面部行为编码系统FACS—AU

[图文]读脸人保罗埃克曼人们称他“人肉测谎仪”发布时间: 2010年11月30日13:11 | 进入复兴论坛| 来源：广州日报说谎者绝不该轻率地以为，受骗者都愿意被蒙在鼓里；抓谎者也绝不该轻率地以为，自己有权说破每个谎言。

——保罗·埃克曼《Lie to me》剧照，主角莱特曼博士的原型就是埃克曼。

保罗·埃克曼Paul Ekman（1934－），美国心理学家，加州大学医学院心理学教授，1991年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖，并被列为二十世纪百位最有影响力的心理学家之一。

他主要研究情绪的表达及其生理活动和人际欺骗等，是这一领域最主要的专家。

他是世界知名的心理学专家，曾经是美国联邦调查局、中情局、移民局的顾问，专门为特工和警察上过面部表情识别培训。

他是FOX热播美剧《Lie to me》的灵感来源，一部商业电视剧仅仅基于一位科学家的研究拍摄，此前从未出现过；他研究出的面部动作编码系统成了动画绘画者们的参考标准，他是皮克斯和工业光魔等动画工作室的情绪表情顾问……他是保罗·埃克曼，人们更习惯称呼他为“人肉测谎仪”。

1/25秒的表情暴露你的真心爆炸案嫌疑犯坐在FBI的审讯室已经4个小时了，FBI确定他在某个教堂埋下了炸药，但他们始终没能撬开嫌疑犯的铁嘴，无法得到确切的埋藏地点。

所有人束手无策，直到莱特曼博士坐在疑犯面前。

只是问了嫌犯几个问题，只是盯着他细碎的表情，甚至都不需要回答，两分钟后他已经找出了炸药的安置点。

这是热播美剧《Lie to me》的开头。

整部《Lie to me》的剧情都围绕着对人类“微表情”的剖析而产生：表情不可能掩盖谎言，而人类情绪在表情上的反应其实是不受文化影响和地域限制的，是全人类共通的。

1/25秒的表情变化，就能暴露你的真心——这是该剧的核心内容。

有媒体报道，这部电视剧在美国收视狂飙，超过3000万人。

这是类型剧中的类型剧，而它的灵感之源就是世界著名的心理学专家保罗·埃克曼。

“”--Paul Ekmantelling lies 作者: Paul Ekman副标题: 如何识破政界、军界、商界及婚姻中的骗局美国FOX电视台的新剧《别对我说谎Lie to me 第一季》前阵在中国颇受欢迎，该剧教会了观众辨别是否说谎的小窍门，令许多人乐此不疲地成为了“行为学专家”。

该剧的一大卖点就是其灵感来源于行为学专家Paul Ekman博士的真实研究以及畅销书《Telling Lies》说谎，同时剧组还邀请Paul Ekman博士担任顾问。

Paul Ekman博士是研究情感与面部表情关系的先驱，他被认为是20世纪最卓越的100名心理学家之一，他还专门开了一个专栏“The Truth About Lie to Me谎言的真相”，里面谈的是关于运用在这部电视剧中的理论。

该剧的中文译名恰好与英文名相反调查表明，一个普通人在谈话的时候，平均每10分钟要说3个谎话。

全球首席识谎专家：Paul Ekman保罗·艾克曼Paul Ekman保罗·艾克曼1934，著名心理学家、全球首席识谎专家，专精于非语言沟通，主要研究脸部表情辨识、情绪与人际欺骗。

1991 年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖。

通过40年的研究，Paul Ekman发现某些基本情绪（快乐、悲伤、愤怒、厌恶、惊讶和恐惧）的表达在人类文化中都很雷同，因此他提出不同文化的面部表情都有一定的共通性。

Paul Ekman和研究伙伴W.V.Friesen作了深入的研究，通过观察和生物反馈他们描绘出了不同的脸部肌肉动作和不同表情的对应关系。

FACS就是他们经过多年研究于1976年所创制的“面部表情编码系统。

他们根据人脸的解剖学特点，将其划分成若干既相互独立又相互联系的运动单元（AU），并分析了这些运动单元的运动特征及其所控制的主要区域以及与之相关的表情，并给出了大量的照片说明。

他们在人的脸上发现43种动作单元，每一种都由一块或者好几块肌肉的运动构成，各种动作单元之间可以自由组合，也就是说，人脸上可能有1万种表情，其中的3000种具有一个情感意义。

