（三）AU17在情绪识别上的应用 (29)AU18——撅嘴 (30)（一）外显变化 (30)（二）如何做出AU18 (31)（三）AU18在情绪识别上的应用 (31)AU20——嘴角拉伸 (31)（一）外显变化 (31)（二）如何做出AU20 (32)（三）AU20在情绪识别上的应用 (32)AU22——收紧双唇向外翻 (32)（一）外显变化 (32)（二）如何做出AU22 (33)（三）AU22在情绪识别上的应用 (33)AU23——收紧嘴唇 (33)（一）外显变化 (33)（二）如何做出AU13 (34)（三）AU23在情绪识别上的应用 (34)AU24——嘴唇相互按压 (34)2（一）外显变化 (35)（二）如何做出AU24 (35)（三）AU24在情绪识别上的应用 (35)AU25 26 27——张嘴 (35)（一）外显变化 (36)1、AU 25 (36)2、AU 26 (36)3、AU 27 (37)（二）如何做出AU252627 (37)1、AU25 (37)2、AU26 (37)3、AU27 (38)（三）AU252627在情绪别上的应用 (38)AU28——吸唇 (39)（一）外显变化 (39)（二）如何做出AU28 (39)（三）AU28在情绪识别上的应用 (39)AU43 45——闭眼眨眼 (40)（一）外显变化 (40)1、AU43 (40)2、AU45 (40)（二）如何做出AU4345 (41)1、AU43 (41)2、Au43 (41)（三）AU4345在情绪识别上的应用 (41)简单的AD与AU (41)AU8——双唇相互朝向 (41)AD19——伸舌头 (42)AU21——绷紧脖子 (42)AD29——推下巴 (42)AD30——下颌部向左或右移动 (42)AU31——下颌部紧咬 (42)AD32——咬嘴唇 (42)AD33——吹气 (43)AD34——鼓气 (43)AD35——吸允 (43)AD36——舌头撞击脸颊 (43)AD37——舌头舔嘴唇 (43)AU38——鼻孔扩张 (43)AU39——鼻孔收缩 (43)3【人脸肌肉图】这张图里涵盖了人脸的大部分肌肉，这些肌肉也是我们在后面的AU介绍里要提到的。

