现在完成时延续性动词与非延续性动词
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英语动词根据词义可分为两种,一种是延续性的,一种是终止性的,终止性动词(也可称为非延续性动词,瞬间动词,或点动词),如begin,start,die,buy,leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以它的现在完成时不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,即不能与表示一段时间的状语,for+时间段, since+时间点/从句连用,也不能用在how long引导的特殊疑问句中.eg. I've left Shanghai for three days.(×) I've been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ ) It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )常见终止性动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等.终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:⑴.将时间状语改为时间段+ ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.eg.我弟弟参军两年了. My brother joined the army two years ago.⑵.若保留for+时间段,since+时间点/从句, 或用在how long 句型中,则需将终止性动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下come/go/arrive/get/reach/move------be in/at open-----be opendie------be dead close----be closed become---be borrow---keepbegin/start-----be on put on----wearleave-----be away (from) buy-----have fall asleep----be asleepend/finish-----be over catch a cold-----have a coldjoin the army----be in the army be a soldier join the Party----be in the Party be a Party member→My brother has been in the army for two years. →My brother has been a soldier for two years动词按其动作发生的方式,动作发生过程的长短,分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用
延续性动词和非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用有一些区别。
1.延续性动词:
延续性动词表示持续的动作或状态,常见的有live(住)、work
(工作)、study(学习)、wait(等待)等。
在现在完成时态中,延续
性动词通常用来表示一个动作或状态开始于过去,持续到现在,并且可能
会继续下去。
例如:
- I have lived in this city for 10 years.(我在这个城市住了
10年了。
)
2.非延续性动词:
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作或不可数的状态,常见的有arrive(到达)、die(死亡)、finish(完成)、know(知道)等。
在现在完成时
态中,非延续性动词通常用来表示一个动作已经完成或一个状态已经发生,没有持续的时间。
例如:
- She has arrived at the airport.(她已经到达了机场。
)
- The project has finished.(项目已经完成了。
)
- I have known him since childhood.(我从小就认识他了。
)
需要注意的是,有些动词既可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词,根据上下文来决定其使用方式。
比如,动词sleep(睡觉)可以是延
续性动词,表示持续的睡眠状态,也可以是非延续性动词,表示一次性的睡眠动作。
完整版)延续性动词与非延续性动词总结(含练习)延续性动词与非延续性动词动词可以按照动作发生的方式和发生过程的长短分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
一、延续性动词表示可以延续的动作,例如:study、learn、work、stand、lie、know、walk、keep、have、wait、watch、sing、read、sleep、live、stay等。
这些动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
延续性动词的用法很广,常见于现在完成时的句子中,且常与for、how long、since等引导表示一段时间的状语或状语从句连用。
表示时间段的短语包括:1.for + 一段时间,例如:for 2 years、for a long time等;2.since从句,例如:since he came here;3.since + 时间点名词 + ago,例如:since last year、since 5 days ago;4.how long。
二、非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词或点动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。
例如:open、die、close、begin、finish、come、go、move、borrow、lend、buy、move、happen、marry、arrive/reach、post、fall、break、lose、give、join、receive、hear、hear from、e等。
终止性动词也称为瞬间动词或点动词,在肯定句中一般不能与表示一段时间的状语或疑问词连用。
但是在否定句中,瞬间动词也可以和表示一段时间的状语或连词连用,这时的含义是好长时间没进行这个动作了,没进行此动作的状态就可以延续。
这类动词可以用于现在完成时态,但由于动作是瞬间完成的,所以不能与for或since引出的时间状语连用。
常见的这类动词包括:go、come、leave、arrive、lose、land、catch、join、kill、find等。
现在完成时中延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词study learn sleep live sing dance swim drink teach keep非延续性动词:buy borrow lend die leave begin come / go 非延续性动词不能和how long ; for ….since…连用要把它们变成其他相应的词.(买了…)have/has had…(借了…)have/has kept …(开始了…)have /has been on(离开了…)have /has been away (from)..(来到某地/ 去某地….)have /has been in …(死了…)have/has been dead1.我买这本书三年了。
(1).I bought the book three years ago.(2) I have had the book for 3 years.(3) I have had the book since 3 years ago.How long have you had the book2.他借这本书两个月了(1)He borrowed the book two months ago.(2)He has kept the book for 2 months .(3) He has kept the book since 2 months ago.How long has he kept the book3.李梅离开济南一年了.(1) Li Mei left Jinan one year ago.(2) Li Mei has been away from Jinan for one year.(3) Li Mei has been away from Jinan since 1 year ago.How long has Li Mei been away from Jinan4. 会议开始20分钟了。
现在完成时中延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词study learn sleep live sing dance swim drink teach keep非延续性动词:buy borrow lend die leave begin come / go非延续性动词不能和how long ; for ….since…连用要把它们变成其他相应的词.(买了…)have/has had…(借了…)have/has kept …(开始了…)have /has been on(离开了…)have /has been away (from)..(来到某地/ 去某地….)have /has been in …(死了…)have/has been dead1.我买这本书三年了。
(1).I bought the book three years ago.(2) I have had the book for 3 years.(3) I have had the book since 3 years ago.How long have you had the book ?2.他借这本书两个月了(1)He borrowed the book two months ago.(2)He has kept the book for 2 months .(3) He has kept the book since 2 months ago.How long has he kept the book?3.李梅离开济南一年了.(1) Li Mei left Jinan one year ago.(2) Li Mei has been away from Jinan for one year.(3) Li Mei has been away from Jinan since 1 year ago.How long has Li Mei been away from Jinan?4. 会议开始20分钟了。
延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用一发生就结束了,常见的有:come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become,动作的结果还存在),但由于它们不能延续,因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用。
