Chapter 1 The nature of a contract(合同的本质)

总则GENERAL PRINCIPLES第一章一般规定Chapter One: General Provisions第一条为了保护合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，促进社会主义现代化建设，制定本法。

Article 1 PurposeThis Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization.第二条本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议。

婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用其他法律的规定。

Article 2 Definition of Contract; ExclusionsFor purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations.An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws.第三条合同当事人的法律地位平等，一方不得将自己的意志强加给另一方。

The Main Components of a Contract 合同翻译基础合知望达汇编整理2020.9目录一、合同的结构 (3)二、引言和“鉴于”条款（Preamble & recitals） (5)2.1 合同主体条款Contracting parties (5)2.2 “引言”部分Recitals (6)2.3 有效对价Good and valuable consideration (6)2.4 公平交易Arm's Length terms (7)三、责任与义务（Obligations of the parties）条款 (8)3.1 各方义务（Obligations of the parties）条款 (8)四、价格（Price）条款与支付（Payment terms）条款 (9)4.1 价格条款（Price） (9)4.2支付条件条款（Payment terms） (10)五、合同有效期条款（Terms of contract） (10)5.1 生效Effectiveness (10)5.2 合同期的延长Extension of availability (11)5.3 合同中止/暂停Suspension of contract (11)5.4 合同终止Termination of contract (12)六、损害赔偿条款（Indemnification） (13)七、陈述与保证条款（Representations and warranties） (14)八、保险要求INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS (15)九、不可抗力条款Force Majeure (16)十、合同争议解决（Disputes）条款 (18)十一、司法管辖Jurisdiction (23)十二、证明WITNESS与签署Signatures (24)12.1证明WITNESS (24)12.2 签署Signatures (25)十三、附件附录Schedule, Exhibit, Annex, Appendix, Attachment (25)13.1 附件Schedule (25)13.2 附件Exhibit (26)13.3 附录Appendix (27)13.4 附件/附录Annex (27)13.5 附件attachment (28)一、合同的结构1. 必备条款essential clauses / provisions2. 一般条款/通用条款general provisions3. 特殊条款/专用条款special provisions4. 章.条.款.项.目5. 首部non-operative part （当事人部分parties 陈述部分recital）经营地址，存续情况等6. 正文operative part7. 陈述部分recitals (包括：鉴于条款whereas clause和约因consideration)8. 尾部closing part （证明部分attestation 签字signature 附件appendix）9. 合同主体的名称.姓名和住所name and domicile of the parties10. 适格主体competent parties11. 标的contract object , subject matter12. 数量quantity 质量quality13. 价款或者报酬price or remuneration14. 对价consideration15. 履行时效.地点和方式time limit, place and method ofperformance16. 违约责任default / liability for breach of contract17. 除外规定exception18. 解决争议的方法methods to settle disputes19. 变更modification 终止termination 撤销cancellation 解除rescission20. 主体的变更或权利义务的整体转让novation21. 通知notice22. 违约责任default / breach of contract23. 救济remedies24. 责任的免除exception25. 不可抗力force majeure26. 争议的解决settlement of disputes27. 合同的生效effectiveness / validity28. 合同份数counterpart29. 合同的整体性entirety 合同的可分割性severability 合同的完整性entirety30. 文字效力language31. 法律适用applicable law / governing law32. 保密规定confidentiality33. 副本copies / counterparts34. 性别与单复数gender and singular / plural35. 合同尾部closing clauses / final clause(包括：证明条款attestation 签字部分testimonium / signature 附件部分addendum)二、引言和“鉴于”条款（Preamble & recitals）英语合同，在主体条款之后，往往会有一段“引言”。