Appendix I:Index to Video ExamplesAUs and combinations that are illustrated with MPEG video are sorted in AU order in the table below. Each video is cross-referenced to the filename of the video clip, the Manual page containing the scoring commentary, and the sequenceof the clip in the continuous MPEG master video (roughly the order of appearance in the Manual and in the table of scor-ing commentaries). (The digital transfer of the original film examples does not contain the newer examples.) The video clips are in the Examples/Video directory of the CD ROM. (An identical set of video clips in QuickTime® format can be found in the Examples/Video/QT directory.) The continuous MPEG is in the Manual directory. Online viewers can clickth e hyperlinks in the column “Filename of Video Clip” to see the video, and the links in the “Page Number of Scoring Commentary” to see the commentary.AUs Illustrated 11+21+2+41+2+51+4244+555+766+7 (i)6+7 (ii)6+7+126+12 (i)6+12 (ii)6+156+4E3, 7+43E Filename of VideoClipAU1.mpgAU1_2.mpgAU1_2_4.mpgAU1_2_5.mpgAU1_4.mpgAU2.mpgAU4.mpgAU4_5.mpgAU5.mpgAU5_7.mpgAU6only.mpgAU6_7.mpgAU6.mpgAU67_12AU6_12B.mpgAU6_12o.mpgAU6_15.mpgAU6_7_43.mpgPage Numberof ScoringCommentarypage 413page 416page 416page 416page 415page 413page 413page 415page 414page 415page 414page 414page 414page 423page 422page 422page 424page 416Sequence inMPEGMaster21112131031849--6-37-4614Index to Video Examples7 (i) 7 (ii) 7+12 8+26 9 AU7.mpgAU7only.mpgAU7_12o.mpgAU8_26.mpgAU9.mpgpage 414page 414page 422page 429page 4175--70159+16+25 AU9_16.mpg page 418 209+171010+12+16+25 10+12+2510+1410+1510+15+1710+16+2510+1710+17+2310+20+2510+22+2510+23+25 AU9_17.mpgAU10.mpgAU101216.mpgAU101225.mpgAU10_14.mpgAU10_15.mpgAU101517.mpgAU10_16.mpgAU10_17.mpgAU101723.mpgAU102025.mpgAU102225.mpgAU102325.mpgpage 418page 417page 423page 423page 420page 419page 419page 418page 419page 427page 421page 426page 4262216413931232621246133675311 AU11.mpg page 421 3512 (i)12 (ii)12+1512+15+17 12+16+25 12+1712+17+23 12+2312+2412+2612+27131414+17 AU12.mpgAU12only.mpgAU12_15.mpgAU121517.mpgAU121625.mpgAU12_17.mpgAU121723.mpgAU12_23.mpgAU12_24.mpgAU12_26.mpgAU12_27.mpgAU13.mpgAU14.mpgAU14_17.mpgpage 421page 422page 424page 424page 423page 424page 427page 426page 426page 423page 424page 422page 420page 42036-45474044605455424338283214+231515+1715+17+23 15+2316+20+25 16+22+25 16+23+25 16+25 (i) 16+25 (ii) 1717+2317+241818+23192020+23+25 20+2620+272122+23+25 22+252323+26242829303132333435 AU14_23.mpgAU15.mpgAU15_17.mpgAU151723.mpgAU15_23.mpgAU162025.mpgAU162225.mpgAU162325.mpgAU16.mpgAU16ii.mpgAU17.mpgAU17_23.mpgAU17_24.mpgAU18.mpgAU18_23.mpgAD19.mpgAU20.mpgAU202325.mpgAU20_26.mpgAU20_27.mpgAU21.mpgAU222325.mpgAU22_24.mpgAU23.mpgAU23_26.mpgAU24.mpgAU28.mpgAD29.mpgAD30.mpgAU31.mpgAD32.mpgAD33.mpgAD34.mpgAD35.mpgpage 426page 417page 419page 427page 428page 421page 429page 429page 418page 418page 417page 427page 427page 425page 428page 429page 419page 428page 420page 420page 429page 428page 425page 425page 428page 425page 425page 430page 430page 430page 430page 430page 431page 431561825576334686919-1758594862-2766293071654950645152-------Index to Video Examples3637 38; 39 46M55 M57 M59 M60 M61 M68 M69 M83 AD36.mpgAD37.mpgAU38_39.mpgAU46.mpgM55.mpgM57.mpgM59.mpgM60.mpgM61.mpgM68.mpgM69.mpgM83.mpgpage 431page 431page 431page 415page 432page 432page 433page 433page 433page 432page 432page 432--727--------Appendix II:Scores for ReferenceExample Images and VideosThe example images and videos portray AUs to illustrate AU descriptions1. Although every attempt was made to use examples that show only the AUs intended to be represented, this goal was not always achieved because of the difficulty of eliminating all other actions from the performance of the intended AUs. Below are complete FACS scores for each of the example images. These scores contain the intensity score, which is usually not emphasized in the AU descriptions of Section A, a unilateral prefix if unilateral or an asymmetry score (a scoring option) if asymmetrical. These scores allow the careful student to determine more precisely what causes certain appearances in the example images. An example may inadvertently contain a score for an AU that has not been previously discussed. If so, focus on the intended AUs and return to the example later when the as yet unfamiliar AU is discussed. The scores for the examples will help to under- stand the relevance of the examples for scoring decisions made in practical scoring situations after FACS training is com- plete. The commentaries present the evidence for the AUs scored and the intensity assigned, and discuss why other AUs were not scored. Any difficulties in scoring are highlighted. In the scoring of the video, the scores pertain to the maximum extent of the movement in the clip and include all the actions of significance, regardless of the complexities that might be introduced by the event scoring in Chapter 11.If you are reading online, click the thumbnail to view the image in an external viewer, click the page number link to move to the Manual page containing the image, or click on the “(Get Neutral)” link to see the neutral for the person in an exter- nal viewer.Image Name &Example Image Page Numberpage 465 FACS ScoreRationaleThe face is not showing any action, often called a neutral face. Theface is not actually at rest because the eyes are open, the jaw isclosed, etc., but no AU can be scored. This neural face is the base-line for scoring AUs in the example images of this person, andsimilar states of “neutral” faces are used most often as baselines inactual scoring situations, although other baselines can also be used,as discussed in Chapter 11.1. The images of the AU examples for FACS were photographed and scored for the first edition under the Minimum Requirements andCo-occurrence rules of the original FACS Manual. For this version of the Manual, these photos were scanned into digital images, re- cropped, and then re-scored using the Intensity Criteria approach. Differences in the scoring techniques, especially eliminating Min-imum Requirements, changed the rules that originally assessed the quality of the photos as examples. Minor deviations from the intended actions occur in the examples, but the portrayals do not contradict the AU’s description.