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青年人职业技能培养提升个人核心能力的途径随着社会的快速发展和竞争的日益激烈，青年人在就业和职业生涯规划中面临着许多挑战。
为了适应这一复杂多变的环境，青年人必须努力培养和提升自己的职业技能和个人核心能力。
本文将介绍一些可行的途径，帮助青年人在职场中取得成功。
1. 学习与进修（Learning and Continuing Education）学习是提升职业技能的基石。
青年人应该保持对新知识和技能的开放性，并且持续不断地学习。
参加各种培训课程、讲座和工作坊，了解最新的行业动态和发展趋势，为自己的职业生涯增加更多的竞争力。
此外，青年人还可以选择攻读硕士学位或参与学术研究项目，深入学习特定领域的知识，提高自己在该领域中的专业水平。
2. 实践与经验积累（Practice and Experience）除了学习，实践对于培养职业技能和个人核心能力也至关重要。
青年人可以通过参加实习、志愿者工作或业余项目等方式积累实践经验，在实际操作中不断提高自己的技能。
在实践中，他们可以学到解决问题的能力、团队合作的技巧以及有效沟通的手段，这些都是在职场中必备的能力。
3. 发展人际关系（Building Relationships）在职场中，人际关系起着至关重要的作用。
青年人应该主动建立和发展自己的人际关系，与各行各业的人士建立联系。
参加行业协会活动、社交聚会和专业研讨会等，与业界专家和同行互动，增加自己的人脉资源。
这样做不仅可以获取更多的机会和信息，还可以获得他人的指导和建议，帮助自己更好地成长和发展。
4. 建立自信与积极心态（Building Confidence and Positive Mindset）自信和积极心态对于个人的职业发展至关重要。
青年人应该培养积极、乐观的心态，相信自己有能力克服困难，达到自己的目标。
通过设立小目标并不断实现，可以增强自己的自信心。
此外，找到适合自己的解压方式，保持良好的身心健康，对于提升个人核心能力也非常重要。
Advice to Youth Mark Twain给青年人的忠告---马克吐温A gifted raconteur(健谈者, 善于讲故事的人), distinctive(出众的,与众不同的) humorist, and irascible([i'ræsibl] 易怒的,暴躁的) moralist, Mark Twain transcended(超越) the apparent limitations of his origins to become a popular public fig ure and one of America’s best and beloved writers.马克吐温，天才的演说家，与众不同的幽默作家，暴躁的卫道者，他超越了出身的表面限制，成为了一个受欢迎的公众人物，美国最优秀、大家最喜爱的作家之一。
Advice to Youth by Mark Twain is a short little composition that he was asked to write to the youth of America. Basically it was just meant to be something educational and useful in life. What he said back then is just as true today as it was when he wrote it. We can see his view on life from that.马克吐温的《给青年人的忠告》是他应邀写给美国青年的一篇小短文。
主要是关于生活中的一些有教育性的有益的的建议。
他那时所说的话拿到今天来看，也如当时一样正确，从中我们也可以管窥到的人生观。
Being told I would be expected to talk here, I inquired what sort of talk I ought to make. They said it should be something suitable to youth-something didactic（[di'dæktik, dai-]教诲的,说教的）, instructive, or something in the nature of good advice. Very well. I have a few things in my mind which I have often longed（渴望）to say for the instruction of the young; for it is in one's tender（未成熟的）early years that such things will best take root（扎根）and be most enduring（持久的耐久的）and most valuable. First, then. I will say to you my young friends — and I say it beseechingly（恳求地）, urgently（迫切地）—“我接到通知将到这里来做演说时，我就询问我应该讲些什么。
新概念第四册课文翻译及学习笔记：Lesson45【课文】First listen and then answer the following question.听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the most influential factor in any human society?In man's early days. competition with other creatures must have been critical. But this phase of our development is now finished. Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with primitive conditions. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone. The last creature to compete with man was the mosquito. But even the mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by chemical sprays.Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was.But the competition of man against man is not the simple process envisioned in biology. It is not a simple competition for a fixed amount of food determined by the physical environment, because the environment that determines our evolution is no longer essentially physical. Our environment is chiefly conditoned by the things we believe. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources. Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants. This is the point I wish to emphasize. The most important factor in our environment is the state of our own minds.It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive culture, the most destructive effects have come not from physical weapons but from ideas. Ideas are dangerous. The Holy Office knewthis full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by. Indeed, the concept of free speech only exists in our modern society because when you are inside a community, you are conditioned by the conventions of the community to such a degree that it is verydifficult to conceive of anything really destructive. It is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous thoughts. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. I would like to give you an example, but fortunately I cannot do so. Perhaps it willsuffice to mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world, just as all of you are. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original.FRED HOYLE Of Men and Galaxies【New words and expressions 生词和短语】dispute v. 争夺mosquito n. 蚊子subdue v. 征服drainage n. 下水系统envision n. 预想Morocco n. 摩洛哥latitude n. 纬度heretic n. 异教徒，异端邪说conceive v. 想像suffice v. 足够nuclear adj. 原子弹的original adj.有独到见解的【课文注释】1.make a very poor show 出丑2.disputev.①争论例句：The couple disputed where to spend the holiday.夫妻俩为上哪儿度假而发生争论。
2024浙江省考c类申论大作文理论与实践1.理论与实践是相辅相成的，理论指导实践，实践验证理论。
Theory and practice complement each other, with theory guiding practice and practice validating theory.2.只有将理论与实践结合起来，我们才能更好地解决现实问题。
Only by integrating theory with practice can we better address real-world issues.3.理论是对事物规律的抽象总结，实践是理论的具体运用。
Theory is the abstract summary of the laws of things, while practice is the concrete application of theory.4.理论研究提供了思路和途径，实践检验了理论的可行性和有效性。
Theoretical research provides ideas and approaches, while practice tests the feasibility and effectiveness of theory.5.理论是指导实践的灯塔，实践是理论的试金石。
Theory is the guiding light of practice, while practice is the touchstone of theory.6.理论的力量在于激发实践的活力，实践的意义在于完善和发展理论。
The power of theory lies in inspiring the vitality of practice, while the significance of practice lies in perfecting and developing theory.7.理论和实践相辅相成，二者缺一不可。
如何成为一名专业的程序员英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1How to Become a Professional ProgrammerAs a computer science student, one of the most common career paths I am aiming for is to become a professional programmer. Programming is a highly skilled and lucrative profession that is in high demand across various industries. However, becoming a successful programmer requires more than just learning to code. It involves a combination of technical skills, problem-solving abilities, and a passion for continuous learning.The journey to becoming a professional programmer begins with a solid foundation in computer science fundamentals. This includes understanding concepts such as data structures, algorithms, object-oriented programming, and software design patterns. These core concepts form the backbone of software development and are essential for writing efficient, scalable, and maintainable code.One of the most important steps in becoming a professional programmer is to choose a programming language to specialize in. While it's beneficial to have knowledge of multiple languages, mastering one language is crucial for building depth of expertise. Popular choices include Java, Python, C++, and JavaScript, each with its own strengths and use cases. Once you've chosen a language, immerse yourself in it by practicing coding exercises, building projects, and contributing to open-source repositories.In addition to coding skills, effective problem-solving abilities are paramount for a successful programming career. As a programmer, you will frequently encounter complex problems that require logical thinking, analytical skills, and creative solutions. Developing these skills involves practice, patience, and a willingness to learn from mistakes. Participate in coding challenges, hackathons, and online programming communities to hone your problem-solving abilities and learn from experienced programmers.Collaboration and communication are also essential aspects of being a professional programmer. In most software development projects, you will work as part of a team, collaborating with other programmers, designers, and project managers. Effective communication skills, including the ability toclearly explain technical concepts to non-technical stakeholders, are crucial for success in this field.Furthermore, the technology landscape is constantly evolving, and new programming languages, frameworks, and tools emerge regularly. As a professional programmer, it is imperative to embrace a mindset of continuous learning and adaptability. Stay up-to-date with industry trends, attend conferences and workshops, and actively seek opportunities to expand your knowledge and skills.Internships and entry-level positions are excellent ways to gain practical experience and exposure to real-world software development environments. These opportunities allow you to apply your theoretical knowledge, work on actual projects, and receive guidance from experienced professionals. Building a portfolio of projects, whether personal or from internships, can also demonstrate your skills and passion to potential employers.Another important aspect of becoming a successful programmer is developing a strong work ethic and attention to detail. Writing clean, well-documented, and maintainable code is essential for long-term project success. Adopting best practices such as version control, code reviews, and testing will help youproduce high-quality software and collaborate effectively with other team members.In addition to technical skills, cultivating soft skills such as time management, problem-solving, and the ability to work under pressure is crucial. Programming projects often involve tight deadlines and unexpected challenges, and being able to navigate these situations with composure and professionalism is a valuable asset.Finally, it's important to remember that becoming a professional programmer is a continuous journey of learning and growth. The field of software development is rapidly evolving, and new technologies and methodologies are constantly emerging. Embrace a growth mindset, seek out challenges, and never stop learning.In conclusion, becoming a professional programmer requires a combination of technical skills, problem-solving abilities, effective communication, continuous learning, practical experience, and a strong work ethic. It's a challenging but rewarding path that offers numerous opportunities for personal and professional growth. By dedicating yourself to mastering the craft, staying adaptable, and embracing a lifelong learningmindset, you can pave the way to a successful and fulfilling career as a professional programmer.