合同意向书(中英对照)3篇篇1Contract Letter of Intent合同意向书Date: [Date]日期：[日期]To: [Recipient]收件人：[收件人]Subject: Letter of Intent主题：意向书Dear [Recipient],尊敬的[收件人],We are pleased to inform you that [Sender's Name], represented by [Sender's Representative's Name], intends to enter into a contract with [Recipient's Name] for [Description of the Contract]. This Letter of Intent outlines our mutual understanding and intentions regarding the proposed contract.我们很高兴告诉您，[发件人姓名]，由[发件人代表姓名]代表，打算与[收件人姓名]签订一份关于[合同描述]的合同。

这封意向书概述了我们双方关于所提议合同的理解和意图。

The purpose of this Letter of Intent is to confirm our commitment to negotiate in good faith towards a final contract. It is not intended to create a legally binding agreement, but rather to serve as a preliminary document outlining the key terms and conditions of the proposed contract.这封意向书的目的是确认我们致力于诚实协商达成最终合同。

合同英文第一条第二条Article 1: Definitions and Interpretation.1.1 In this Contract, unless the context otherwise requires:"Contract" means this agreement between the parties, including any Schedules, Annexes, and Appendices attached hereto."Party" means either the Buyer or the Seller, and "Parties" means both of them."Buyer" means [insert name of the Buyer]."Seller" means [insert name of the Seller]."Goods" means the items specified in Schedule 1 attached hereto."Services" means the services specified in Schedule 2 attached hereto."Price" means the price for the Goods and Services as specified in Schedule 3 attached hereto."Terms" means the terms and conditions of this Contract.1.2 Words importing the singular number only shall include the plural number and vice versa, and words importing persons shall include corporations, unincorporated associations, and partnerships.1.3 References to any gender shall include references to the other gender.1.4 References to Clauses are to Clauses of this Contract and references to Schedules, Annexes, or Appendices are to Schedules, Annexes, or Appendices to this Contract.Article 2: Formation of Contract.2.1 This Contract shall be deemed to have been formed when the Buyer and the Seller have executed and delivered this Contract to each other.2.2 The Parties agree that the terms and conditions set out in this Contract constitute the entire agreement between them relating to the Goods and Services and supersede any previous agreement, understanding, or arrangement between them, whether oral or in writing.2.3 No variation of this Contract shall be binding unless agreed in writing between the Parties.2.4 Each Party confirms that in entering into this Contract, it does not rely on any statement, promise, representation, assurance, or warranty (whether made innocently or negligently) that is not set out in this Contract. Each Party waives any right it might otherwise have to rely on any such statement, promise, representation, assurance, or warranty.2.5 Nothing in this Contract shall exclude or limit either Party's liability for fraud.Article 3: Delivery and Acceptance of Goods.[Insert provisions related to delivery, acceptance, and risk of loss of the Goods.]Article 4: Payment Terms.[Insert provisions related to payment for the Goods and Services, including payment schedule, currency, and any applicable discounts or penalties.]Article 5: Quality and Warranty.[Insert provisions related to the quality of the Goods and Services, warranties provided by the Seller, and any applicable remedies in the event of a breach of warranty.]Article 6: Termination.[Insert provisions related to the termination of the Contract, including events that may lead to termination, the process for termination, and any consequences of termination.]Article 7: Force Majeure.[Insert provisions related to force majeure events, defining such events and specifying their impact on the Contract's performance.]Article 8: General Provisions.[Insert provisions related to general matters such as assignment, subcontracting, notices, governing law, and dispute resolution.]Article 9: Miscellaneous.[Insert any additional provisions or clauses that do not fit into the above categories but are necessary for theContract's completeness.]Schedules, Annexes, and Appendices.[Attach Schedules, Annexes, and Appendices containing specific details related to the Goods, Services, Price, and any other relevant information.]Note: This is a template for a contract's first two articles. It does not constitute legal advice and should be adapted and customized to the specific needs and requirements of the Parties involved. It is recommended to consult with legal professionals when drafting or reviewing contracts.。