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos4i page 466(Get Neutral)4ii page 466(Get Neutral)w0 page 465(Get Neutral)w4 page 465(Get Neutral) V4C+38A4D4B+38ASlight to marked vertical wrinkles appear in the glabella and theeyebrows are pulled together markedly. The inner parts of the eye-brows are pulled down a trace on the right and slightly on the leftwith traces of wrinkling at the corners. Notice the skin bunchingthat begins above the middle of each eyebrow and continues moremedial making shallow waves, a sure sign of AU 4, and the bunch-ing of skin in the glabella. The 4 meets criteria for the C level onthe basis of the pulling together. Because the skin bunching abovethe eyebrows is a trace greater on the left, and the left eyebrow islowered a trace more, asymmetry is L1 and the V prefix isassigned to the 4. How about AU 1 because of the arch in the firsthorizontal wrinkle above the glabella? This change is due to thebunched skin in the glabella bending that wrinkle up. ConsideringAU 5 because of the harsh quality in the eye? There is no hard evi-dence for 5, which you can confirm by covering the eyebrows witha card. The trace of nostril flaring in the changed shape of thethinned nostril wings is sufficient for 38A.Severe vertical wrinkles and skin bunching between the eyebrows,severe drawing together of the eyebrows, and severe to extremeeyebrow lowering put this 4 at the D intensity. Both lowering anddrawing together of the eyebrows has increased from image 4i, butthe lowering has increased much more. Notice that the other signsof 4 listed for image 4i have also increased. The arch in the lowesthorizontal furrow of the forehead has straightened because of thelowering and pulling down of the glabella. Again, there is no evi-dence of AU 5 when looking closely at only the eyelid. The darkshadow between the lips should not entice the coder to score 25because 25 requires certainty, but they are certainly closed.The neutral face shows the appearance of a lowered, slanting eye-brow, a permanent feature. Also, note the furrows beyond the lipcorners, deepened parts of the nasolabial furrow. These furrowsand the wrinkling in the forehead are asymmetrical. The eye coverfold is virtually hidden, making action of 5 more difficult to detect.The eyebrows are slightly lowered and pulled together and slightvertical wrinkles form between the eyebrows, sufficient to score4B. The marked thinning and flaring of the nostrils is sufficient toscore 38A in a still image.1 page 466(Get Neutral)2 page 466(Get Neutral)5i page 467(Get Neutral)5ii page 467(Get Neutral)w5i page 467(Get Neutral)1B+38AV2C+38A5B5E5B+38AThe inner corners of the eyebrows are lifted slightly, the skin of theglabella and forehead above it is lifted slightly, and wrinklesdeepen slightly and a trace of new ones form in the center of theforehead. Someone might contend that either the wrinkling or theinner brow raise is marked, and therefore the score should be 1C,but compare these changes to those in the image 1+2 below andother images where AU 1 is at much greater intensity and re-cali-brate. There is no sign of AUs 2, 4, 5, 6, or 7 whatsoever. In thelower face, nostril flaring evident in the raised and thinned nostrilwing and increased nostril size is marked, A level in a still image.The outer part of the eyebrow raise is pronounced. The wrinklingabove the right outer eyebrow has increased markedly, and thewrinkling on the left is pronounced. Increased exposure of the eyecover fold and skin is pronounced. The score is 2C.There is nosign that the inner corners of the eyebrows are raised, althoughthey may be drawn laterally, and wrinkling in the center of theforehead has not changed in shape or position. Although thesewrinkles may have deepened somewhat, the changes in the outerpart of the wrinkles due to 2 can explain this change. Thus, AU 1 iseliminated.The greater number and depth of wrinkling on the leftmakes the asymmetry trace (L1), so assign the prefix V. The slightchanges in the nostril again indicate 38A.AU 5 is hard to see here because the eyebrows are set low and theeye cover fold has little exposure. The upper eyelid is pulled up,the medial part virtually disappearing into the revulsion margin ofthe eye cover fold. More sclera around the upper part of the iris isrevealed The inner corner of the eye shows more mucosa andsclera. In the neutral photo, no sclera is exposed and the upper eye-lid covers the top part of the iris, but here, we can extrapolate fromthe shape of the upper eyelid that virtually the entire iris isexposed, if we could see under the eye cover fold obscuring the topof the iris. This change is sufficient to score 5B on this person.The upper eyelid is raised to about the maximum and a maximumamount of sclera shows above the iris. The bulging, staring appear-ance is present without doubt. This evidence is sufficient to score5E. The lower eyelid is somewhat raised and straightened, cover-ing more of the iris, but this is due to the maximum 5 pulling up onthe lower eyelid; but there is no 7 in this item. (A 7 would wrinklethe lower eyelid and pull it up onto the eyeball, causing a bulgeand straightening it much more -- see item 7 below.)The upper eyelid is raised to reveal virtually the entire top of theiris, sufficient to score 5B as the top of the iris is covered in neu-tral. Slight flaring and thinning of the nostrils is sufficient to score38A.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videosw5ii page 467(Get Neutral)7 page 468(Get Neutral)6 page 468(Get Neutral)w7 page 468(Get Neutral)5E7CG7D+6C4A+7CThe upper eyelid is raised to reveal sclera in the maximum range,evident on the right side, sufficient to score 5E. Notice that themaximum 5 has stretched and lifted the lower eyelid a trace, butthere is no action of AU 7 in this item.The lower eyelid is raised markedly and straightened slightly, caus-ing slight bulging, and the narrowing of the eye aperture is markedto pronounced, sufficient to score 7C. No other actions are detect-able in this item.The infraorbital triangle is raised markedly, pushing skin below theeye up, slightly deepening the nasolabial furrow, and pulling up theskin of the upper lip a trace. Marked crow’s feet wrinkles form atthe eye corners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle israised and the lateral part of the eyebrow is lowered slightly,changing the shape of the eye cover fold as the outer ring of orbic-ular muscle constricts. This evidence is sufficient to score 6C.Even though the action of 6 is expected to push up skin below theeye and wrinkle the lower eyelid, the eyelid in this item is pulledfar up on the eyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce,causing severe bulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and nar-rowing of the eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelidis drawn markedly to the inner corner of the eye, narrowingseverely the angle around the lacrimal gland. The upper eyelid islowered, contributing to the changes in the eye cover fold pro-duced by the action of 6. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D.Both the wrinkling and the narrowing due to 7 are a trace greateron the right, or R1, so the prefix G is assigned. Even though thecorners of the lips are turned up a trace and the nasolabial furrowbeyond the lip corners is pulled laterally a trace, these effects areprobably due to the AU 6 pulling, and no AU 12 is scored here,lacking evidence from the movement.The lower lid is raised and straightened markedly on the eyeball,causing pronounced bulging and narrowing of the eye aperture,sufficient to score 7C. Notice how the skin of the lower eyelid isdrawn in towards the inner eye corners to affect the angle of theeyelid around the lacrimal duct. A trace of vertical wrinklingbetween the eyebrows, a trace of brow lowering, especially theright, is sufficient to score 4A.w6 page 468(Get Neutral)43i page 469(Get Neutral)43ii page 469(Get Neutral)43iii page 469(Get Neutral)7E page 469(Get Neutral) 6C+7D43B43D43E7EThe raise of the infraorbital triangle is pronounced, the deepeningof the nasolabial furrow is marked, and skin of the upper lip israised a trace. Pronounced crow’s feet wrinkles form at the eyecorners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle is raisedseverely, and the infraorbital furrow is deepened severely. This evi-dence is sufficient to score 6C. The action of 6 pushes up skinbelow the eye, but the eyelid in this item is pulled far up on theeyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce, causing severebulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and severely narrowingthe eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelid is drawnseverely to the inner corner of the eye, narrowing the angle aroundthe lacrimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D. Theeyebrows may be lowered a trace, but the 6 can explain this effect.The upper eyelid is relaxed and drooping down slightly, sufficientto score 43B. Note that the shape of the lower eyelid is littlechanged from neutral and there is no additional wrinkling. Be sureto compare the appearance of relaxing the upper eyelid in 43 tothat resulting from the tensing of the orbicular muscle that isapparent in the 6 and 7 items above.Again, this appearance results from relaxing the upper eyelid, andthe eyelids are almost together (closed), but the gap between themcan still be seen, especially in the medial parts and around the lac-rimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 43D. Compare thisappearance to the next item, which shows the eyelids closed.The eyes are closed in 43E. Notice that when the eyes are closed,you see the upper eyelashes laying on the skin of the lower lid andlittle or nothing of the lower eyelashes. No sclera or mucosa can beseen. No evidence of any other action is present in this example.The lower lid is pulled and stretched maximally on the eyeball,hiding most of the iris, and bulging and tensing of the lower eyelidis extreme. This evidence is sufficient to score 7E.Note that without a counteracting tension in the upper lid, the eyewould close and be scored 7E+43E, but the tension in the uppereyelid is always active to keep the eyes open, so there is no need toscore AU 5 in such an ordinary situation, and the appearancechanges here do not meet any of the guidelines for scoring AU 5.When both 7 and 5 act so that 5 is scored, the appearance is differ-ent from this item, as you can see in the 5+7 item below.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos4+5 page 470(Get Neutral)w4+5 page 470(Get Neutral)5+7 page 470(Get Neutral)1+4i page 470(Get Neutral)1+4ii page 471(Get Neutral)4C+5C4C+5B+38A5D+7C1C+4C+38A1C+4D+38AThe inner parts of the eyebrows are pulled together slightly form-ing slight vertical wrinkling, and are pulled down markedly, form-ing slight horizontal wrinkles at the inner corners of the eyebrows,sufficient to score 4C. The upper eyelid is raised and tensed againstthe downward movement of the eye cover fold caused by the low-ered eyebrows, and more sclera shows at the upper, side parts ofthe iris, indicating AU 5. Because the 5 occurs with 4, the specialintensity guidelines for 5 with 4 are used to score intensity. We cansee that more of the top part of the iris is revealed than in neutraland the harsh stare is at least marked, so 5C is scored.The eyebrows are markedly lowered and marked vertical wrinklesform between the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4C. The upper eye-lid appears raised from the increased exposure of sclera around theiris. Tension of the upper lid against the eye cover fold is evidentas AU 4 pushes down and AU 5 pushes up. The eyes have a glarethat is not present in the w4 example (cover the eyebrows to com-pare). This evidence is sufficient to score 5B. The marked thinningand flaring of the nostrils is sufficient to score 38A in a still image.The upper eyelid is raised to reveal much more than a hairline ofsclera around the top of the iris, which is partially covered in neu-tral. At least a severe amount of sclera beyond the guideline for theB intensity (virtually all of the top of the iris) is revealed, but not amaximum, sufficient to score 5D. The lower eyelid is raised andstraightened markedly on the eyeball forming a marked bulge, andskin is drawn to the inner eye corner, sufficient to score 7C.The increase in wrinkling in the center of the forehead is marked topronounced, and the raising of the inner corners of the eyebrows ispronounced, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are pulledtogether markedly, and marked vertical wrinkling and bulgingappears between them. Using the guidelines for AU 4 in the com-bination of 1+4, this evidence is sufficient to score 4C. Notice howstraight the eyebrows are compared to the example for AU 1, inthis table above, because the 4 is pulling down the center of eacheyebrow while the 1 is raising the inner corner, which decreasesthe curvature of the eyebrow. The markedly thinned and flarednostrils are sufficient to score 38A.The same signs are apparent in this items as in the previous, but theactions are more intense. The increase in horizontal wrinkling inthe center of the forehead and the raising of the inner