Appendix I:Index to Video ExamplesAUs and combinations that are illustrated with MPEG video are sorted in AU order in the table below. Each video is cross-referenced to the filename of the video clip, the Manual page containing the scoring commentary, and the sequenceof the clip in the continuous MPEG master video (roughly the order of appearance in the Manual and in the table of scor-ing commentaries). (The digital transfer of the original film examples does not contain the newer examples.) The video clips are in the Examples/Video directory of the CD ROM. (An identical set of video clips in QuickTime® format can be found in the Examples/Video/QT directory.) The continuous MPEG is in the Manual directory. Online viewers can clickth e hyperlinks in the column “Filename of Video Clip” to see the video, and the links in the “Page Number of Scoring Commentary” to see the commentary.AUs Illustrated 11+21+2+41+2+51+4244+555+766+7 (i)6+7 (ii)6+7+126+12 (i)6+12 (ii)6+156+4E3, 7+43E Filename of VideoClipAU1.mpgAU1_2.mpgAU1_2_4.mpgAU1_2_5.mpgAU1_4.mpgAU2.mpgAU4.mpgAU4_5.mpgAU5.mpgAU5_7.mpgAU6only.mpgAU6_7.mpgAU6.mpgAU67_12AU6_12B.mpgAU6_12o.mpgAU6_15.mpgAU6_7_43.mpgPage Numberof ScoringCommentarypage 413page 416page 416page 416page 415page 413page 413page 415page 414page 415page 414page 414page 414page 423page 422page 422page 424page 416Sequence inMPEGMaster21112131031849--6-37-4614Index to Video Examples7 (i) 7 (ii) 7+12 8+26 9 AU7.mpgAU7only.mpgAU7_12o.mpgAU8_26.mpgAU9.mpgpage 414page 414page 422page 429page 4175--70159+16+25 AU9_16.mpg page 418 209+171010+12+16+25 10+12+2510+1410+1510+15+1710+16+2510+1710+17+2310+20+2510+22+2510+23+25 AU9_17.mpgAU10.mpgAU101216.mpgAU101225.mpgAU10_14.mpgAU10_15.mpgAU101517.mpgAU10_16.mpgAU10_17.mpgAU101723.mpgAU102025.mpgAU102225.mpgAU102325.mpgpage 418page 417page 423page 423page 420page 419page 419page 418page 419page 427page 421page 426page 4262216413931232621246133675311 AU11.mpg page 421 3512 (i)12 (ii)12+1512+15+17 12+16+25 12+1712+17+23 12+2312+2412+2612+27131414+17 AU12.mpgAU12only.mpgAU12_15.mpgAU121517.mpgAU121625.mpgAU12_17.mpgAU121723.mpgAU12_23.mpgAU12_24.mpgAU12_26.mpgAU12_27.mpgAU13.mpgAU14.mpgAU14_17.mpgpage 421page 422page 424page 424page 423page 424page 427page 426page 426page 423page 424page 422page 420page 42036-45474044605455424338283214+231515+1715+17+23 15+2316+20+25 16+22+25 16+23+25 16+25 (i) 16+25 (ii) 1717+2317+241818+23192020+23+25 20+2620+272122+23+25 22+252323+26242829303132333435 AU14_23.mpgAU15.mpgAU15_17.mpgAU151723.mpgAU15_23.mpgAU162025.mpgAU162225.mpgAU162325.mpgAU16.mpgAU16ii.mpgAU17.mpgAU17_23.mpgAU17_24.mpgAU18.mpgAU18_23.mpgAD19.mpgAU20.mpgAU202325.mpgAU20_26.mpgAU20_27.mpgAU21.mpgAU222325.mpgAU22_24.mpgAU23.mpgAU23_26.mpgAU24.mpgAU28.mpgAD29.mpgAD30.mpgAU31.mpgAD32.mpgAD33.mpgAD34.mpgAD35.mpgpage 426page 417page 419page 427page 428page 421page 429page 429page 418page 418page 417page 427page 427page 425page 428page 429page 419page 428page 420page 420page 429page 428page 425page 425page 428page 425page 425page 430page 430page 430page 430page 430page 431page 431561825576334686919-1758594862-2766293071654950645152-------Index to Video Examples3637 38; 39 46M55 M57 M59 M60 M61 M68 M69 M83 AD36.mpgAD37.mpgAU38_39.mpgAU46.mpgM55.mpgM57.mpgM59.mpgM60.mpgM61.mpgM68.mpgM69.mpgM83.mpgpage 431page 431page 431page 415page 432page 432page 433page 433page 433page 432page 432page 432--727--------Appendix II:Scores for ReferenceExample Images and VideosThe example images and videos portray AUs to illustrate AU descriptions1. Although every attempt was made to use examples that show only the AUs intended to be represented, this goal was not always achieved because of the difficulty of eliminating all other actions from the performance of the intended AUs. Below are complete FACS scores for each of the example images. These scores contain the intensity score, which is usually not emphasized in the AU descriptions of Section A, a unilateral prefix if unilateral or an asymmetry score (a scoring option) if asymmetrical. These scores allow the careful student to determine more precisely what causes certain appearances in the example images. An example may inadvertently contain a score for an AU that has not been previously discussed. If so, focus on the intended AUs and return to the example later when the as yet unfamiliar AU is discussed. The scores for the examples will help to under- stand the relevance of the examples for scoring decisions made in practical scoring situations after FACS training is com- plete. The commentaries present the evidence for the AUs scored and the intensity assigned, and discuss why other AUs were not scored. Any difficulties in scoring are highlighted. In the scoring of the video, the scores pertain to the maximum extent of the movement in the clip and include all the actions of significance, regardless of the complexities that might be introduced by the event scoring in Chapter 11.If you are reading online, click the thumbnail to view the image in an external viewer, click the page number link to move to the Manual page containing the image, or click on the “(Get Neutral)” link to see the neutral for the person in an exter- nal viewer.Image Name &Example Image Page Numberpage 465 FACS ScoreRationaleThe face is not showing any action, often called a neutral face. Theface is not actually at rest because the eyes are open, the jaw isclosed, etc., but no AU can be scored. This neural face is the base-line for scoring AUs in the example images of this person, andsimilar states of “neutral” faces are used most often as baselines inactual scoring situations, although other baselines can also be used,as discussed in Chapter 11.1. The images of the AU examples for FACS were photographed and scored for the first edition under the Minimum Requirements andCo-occurrence rules of the original FACS Manual. For this version of the Manual, these photos were scanned into digital images, re- cropped, and then re-scored using the Intensity Criteria approach. Differences in the scoring techniques, especially eliminating Min-imum Requirements, changed the rules that originally assessed the quality of the photos as examples. Minor deviations from the intended actions occur in the examples, but the portrayals do not contradict the AU’s description.