篇2How to Become a Professional ProgrammerAs a student aspiring to become a professional programmer, I understand the challenges and dedication required to succeed in this highly competitive field. Programming is not just a skill; it's a mindset, a passion, and a continuous journey of learning and growth. In this essay, I will share my insights and strategies for becoming a proficient programmer, based on my own experiences and the wisdom of those who have already achieved success in this domain.Develop a Solid Foundation:The first step towards becoming a professional programmer is to build a strong foundation in computer science and programming fundamentals. This includes understanding concepts such as data structures, algorithms, programming paradigms, and software design principles. While it's tempting to jump straight into coding, having a robust theoretical background will make you a better problem-solver and enable you to write more efficient, maintainable, and scalable code.Choose Your Language(s):The programming world is vast, with numerous programming languages and frameworks to choose from. While it's beneficial to be a polyglot programmer, it's crucial to start by mastering one or two languages thoroughly. Popular choices include Python, Java, C++, JavaScript, or newer languages like Go or Rust, depending on your interests and career goals. Once you've gained proficiency in your chosen language(s), you can gradually expand your repertoire.Practice, Practice, Practice:Programming is a skill that can only be honed through consistent practice. Engage in coding challenges, participate in hackathons, contribute to open-source projects, or build personal projects from scratch. The more you write code, the more comfortable and confident you'll become. Additionally, practicing will help you learn from your mistakes and develop a deeper understanding of coding best practices.Collaborate and Seek Mentorship:Programming is often a collaborative endeavor, and working with experienced professionals can accelerate your learning curve. Seek out mentors who can guide you, provide feedback,and share their expertise. Attend programming meetups, join online communities, or participate in coding bootcamps to connect with like-minded individuals and expand your network.Stay Current with Industry Trends:The technology landscape is constantly evolving, and as a professional programmer, you must stay up-to-date with the latest trends, tools, and methodologies. Subscribe to relevant blogs, podcasts, and newsletters, attend conferences and workshops, and continuously learn and adapt to new technologies and paradigms.Develop Soft Skills:While technical skills are paramount, successful programmers also possess a range of soft skills. These include effective communication, teamwork, problem-solving, critical thinking, and time management. Cultivate these skills through group projects, internships, or extracurricular activities, as they will be invaluable assets in your future career.Build a Portfolio:As you gain experience, compile a portfolio showcasing your best projects, contributions, and accomplishments. Awell-curated portfolio not only demonstrates your skills andexpertise but also serves as a powerful tool for landing internships, job opportunities, or freelance gigs.Specialize (Optional):While being a generalist programmer is valuable, specializing in a particular domain or technology can make you a highly sought-after expert. Consider areas such as web development, mobile app development, data science, cybersecurity, or emerging fields like artificial intelligence or blockchain technology. Specialization can open up unique career paths and increase your earning potential.Continuously Learn and Adapt:Programming is a lifelong learning journey, and the most successful programmers are those who embrace this mindset. Technology evolves rapidly, and what is cutting-edge today may become obsolete tomorrow. Cultivate a growth mindset, be curious, and remain open to learning new skills, languages, and paradigms throughout your career.Embrace the Programmer Mindset:Becoming a professional programmer goes beyond technical skills; it requires a particular mindset. Develop problem-solving abilities, analytical thinking, attention to detail,perseverance, and a passion for creating elegant and efficient solutions. Embrace the challenges and joy of coding, and never stop exploring the boundless possibilities of the digital world.In conclusion, the path to becoming a professional programmer is a rewarding yet demanding journey. It requires dedication, continuous learning, and a willingness to embrace challenges head-on. By building a solid foundation, practicing consistently, collaborating with others, staying current with industry trends, developing soft skills, and cultivating a programmer mindset, you can transform your passion for coding into a successful and fulfilling career. Remember, programming is not just a profession; it's a craft that requires patience, perseverance, and a lifelong commitment to growth and excellence.篇3How to Become a Professional ProgrammerAs a student passionate about technology andproblem-solving, the idea of becoming a professional programmer has always captivated me. The world of coding and software development offers a dynamic and rewarding career path, where creativity and analytical thinking converge to buildthe digital solutions that shape our modern lives. However, the journey to mastering this craft is challenging and requires unwavering dedication, continuous learning, and a growth mindset. In this essay, I will share insights and strategies that can help aspiring programmers like myself navigate the path to professional success.Cultivate a Solid Foundation in Computer Science FundamentalsThe first and arguably most crucial step in becoming a professional programmer is to establish a robust foundation in computer science fundamentals. This includes understanding programming concepts such as data structures, algorithms, object-oriented programming, and software design principles. While it's tempting to dive straight into learning specific programming languages, a thorough grasp of these core concepts will provide you with the versatility to adapt to new technologies and programming paradigms as they emerge.One effective way to build this foundation is through formal education, such as pursuing a degree in computer science or a related field. University curricula are designed to impart theoretical knowledge and practical skills, enabling students to explore various aspects of programming and computer systems.Alternatively, self-study through online courses, tutorials, and books can also be a viable option for those who prefer a more self-paced approach.Develop Proficiency in Programming LanguagesOnce you have a solid grasp of computer science fundamentals, the next step is to become proficient in one or more programming languages. The choice of language(s) to learn often depends on your career goals and the industry you wish to work in. For example, if you aspire to be a web developer, mastering languages like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS would be essential. If your interests lie in mobile app development, learning Swift for iOS or Java/Kotlin for Android would be more relevant.Regardless of the language(s) you choose, it's crucial to dive deep and gain practical experience by working on projects. Building personal projects, contributing to open-source repositories, or participating in coding challenges and hackathons can provide valuable hands-on experience and help solidify your programming skills.Embrace Continuous Learning and Stay Up-to-DateThe tech industry is in a constant state of evolution, with new frameworks, libraries, and programming paradigms emerging regularly. As a professional programmer, it's essential to embrace a mindset of continuous learning and stay up-to-date with the latest trends and best practices. This not only ensures that your skills remain relevant but also opens up opportunities for career growth and advancement.Participate in online communities, attend meetups and conferences, and read industry blogs and publications to stay informed about emerging technologies and techniques. Additionally, consider obtaining certifications or taking specialized courses to validate your expertise in specific areas of programming.Develop Effective Problem-Solving and Debugging SkillsProgramming is not just about writing code; it's also about solving complex problems and debugging issues that arise during the development process. As a professional programmer, you must cultivate strong problem-solving and debugging skills to effectively tackle challenges and deliver high-quality software solutions.Practice algorithms and data structures regularly, as they form the backbone of efficient problem-solving in programming.Participate in coding challenges and online platforms like LeetCode or HackerRank to sharpen your problem-solving abilities. Additionally, learn to use debugging tools effectively and develop a systematic approach to identifying and resolving issues in your code.Collaborate and Develop Effective Communication SkillsSoftware development is rarely a solo endeavor; it often involves collaboration with teams of developers, designers, project managers, and stakeholders. As a professional programmer, it's essential to develop effective communication skills to convey technical concepts clearly and work seamlessly with cross-functional teams.Learn to express your ideas concisely, both in written and verbal form. Practice active listening and be open