corners of theeyebrows are pronounced, about the same as in the previous item.Yet, there is a more bulging, bunched, and knotted appearance tothe center of the forehead because the stronger AU 1 is counter-acted by a stronger AU 4, shown in the severe vertical wrinklingand bulging and wrinkling between the eyebrows, the severe draw-ing together of the eyebrows, and the greater lowering of the eye-brow centers. Also, notice the straightness of the eyebrow and eyecover fold. This evidence is sufficient to score 4D, and the 1remains in the C intensity range. The markedly thinned and flarednostrils are sufficient to score 38A.j0 page 465(Get Neutral) 0 This neutral image serves as a baseline for the j images. Note thepermanent wrinkles in the forehead and at or below the eye cor-ners. Note the greater exposure of the eye cover fold and skin ofthe upper eyelid, compared to the other faces, that makes changesin the upper eyelid easier to detect. There is also more permanentbulging in the glabella than the other faces seen thus far.j1+4 page 471(Get Neutral) 1C+4D+L11B The inner corners of the eyebrows are raised slightly, and the hori- zontal wrinkling in the center of the forehead is increased mark-edly, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are markedly to severelypulled together, forming severe vertical wrinkles and bulgingbetween the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4D (barely) using the cri-teria for 4 in the 1+4 combination. This example shows clearly 1)the triangular shape of the eye cover fold that often appears in 1+4,and 2) how the inner corner of the eyebrow is pulled up by 1 andthe center is pulled down by 4. The middle part of the left nasola-bial furrow is deepened slightly and the skin of the left upper lip isstretched upward a trace, sufficient to score L11B.1+2 page 471(Get Neutral)1+2+4i page 472(Get Neutral)1D+W2D+25A+38A1C+W2C+4BIt should be immediately obvious from the eyebrow raise andwrinkling across the entire forehead that AUs 1 and 2 are involvedin this action, so use the Action Unit Combination description for1+2 to score these actions (or the section on combination 1+2+4,etc. if there were other AUs). This action is also asymmetrical. Theentire eyebrow is raised up extremely, wrinkles are extremely deep-ened and/or extended across the entire forehead, except on theouter right side where they are pronounced, and the eye cover foldis exposed extremely. There is no evidence whatsoever for 4, 5, 6,or 7, and although one might claim the upper eyelid is raised atrace, this change can be easily attributed to the lifting of the eyecover fold by 1+2. The lower face shows little change, except a slitof lip parting that is less than 2mm and a trace of nostril flaringevident in the thinned nostril wings and changed nostril opening.Because the 2 is C on the right and D on the left, and the differencein wrinkling is slight (asymmetry is L2), W is assigned as prefix to2.The raise of the entire brow, together with the flattening and pull-ing together of the eyebrows indicate the presence of 1, 2, and 4 sothe guidelines for scoring the combination 1+2+4 are appropriate.The entire brow is raised markedly, indicating the C intensity forboth 1 and 2, except that on the right side, the 2 is slight and thedifference between the sides is slight, indicating an asymmetryscore of 2 and a prefix of W. The slight pulling together appearsweaker than the raising, with only slight straightening and a traceof bulging between the brows, sufficient to score 4B.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos1+2+4ii 1B+2B+4C+25A+ As in the previous item, the 1+2+4 scoring guidelines are used, butpage 472 (Get Neutral)j1+2+4 page 471(Get Neutral)1+2+5i page 472(Get Neutral)1+2+5ii page 472(Get Neutral)38A1B+2C+4C+5A+V11C1D+2D+5B1E+2E+5Ehere, the brow is less raised and more pulled together. The browraise, and the consequent deepening of the horizontal wrinkles isslight, indicating AUs 1 and 2 at the B intensity. Notice thatalthough the lateral parts of the eyebrows are not raised much morethan in neutral, the brow is very straight, indicating the tensionbetween a stronger AU 4 and AU 2. The pulling together of theeyebrows is pronounced with slight bulging between them, but amarked amount of knotting and twisting in the forehead. This evi-dence is sufficient for 4C. A slit of lip parting that is less than 2mmand a marked nostril flaring evident in the thinned nostril wingsand changed nostril opening is sufficient to score 25A+38A.Evidence of the raising of the entire brow is apparent in the slightto pronounced increase in horizontal wrinkling across the foreheadand the slight to marked raising of parts of the eyebrow. The eye-brows are drawn together slightly, forming marked wrinkling andbulging between the eyebrows, but the center of each eyebrow ispulled down at least markedly. Using the intensity guidelines in thedescription of the 1+2+4 combination, and weighing the evidencefor these AUs, the 1B+2C+4C intensity scores are assigned. Theraise of the upper eyelid is apparent in contrast to neutral, but notquite enough to score B, so 5A is scored. The nasolabial furrow isdeepened in the middle slightly to markedly, with some pulling ofthe skin in the upper lip, sufficient to score 11C. The 11 is strongeron the lefts, as the left lip is raised more and the left infraorbitalfurrow is deeper, a trace of a difference or the prefix V.The obvious eyebrow raise and wrinkling across the entire fore-head indicates AUs 1 and 2 are involved in this action, so the scor-ing guidelines for the 1+2 combination are appropriate. Theraising, wrinkling, exposure of the eye cover fold, and other signsof AUs 1 and 2 are severe to extreme, but not maximum, indicatingthe D intensity. The upper eyelid is raised to expose virtually theentire iris, which is covered in neutral, sufficient to score the Bintensity. Compare the effect of 5 in this item in exposing the iris tothe reveal of the iris in the previous two examples of 1+2+4 andthe item for 1+2, where 5 has not acted.As in the previous item, the guidelines for combination 1+2 areused, and the maximum raising, wrinkling, exposure of the eyecover fold, and other signs indicate AUs 1 and 2 at the E intensity.Likewise, the raising of the upper eyelid and exposure of scleraabove the iris is maximum, indicating 5E. Notice that the lowereyelid appears to have raised up in respect to the iris. This is attrib-utable to the effect of the maximum 5; no other sign of AU 7 ispresent.。