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos4i page 466(Get Neutral)4ii page 466(Get Neutral)w0 page 465(Get Neutral)w4 page 465(Get Neutral) V4C+38A4D4B+38ASlight to marked vertical wrinkles appear in the glabella and theeyebrows are pulled together markedly. The inner parts of the eye-brows are pulled down a trace on the right and slightly on the leftwith traces of wrinkling at the corners. Notice the skin bunchingthat begins above the middle of each eyebrow and continues moremedial making shallow waves, a sure sign of AU 4, and the bunch-ing of skin in the glabella. The 4 meets criteria for the C level onthe basis of the pulling together. Because the skin bunching abovethe eyebrows is a trace greater on the left, and the left eyebrow islowered a trace more, asymmetry is L1 and the V prefix isassigned to the 4. How about AU 1 because of the arch in the firsthorizontal wrinkle above the glabella? This change is due to thebunched skin in the glabella bending that wrinkle up. ConsideringAU 5 because of the harsh quality in the eye? There is no hard evi-dence for 5, which you can confirm by covering the eyebrows witha card. The trace of nostril flaring in the changed shape of thethinned nostril wings is sufficient for 38A.Severe vertical wrinkles and skin bunching between the eyebrows,severe drawing together of the eyebrows, and severe to extremeeyebrow lowering put this 4 at the D intensity. Both lowering anddrawing together of the eyebrows has increased from image 4i, butthe lowering has increased much more. Notice that the other signsof 4 listed for image 4i have also increased. The arch in the lowesthorizontal furrow of the forehead has straightened because of thelowering and pulling down of the glabella. Again, there is no evi-dence of AU 5 when looking closely at only the eyelid. The darkshadow between the lips should not entice the coder to score 25because 25 requires certainty, but they are certainly closed.The neutral face shows the appearance of a lowered, slanting eye-brow, a permanent feature. Also, note the furrows beyond the lipcorners, deepened parts of the nasolabial furrow. These furrowsand the wrinkling in the forehead are asymmetrical. The eye coverfold is virtually hidden, making action of 5 more difficult to detect.The eyebrows are slightly lowered and pulled together and slightvertical wrinkles form between the eyebrows, sufficient to score4B. The marked thinning and flaring of the nostrils is sufficient toscore 38A in a still image.1 page 466(Get Neutral)2 page 466(Get Neutral)5i page 467(Get Neutral)5ii page 467(Get Neutral)w5i page 467(Get Neutral)1B+38AV2C+38A5B5E5B+38AThe inner corners of the eyebrows are lifted slightly, the skin of theglabella and forehead above it is lifted slightly, and wrinklesdeepen slightly and a trace of new ones form in the center of theforehead. Someone might contend that either the wrinkling or theinner brow raise is marked, and therefore the score should be 1C,but compare these changes to those in the image 1+2 below andother images where AU 1 is at much greater intensity and re-cali-brate. There is no sign of AUs 2, 4, 5, 6, or 7 whatsoever. In thelower face, nostril flaring evident in the raised and thinned nostrilwing and increased nostril size is marked, A level in a still image.The outer part of the eyebrow raise is pronounced. The wrinklingabove the right outer eyebrow has increased markedly, and thewrinkling on the left is pronounced. Increased exposure of the eyecover fold and skin is pronounced. The score is 2C.There is nosign that the inner corners of the eyebrows are raised, althoughthey may be drawn laterally, and wrinkling in the center of theforehead has not changed in shape or position. Although thesewrinkles may have deepened somewhat, the changes in the outerpart of the wrinkles due to 2 can explain this change. Thus, AU 1 iseliminated.The greater number and depth of wrinkling on the leftmakes the asymmetry trace (L1), so assign the prefix V. The slightchanges in the nostril again indicate 38A.AU 5 is hard to see here because the eyebrows are set low and theeye cover fold has little exposure. The upper eyelid is pulled up,the medial part virtually disappearing into the revulsion margin ofthe eye cover fold. More sclera around the upper part of the iris isrevealed The inner corner of the eye shows more mucosa andsclera. In the neutral photo, no sclera is exposed and the upper eye-lid covers the top part of the iris, but here, we can extrapolate fromthe shape of the upper eyelid that virtually the entire iris isexposed, if we could see under the eye cover fold obscuring the topof the iris. This change is sufficient to score 5B on this person.The upper eyelid is raised to about the maximum and a maximumamount of sclera shows above the iris. The bulging, staring appear-ance is present without doubt. This evidence is sufficient to score5E. The lower eyelid is somewhat raised and straightened, cover-ing more of the iris, but this is due to the maximum 5 pulling up onthe lower eyelid; but there is no 7 in this item. (A 7 would wrinklethe lower eyelid and pull it up onto the eyeball, causing a bulgeand straightening it much more -- see item 7 below.)The upper eyelid is raised to reveal virtually the entire top of theiris, sufficient to score 5B as the top of the iris is covered in neu-tral. Slight flaring and thinning of the nostrils is sufficient to score38A.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videosw5ii page 467(Get Neutral)7 page 468(Get Neutral)6 page 468(Get Neutral)w7 page 468(Get Neutral)5E7CG7D+6C4A+7CThe upper eyelid is raised to reveal sclera in the maximum range,evident on the right side, sufficient to score 5E. Notice that themaximum 5 has stretched and lifted the lower eyelid a trace, butthere is no action of AU 7 in this item.The lower eyelid is raised markedly and straightened slightly, caus-ing slight bulging, and the narrowing of the eye aperture is markedto pronounced, sufficient to score 7C. No other actions are detect-able in this item.The infraorbital triangle is raised markedly, pushing skin below theeye up, slightly deepening the nasolabial furrow, and pulling up theskin of the upper lip a trace. Marked crow’s feet wrinkles form atthe eye corners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle israised and the lateral part of the eyebrow is lowered slightly,changing the shape of the eye cover fold as the outer ring of orbic-ular muscle constricts. This evidence is sufficient to score 6C.Even though the action of 6 is expected to push up skin below theeye and wrinkle the lower eyelid, the eyelid in this item is pulledfar up on the eyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce,causing severe bulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and nar-rowing of the eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelidis drawn markedly to the inner corner of the eye, narrowingseverely the angle around the lacrimal gland. The upper eyelid islowered, contributing to the changes in the eye cover fold pro-duced by the action of 6. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D.Both the wrinkling and the narrowing due to 7 are a trace greateron the right, or R1, so the prefix G is assigned. Even though thecorners of the lips are turned up a trace and the nasolabial furrowbeyond the lip corners is pulled laterally a trace, these effects areprobably due to the AU 6 pulling, and no AU 12 is scored here,lacking evidence from the movement.The lower lid is raised and straightened markedly on the eyeball,causing pronounced bulging and narrowing of the eye aperture,sufficient to score 7C. Notice how the skin of the lower eyelid isdrawn in towards the inner eye corners to affect the angle of theeyelid around the lacrimal duct. A trace of vertical wrinklingbetween the eyebrows, a trace of brow lowering, especially theright, is sufficient to score 4A.w6 page 468(Get Neutral)43i page 469(Get Neutral)43ii page 469(Get Neutral)43iii page 469(Get Neutral)7E page 469(Get Neutral) 6C+7D43B43D43E7EThe raise of the infraorbital triangle is pronounced, the deepeningof the nasolabial furrow is marked, and skin of the upper lip israised a trace. Pronounced crow’s feet wrinkles form at the eyecorners as the lateral top of the infraorbital triangle is raisedseverely, and the infraorbital furrow is deepened severely. This evi-dence is sufficient to score 6C. The action of 6 pushes up skinbelow the eye, but the eyelid in this item is pulled far up on theeyeball, beyond the effect that 6 alone can produce, causing severebulging and wrinkling of the lower eyelid and severely narrowingthe eye aperture. Note how the skin of the lower eyelid is drawnseverely to the inner corner of the eye, narrowing the angle aroundthe lacrimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 7D. Theeyebrows may be lowered a trace, but the 6 can explain this effect.The upper eyelid is relaxed and drooping down slightly, sufficientto score 43B. Note that the shape of the lower eyelid is littlechanged from neutral and there is no additional wrinkling. Be sureto compare the appearance of relaxing the upper eyelid in 43 tothat resulting from the tensing of the orbicular muscle that isapparent in the 6 and 7 items above.Again, this appearance results from relaxing the upper eyelid, andthe eyelids are almost together (closed), but the gap between themcan still be seen, especially in the medial parts and around the lac-rimal gland. This evidence is sufficient to score 43D. Compare thisappearance to the next item, which shows the eyelids closed.The eyes are closed in 43E. Notice that when the eyes are closed,you see the upper eyelashes laying on the skin of the lower lid andlittle or nothing of the lower eyelashes. No sclera or mucosa can beseen. No evidence of any other action is present in this example.The lower lid is pulled and stretched maximally on the eyeball,hiding most of the iris, and bulging and tensing of the lower eyelidis extreme. This evidence is sufficient to score 7E.Note that without a counteracting tension in the upper lid, the eyewould close and be scored 7E+43E, but the tension in the uppereyelid is always active to keep the eyes open, so there is no need toscore AU 5 in such an ordinary situation, and the appearancechanges here do not meet any of the guidelines for scoring AU 5.When both 7 and 5 act so that 5 is scored, the appearance is differ-ent from this item, as you can see in the 5+7 item below.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos4+5 page 470(Get Neutral)w4+5 page 470(Get Neutral)5+7 page 470(Get Neutral)1+4i page 470(Get Neutral)1+4ii page 471(Get Neutral)4C+5C4C+5B+38A5D+7C1C+4C+38A1C+4D+38AThe inner parts of the eyebrows are pulled together slightly form-ing slight vertical wrinkling, and are pulled down markedly, form-ing slight horizontal wrinkles at the inner corners of the eyebrows,sufficient to score 4C. The upper eyelid is raised and tensed againstthe downward movement of the eye cover fold caused by the low-ered eyebrows, and more sclera shows at the upper, side parts ofthe iris, indicating AU 5. Because the 5 occurs with 4, the specialintensity guidelines for 5 with 4 are used to score intensity. We cansee that more of the top part of the iris is revealed than in neutraland the harsh stare is at least marked, so 5C is scored.The eyebrows are markedly lowered and marked vertical wrinklesform between the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4C. The upper eye-lid appears raised from the increased exposure of sclera around theiris. Tension of the upper lid against the eye cover fold is evidentas AU 4 pushes down and AU 5 pushes up. The eyes have a glarethat is not present in the w4 example (cover the eyebrows to com-pare). This evidence is sufficient to score 5B. The marked thinningand flaring of the nostrils is sufficient to score 38A in a still image.The upper eyelid is raised to reveal much more than a hairline ofsclera around the top of the iris, which is partially covered in neu-tral. At least a severe amount of sclera beyond the guideline for theB intensity (virtually all of the top of the iris) is revealed, but not amaximum, sufficient to score 5D. The lower eyelid is raised andstraightened markedly on the eyeball forming a marked bulge, andskin is drawn to the inner eye corner, sufficient to score 7C.The increase in wrinkling in the center of the forehead is marked topronounced, and the raising of the inner corners of the eyebrows ispronounced, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are pulledtogether markedly, and marked vertical wrinkling and bulgingappears between them. Using the guidelines for AU 4 in the com-bination of 1+4, this evidence is sufficient to score 4C. Notice howstraight the eyebrows are compared to the example for AU 1, inthis table above, because the 4 is pulling down the center of eacheyebrow while the 1 is raising the inner corner, which decreasesthe curvature of the eyebrow. The markedly thinned and flarednostrils are sufficient to score 38A.The same signs are apparent in this items as in the previous, but theactions are more intense. The increase in horizontal wrinkling inthe center of the forehead and the