to feedback and constructive criticism. Engage in pair programming sessions or code reviews to improve your ability to collaborate and share knowledge with others.Cultivate a Portfolio and Gain Practical ExperienceAs you progress on your journey to becoming a professional programmer, it's crucial to build a strong portfolio showcasing your skills and accomplishments. A well-curated portfolio notonly demonstrates your expertise but also serves as a valuable asset when applying for jobs or seeking freelance opportunities.Participate in internships, freelance projects, or open-source contributions to gain practical experience and expand your portfolio. Document your projects, detailing the challenges you faced, the solutions you implemented, and the technologies you utilized. Additionally, consider creating a personal website or blog to showcase your work and share your programming insights with the broader community.Develop Soft Skills and a Professional MindsetWhile technical skills are essential, successful professional programmers also possess a range of soft skills and a professional mindset. Attributes such as time management, attention to detail, adaptability, and the ability to work under pressure are highly valued in the industry.Develop a growth mindset and embrace challenges as opportunities for learning and self-improvement. Cultivate resilience and persistence, as programming often involves overcoming obstacles and refining solutions iteratively. Additionally, maintain a strong work ethic, take responsibility for your work, and uphold ethical standards in your coding practices.ConclusionBecoming a professional programmer is a challenging yet rewarding journey that requires dedication, continuous learning, and a passion for problem-solving. By cultivating a solid foundation in computer science fundamentals, developing proficiency in programming languages, embracing continuous learning, honing problem-solving and debugging skills, collaborating effectively, building a strong portfolio, and developing soft skills and a professional mindset, you can pave the way to a successful career in this dynamic and ever-evolving field.Remember, the path to becoming a professional programmer is not a sprint but a marathon. Embrace the challenges, celebrate your successes, and never stop learning and growing. With perseverance and a commitment to excellence, you can unlock the potential to create innovative software solutions that shape the digital landscape of tomorrow.。
计算机方面核心期刊计算机方面核心期刊1 计算机学报北京中国计算机学会等2 软件学报北京中国科学院软件研究所3 计算机研究与发展北京中国科学院计算技术研究所等4 自动化学报北京中国科学院等5 计算机科学重庆国家科技部西南信息中心6 控制理论与应用广州中国科学院系统科学研究所等7 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报北京中国计算机学会等8 计算机工程与应用北京华北计算技术研究所9 模式识别与人工智能北京中国自动化学会等10 控制与决策沈阳东北大学11 小型微型计算机系统沈阳中国科学院沈阳计算机技术研究所12 计算机工程上海上海市计算机协会13 计算机应用北京中国科学院计算机应用研究所等14 信息与控制沈阳中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所15 机器人沈阳中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所16 中国图象图形学报.A版北京中国图象图形学会17 计算机应用研究成都四川省计算机应用研究中心18 系统仿真学报北京航天机电集团北京长峰计算机技术有限公司19 计算机集成制造系统—CIMS 北京国家863计划CIMS主题办公室等20 遥感学报.北京中国地理学会环境遥感分会，中国科学院遥感应用研究所21 中文信息学报北京中国中文信息学会22 微计算机信息北京中国计算机用户协会，山西协会23 数据采集与处理南京中国电子学会等24 微型机与应用北京信息产业部电子第6研究所25 传感器技术哈尔滨信息产业部电子第49研究所26 传感技术学报南京国家教委全国高校传感技术研究会，东南大学27 计算机工程与设计北京航天工业总公司706所28 计算机应用与软件上海上海计算技术研究所等29 微型计算机重庆科技部西南信息中心30 微电子学与计算机西安中国航天工业总公等一、程序语言和软件工程权威期刊类:ACM Trans on Programming Languages & Systems Annals of Software EngineeringIEEE Trans on Software EngineeringJnl of Functional ProgrammingACM Trans on S/W Eng and MethodologyFormal Methods in System Design著名期刊类:The Jnl of Logic ProgrammingIEEE Procs - SoftwareJnl of Software Maintenance: Research and PracticeHigher-Order and Symbolic Computation (previously known as LISP and Symbolic Computation)Software: Practice and ExperienceJnl of Functional and Logic ProgrammingThe Constraints JournalJournal of Logic and ComputationJournal of Programming LanguagesEmpirical Software EngineeringAutomated Software EngineeringFormal Aspects of ComputingObject-Oriented SystemsTheory and Practice of Object SystemsJournal of Object-Oriented ProgrammingIEEE Transactions on ReliabilityFuture Generations Computer Systems: FGCSProgramming and Computer SoftwareScience of Computer ProgrammingJnl of Systems and SoftwareIntl Jnl on Software Engineering and Knowledge EngNew Generation ComputingSoftware Quality JournalSoftware Testing, Verification and ReliabilityComputer LanguagesRequirements Engineering JournalIEEE Software Engineering Journal其它期刊:Journal of the Interest Group in Pure and Applied LogicNotre Dame Journal of Formal LogicJournal of Computer and Software EngineeringJournal of Structured ProgrammingInternational Journal on Software Tools for Technology TransferChinese Journal of Advanced Software ResearchJournal of Computing Systems in EngineeringJournal of Symbolic LogicProject Management JournalInternational Journal of Reliability, Quality, and SafetyJournal for Applied Nonclassical LogicThe Journal of Defense Software EngineeringComputer & Control Engineering JournalJournal of Logic, Language and InformationComputer Systems Engineering JournalJournal of Automata, Languages and CombinatoricsThe C Users JournalInformation Design JournalJava Developer's JournalC++ JournalFortran JournalJournal of Scientific ProgrammingLogic Journal of the IGPLJournal of Philosophical LogicJournal of Quality TechnologyInternational Journal of Technology ManagementSoftware Process Modeling and TechnologyJournal of Computers and TranslationJournal of C Language TranslationJournal of Electronic TestingSoftware Engineering Notes二、软件技术权威期刊类:ACM Trans on GraphicsACM Trans on Modeling & Computer SimulationComputer Aided Geometric DesignComputer-Aided DesignIEEE Trans on CAD of Integrated Circuits & SystemsIEEE Trans on Visualization and Computer GraphicsSIAM Jnl on Scientific and Statistical ComputingMultimedia SystemsPerformance EvaluationJournal of Visual Communication and Image Representation著名期刊类:Computers & EducationACM Trans on Mathematical SoftwareHypermediaIntl Jnl of Modelling & SimulationIntl Jnl of Shape ModellingIntl Jnl on Computational Geometry & AppsSimulation & GamesSimulation & GamingVisual ComputerComputational Geometry - Theory and ApplicationsSimulationMultimedia Tools & ApplicationsIntl Jnl in Computer SimulationIntegrated Computer-Aided EngineeringInformation RetrievalComputer Graphics Forum: Jnl of the Europ As. for CG Computer & GraphicsIntl Jnl of Applied Software TechnologyJnl of Computational and Applied MathematicsMathematical and Computer ModellingMathematics and Computers in SimulationInternational Journal of Computer MathematicsSimulation Practice and TheoryThe New Review of Hypermedia & Multimedia: Apps & ResTrans of the Intl Assoc for Math and Comps in SimulnComputer Simulation: Modeling & AnalysisTrans of the Society for Computer SimulationJournal of Visual Languages and ComputingEngineering ComputationsSoftware - Concepts and ToolsJournal of Visualization and Computer AnimationThe International Journal of The Eurographics Association其它期刊类:Iranian Journal of Electrical and Computer EngineeringJournal of Digital ImagingJournal of Concurrent Engineering: Applications and ResearchDigital Technical JournalInterface Journal of New Music ResearchSPIE Journal of Electronic ImagingThe Journal of Electronic CommerceJournal of Graphics ToolsInternational Journal of Information Processing and ManagementJournal of Library AutomationThe Journal of Computer Game DesignJournal of DocumentationVirtual Prototyping JournalJournal of Computing and Information TechnologySIAM Journal on Scientific Computing.Journal of Computer Aided SurgeryJournal of Computer-Aided Molecular DesignJournal of the Virtual Reality SocietyJournal of Virtual Reality Research, Development and ApplicationsJournal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 三、数据库权威期刊:ACM Trans on Database SystemsIEEE Trans on Knowledge & Data EngineeringJnl of Intell. Info Systems: Integrating AI and DB TechVLDB Intl JnlDistributed and Parallel Databases著名期刊:Data & Knowledge EngineeringInformation systemsJnl of Systems IntegrationJnl. of Data Mining & Knowledge DiscoveryIntl Jnl of Computer & Information SciencesIntl Jnl of Cooperative Information SystemsIntl Jnl of Intelligent & Cooperative Info. SystemsIntl Jnl of Geographic Information SystemsJournal of Information Processing and Cybernetics GeoinformaticaJournal on Digital LibrariesJournal of the American Society for Information Science Journal of Intelligent Information SystemsData EngineeringKnowledge and Information SystemsAdvances in Engineering SoftwareInformation & Software TechnologyData BaseData Base ManagementDatabase and Network JournalJournal of Data WarehousingJournal of Combinatorics, Information and System SciencesInternational Journal of Information TechnologyTransactions of Information Processing Society of Japan SIGMOD RecordIEICE Data Engineering其它期刊:Journal of Computing Information ScienceJournal of Information Science and EngineeringEuropean Journal of Information SystemsJournal of Databases ManagementDatabase for Advances in Information SystemsData ManagementData mationGovernment Data SystemsJournal of Database AdministrationJournal of the Association for Education Data SystemsInformation Processing and ManagementJournal of Information Science: Principles and PracticeDatabase Programming and DesignScandinavian Journal of Information System四、人工智能权威期刊:Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence ReviewComputational LinguisticsIEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine IntlIEEE Trans on Robotics and AutomationIEEE Trans on Image ProcessingJournal of AI ResearchNeural ComputationMachine LearningIntl Jnl of Computer Vision著名期刊:ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information ProcessingAI MagazineAnnals of Mathematics and AIApplied Artificial IntelligenceApplied IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence in MedicineAutonomous Agents and Multi-Agent SystemsComputational IntelligenceComplex SystemsComputer Speech and LanguageComputer Support for Collaborative Learning (CSCL)Computer Vision and Image UnderstandingConnection ScienceCVGIP: Graphical Models & Image ProcessingCVGIP: Image UnderstandingExpert Systems with Applications: An Intl JnlIEEE Trans on Neural NetworksIEEE Transaction on Speech and Audio ProcIEEE Trans on Systems, Man, & Cybernetics, Part A & BIntl Jnl on Artificial Intelligence ToolsJnl of Experimental & Theoretical AIJournal of East Asian LinguisticsKnowledge Engineering ReviewMachine TranslationNeural NetworksNetwork Computing in Neural SystemsPattern Analysis and ApplicationsPattern RecognitionNeurocomputingUser Modelling & User-Adapted Interaction: an Intl JnlCommunications of COLIPSComputer Processing of Chinese & Oriental LanguagesComputers and Artificial IntelligenceCybernetics and Systems Engineering Intelligent Systems for EE and CS Expert SystemsEvolutionary ComputationIntelligent Instruments & ComputersIntl Jnl for AI in EngineeringIntl Jnl of Applied Expert SystemsIntl Jnl of Approximate ReasoningIntl Jnl of Intelligent SystemsIntl Jnl of Neural SystemsIntl Jnl of Pattern Recognition & AIIntl Journal of Document Analysis and RecognitionIEEE Transactions on Fuzzy SystemsJournal of Intelligent and Fuzzy SystemsKnowledge Acquisition JnlKnowledge-Based SystemsKybernetikaNatural Language EngineeringNeural Computing & ApplicationsNetwork SocietyNeural Processing LettersPattern Recognition LettersIEEE Proceedings: Vision, Image and Signal ProcSpeech CommunicationsJournal of Neural Network ComputingMinds and Machines: Jnl for AI, Philosopy and Cog. Sc Intl Jnl of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and KBSHeuristics: Jnl of Knowledge EngineeringEngineering Applications of AIJnl. of Japanese Soc. of AIAustralian Jnl of Intelligent Information Proc SysIntelligent Data AnalysisImage and Vision ComputingJournal of Artificial Neural NetworksNeural, Parallel and Scientific ComputationsRobotica其它期刊类:AIAA JournalCanadian Artificial IntelligenceJournal of Advanced RoboticsJournal of Artificial Intelligence in EducationJournal of Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, Automation, and ManufacturingJournal of Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks and ComplexJournal of Computational AcousticsJournal of Computational NeuroscienceJournal of Computational VisionJournal of Card. ImagingJournal of CyberneticsJournal of Cybernetics and Information ScienceJournal of Design Automation of Embedded SystemsJournal of Knowledge-Based Intelligent Engineering SystemsJournal of Intelligent Robotic Systems: Theory and ApplicationsJournal of Systems Automation: Research and ApplicationsJournal of Automation and Remote ControlJournal of Intelligent Automation & Soft ComputingJournal of Intelligent Control and SystemsJournal of Intelligent and Robotic SystemsJournal of Intelligent ManufacturingJournal of Intelligent Systems EngineeringJournal of Intelligence SystemJournal of Intelligent TechnologyJournal of Literary and Linguistic ComputingJournal of Machine Vision and ApplicationsJournal of Man-Machine StudiesJournal on Neural and Mass-Parallel Computing and Information SystemsJournal of Robotics and MechatronicsJournal of Robotic SystemsJournal of Robotics and Autonomous SystemsJournal of Robotics ResearchJournal of the Robotics Society of JapanJournal of Computational NeurologyInternational Journal of LexicographyJournal of intelligent ComputingInternational Journal of Intelligent Systems in Accounting Finance and ManagementInternational Journal of Speech TechnologyEngineering Design and Automation JournalInternational Journal of Machine Tools & ManufacturingInternational Journal of Corpus LinguisticsJournal of Chinese Information Processing 五、算法、理论及相关领域权威期刊:AlgorithmicaComputational ComplexityDiscrete & Computational GeometryIEEE Trans on Information TheoryInformation & ComputationJnl of AlgorithmsJnl of Computer and System SciencesJnl of the Association for Computing MachinerySIAM Jnl on ComputingMathematics of OR著名期刊“Acta InformaticaChicago Journal of Theoretical Computer ScienceComputational Logic (TOCL)Designs, Codes and CryptographyJnl of Symbolic ComputationJournal of Automated ReasoningJournal of Graph Algorithms and ApplicationsJournal of ComplexityJournal of CryptologyJOTA - J. of Optimization: Theory and ApplicationsMathematics of ComputationMathematical ProgrammingOptimization: A J. of Mathematical Programming and Operations ResearchORSA Journal of ComputingNordic J of Computing (BIT)SIAM Journal on OptimizationRandom Structures & AlgorithmsTheoretical Computer ScienceApplicable Algebra in Eng., Comm., and ComputingApplied Maths and ComputationBIT: Computer Science and Numerical MathematicsBulletin of the European Assoc. for Theoretical CSComputational and Applied MathsComputers & Mathematics With ApplicationsCombinatorics, Probability & ComputingEuropean Journal of ORJournal of Computer and System Sciences InternationalIntl Jnl of Foundations of Computer Science其它期刊:Problem Solving TechnologiesJournal of Algebraic CombinatoricsJournal of Combinatorial DesignsJournal of Combinatorial OptimizationJournal of Experimental AlgorithmicsJournal of Electronic ImagingIntl Jnl for Numerical Methods in EngineeringSIAM Journal of Algorithms and Discrete MethodsSIAM Journal on Algebraic and Discrete MethodsSIAM Journal on Numerical AnalysisSIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and ApplicationsNaval Journal of Operations ResearchJournal of SchedulingElectronic Journal of CombinatoricsJournal of Mathematical Modeling and Scientific ComputingJournal of Mathematical Structures in Computer ScienceInternational Journal on Mathematical and Computer ModelsJournal of Global OptimizationJournal of Computational Statistics and Data Analysis六、硬件和体系结构权威期刊:IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems IIEEE Trans on ComputersIntegration: The VLSI JnlVLSI Design著名期刊:IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems IIJnl of Microcomputer ApplicationsMicroprocessing and MicroprogrammingComputer DesignDigital ProcessesElectronics Letters,EUROMICRO JnlJnl of Circuits, Systems and ComputersJnl of Electronics, Information and SystemsMicroprocessors and MicrosystemsSupercomputerIEEE Journal on Computer Architectures for Intelligent Machines其它期刊:Signal ProcessingTechnical Journal of Digital Equipment CorporationThe Linux JournalIBM Application System/400 Technology JournalJournal of System ArchitectureNEC Technical JournalInternational Journal of Computer Aided VLSI DesignMRS Internet Journal of。
写一篇关于技能的英语作文英文回答：Skills are sets of abilities that individuals develop through practice and experience. They can be cognitive, physical, social, or emotional. Cognitive skills involvethe use of intellect, memory, and problem-solving abilities, while physical skills involve the use of the body and motor coordination. Social skills involve the ability to interact with others effectively, and emotional skills involve the ability to manage emotions and build relationships.Skills are essential for success in life. They allow individuals to perform tasks, achieve goals, and advance their careers. In the workplace, skills are highly valuedby employers, and they can determine a person's salary, job title, and level of responsibility. In personal life,skills can help individuals develop hobbies, build relationships, and achieve personal fulfillment.There are many ways to develop skills. Some skills can be learned through formal education, such as in a classroom or online course. Others can be learned through informal education, such as through experience, observation, or mentoring. The best way to develop a skill is to practice it regularly.When developing a skill, it is important to be patient and persistent. It takes time and effort to become proficient in a new skill. It is also important to set realistic goals and to track progress regularly. This will help individuals stay motivated and focused on their goal.Skills can be classified into two broad categories: hard skills and soft skills. Hard skills are technical skills that are specific to a particular job or industry. Soft skills are transferable skills that can be applied to a wide range of jobs and situations.Hard skills include computer skills, software proficiency, technical skills, and industry-specific knowledge. Soft skills include communication skills,interpersonal skills, leadership skills, and problem-solving skills.Both hard and soft skills are important for career success. Hard skills are essential for performing job tasks effectively, while soft skills are essential for building relationships, collaborating with others, and advancingone's career.Individuals can develop their skills through a varietyof methods, including formal education, on-the-job training, workshops, and self-directed learning. It is important to identify the skills that are most relevant to one's career goals and to develop a plan for acquiring those skills.Developing skills is an ongoing process. As technology and the workplace evolve, new skills will be required. Individuals who are willing to invest in their skill development will be more likely to succeed in their careers and in life.中文回答：技能是个人通过实践和经验发展起来的一组能力。
【课⽂】 First listen and then answer the following question. 听录⾳，然后回答以下问题。