知识水坝论文知识水坝论文硕士学位论文带来分析表面上所发生的不同的变化和彼此怎样区分。

ＦＡＣＳ系统据面部肌肉的类型和运动特征，定义了４４个导致脸部运动的基本的运动单元（ＡｃｔｉｏｎＵｎｉｔ，简称ＡＵ），以及一些用来描述头部和眼睛的方位变换的单元，譬如头部左右偏转等等。

在这４４个运动单元中的３０个，与人脸特定部位的肌肉伸缩有关，这３０个运动单元中有１２个分布在人脸的上半部分，有１８个分布在人脸的下半部分。

这些运动单元有时单独发生，有时几个同时发生，当几个同时发生时若呈现的表情不改变每一个运动单元的运动幅度则称其具有可加性，否则称其不具有可加性。

相应的，这４４个基本运动单元又可分为单个运动单元和联合运动单元两个部分。

对每个单个运动单元，系统中都提供了单元号码、单元名称以及与之相关的肌肉名称。

基于这套理论，人脸面部的各种表情最终能分解对应到各个Ａｕ上来，分析表情特征信息，也就是分析面部ＡＵ的变化情况。

虽然基本的运动单元只有４４个，但现在人们观察到的有７０００多种可能的组合。

这说明用ＦＡＣＳ至少可以表示（或分辨）７０００多种不同的人脸表情，也就是说人脸表情的细微变化都可以用这种方法刻画，或者说这种方法用来分辨人类表情有很高的精度。

图ｌ＇３是人脸上半部分基本形变单元名称及对应的表情图像样例。

人脸的所有可辨认的表情都可以由这４４个运动单元中的一个或几个的组合来表示，因此如果判断一张人脸照片属于什么表情，只要分析他脸上对应于该表情的那个或那些运动单元是否发生变化即可。

图１．３人脸上半部分基本形变单元名称及对应的表情图像尽管ＦＡＣＳ方法具有很强的表情分辨率，也很适合用来描述人脸表情的细微变化，但是采用这种方法建立人脸表情识别系统首先需要有专家来判断一张人脸表情照片中到底哪些运动单元发生了变化，发生了什么变化，变化的程度有多大等问题。