raising of the inner corners of theeyebrows are pronounced, about the same as in the previous item.Yet, there is a more bulging, bunched, and knotted appearance tothe center of the forehead because the stronger AU 1 is counter-acted by a stronger AU 4, shown in the severe vertical wrinklingand bulging and wrinkling between the eyebrows, the severe draw-ing together of the eyebrows, and the greater lowering of the eye-brow centers. Also, notice the straightness of the eyebrow and eyecover fold. This evidence is sufficient to score 4D, and the 1remains in the C intensity range. The markedly thinned and flarednostrils are sufficient to score 38A.j0 page 465(Get Neutral) 0 This neutral image serves as a baseline for the j images. Note thepermanent wrinkles in the forehead and at or below the eye cor-ners. Note the greater exposure of the eye cover fold and skin ofthe upper eyelid, compared to the other faces, that makes changesin the upper eyelid easier to detect. There is also more permanentbulging in the glabella than the other faces seen thus far.j1+4 page 471(Get Neutral) 1C+4D+L11B The inner corners of the eyebrows are raised slightly, and the hori- zontal wrinkling in the center of the forehead is increased mark-edly, sufficient to score 1C. The eyebrows are markedly to severelypulled together, forming severe vertical wrinkles and bulgingbetween the eyebrows, sufficient to score 4D (barely) using the cri-teria for 4 in the 1+4 combination. This example shows clearly 1)the triangular shape of the eye cover fold that often appears in 1+4,and 2) how the inner corner of the eyebrow is pulled up by 1 andthe center is pulled down by 4. The middle part of the left nasola-bial furrow is deepened slightly and the skin of the left upper lip isstretched upward a trace, sufficient to score L11B.1+2 page 471(Get Neutral)1+2+4i page 472(Get Neutral)1D+W2D+25A+38A1C+W2C+4BIt should be immediately obvious from the eyebrow raise andwrinkling across the entire forehead that AUs 1 and 2 are involvedin this action, so use the Action Unit Combination description for1+2 to score these actions (or the section on combination 1+2+4,etc. if there were other AUs). This action is also asymmetrical. Theentire eyebrow is raised up extremely, wrinkles are extremely deep-ened and/or extended across the entire forehead, except on theouter right side where they are pronounced, and the eye cover foldis exposed extremely. There is no evidence whatsoever for 4, 5, 6,or 7, and although one might claim the upper eyelid is raised atrace, this change can be easily attributed to the lifting of the eyecover fold by 1+2. The lower face shows little change, except a slitof lip parting that is less than 2mm and a trace of nostril flaringevident in the thinned nostril wings and changed nostril opening.Because the 2 is C on the right and D on the left, and the differencein wrinkling is slight (asymmetry is L2), W is assigned as prefix to2.The raise of the entire brow, together with the flattening and pull-ing together of the eyebrows indicate the presence of 1, 2, and 4 sothe guidelines for scoring the combination 1+2+4 are appropriate.The entire brow is raised markedly, indicating the C intensity forboth 1 and 2, except that on the right side, the 2 is slight and thedifference between the sides is slight, indicating an asymmetryscore of 2 and a prefix of W. The slight pulling together appearsweaker than the raising, with only slight straightening and a traceof bulging between the brows, sufficient to score 4B.Scores for Reference Example Images and Videos1+2+4ii 1B+2B+4C+25A+ As in the previous item, the 1+2+4 scoring guidelines are used, butpage 472 (Get Neutral)j1+2+4 page 471(Get Neutral)1+2+5i page 472(Get Neutral)1+2+5ii page 472(Get Neutral)38A1B+2C+4C+5A+V11C1D+2D+5B1E+2E+5Ehere, the brow is less raised and more pulled together. The browraise, and the consequent deepening of the horizontal wrinkles isslight, indicating AUs 1 and 2 at the B intensity. Notice thatalthough the lateral parts of the eyebrows are not raised much morethan in neutral, the brow is very straight, indicating the tensionbetween a stronger AU 4 and AU 2. The pulling together of theeyebrows is pronounced with slight bulging between them, but amarked amount of knotting and twisting in the forehead. This evi-dence is sufficient for 4C. A slit of lip parting that is less than 2mmand a marked nostril flaring evident in the thinned nostril wingsand changed nostril opening is sufficient to score 25A+38A.Evidence of the raising of the entire brow is apparent in the slightto pronounced increase in horizontal wrinkling across the foreheadand the slight to marked raising of parts of the eyebrow. The eye-brows are drawn together slightly, forming marked wrinkling andbulging between the eyebrows, but the center of each eyebrow ispulled down at least markedly. Using the intensity guidelines in thedescription of the 1+2+4 combination, and weighing the evidencefor these AUs, the 1B+2C+4C intensity scores are assigned. Theraise of the upper eyelid is apparent in contrast to neutral, but notquite enough to score B, so 5A is scored. The nasolabial furrow isdeepened in the middle slightly to markedly, with some pulling ofthe skin in the upper lip, sufficient to score 11C. The 11 is strongeron the lefts, as the left lip is raised more and the left infraorbitalfurrow is deeper, a trace of a difference or the prefix V.The obvious eyebrow raise and wrinkling across the entire fore-head indicates AUs 1 and 2 are involved in this action, so the scor-ing guidelines for the 1+2 combination are appropriate. Theraising, wrinkling, exposure of the eye cover fold, and other signsof AUs 1 and 2 are severe to extreme, but not maximum, indicatingthe D intensity. The upper eyelid is raised to expose virtually theentire iris, which is covered in neutral, sufficient to score the Bintensity. Compare the effect of 5 in this item in exposing the iris tothe reveal of the iris in the previous two examples of 1+2+4 andthe item for 1+2, where 5 has not acted.As in the previous item, the guidelines for combination 1+2 areused, and the maximum raising, wrinkling, exposure of the eyecover fold, and other signs indicate AUs 1 and 2 at the E intensity.Likewise, the raising of the upper eyelid and exposure of scleraabove the iris is maximum, indicating 5E. Notice that the lowereyelid appears to have raised up in respect to the iris. This is attrib-utable to the effect of the maximum 5; no other sign of AU 7 ispresent.。