【关键字】合同CONTENT目录(共十六章385条)Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMA TION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERA TION第四章合同的订立——约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE第七章虚假的意思表示，胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGA TIONS第九章合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ANDFRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺，如果违反此允诺，则法律给与救济；如果其履行了允诺，则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。

合同第一条第一项第一款英文回答：Article 1, Section 1, Clause 1 of the contract states that "Party A agrees to provide Party B with the necessary materials for the completion of the project." This clause sets out the obligation of Party A to supply Party B with the required materials.In this provision, Party A is responsible for ensuring that Party B has all the necessary resources to carry out the project successfully. This includes providing any equipment, tools, or raw materials needed for the project's execution. By doing so, Party A enables Party B to fulfill their obligations under the contract.For example, let's say Party A is a construction company, and Party B is a subcontractor responsible for the installation of electrical wiring. Party A's obligation under this clause would be to provide Party B with thenecessary electrical cables, switches, and other materials needed for the installation. Without these materials, Party B would not be able to complete their work.中文回答：合同第一条第一项第一款规定，“甲方同意向乙方提供完成项目所需的必要材料。

Unit 1 Section A1.在法学家的眼中，合同只是包含双方当事人意思一致的条款。

合同经常被用于达成许诺的表示，法律会予以执行或至少会以某种方式加以确认。

英国法将合同定义为随着要约和承诺出现的一种协议。

一方当事人做出要约,另一方当事人接受要约。

当这些发生的时候(提供其他必要的因素，即约因和订立合同的意向存在）,合同也就形成了.2。

在对合同定义的探讨中一些法学家认为承诺或者协议都不能完整的描述合同的定义。

法学家们声称《美国合同法重述》忽略了契约的本质，即等价交换是合同的本质。

没有迹象表明合同应该是双方的事务，一方承诺为某些事情,另一方承诺给予相应的报酬。

因此说合同是一个承诺就忽略了一个事实，即在承诺成为一个合同之前，通常有一些行为或承诺是为了其他承诺做出的。

甚至说，合同是由没有迹象表明它们是作为对其他承诺回报的一系列承诺构成的.但是如果认为所有的合同都是一方提供商品，一方给予对等的价值交换的真诚契约，这种想法是错误的.3。

每一个承诺都是一种协议，由多个承诺构成的每个人的对价也是一种协议。

协议意味着两个或两个以上的人对同样的事情上达成一致的意思表示。

它可能会产生法律义务,也可能不会产生法律义务，在这个层面上,并不是所有的协议在法律上都是可执行的。

4.这些学者还是对这些定义持不同观点，他们认为依据合同承诺或契约所作解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后构成了合同关系。

事实上,情况并非总是如此。

人们有时候进行交易并不是基于先前的承诺或协议.典型例子就是同时发生的买卖交易。

在商场里买东西然后为所买物品支付相应对价。

5.毫无疑问这些都是合法的合同,但是却被人看作是由协议或承诺产生的合同.在这种情况下坚持认为在交换金钱和物品前要有先协议或一系列承诺存在意味着双方当事人有时间受法律约束去履行他们的承诺或协议。

但情况不一定就是这样。

还必须认识到这也可能是很好的主张，即就法律意图而言，在买卖进行之前就有隐含的协议存在。

英文合同中的第一章Contract Chapter One: General Provisions.Here's the deal: we're entering into this agreement, and we want to make sure we're both on the same page. The first thing is, both parties agree to uphold the terms and conditions stated in this contract. No ifs, ands, or buts.Now, about payments. You know the drill, right? Payments are due on the specified dates, and any delays or late payments will be subject to additional charges. We're not trying to be strict, just making sure things run smoothly.The services we're providing? Well, let's just saythey're top-notch. You can expect nothing but the best from us. But hey, if there's an issue or a concern, don't hesitate to let us know. We're always here to help.Confidentiality is a big thing for us. So, whatever wediscuss or share in the course of this agreement, it stays between us. No leaks, no gossip, just trust and respect.Lastly, this contract is binding for both parties. If either of us wants to make changes or terminate it, we need to do it in writing and follow the due process. Simple as that.So, there you have it. No complicated legal jargon,just the basics. If you have any questions, just let us know. We're here to make this partnership work.。