普通人是做不到这一点的，然而全世界受过这方面特殊训练的人并不多。

因此这是一般的研究机构、个人在做这方面研究时碰到的首要困难。

微表情分析师FACS动作单元详解AU1AU1运动状态:AU1额腹（额肌）的内侧收缩上拉1. 眉头上扬。

2. 额头中间出现抬头纹，⼀般为短拱形。

如原本就有，则会加深。

⼉童、幼⼉或保养好的⼈可能没有。

3. 眉⽑整体形状的改变，如“⼋”字。

4. 内眼⾓的眉眼距离增加。

5. 内眼⾓上眼⽪可能出现拉伸的⽪肤隆起。

AU1常见情绪：惊讶、恐惧、悲伤AU2AU2运动状态:AU2额肌的外侧收缩AU2常见情绪：惊讶、恐惧Au4AU4运动状态：降眉间肌和皱眉肌的组合肌⾁群。

AU4常见情绪：当碰到⽣理上或⼼理上阻隔时启动AU4.例：1.想知道某答案却不知道时（恐惧）。

2.原来的舒适感被打断时（愤怒）。

Au5AU5运动状态：AU5抬起上眼⽪（上眼脸提肌），上眼睑减少或消失，使更多的虹膜暴露（眼睛瞪⼤）。

AU5常见情绪：惊讶、专注、恐惧、愤怒。

AU6AU6运动状态：眼轮匝肌外圈的运动表⽪特征：1、由于外圈的收缩，眼睛周围的⽪肤受到挤压产⽣鱼尾纹，从眼裂外⾓呈放射状向外延伸。

2、加深下眼睑隆起。

3、眼裂变窄4、眉⽑轻微降低。

5、提升眶下三⾓区6、肌⾁束外部围绕眼睛收缩，从太阳⽳和⾯颊向眼睛拉动⽪肤7、有些⼈可牵动颧⾻处⽪肤出现酒窝。

AU6常见情绪：轻蔑、微笑AU7AU7运动状态：眼轮匝肌内圈收缩（收缩眼睑部分)表⽪特征：1、下眼睑形状产⽣改变，变得更直。

2、眼裂变窄。

3、提升下眼睑，覆盖更多的虹膜。

4、下眼睑更为清晰，使下眼睑隆起并朝向眼睛内⾓，在内眼⾓处产⽣褶皱。

当5、强度⼤时，会出现眯眼的表情。

AU7常见情绪：怀疑、愤怒Au9AU9运动状态：皱起⿐肌表⽪特征：1、⿐根处出现褶皱。

2、印堂（两眉中部）降低。

3、拉动眶下三⾓区向上，导致睑颊沟皱起，如存在，则加深。

4、如果强度⼤，会推动上唇中间向上，并且加深法令（⿐唇沟）。

5、拉动⿐孔上⽅⽪肤，⿐翼两侧上移，造成⿐孔显露，。

AU9常见情绪：厌恶，讨厌(有些⼥⽣会⽤AU9来撒娇，或者看到可爱的东西皱起⿐来逗萌物。

面部表情评估面部表情评估是通过观察面部表情来判断个体的情感状态或心理特征的一种方法。

可以通过观察表情的微妙变化来分析人的情感和认知过程，被广泛应用于心理学、神经科学、医学等领域。

下面我将就面部表情评估的相关内容进行详细介绍。

面部表情是人类表达情感和意图的一个重要方式，它包括眉毛、眼睛、嘴唇、脸部肌肉等多个部位的动作与变化。

研究发现，面部表情在传递情感信息方面起到了关键的作用。

例如，愤怒时眉毛紧锁、嘴唇紧抿；快乐时眼角上扬、笑容满面等。

通过观察这些微小的变化，可以了解一个人当前的情绪状态。

面部表情评估通过观察面部表情的变化来识别出局部表情的特征、频率和持续时间，并通过这些信息来推断个体的情感和认知状态。

这种评估方法可以通过人工或自动的方式进行。

在人工评估中，研究者会使用面部表情识别的标准工具，如FACS （面部行为编码系统）来观察和记录面部表情的细节。

而自动评估则是利用计算机视觉和人工智能技术来自动识别和分析面部表情。

面部表情评估在心理学和神经科学中有着广泛的应用。

在临床实践中，面部表情评估可以帮助医生诊断患者的情感和心理状态。

例如，通过观察患者的面部表情变化，医生可以判断其是否患有抑郁症、焦虑症等心理疾病，并选择合适的治疗方法。

此外，面部表情评估还可以用于研究人类与动物之间的情感交流。

通过观察动物的面部表情，可以更好地了解它们的情感体验和认知能力。

除了心理学和神经科学外，面部表情评估还有着广泛的应用领域。

在人机交互中，面部表情评估可以用于设计智能代理系统的情感认知模块，提高系统与用户的交互效果。

在娱乐产业中，面部表情评估可以用于设计人机互动的虚拟现实游戏或人物。

通过观察玩家的面部表情，系统可以调整游戏的情节和难度，提升游戏的娱乐性。

总结来说，面部表情评估是通过观察面部表情变化来分析个体情感和认知状态的方法。

它可以通过人工或自动的方式进行。

面部表情评估在心理学、神经科学、医学等领域有着广泛的应用。

facs法FACS 法是一种利用人面部表情进行情感识别的方法。

它可以帮助研究人员更好地了解人类的情感表达方式，从而提高人与人交流的效果。

下面将分步骤介绍 FACS 法的工作原理及应用。

1. FACS 法的来源FACS 法是由美国心理学家保罗·埃克曼（Paul Ekman）和华伦·弗里森（Wally Friesen）等人于 1978 年合作提出的。

他们通过观察和研究人类面部肌肉的运动，提出了面部行为编码系统（FACS），并将其用于情感识别和面相分析研究。

2. FACS 法的基本原理FACS 法的基本原理是通过分析人脸表情的微小变化，推断出人类的情感状态。

具体来说，它主要通过对 43 个面部肌肉的活动情况进行分析，来识别人脸的表情变化，从而研究人类的情感体验。

3. FACS 法的应用FACS 法的应用范围十分广泛。

它不仅可以用于研究心理学、神经科学等学科领域，还可以应用于人机交互、娱乐游戏、医学诊断等领域。

以下列举一些 FACS 法的应用场景：3.1 情感识别FACS 法可以帮助研究人员识别和分析人脸表情中的情感变化。

它可以通过对人脸肌肉的活动情况进行分析，推断出人类的情感状态，为心理学、神经科学等学科领域的研究提供基础。

3.2 人机交互在人机交互领域，FACS 法可以用于改进智能客服、智能家居等场景中的交互体验。

通过利用 FACS 法提取人脸表情信息，可以更准确地解读用户的意图和情感状态，从而提高系统的智能化程度。

3.3 医学诊断在医学诊断领域，FACS 法可以用于面部疾病的诊断和治疗。

通过分析面部肌肉的活动情况，医生可以判断面部肌肉是否有功能异常，进而判断病患的疾病类型和治疗方案。

4. FACS 法的研究现状和未来发展目前，FACS 法的研究现状主要集中在心理学、神经科学、计算机视觉等领域。

随着计算机科技、人工智能等技术的不断发展，FACS法可应用的领域也在不断拓宽。

未来，FACS 法有望成为人类情感识别的重要研究工具，并在医学、娱乐、人机交互等领域发挥更大的作用。

2011.877人脸表情识别概述韦妍广东女子职业技术学院 广东 511450摘要：人脸表情识别是智能化人机交互技术中的一个重要组成部分，现在是越来越受到重视。

本文阐述了人脸表情识别的课题背景及其起源、发展与研究现状，并结合国内外相关领域的发展，从特征提取方面对目前表情识别的主流方法做了详细介绍，并提出了人脸表情识别中需要解决的问题。

关键词：人脸表情识别；特征提取0 引言人脸表情是人们之间非语言交流时的最丰富的资源和最容易表达人们感情的一种有效方式，在人们的交流中起着非常重要的作用。

表情含有丰富的人体行为信息，是情感的主载体，通过脸部表情能够表达人的微妙的情绪反应以及人类对应的心理状态，由此可见表情信息在人与人之间交流中的重要性。

人脸表情识别技术随着人们对表情信息的日益重视而受到关注，成为目前一个研究的热点。

所谓人脸表情识别，就是利用计算机进行人脸表情图像获取、表情图像预处理、表情特征提取和表情分类的过程，它通过计算机分析人的表情信息，从而推断人的心理状态，最后达到实现人机之间的智能交互。