微表情分析师FACS动作单元详解AU1AU1运动状态:AU1额腹（额肌）的内侧收缩上拉1. 眉头上扬。

2. 额头中间出现抬头纹，⼀般为短拱形。

如原本就有，则会加深。

⼉童、幼⼉或保养好的⼈可能没有。

3. 眉⽑整体形状的改变，如“⼋”字。

4. 内眼⾓的眉眼距离增加。

5. 内眼⾓上眼⽪可能出现拉伸的⽪肤隆起。

AU1常见情绪：惊讶、恐惧、悲伤AU2AU2运动状态:AU2额肌的外侧收缩AU2常见情绪：惊讶、恐惧Au4AU4运动状态：降眉间肌和皱眉肌的组合肌⾁群。

AU4常见情绪：当碰到⽣理上或⼼理上阻隔时启动AU4.例：1.想知道某答案却不知道时（恐惧）。

2.原来的舒适感被打断时（愤怒）。

Au5AU5运动状态：AU5抬起上眼⽪（上眼脸提肌），上眼睑减少或消失，使更多的虹膜暴露（眼睛瞪⼤）。

AU5常见情绪：惊讶、专注、恐惧、愤怒。

AU6AU6运动状态：眼轮匝肌外圈的运动表⽪特征：1、由于外圈的收缩，眼睛周围的⽪肤受到挤压产⽣鱼尾纹，从眼裂外⾓呈放射状向外延伸。

2、加深下眼睑隆起。

3、眼裂变窄4、眉⽑轻微降低。

5、提升眶下三⾓区6、肌⾁束外部围绕眼睛收缩，从太阳⽳和⾯颊向眼睛拉动⽪肤7、有些⼈可牵动颧⾻处⽪肤出现酒窝。

AU6常见情绪：轻蔑、微笑AU7AU7运动状态：眼轮匝肌内圈收缩（收缩眼睑部分)表⽪特征：1、下眼睑形状产⽣改变，变得更直。

2、眼裂变窄。

3、提升下眼睑，覆盖更多的虹膜。

4、下眼睑更为清晰，使下眼睑隆起并朝向眼睛内⾓，在内眼⾓处产⽣褶皱。

当5、强度⼤时，会出现眯眼的表情。

AU7常见情绪：怀疑、愤怒Au9AU9运动状态：皱起⿐肌表⽪特征：1、⿐根处出现褶皱。

2、印堂（两眉中部）降低。

3、拉动眶下三⾓区向上，导致睑颊沟皱起，如存在，则加深。

4、如果强度⼤，会推动上唇中间向上，并且加深法令（⿐唇沟）。

5、拉动⿐孔上⽅⽪肤，⿐翼两侧上移，造成⿐孔显露，。

AU9常见情绪：厌恶，讨厌(有些⼥⽣会⽤AU9来撒娇，或者看到可爱的东西皱起⿐来逗萌物。

AU=action unit~运动单元~AU1无表情AU1运动状态AU1就是眉毛内侧向上拉起.AU1運動含义：不随意肌,经常出现在负面情绪中。

我称之为“负面倒退情绪肌。

"负面情绪中不会发生攻击性行为的部分触发AU1的运动.比如内疚，害怕,悲伤等情绪或者罪恶感，自卑感，慌乱感等体验AU1之后导致的行为通常是静止或者逃避的。

AU2无表情AU2运动状态AU2就是眉毛外侧向上拉的肌肉～也是不随意肌~(一般沒幾個人能單獨完成這個表情）AU2本身没有什么含义～但是AU1+2就有含义了~AU1+2简单来说就是抬起整个眉毛根据运动含义～AU1+2，准备抬起眼皮，为AU5做准备。

准备抬起眼皮的原始意义在于眼睛睁得更大，进光更多.同时讨论AU5的意义:1， AU5用来看得更清晰，确定眼前的事物2， AU5用来支撑起眼部的面积，用增大面积来威吓对方。

所以，AU1+2所运动含义可以了解为，引起对方注意和给自己更加确定。

称之为确定肌肉群。

AU1+2表达的意义可以是“确定是这样”,“你确吗?”“我的答案是肯定的”或者更多。

其原始意义就是我确定和寻求对方同样确定。

(害怕时和惊讶时是寻求确定的意义)。

一般问话的人做出1+2，说明他知道问题的答案~（這個在生活中一般很有用）表示思考，痛苦的人会将眼睛区域的所有肌肉收起来1+2+4可以是看成是害怕、担心、怀疑等等情绪,区别可以证明他们对你说的话的反映.疼注意：痛苦不一定就會皺鼻，而眉頭緊縮也不一定就是痛苦, 那块区域收紧~不是那个表情就是痛苦～具體的要看場景和肢體等的結合无表情AU4运动情况简单来说AU4是一组肌肉群作用是将眉毛压低并使眉毛聚拢。