What is the most influential factor in any human society? In man's early days. competition with other creatures must have been critical. But this phase of our development is now finished. Indeed, we lack practice and experience nowadays in dealing with primitive conditions. I am sure that, without modern weapons, I would make a very poor show of disputing the ownership of a cave with a bear, and in this I do not think that I stand alone. The last creature to compete with man was the mosquito. But even the mosquito has been subdued by attention to drainage and by chemical sprays. Competition between our selves, person against person, community against community, still persists, however; and it is as fierce as it ever was. But the competition of man against man is not the simple process envisioned in biology. It is not a simple competition for a fixed amount of food determined by the physical environment, because the environment that determines our evolution is no longer essentially physical. Our environment is chiefly conditoned by the things we believe. Morocco and California are bits of the Earth in very similar latitudes, both on the west coasts of continents with similar climates, and probably with rather similar natural resources. Yet their present development is wholly different, not so much because of different people even, but because of the different thoughts that exist in the minds of their inhabitants. This is the point I wish to emphasize. The most important factor in our environment is the state of our own minds. It is well known that where the white man has invaded a primitive culture, the most destructive effects have come not from physical weapons but from ideas. Ideas are dangerous. The Holy Office knew this full well when it caused heretics to be burned in days gone by. Indeed, the concept of free speech only exists in our modern society because when you are inside a community, you are conditioned by the conventions of the community to such a degree that it is very difficult to conceive of anything really destructive. It is only someone looking on from outside that can inject the dangerous thoughts. I do not doubt that it would be possible to inject ideas into the modern world that would utterly destroy us. I would like to give you an example, but fortunately I cannot do so. Perhaps it will suffice to mention the nuclear bomb. Imagine the effect on a reasonably advanced technological society, one that still does not possess the bomb, of making it aware of the possibility, of supplying sufficient details to enable the thing to be constructed. Twenty or thirty pages of information handed to any of the major world powers around the year 1925 would have been sufficient to change the course of world history. It is a strange thought, but I believe a correct one, that twenty or thirty pages of ideas and information would be capable of turning the present-day world upside down, or even destroying it. I have often tried to conceive of what those pages might contain, but of course I cannot do so because I am a prisoner of the present-day world, just as all of you are. We cannot think outside the particular patterns that our brains are conditioned to, or, to be more accurate, we can think only a very little way outside, and then only if we are very original. FRED HOYLE Of Men and Galaxies 【New words and expressions ⽣词和短语】 dispute v. 争夺 mosquito n. 蚊⼦ subdue v. 征服 drainage n. 下⽔系统 envision n. 预想 Morocco n. 摩洛哥 latitude n. 纬度 heretic n. 异教徒，异端邪说 conceive v. 想像 suffice v. ⾜够 nuclear adj. 原⼦弹的 original adj.有独到见解的 【课⽂注释】 1.make a very poor show 出丑 2.dispute v. ①争论 例句：The couple disputed where to spend the holiday. 夫妻俩为上哪⼉度假⽽发⽣争论。
计算机方面核心期刊计算机方面核心期刊计算机技术1.计算机学报2.软件学报3.计算机研究与发展4.自动化学报5.计算机科学6.控制理论与应用7.计算机辅助设计与图型学学报8.计算机工程与应用9.模式识别与人工智能10.控制与决策11.小型微型计算机系统12.计算机工程13.计算机应用14.信息与控制15.机器人16.中国图象图形学报.A版17.计算机应用研究18.系统仿真学报19.计算机集成制造系统-CIMS20.遥感学报21.中文信息学报22.微计算机信息23.数据采集与处理24.微型机与应用25.传感器技术26.传感技术学报28.计算机应用与软件29.微型计算机30.微电子学与计算机法律1.中国法学2.法学研究3.法学4.法学评论5.中外法学6.现代法学7.法商研究8.法律科学9. 法学家10. 政法论坛11.人民检察12. 河北法学13.法制与社会发展14.政治与法律15.环境法律评论16.比较法研究17.法学杂志18.当代法学19.人民司法20.法律适用21.法学论坛一、程序语言和软件工程权威期刊类:ACM Trans on Programming Languages & SystemsAnnals of Software EngineeringIEEE Trans on Software EngineeringJnl of Functional ProgrammingACM Trans on S/W Eng and MethodologyFormal Methods in System Design著名期刊类:The Jnl of Logic ProgrammingIEEE Procs - SoftwareJnl of Software Maintenance: Research and PracticeHigher-Order and Symbolic Computation (previously known as LISP and Symbolic Computation)Software: Practice and ExperienceJnl of Functional and Logic ProgrammingThe Constraints JournalJournal of Logic and ComputationJournal of Programming LanguagesEmpirical Software EngineeringAutomated Software EngineeringFormal Aspects of ComputingObject-Oriented SystemsTheory and Practice of Object SystemsJournal of Object-Oriented ProgrammingIEEE Transactions on ReliabilityFuture Generations Computer Systems: FGCSProgramming and Computer SoftwareScience of Computer ProgrammingJnl of Systems and SoftwareIntl Jnl on Software Engineering and Knowledge EngNew Generation ComputingSoftware Quality JournalSoftware Testing, Verification and ReliabilityComputer LanguagesRequirements Engineering JournalIEEE Software Engineering Journal其它期刊:Journal of the Interest Group in Pure and Applied LogicNotre Dame Journal of Formal LogicJournal of Computer and Software EngineeringJournal of Structured ProgrammingInternational Journal on Software Tools for Technology TransferChinese Journal of Advanced Software ResearchJournal of Computing Systems in EngineeringJournal of Symbolic LogicProject Management JournalInternational Journal of Reliability, Quality, and SafetyJournal for Applied Nonclassical LogicThe Journal of Defense Software EngineeringComputer & Control Engineering JournalJournal of Logic, Language and InformationComputer Systems Engineering JournalJournal of Automata, Languages and CombinatoricsThe C Users JournalInformation Design JournalJava Developer’s JournalC++ JournalFortran JournalJournal of Scientific ProgrammingLogic Journal of the IGPLJournal of Philosophical LogicJournal of Quality TechnologyInternational Journal of Technology ManagementSoftware Process Modeling and TechnologyJournal of Computers and TranslationJournal of C Language TranslationJournal of Electronic TestingSoftware Engineering Notes二、软件技术权威期刊类:ACM Trans on GraphicsACM Trans on Modeling & Computer SimulationComputer Aided Geometric DesignComputer-Aided DesignIEEE Trans on CAD of Integrated Circuits & SystemsIEEE Trans on Visualization and Computer GraphicsSIAM Jnl on Scientific and Statistical ComputingMultimedia SystemsPerformance EvaluationJournal of Visual Communication and Image Representation 著名期刊类:Computers & EducationACM Trans on Mathematical SoftwareHypermediaIntl Jnl of Modelling & SimulationIntl Jnl of Shape ModellingIntl Jnl on Computational Geometry & AppsSimulation & GamesSimulation & GamingVisual ComputerComputational Geometry - Theory and ApplicationsSimulationMultimedia Tools & ApplicationsIntl Jnl in Computer SimulationIntegrated Computer-Aided EngineeringInformation RetrievalComputer Graphics Forum: Jnl of the Europ As. for CGComputer & GraphicsIntl Jnl of Applied Software TechnologyJnl of Computational and Applied MathematicsMathematical and Computer ModellingMathematics and Computers in SimulationInternational Journal of Computer MathematicsSimulation Practice and TheoryThe New Review of Hypermedia & Multimedia: Apps & ResTrans of the Intl Assoc for Math and Comps in SimulnComputer Simulation: Modeling & AnalysisTrans of the Society for Computer SimulationJournal of Visual Languages and ComputingEngineering ComputationsSoftware - Concepts and ToolsJournal of Visualization and Computer AnimationThe International Journal of The Eurographics Association其它期刊类:Iranian Journal of Electrical and Computer EngineeringJournal of Digital ImagingJournal of Concurrent Engineering: Applications and ResearchDigital Technical JournalInterface Journal of New Music ResearchSPIE Journal of Electronic ImagingThe Journal of Electronic CommerceJournal of Graphics ToolsInternational Journal of Information Processing and ManagementJournal of Library AutomationThe Journal of Computer Game DesignJournal of DocumentationVirtual Prototyping JournalJournal of Computing and Information TechnologySIAM Journal on Scientific Computing.Journal of Computer Aided SurgeryJournal of Computer-Aided Molecular DesignJournal of the Virtual Reality SocietyJournal of Virtual Reality Research, Development and ApplicationsJournal of Computational and Graphical Statistics三、数据库权威期刊:ACM Trans on Database SystemsIEEE Trans on Knowledge & Data EngineeringJnl of Intell. Info Systems: Integrating AI and DB TechVLDB Intl JnlDistributed and Parallel Databases著名期刊:Data & Knowledge EngineeringInformation systemsJnl of Systems IntegrationJnl. of Data Mining & Knowledge DiscoveryIntl Jnl of Computer & Information SciencesIntl Jnl of Cooperative Information SystemsIntl Jnl of Intelligent & Cooperative Info. SystemsIntl Jnl of Geographic Information SystemsJournal of Information Processing and Cybernetics Geoinformatica Journal on Digital LibrariesJournal of the American Society for Information ScienceJournal of Intelligent Information SystemsData EngineeringKnowledge and Information SystemsAdvances in Engineering SoftwareInformation & Software TechnologyData BaseData Base ManagementDatabase and Network JournalJournal of Data WarehousingJournal of Combinatorics, Information and System Sciences International Journal of Information TechnologyTransactions of Information Processing Society of JapanSIGMOD RecordIEICE Data Engineering其它期刊:Journal of Computing Information ScienceJournal of Information Science and EngineeringEuropean Journal of Information SystemsJournal of Databases ManagementDatabase for Advances in Information SystemsData ManagementData mationGovernment Data SystemsJournal of Database AdministrationJournal of the Association for Education Data SystemsInformation Processing and ManagementJournal of Information Science: Principles and PracticeDatabase Programming and DesignScandinavian Journal of Information System。