表情识别技术是情感计算机研究的内容之一，是心理学、生理学、计算机视觉、生物特征识别、情感计算、人工心理理论等多学科交叉的一个极富挑战性的课题，它的研究对于自然和谐的人机交互、远程教育、安全驾驶等都有重要的作用和意义。

1 国内外研究的发展与现状国际上对人脸表情的分析与识别的研究工作可分为基于心理学和计算机两类。

早在1872年，生物学家达尔文所做的心理实验就表明，面部表情的含义不会随着国家、种族、性别的不同而不同。

1978年美国心理学家Ekman 和Friesen 开发了面部动作编码系统(Facial Action coding system ，FACS)，以此来检测面部表情的细微变化。

在这个系统中，他将表情分为六个基本类别：悲伤、高兴、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒和惊奇，说明了与无表情人脸特征相比，这六种表情的人脸特征具有相对独特的肌肉运动规律。

FAC的名词解释Facial Action Coding System (FAC) 是一种用于面部表情分析的系统，它能够准确地识别和描述人脸上的微小动作，以及这些动作所传递的情感和意图。

FAC是由保罗·埃克曼（Paul Ekman）和华尔特·弗莱森（Wallace Friesen）在1978年共同提出的，它通过对面部肌肉的运动进行编码，来分析个体的情绪状态，进而对其内心感受进行推断。

一、FAC的原理和操作FAC主要基于七个主要面部表情肌肉群的运动。

这七个面部表情肌肉群包括：眉毛的上扬和皱起、眼睑的开合、嘴部的张合和嘴角的拉伸、以及鼻翼的扩大。

FAC通过观察和记录这些面部动作的强度、快慢和组合方式，来识别不同的情感和表情。

为了操作FAC，研究人员首先需要进行培训以熟悉FAC的编码系统和面部表情的运动。

他们学习如何精确地观察和描述微妙的面部动作，并使用FAC编码手册中的编码规则将这些动作映射到相应的情感和表情。

这些编码被记录在一个称为FAC编码表中，以方便后续的数据分析和解读。

二、FAC的应用领域FAC的应用领域非常广泛，涵盖了心理学、神经科学、医学、市场营销等多个领域。

以下是FAC在几个主要领域的重要应用：1. 心理学研究FAC在心理学研究中被广泛应用，特别是在情绪研究领域。

研究人员使用FAC对参与者的面部表情进行编码，以了解情绪的产生和调节机制，揭示人类情感反应的内在特征。

此外，FAC还可以用于研究认知过程、心理疾病等方面，为心理学的发展提供了宝贵的工具。

2. 商业和市场营销FAC在商业和市场营销领域的应用越来越受欢迎。

通过分析面部表情，企业可以了解消费者对产品和广告的实际感受，并根据这些信息优化产品设计和广告策略。

例如，一些公司使用FAC来测试新产品的潜在市场反应，以便在投放市场之前进行针对性的改进。

3. 临床诊断和治疗FAC在临床诊断和治疗中也有重要的应用。

通过观察和分析患者的面部表情，医生可以更准确地诊断出人们可能患有的心理疾病、神经系统障碍等。

幼儿表情识别实验报告摘要在情绪活动中，人的面部、姿态和语音、语调会发生一系列明显的变化，这些变化因为可被他人直接观察到，往往成为情绪活动的表征，所以统称为“表情”。

它包括面部表情、姿态表情和语调表情。

面部表情为人际交流提供了丰富的个人信息和社会交往信息。

本实验采用了表情指认的范式，探讨学前儿童对于高兴、好奇、伤心、害怕、讨厌和愤怒等6种面部表情的识别特点。

结果发现，大中小班的儿童均对于“高兴”和“好奇”等积极情绪的表情识别成绩最好，对于“愤怒”的识别成绩最差，其他消极情绪的识别成绩居于之间。

随着年龄增长，儿童对于以上6种基本表情（特别是高兴、好奇和生气）的识别能力也逐渐增强。

关键词学前儿童面部表情识别1 引言在情绪活动中，人的面部、体姿和语音、语调会发生一系列明显的变化，例如：面红耳赤、目瞪口呆、手舞足蹈、语无伦次等等。

这些变化因为可被他人直接观察到，往往成为情绪活动的表征，所以统称为“表情”。

表情是情绪活动所特有的外显表现，是人际交往的重要工具，也是研究情绪的重要客观指标。

它包括面部表情、姿态表情和语调表情。

其中最引人关注，也是非常重要的表情就是面部表情。

（邹巍,2007）面部表情是指通过眼部肌肉、颜面肌肉和口部肌肉的变化来表现各种情绪状态。

面部表情是情绪的发生机制，它是最敏感的情绪发生器，也是显示器。

同时，面部表情也可以被定义成面部肌肉的特定运动模式。

这些特殊的肌肉和其他肌肉组织不同，并不负责关节运动的功能，而仅仅用来专门承担面部表情的表达任务。

表情的独特地位从其生理基础就可见一斑。

面部表情的重要性在于它是人类情绪最为明显的外显形式，是人际交往中传递情绪的主要媒介。

面部表情为人际交流提供了一套快捷、有效的符号系统，使得个体情绪不需要依赖言语就能准确地被传递出来。

它包含丰富的个人信息和社会交往信息，同时还传达出一些有关人的认知、行为、性情、个性、气质、真实性和心理的信息。

当看到不同面孔时，人能轻易地识别同一种表情，这就是所谓的面部表情识别。