其运动含义分析为:AU4遇到阻断，进行大脑前额叶运算时出现。

AU4我称之为“抗阻断”肌肉群当碰到生理上或心理上阻隔时启动AU4。

例如，想知道答案却不知道时(思考,怀疑，疑问）。

说话被打断时（生气)。

原来的舒适感被打断时（痛苦)。

因此,这就是问话人用到AU1+2是知道答案而用到AU4是不知道答案的原因。

1.1 微表情涵义·由来1【单选题】微表情是指持续时间多长的表情?()B∙A、1/2秒∙B、不足1/5秒∙C、5秒∙D、以上都不对2【多选题】下面哪些描述符合微表情的特征?()ABCD ∙A、时间不足1/5秒∙B、受到有效刺激后的反应∙C、不由自主地表现出来∙D、表达内心的真实情感3【判断题】表情是表现在面部或姿态上的情感信息。

()正确1.2 保罗·埃克曼的贡献1【单选题】保罗·埃克曼研究的微表情主要在哪个领域?()C ∙A、身体动作∙B、副语言∙C、面部表情∙D、以上都不对2【多选题】保罗·埃克曼研究微表情的主要贡献有哪些?()ABCD ∙A、完成面部表情编码∙B、编撰并发布FACS—AU教程∙C、研发微表情训练工具(Meet)∙D、人际欺骗研究3【判断题】独立发现并深入研究微表情的学者是保罗·埃克曼。

()错误1.3 国内·应用研究概况1【单选题】国内探索微表情应用研究的实战机构不包括哪些？（）D∙A、公安机构∙B、检察机构∙C、安全机构∙D、环保机构2【判断题】受到lie to me 传播的影响国内业界开始关注并研究微表情。

()正确3【判断题】国内研究微表情的专业团队主要有中科院心理研究所傅小兰团队、中国人民政法大学姜振宇团队和上海政法学院范海鹰团队。

（）正确1.4 教学模式·教学环节1【单选题】微表情识别读脸读心课程宜采用哪种教学模式?()D ∙A、理论讲授式∙B、实操训练式∙C、案例观摩式∙D、A+B+C2【多选题】微表情识别读脸读心课程的教学模式包括哪些教学环节?()ABC∙A、理论讲授∙B、案例教学∙C、实操训练∙D、以上都不对3【判断题】微表情识别读脸读心是一本应用技术类课程。

()正确1.5 案例教学1：《非常了得·我是飞机调度员》1【多选题】影响误判事件为假的主要影响因素是什么?()BD∙A、所提问题不够有效∙B、观察者先入为主的经验带入∙C、扮演者说到飞机晚点时出现的羞愧∙D、回应印象最深刻的一次调度有多麻烦时的回避1.6 实操训练1：《真真假假·我曾喝过将军泡的茶》1【多选题】支持判断事件为假的表情动作有哪些?()ABCD∙A、讲述主题时眼睛向左瞟,而在讲述事件过程时眼睛有几次向右瞟。

facs法FACS 法是一种利用人面部表情进行情感识别的方法。

它可以帮助研究人员更好地了解人类的情感表达方式，从而提高人与人交流的效果。

下面将分步骤介绍 FACS 法的工作原理及应用。

1. FACS 法的来源FACS 法是由美国心理学家保罗·埃克曼（Paul Ekman）和华伦·弗里森（Wally Friesen）等人于 1978 年合作提出的。

他们通过观察和研究人类面部肌肉的运动，提出了面部行为编码系统（FACS），并将其用于情感识别和面相分析研究。

2. FACS 法的基本原理FACS 法的基本原理是通过分析人脸表情的微小变化，推断出人类的情感状态。

具体来说，它主要通过对 43 个面部肌肉的活动情况进行分析，来识别人脸的表情变化，从而研究人类的情感体验。

3. FACS 法的应用FACS 法的应用范围十分广泛。

它不仅可以用于研究心理学、神经科学等学科领域，还可以应用于人机交互、娱乐游戏、医学诊断等领域。

以下列举一些 FACS 法的应用场景：3.1 情感识别FACS 法可以帮助研究人员识别和分析人脸表情中的情感变化。

它可以通过对人脸肌肉的活动情况进行分析，推断出人类的情感状态，为心理学、神经科学等学科领域的研究提供基础。

3.2 人机交互在人机交互领域，FACS 法可以用于改进智能客服、智能家居等场景中的交互体验。

通过利用 FACS 法提取人脸表情信息，可以更准确地解读用户的意图和情感状态，从而提高系统的智能化程度。

3.3 医学诊断在医学诊断领域，FACS 法可以用于面部疾病的诊断和治疗。

通过分析面部肌肉的活动情况，医生可以判断面部肌肉是否有功能异常，进而判断病患的疾病类型和治疗方案。

4. FACS 法的研究现状和未来发展目前，FACS 法的研究现状主要集中在心理学、神经科学、计算机视觉等领域。

随着计算机科技、人工智能等技术的不断发展，FACS法可应用的领域也在不断拓宽。

未来，FACS 法有望成为人类情感识别的重要研究工具，并在医学、娱乐、人机交互等领域发挥更大的作用。

面部表情的心理研究课程名称：FBI教你识别身体语言姓名：姜颖超学号：2014417554专业：经济学一．摘要：面部表情（facial expression）是指通过眼部肌肉，口部肌肉和颜面肌肉的变化来表现的各种情绪状态。