SOFTWARE—PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE, VOL. 22(10), 849–862 (OCTOBER 1992)Linkage Analysis of ProcessesALAN T. YAUNG AND TZVI RAZWestlake Programming Laboratory, IBM Corporation, 5 West Kirkwood Boulevard,Roanoke, TX 76299-0001, U.S.A.SUMMARYThis paper presents a methodology for the analysis of the linkage among the processes in an organization. The methodology has three main steps: model construction; connectivity analysis; and structure analysis. The model construction step generates a linkage matrix which is used in the following steps. The connectivity analysis is based on linkage consistency and interprocess coupling metrics, which are defined for each process individually and for all the processes in the organization as a group. The clustering algorithm is baaed on a linkage intensity measure derived from the linkage matrix, Following a detailed description of the methodology and its metrics and algorithms, the results obtained in a medium-size software development organization are presented.KEY WORDS Process management Process analysis Linkage Clustering algorithmINTRODUCTIONProcess management has received considerable attention in recent years as a means to improve productivity and quality in the software industry. Brooks suggested that advanced software technology cannot solve the software crisis without the right focus on process management.1 The software process maturity model proposed by Humphrey explicitly mentions process management as a key element in the pro-gression from one maturity level to the next.2’3 Davenport and Short urge those intent on improving the quality of operations to take a process rather than a function view of their business. 4 Basili and Muss pointed out that meeting quality objectives in the delivered product requires a quality-oriented process. 5 Radice and Phillips also suggested that a superior process contributes to the delivery of superior software products. 6 In contrast to the abundance of advice pointing to the direction of process management, the technical literature on specific techniques for process analysis and optimization in software development is virtually nonexistent.The principles behind process analysis have been known for several decades by the industrial engineering profession under various names, such as methods engineer-ing, work design, and time and motion study, and have been successfully applied to production and manufacturing environments. However, the software development field poses certain unique challenges. First, the field as a whole is new and evolving, with methods, technologies and tools changing at a high rate. The work done by software developers (planners, requirements analysts, designers, programmers, testers, etc.) is mainly mental rather than physical, making it difficult to observe0038–0644/92/100849–14$12.00Received 30 January 1992© 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Revised 15 May 1992850 A. T. YAUNG AND T. RAZand measure. Also, the cycle times in software development are measured in weeks or months, while in manufacturing they are measured in minutes or hours. Finally, software development is still seen by many as an intellectual and creative type of work that is not amenable to full documentation, analysis and optimization. These factors contributed to the current situation in which even though the importance of process management in software development organizations is recognized, there are no rigorous methodologies or techniques to follow, and current practices are mainly qualitative, subjective and vaguely defined.In this paper we present a methodology designed to assist in an important aspect of process analysis, namely the analysis of the linkage among the processes in an organization. The methodology incorporates the use of metrics and algorithms, which lend to it a measure of mathematical rigor. The methodology was developed for and applied first in a software development organization, from which the example was taken. However, it can probably be applied to other types of organizations with few modifications.The methodology has three progressive goals. The first goal is to capture infor-mation about the linkage between the processes in a manner that simplifies math-ematical manipulation for later analysis. As a result, a matrix model of the linkage is created. The second goal is to verify the integrity and internal consistency of the linkage data. This is achieved by performing mathematical operations on the matrix. The third goal is to group the original processes into process clusters. This is done to reduce and control the amount of effort needed to measure and manage the processes in the organization so that efficient process management can be achieved. These three goals correspond to the three main steps of the methodology, which are: l—model construction; 2—connectivity analysis; and 3—structure analysis. The three steps are described in detail in the next three sections of the paper. The last major section presents some of the results obtained by applying the methodology in an 850-person software development organization. These results were applied to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a major process management effort that took place in the organization.MODEL CONSTRUCTIONThe objective of the model construction step is to create a mathematical represen-tation of the linkage among the processes in the organization. This step begins with the identification of an initial set of processes in the organization. It is preferable to have a comprehensive and detailed initial set of processes, to ensure that nothing is omitted. Unnecessary detail and irrelevant processes will be deleted at a later step in the analysis. Each process in the initial set is assigned to an individual in the organization who is responsible for documenting the process at a generally high level of detail. This individual will be called the owner of the process. Part of the documentation effort involves identifying the links between any given process and the other processes in the initial set.A link between process i and process j exists if there is a flow of data, material, equipment, or some other deliverable between the two processes. Process i is said to be the supplier and process j is said to be the customer. In other words, a link is simply a directed supplier-customer relationship. Between any two processes i andLINKAGE ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES 851j there could be no link (the processes are mutually independent); one link (from i to j or from j to i); or two links (from i to j and from j to i).The linkage data is generated for each process as part of the high level docu-mentation work. This is done as the process owner lists the deliverables that the process sends to or receives from other processes. This data can be captured in a matrix, called the linkage matrix. In the linkage matrix each row corresponds to a process in its role as supplier, and each column corresponds to a process in its role as customer.Since process owners document their processes independently, there are four possibilities for the reported linkage from process i to process j, based on the documentation provided by their owners. These are:1. No link (blank)—process i does not include sending a deliverable to process j and process j does not include receiving a deliverable from process i.2. Connected link (C)—process i includes sending a deliverable to process j and process j includes receiving a deliverable from process i.3. Delivering only (D)—process i includes sending a deliverable to process j but process j does not include receiving a deliverable from process i.4. Receiving only (R)—process i does not include sending a deliverable to process j but process j includes receiving a deliverable from process i.These four cases are captured in the linkage matrix by using the codes listed next to them. The procedure for creating the linkage matrix is described in an algorithmic manner next.Assume that the initial set contains n processes, and let L ij denote cell ij in the linkage matrix.1. Initialize a n × n matrix with blanks.2. For each process k (l ≤ k ≤ n),(a) For each process i (l ≤ i ≤ n, and i ≠ k), if the documentation of process k includes a deliverable from i to k, then (i) If L ik = blank then let L ik = R.(ii) If L ik = D then let L ik = C.(b) For each process j (l ≤ j ≤ n, and j ≠ k), if the documentation of process k includes a deliverable from k to j, then (i) If L kj = blank then let L kj = D.(ii) If L kj = R then let L kj = C.At the end of the algorithm, the linkage matrix contains all the information about supplier–customer relationships that was provided by the process owners in their high level documentation, and every cell in the linkage matrix has a value from the set {blank, C, D, R}.EXAMPLE—MODEL CONSTRUCTIONAn organization has identified four processes:1. Market analysis.2. Product planning.3. Product development.4. Test and integration.852 A. T. YAUNG AND T. RAZThe processes were documented by their respective assigned owners. The docu-mentation indicated the following links:(a)(b)(c)(d)Market analysis receives the product plan from product planning and delivers to it the market requirements.Product planning receives the market requirements from market analysis, the functional specifications from product development, and the test plan from test and integration. It delivers the product plan to both product development and to test and integration.Product development receives the product plan from product planning and the test plan from test and integration and delivers the functional specifications to test and integration.Test and integration receives the functional specifications from product devel-opment and delivers the test plan to product planning and to product develop-ment.Following the procedure described above, we create a 4 × 4 matrix, and populate it with ‘C’, ‘D’ and ‘R’ values. The ‘X’ entries in the diagonal indicate that processes are not allowed to be linked to themselves. The ‘—’ entries indicate no link. The resulting initial linkage matrix appears in Figure 1.CONNECTIVITY ANALYSISThe linkage matrix provides