(也即现在完成时的第二个基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词)。
e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了。
Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月,因此错误。
(2)瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中,因此,若要解决这一问题,就应把它改为相应的延续性动词或短语,主要有以下几种:①用相应的延续性动词如:buy → have borrow → keep come/go/become → be put on → wear catch a cold → have a cold ②转换成如:join → be a member of go to school → be a如:die → be dead leave → be away begin → be on finish → be over fall asleep — be asleep open → be语如:come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach …→be in/at… join the army → be in the army(军队)e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书。
I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了。
Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了。
Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了。
现在完成时之延续性分词和非延续性动词现在完成时中,非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用,通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。
(就是说:有for或since 的句子里,一定不能是非延续性代词,必须是延续性动词)。
例如:borrow借→ keep保存, buy买→ have拥有, begin/start 开始→ be on上映, die死→ be dead死(表状态), join参加→ be in/be a member of-加入;成为……中的一员,come/arrive 来/到达→ be here/in, come/get back回来→ be back, go/leave 走/离开→ be away(from), marry结婚→ be married(to),go/come/begin/start/die/buy/borrow/sell/leave/arrive/receive/become等词语是瞬间动词,表示的动作是一时的,不能延续,不能与for、since等表示一段时间的词连用,也不能用于how long引导的疑问句中。
•如不能说:He has borrowed the book for two months.(ⅹ)•但可以说:He has kept the book for 2 months.•或:It has been 2 months since he borrowed the book.•或:Two months has passed since he borrowed the book.※注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。
1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(错)Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然,第二句不对,它应改为Harry got married six years ago. 或Harry has been married for six years.难点:比较一般过去时与现在完成时1)一般过去时——表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时——发生在过去,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调影响。
终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。
如:
The train has arrived.火车到了。
Have you joined the computer group?你加入电脑小组了吗?
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。
因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。
如
(1)他死了三年了。
误:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died.
正:Three years has passed since he died. (2)他来这儿五天了。
误:He has come here for five days.
正:He has been here for five days.
正:He came here five days ago.
正:It is five days since he came here.
正:Five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不
能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。
那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。
下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。
(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。
(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。
(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。
3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。
如
He hasn't left here since 1986.
I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。
如:
You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。
I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。
5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。
when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。
而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。
如:
When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。
如:
误:How long have you come here?
正:How long have you been here?
一.延续性动词延续性动词延续性动词延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。
表示时间段的短语有: ⑴for+一段时间, 如:for 2 years; ⑵since从句, 如since he came here; since+过去时间点名词, 如since last year, since 5 days ago。
例: He has lived here for 6 years. You can keep the book for 5 days. 二.非延续性动词非延续性动词非延续性动词非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词, 表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。
如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come, go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。
非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用,如:two years ago; at 5 o'clock; 例:He died 5 years ago. 三.延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的
转换延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换:(考试重点,学生易错。
)例:He left five minutes ago. = He has been away for five minutes. 这句话的意思是指他离开的动作是5分钟之前发生的,是过去时。
也就是说从他离开到现在已经有五分钟了,这个动作是延续的,要用现在完成时,并且要把原来的短暂性动词改为延续性动词。
一些短暂性动词及相应的延续性动词:arrive(get to /reach)→be here (in) begin(start) →be on die →be dead come here(back)→be here(back)leave →be away (from) fall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep) get up→be up go/ get out(there)→be out(there)finish →be over put on →wear 或be on open →be open(keep sth open)join →be in或be a member of…+组织机构close →be closed go to school →be a student borrow →keep buy/get →have catch(a cold) →have(a cold) get to know →know begin to study →study come to
work →work move to →live in finish/end →be over come to →be in sit down →be seated marry →be married dress →be dressed become →be?。