面部表情是非常重要的非语言交往工具。

面部表情有外露性，配合语气和复杂丰富等特点，因此很值得我们分析和研究。

只有研究好了人们面部表情包含的内容，才能在人际交往中做事，说话拿捏妥当，抓准对方交流的特点和契机，对我们事业成功和家庭的幸福起到了至关重要的作用。

二．关键词：面部表情；眼部肌肉；口部肌肉；颜面肌肉；非语言交流工具；情绪状态。

三．引言：人能做出的表情非常之多。

如果单独计算参与构造表情的面部肌肉运动的组合数量，这些肌肉理论上可以构造出的不同的面部形态数量，远远超过你的想象（约4000万种）。

这当中还没有计算收缩程度的不同。

当然，不是所有的形态都能称为表情，但也可以想象表情的丰富程度。

不同社会生存的人，可能具备某些独特的面部表情用于交流，这些表情很多是后天学习到的。

不过从达尔文到保罗·艾克曼，很多前辈学者都已经科学地证明了人类共存的几种基础表情。

面部表情和眼神表达的意义因个人情况和文化背景的不同而可能有所不同 ,但一般情况下它们是人们心情的睛雨表和心灵的窗户 ,是内心情绪的外在表现 ,通过它们 ,可以测量人的情感甚至一个人的人生态度、人格和价值观 .因此面部表情和眼神对搞好思想政治教育从而搞好其他社会工作起到不可忽视的辅助作用。

四．研究理据：保罗.艾克曼的面部动作编码系统（Facial Action Coding System，FACS）五．研究内容：美国著名心理学家阿尔培特认为 ,在人进行感情表达时 ,往往言词的使用只占 7% ,而声调占 38% ,剩下的 55%全由体语来完成 .由此我们知道 ,在人的感情表达中体语的作用是大于语言的 .体语就是人的身体语言 ,具体来说就是人的表情和动作。

面部表情识别方法综述＊张利伟，张　航，张玉英（中南大学信息科学与工程学院，湖南　长沙　４１００７５）摘 要：介绍了表情识别难点及研究现状；重点阐述了不同的人脸表情特征提取方法和基于分类器的表情识别方法，并对各种方法进行了简单的分析比较；最后针对鲁棒性的需求，给出了人脸表情识别未来要研究的重点内容。

关键词：表情识别；特征提取；表情分类中图分类号：ＴＰ３９１．４１ 文献标识码：Ａ 文章编号：１００３－７２４１（２００９）０１－００９３－０６A Survey of Facial Expression RecognitionZHANG Li-wei, ZHANG Hang, ZHANG Yu-ying( Information Science and Engineering of Central South University, Changsha 410075 China )Abstract: This paper introduces the facial expression recognition technique and methods for feature extraction and the classifier design. Some suggestions are also given to the future research of the facial expression recognition.Key words: facial expression recognition; feature extraction; facial classification１ 引言表情是人类用来表达情绪的一种基本方式，是非语言交流中的一种有效手段。

人们可通过表情准确而微妙地表达自己的思想感情，也可通过表情辨认对方的态度和内心世界。

关于表情传递信息的作用，心理学家Ｍｅｈｒａｂｉａｎ［１］给出了一个公式：感情表露＝７％的言词＋３８％的声音＋５５％的面部表情。

人类疼痛表情研究进展摘要疼痛表情是人类疼痛表达的行为方式之一，具有重要的生存适应和社会交流价值。

疼痛表情研究应当遵循行为观察方法，基于面部运动编码系统（Facial Action Coding System，FACS）的表情编码有助于疼痛表情的量化分析。

年龄、性别、社会因素、文化背景等多种因素会影响疼痛表情表达，使疼痛表情在不同个体之间表现出共性和个性并存的特性。

在不断改进研究方法的基础上，未来可对疼痛表情的生理心理机制作出更多阐述，并有望建立完备的人类疼痛表情信息库。

关键词疼痛表情，FACS，社会交流，生理心理机制，疼痛表情信息库。

1 引言国际疼痛研究学会（International Association for the Study of Pain，IASP）将疼痛定义为“一种与组织损伤或潜在的损伤相关的不愉快的主观感觉和情感体验”（韩济生，20XX）。

作为一种与伤害相关的特殊感觉体验，疼痛对个体的生存有着重要意义和价值。

疼痛既可以使个体避免危险处境，也有利于伤害部位的组织修复。

除了引导人类趋利避害，疼痛还能够引发生理、心理、行为等一系列的反应。

经过漫长的进化，个体能够通过多种行为方式传递疼痛信息，如个体既能通过躯体的活动或运动表达自己的不适，也能通过言语或面部表情的改变展现自己的痛苦。

这些声音、动作或体态构成了丰富的人类“疼痛语言”。

Ahles等人（1990）与Poole和Craig（1992）发现，即便是被试言语报告否认疼痛的情况下，旁观者也能通过被试的面部表情判断其所承受的疼痛，由于面部的疼痛表情很难被隐藏和伪装。

因此能够传递较为精确和可靠的疼痛讯息。

Hemann和nor（20XX）指出，疼痛表情不仅仅是表情的某一个类型，更重要的是疼痛表情反映了人类进化的一种社会交流倾向，它能够传递各种有害刺激带来的不适感，并能引起旁观者的关注和照顾行为。

2 疼痛表情的研究方法2.1 疼痛表情的采集方法疼痛及疼痛表情的产生源自于伤害信号，这种伤害信号可能由各种生理或病理疼痛刺激所引发。