the basis for the connectivity analysis. The main objec-tive of the connectivity analysis is to verify that the linkage data provided by the process owners are consistent with each other. Obviously, if either L ij = R or L ij = D, then there is a disagreement between process i and process j. In the first case, the deliverable that process j expects from process i is not recognized by the owner of process i. In the second case, the deliverable that process i sends to process j is not recognized by the owner of process j. In either case, the owners of the two processes must be informed of the inconsistency and asked to resolve it.By examining the linkage matrix it is possible to obtain information that may help to plan and manage this step of the analysis and to assess the quality of the results.This is done by computing certain metrics, which are introduced and discussed after the following definitions.First we define three indicator functions to help counting the number of entries of each of the three types (C, D and R) in the linkage matrix.Figure 1. Initial linkage matrix for the example(1)LINKAGE ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES853(2)(3)Using these indicator functions we can define a family of counting functions that yield the number of instances of each type for an individual process k:Number of connected links for process k:(4) Number of delivering only instances for process k:(5) Number of receiving only instances for process k:(6)Based on these counting functions we define the linkage consistency metric of process k as follows:(7)Linkage consistency measures the extent to which the linkage part of the high level documentation of the process provided by the process owner is complete. The value of LC( k ) is defined as long as the denominator in equation (7) is not equal to zero, which will happen only if the process in question is entirely disconnected from all the other processes in the organization. The value of LC ( k ) is in the range [0,1]. A value of 1 indicates that the links from process k are recognized in the documentation of all its customer processes, and that process k recognizes all the links from its supplier processes. A value smaller than 1 indicates that some links are not reco-gnized, and that the owner of process k needs to resolve the linkage discrepancies with the owners of its alleged supplier and/or customer processes. A value of 0 indicates that all the links reported for process k require resolution with the appropri-ate process owners. In effect, LC( k ) measures the fraction of interprocess linkage resolution work that remains to be done to achieve a valid linkage model. The value of LC( k ) may be low at the beginning of the process modeling effort, and typically should increase as the discrepancies are resolved.The next family of functions summarizes the number of instances of each type across all the processes.854Total Total Total A. T. YAUNG AND T. RAZnumber of connected links:number of delivering only instances:number of receiving only instances:(8)(9)(10)The 2 in the denominator is needed to avoid double counting since L ij contributes to the values of the counting functions of process i and of process j, both of which contribute to the values of the SUM functions. Now we can define the next metric,overall linkage consistency denoted by Ml:(11)The Ml metric serves to measure the overall consistency of the linkage model.Similar to the LC( k ) metric, its value falls in the range from 0 (all links in the model are disconnected) to 1 (all links in the model are connected). It serves as an indicator of the progress in resolving linkage inconsistencies: a low value suggests a large proportion of R and D entries in the linkage matrix, while a high value indicates that most of the non-blank entries are of the C type. As the process owners resolve their discrepancies, the value of Ml increases until it converges to 1.The final two metrics measure the extent of coupling, or dependency among processes. They both consider the fraction of entries in the linkage matrix that have the value ‘C’. Consequently, only after Ml reached the value of 1 there is point in calculating them. The interprocess coupling metric for process k, denoted by IC( k ),is equal to the number of links that process k participates in divided by the total number of possible link participations. Since there are n processes, process k can have at most n– 1 links with other processes in which k is a supplier, and another n– 1 links in which it is a customer. Hence,(12)A high value of IC( k ) indicates that process k is highly dependent on, or tightlyLINKAGE ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES855 coupled with other processes. This information is useful when changes to process kare considered, since these may affect the processes to which process k is linked. A low value of IC( k ) suggests that the process in question is to a great extent indepen-dent from the other processes in the organization, and that internal changes may have little or no effect on the rest of the organization. A value of zero for IC( k ) indicates that process k does not interact at all with the other processes, and consequently may be removed from the linkage model.The last rnetric is calledas follows:M2 measures how tightly[0,1] range. A low valueoverall interprocess coupling, denoted by M2 and defined(13)coupled the set of processes are. Its value is also in theindicates an organization where processes are relatively independent of each other, while a high- value indicates a highly interdependent environment. Of course, every process eventually has some external supplier and customer, but in general, it is preferable to define the processes such that the external dependencies are minimal. The M2 metric is helpful to evaluate and compare alternative ways of assigning activities to processes within the organization, and to assess the impact of proposed changes on the environment as a whole.EXAMPLE—CONNECTIVITY ANALYSISBased on the information captured in the model construction step, we can evaluate the completeness of the process documentation by calculating the linkage consistency metric for each individual process LC( k ), as well as the overall linkage consistency metric Ml. The resulting values are: LC(l) = 0·50; LC(2) = 0·50; LC(3) = 0·75; LC(4) = 0·75 and Ml = 0·625. Obviously, the data is far from being complete. Let us assume that all the linkage discrepancies were resolved such that all the ‘D’ and ‘R’ links became ‘C’ links. The resulting matrix appears in Figure 2.We can now calculate the interprocess coupling metrics for each individual process and the overall interprocess coupling metric M2. The resulting values are: IC(l) = 0·33; IC(2) = 1·00; IC(3) = 0·67; IC(4) = 0·67 and M2 = 0·67. From these results we may conclude that product planning is the most tightly coupled process, and consequently the one requires the most attention in terms of availability and timing of deliverables and receivables. Market analysis, at the other extreme, is the least connected process, with dependencies on product planning only, while product development and test and integration fall in between.Figure 2. Linkage matrix for the example after resolution of discrepancies856 A. T. YAUNG AND T. RAZSTRUCTURE ANALYSISThe goal of the structure analysis is to discover the underlying linkage distribution among the processes in order to reduce the effort needed to manage the processes.Specifically, we are interested in identifying groups of processes that are highly linked among themselves but weakly linked with processes in other groups. We will use the term process Aster, or cluster for short, for these groups.In order to proceed, we need a measure of the distance between two processes.The measure should obviously be related to the existence of links between the processes. In theory, the measure may reflect the number of deliverables that are sent through the supplier–customer relationship, or their frequency, cost or some other relevant attribute or combination of attributes. However, we found that at the earlier stages of process management, it is quite difficult to generate accurate and precise estimates of volumes and costs of deliverables. Further, at the initial stage process owners are most interested in ascertaining the existence or non-existence of a link, rather than in estimating the quantitative attributes of links. These consider-ations lead us to the following linkage intensity measure:m ( i,j ) = C ( L ji ) + C ( L ji )(14)It has the following required attributes of any distance measure:1. m ( i,i ) = 02. m ( i,j ) = m ( j,i )Based on the definition of the indicator function C ( L ij ), m ( i,j ) may take one of the following three values:0: Processes i and j are not linked.1: There is a single link between process i and process j; either i is the supplier and j the customer, or vice versa.2: There are two links between process i and process j; in one link i is the supplier and j is the customer and in the other link j is the supplier and i the customer.Although it has the characteristics of a distance measure, linkage intensity may best be interpreted as a measure of closeness, since a higher value of m ( i,j ) suggests that processes i and j are more strongly linked. The value of the linkage intensity between a single process and a cluster of processes was defined as the average of the linkage intensities between the process and all the processes in the cluster. The value of the linkage intensity between two process clusters was defined as the average of the linkage intensities of all possible pairs of processes taken one from each cluster.Structure analysis consists of applying a clustering algorithm to the linkage intensity data in order to identify the clusters of processes that exist in the organization. The concept of clustering has been applied in the software engineering field. Belady and Evangelisti indicated that program modules and data structures were interconnected by calls and references in software systems. 