Chapter 2-Contract Law(I)Formation of Contract Offer DefinitionAn offer is a definite and unequivocal statement of willingness to be bound by contract on specified terms without further negotiations .●The offer could be oral,written or by conduct●The offer can be made to a particular person,to a group of person or the world at large.(Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball Co )●Communication of the offer R V ClarkeFact:The Government of Western Australia offered a free pardon to the accomplices of certain murders if they gave evidence that would lead to their arrest and conviction.Clarke provided the information but admitted that he was not aware of the reward at the time he gave the information to the authorities.Held:he could not claim the reward because he was not aware of the offer at the time he gave theinformation.What is not an offer?1.Invitation to treat●It is not an offer in itself.●It is an invitation to others to make an offer.●It is often the starting point of the negotiations.Examples:●Advert:-most adverts are ITT-But sometimes an advert is an offer(‘Take it or leave it’advert-clearlyworded,no intention to negotiate)(Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball Co)●Shop displayFisher V BellPharmaceutical Society of GB V Boots Cash Chemists●Company prospectus/catalogue2.Mere statement of selling priceHarvey V Facey3.Mere statement of intentionHarris V NickersonTermination of an offer1.Revocation by the offeror●An offer can be revoked at any time before acceptance,even though theofferor has stated that he will keep it open for a certain time.Option contact=collateral contractRoutledge V Grant●Communication of revocationByrne V Leon Van Tienhoven●The communication does not have to done by the offeror,Dickinson V Dodds●Unilateral contractErrington V Errington;Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball Co2.Rejection by the offereeRejection by express or by the form of a counter-offer.Hyde V WrenchpseAcceptanceDefinitionThe unconditional assent to ALL the terms of the offer.●Could be oral,written or by conduct(Carlill V Carbolic Smoke Ball Co)●The offeror may require a particular form of acceptance,but he may notrequire the silence acceptance.(Felthouse V Bindley)●Communication of acceptance-General rule:communication(Entores V Mile Far eastern)Notes:received during business hour/non-business hour-Exceptions:(1)dispensation(放弃)by the offeror-express-implied(unilateral contract)(2)Postal rulesHousehold Fire Insurance V GrantSpecial situations●Auction salesAn advertisement that certain goods are to be sold at auction is a statement of intention,not an offer.(Harris V Nickerson)The putting up of the lot is an invitation to treat,each bid is an offer,withacceptance by the auctioneer.However,if the auction is‘without reserve’(assumed to be the case unlessotherwise stated in the auction catalogue)then the putting up of the lot is also an offer to sell to the highest bidder.Thus if,once the bidding has stared,the auctioneer withdraws the lot he will be in breach of contract to the highestbidder.●TendersAn invitation to tender is an invitation to treat.The tender itself is an offer.The effect of acceptance of the tender depends on the wording of the invitation to tender.-ifthe invitation states that the potential purchaser will require to be supplied with a certain quantity of goods,then the acceptance of a tender means that the purchaser will be in breach of contract if he fails to order the goods.-if the invitation states that the potential purchaser may require to be supplied with a certain quantity of goods,then acceptance of a tender minas that the tender is a standing offer (持续要约).There is no compulsion on the purchaser to order goods,but he must not deal with another supplier.Every time he orders goods this will be an acceptance of standing offer.The tender must supply the goods ordered but he can revoke his standing offer for the future.Considerations Definition●Currie V Misa –some right,interest,profit or benefit orsome forbearance,detriment,loss or responsibility given,undertaken by the offer.●Dunlop V SelfridgeOne party’s act or forbearance (promise or actual)is the price of the other party’s act or forbearance(promise or actual)Executory consideration —done in futureExecuted consideration —done now (e.g.unilateral contract)Past consideration ≠consideration (Re McArdle)Doctrine of considerationRule 1:Consideration must be valuable and sufficient but need not be adequate Rule 2:Consideration must move from the promiseeRule 1:Valuable—Thomas V Thomas ;White V Bluett Need not be adequate –Chappell V Nestle Sufficient ●A promise to perform an existing statutory duty is no considerationCollins V Godefroy -insufficientGlasbrook Bros V Glamorgan CC –sufficientA promise to perform an existing contractual duty is no considerationStilk V Myrick-insufficientModification:-Hartley VPonsonby-sufficient-Willams V Roffey Brothers-practical benefit–sufficient-Shadwell V Shadwell-performance of an existing contractual duty-duty owed toa third party-sufficientRule2:The doctrine of privity of contractTweddle V AtkinsonDunlop V SelfridgeFact:D,a tyre manufacturer,supplied tyres to X,a distributor,on the terms that X would not re-sell the tyres at less than the prescribed retail price.If X sold the tyres wholesale to trade customers,X must impose a similar condition on those buyers,to observe minimum retail prices.X resold tyres on these conditions to S.Under the contract between S and X,S was to pay D a sum of£5per tyre if S sold tyres to customers at a price below the minimum retail price.S sold two tyres to customers at a price below the minimum price.D sued S to recover the£5per tyre.Held:D could not recover damages under the contract between X and S because D was not a party to that contract.Part payment problemExceptions:1.The beneficiary sues in some other capacityBeswick V Beswick2.The situation involves a collateral contract3.There is a valid assignment of the benefit of the contract4.One of the parties has entered the contract as a trustee for a third party.The Part Payment ProblemThe rule in Pinnel’s case:payment of a smaller sum does not discharge a debt for a greater amount.Four exceptions1.Accord and satisfactionD&C Buliders V Rees2.Payment of smaller sum by third partyposition with creditors4.Equitable doctrine of promissory estoppelsCentral London Property V High TreesIntention to create legal relationsPresumptions:-Domestic and social agreements-no intentionBalfour V Balfour(Rebutted:Merritt V Merritt;Simpkins V Pays)-Business or commercial agreement-intentionRebutted:Jones V Vernon’s Pool(II)ContentofContractConditions-Poussard V Spiers &Pond Warranties-BettniInnominate terms-Aerial Advertising V Bachelors Peas Exclusion/Exemption Clause●Incorporation-Signature(L’Estrange V Graucob)-NoticeThompson V LMSChapleton V Barry UDC(Cloakroom type ticket)Olley V Marlborough Court(signature/notice must be made before or at the time of making the contract)-Previous dealing●InterpretationContra proferentum rule-对方优先原则对于模棱两可得词语，（法庭）将作出不利于寻求依赖该条款一方的解释。

英国合同法全文中英对照Contract Law in the United Kingdom英国合同法Part I – Formation of a Contract第一部分——合同的成立1. Contract Formation1. 合同形成A contract is formed when there is an offer and acceptance, and consideration passes between the parties.当存在一个报价和接受，并且双方之间有对价流转时，一个合同就形成了。

2. Offer2. 报价An offer is a clear expression of intent by one party to be bound by certain terms.报价是一方明确表示意愿以某些条款约束的表达。

3. Acceptance3. 接受Acceptance is the unconditional agreement to the terms of an offer. 接受是无条件同意报价的条款。

4. Consideration4. 对价Consideration is the exchange of something of value between the parties.对价是双方之间交换有价值的东西。

Part II – Terms of a Contract第二部分——合同的条款5. Express Terms5. 明示条款Express terms are those specifically stated by the parties in their contract.明示条款是当事人在合同中明确声明的条款。

6. Implied Terms6. 默示条款Implied terms are those that are not specifically stated but are implied by law or custom.默示条款是指虽未明确声明但法律或习俗默示的条款。