7 They presented a method to perform automatic clustering of a large number of program modules and data structures with,the objective of reducing complexity. Hutchens and Basili presented the use of cluster analysis as a tool for software modularization.8 Data bindings were used to measure the interface between the components of a system. The use of clusteringLINKAGE ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES 857with data bindings can determine measures of the strength and coupling of the modules. The application of clustering analysis in software engineering focuses on software systems, not software processes. In particular, the emphasis is placed on the maintenance of software systems. There are many variations of clustering algor-ithms in the literature, 9–12although none was designed specifically for the analysis of process linkage. The one that we chose is based on the ‘nearest neighbor’ principle and is described in detail next.The input to the clustering algorithm consists of the linkage intensity values for all pairs of processes. These values may be stored in a linkage intensity matrix M,where each element M ij is equal to m ( i,j ). Since M is symmetric and its diagonal elements are all 0, implementation of the algorithm requires storing only n ( n – 1)/2values for n processes. An additional data structure used by the algorithm is an array N of n elements. Each element N i contains the number of processes that were combined to yield cluster i. Initially, each process is in a cluster by itself, so N i = 1for all i, 1 ≤ i ≤ n. The algorithm proceeds by combining at each iteration the two process clusters that have the highest linkage intensity between them. A step by step description of the clustering algorithm appears in Figure 3.In each iteration there are three steps. Step 1 identifies the two clusters that will be combined, according to the criterion of highest linkage intensity. In step 2 the entries in the linkage matrix corresponding to one of the clusters in the pair areDO n– 1 times:1. Find non-empty clusters i* and j*, 1 ≤ i* < j* n that have the largest linkage intensity value M i*j* ;Break ties arbitrarily.2. Combine cluster j* into cluster i*:(a) Let N i*= N i* + N j*(b) Update the i* column of the linkage intensity matrix M:(c) Update the i* row of the linkage intensity matrix M:3. Remove cluster j* from further consideration Let N j* = 0END DOFigure 3. Step by step description of the clustering algorithm858 A. T. YAUNG AND T. RAZreplaced by the values calculated for the two clusters combined, which are in effect an average weighted by the number of processes in each cluster. As is evident from the domain of the MAX operator in step 1, at the end of the iteration the cluster with the smallest identifier i* contains the values for the newly created cluster. In step 3 the number of processes in the other cluster is set equal to 0, effectively removing the cluster from further consideration.At each iteration the algorithm identifies the identifiers of the two clusters com-bined along with the corresponding value of M i*j*. This information is used to create a graphical display of the execution of the algorithm, such as the dendrogram in Figure 6. The value of M i*j*decreases at each subsequent iteration of the clustering algorithm. Below a certain value it may not be justified to continue combining process clusters, since the highest linkage intensity between clusters available for merging is too low to be meaningful. The iterations beyond that point can be ignored,and only the clusters defined up to then are retained for further analysis. Then the remaining clusters constitute an assignment of the original processes into process groups based on their closeness as measured by the linkage intensity.The results of the structure analysis provide some insights on the interaction among the processes in the organization. Some of the actions that may be appropriate are:1.2.3.Eliminate from the analysis the processes with weak linkage intensities, as they appear to be disconnected from the main activities in the bine processes with high linkage intensities into single processes, in order to reduce the number of process owners, the extent of duplicate documentation,and the external interfaces between processes.Assign the responsibility for managing all the Processes in a cluster to a single individual, who will co-ordinate the work of all the process owners for that cluster.EXAMPLE—STRUCTURE ANALYSISIn order to proceed with the last step in our methodology, we must calculate the linkage intensity between each pair of processes. The resulting matrix, which serves as the input to the clustering algorithm, appears in Figure 4. The resulting dendrog-ram appears in Figure 5. At the cutoff value of 2, there are two clusters of two processes: cluster 1, which includes market analysis and product planning, and cluster 2, which includes product development and test and integration. At the following iteration these two clusters are combined with a threshold value of 1.Figure 4. Input to the clustering algorithm for the exampleFigure 5. Dendrogram for the exampleA REPRESENTATIVE APPLICATION OF THE METHODOLOGYThe methodology described here was applied in an 850-person software development organization. Initially 38 processes were identified and assigned to owners who were responsible to create the high level documentation. As the data became available,it was processed with a computer program that created the linkage matrix and performed the connectivity analysis. Process owners were requested to resolve any discrepancies (‘D’ or ‘R’ entries in the linkage matrix) and to resubmit corrected linkage data. The connectivity analysis was repeated every two weeks with the current data, until all the discrepancies were resolved.Table I shows the values of SUM(C), SUM(D), SUM(R), the overall linkage consistency metric Ml and the linkage consistency metric LC( 10) for a selected process, for three selected points in time during the connectivity analysis step. As a result of this analysis, six processes were eliminated or combined, resulting in a total of 32 processes.The numbers in Table I illustrate how the consistency metrics improved over time as the process owners worked at resolving the discrepancies in their high level process documentation, leading to the elimination of all D and R entries in the linkage matrix.After all D and R entries were replaced by C entries, the interprocess connectivity metric IC( k ) was calculated for each process. Table II summarizes the distribution of processes according to their IC( k ) values in intervals of 0·05.Finally, the structure analysis was performed with another computer program that implemented the clustering algorithm. Figure 6 shows a dendrogram depicting the results of all the iterations of the clustering algorithm. At a cutoff value of 0·40 for the linkage intensity, there were four process clusters totalling 25 processes, andTable I. Linkage consistency metrics for selected points in timeMetricWeek 2Week 10Week 12SUM(R)SUM(C)247175SUM(D)15335331614744LC(10)0·000·220·63Ml 0·070·460·49Table II. Distribution of processes according to IC( k ) in intervalsof 0·05IC( k ) Interval over 0·300.25–0·30 0·20–0·25 0·15–0·20 0·10–15 0·05–10 0·00–0·05Processes2, 8, 11, 265, 94, 6, 13, 2018, 25, 27, 301, 10, 15, 17, 283, 12, 16, 21, 22, 23, 29, 31 7, 14, 19, 24, 32seven disconnected processes. Descriptive names were assigned to the four clusters based on the nature of the processes they included. The four clusters are:1. 2. 3. 4.Development support: processes 1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 20, 25, and 29. Product development: processes 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 26, 27, and 30. Resource management: 15, 16, and 28.Product quality: processes 22, and 31.The seven disconnected processes are: 7, 14, 19, 21, 23, 24, and 32.The value of the overall interprocess coupling metric M2 for the set of 32 processes was calculated as 0·15, which appears to be quite low. If the seven disconnected processes are excluded, then M2 is equal to 0·24. In order to validate the results from the structure analysis, M2 was calculated for each cluster. The results are shown in Table III. One may note that for all four clusters the coupling metric is higher than the value calculated for all 25 processes as a single group. This finding is consistent with the basic principle of systems design that encourages high cohesion within a module while having low coupling across modules.Based on the results of the linkage analysis, the following actions were recommend-ed:1. 2.Eliminate, restructure or merge with others the processes that were completely disconnected from or only weakly connected to the mainstream activities in the organization. These processes were identified as either having an interprocess coupling value IC( k ) in the bottom interval in Table II (7, 14, 19, 24, and 32) or having an IC( k ) value in the second lowest interval and not belonging to any one of the clusters that surfaced in the structure analysis (21 and 23). Designate four managers to coordinate the process management effort of the process owners within each cluster. The managers selected already had func-tional responsibilities in the areas; corresponding to the clusters they were assigned to coordinate, so this resulted in some synergism rather than in additional work for them.These recommendations have the potential to reduce the amount of resources required for process management by eliminating marginal processes and to improve the communication and coordination of closely related processes as identified by the clusters.The recommendations were taken into consideration in a restructuring of the。
