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尤金·奈达和他的翻译理论1．奈达翻译理论概述尤金·奈达(Eugene A．Nida)1914年生于美国的俄克勒荷马州。
早年师从当代结构主义语言学大师布龙非尔德(Leonard Bloomfield)等语言学家。
毕业后供职于美国圣经协会，终生从事圣经翻译和翻译理论的研究，著作等身，是公认的当代翻译理论的主要奠基人。
他理论的核心思想是“功能对等”(functional equivalence)。
这个名称的前身是“灵活对等”(dynamic equivalence)。
后来为避免被人误解，改成功能对等。
简单讲，功能对等就是要让译文和原文在语言的功能上对等，而不是在语言的形式上对应。
要取得功能对等(奈达指的对等是大致的对等)，就必须弄清何为功能对等。
他把功能分成九类①[在From One Language to Another中，奈达将语言的功能分成9类，即表现功能(expressive)、认识功能(cognitive)、人际功能(interpersonal)、信息功能(informative)、祈使功能(imperative)、行为功能(performative)、情感功能(emotive)、审美功能(aesthetic)和自我解释功能(metalingual)。
见该书第25页。
]译文应在这些功能上与原作对等。
那么，怎样才算对等呢?奈达认为回答这个问题不能只局限在文字本身，他把判断对等与否的大权交给了读者的心理反应。
这就与在奈达之前大多数翻译研究者的观点相左。
传统上，人们总是将客观的语篇作为判断译文对错优劣的依据。
但奈达一下子把大权从语篇手中抢过来，交给了读者。
这一转手马上创出了一个崭新的局面，为当时几乎陷入绝境的翻译研究者打开了眼界，西方翻译理论研究一下子柳暗花明。
奈达这一发展当然是和他本人对翻译的研究有关。
但奈达并非闭门造车，功能对等自有其源头活水。
这活水就是当时语言学领域突飞猛进的发展。
浅析奈达的翻译理论摘要：本篇文章首先阐述奈达不同阶段的翻译理论，再分析奈达在翻译理论方面的贡献和成就，探究奈达翻译理论中的缺陷，希望可以为相关的研究工作者提供一定的参考建议，进一步了解奈达的翻译理论。
关键词：奈达；翻译理论引言：尤金奈达博士是当代西方最著名的翻译理论家和语言学家之一。
奈达博士通过50多年的实践和翻译理论研究，在翻译研究领域取得了巨大成就。
其发展大致可分为三个阶段：描写语言学阶段、交际阶段和符号学阶段。
20世纪80年代初，美国翻译理论传入中国，人们主要关注中国传统的翻译理论，尤其是严复的三字翻译标准，即信、达、雅。
自从奈达的美国翻译理论被传入中国后，一些中国的翻译研究学者便对此研究产生了极大浓厚的兴趣。
究其原因，是在于他创建的新翻译理论系建立于当代应用语言学、传播学、信息论、符号学、人类学研究的整体发展水平基础上，摆脱掉了许多以往传统翻译理论系研究方法中缺乏的研究经验，第一次系统地使现代翻译理论的研究工作达到了其某种特定意义基础上特有的科学性。
尤其是他首创的翻译理论动态分析对等于翻译理论标准读者的等效反应理论突破了中国静态翻译分析理论的固有研究理论范式，并提出了开放式的静态翻译分析理论实证研究，为引导我们逐步建立一套新时期的动态翻译研究理论模式体系提供了许多很有益处的新启示。
1.奈达不同阶段的翻译理论分析奈达在20世纪40、50年代阶段的著作文章和会议论文写作，主要系统地结合现代翻译理论并从语言中的译词法理论和译句法方面深入阐述揭示了翻译语言的本质意义和语际翻译转化关系，试图由此找出一些更基本科学有效的现代语言翻译及其转换规律。
他提出的语言等级理论在这个历史阶段可能要远远比乔姆斯基理论早出现得。
第二阶段历时为10年多(1959-1969)。
标志着翻译第二阶段真正开始的理论文章之一是由他自己在1959年翻译出版过的专著《从圣经的翻译看翻译原则》，标志着翻译第二阶段正式结束的一书即是由他本人和泰伯合著翻译的专著《翻译理论与实践》。
尤金·奈达EugeneNida翻译理论E u g e n e N i d aDynamic Equivalence and Formal EquivalenceEugene A. Nida (1914-- ) is a distinguished American translation theorist as well as a linguist. His translation theory has exerted a great influence on translation studies in Western countries. His work on translatoin set off the study of modern translation as an academic field, and he is regareded as “the patriarch of translation study and a founder of the discipline”（Snell-Hornby 1988:1; Baker 1998:277）Nida’s theory of dynamic equivalence is his major contribution to translation studies. The concept is first mentioned in his article “Principles of Translation as Exemplified by Bible Translating”(1959) （《从圣经翻译看翻译原则》）as he attempts to define translating. In his influential work Toward a Science of Translating (1964) （《翻译原则科学探索》）, he postulates dynamic equivalent translation as follows: In such a translation (dynamic equivalent translation) one is not so concerned with matching the receptor-language message with the source-language message, but with the dynamic relationship, that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that existed between the original receptors and the message (1964:159) However, he does not give a clear definition of dynamic equivalence untill 1969. In his 1969 textbook The Thoery and Practice of Translation（《翻译理论与实践》）, dynamic equivalence is defined “ in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the messages in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptores in the source language”(1969:24)The expression “dynamic equivalence” is superseded by “functional equivalencev” in his work From One Language to Another (1986, with De Waard)（《从一种语言到另一种语言》）. However, there is essentially not much difference between the two concepts. The substitution of “functional equivalence” is just to stress the concept of function and to avoid misunderstandings of the term “dynamic”, which is mistaken by some persons for something in the sense of impact ( Nida 1993:124). In Language, Culture andTranslating(1993)（《语言与文化：翻译中的语境》, “functional equivalence” is further divided into categories on two levels: the minimal level and the maximal level. The minimal level of “functional equivalence” is defined as “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”. T he maximal level is stated as “The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and aprreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did” (Nida 1993:118; 1995:224). The two definitions of equivalence reveal that the minimal level is realistic, whereas the maximal level is ieal. For Nida, good translations always lie somewhere between the two levels (Nida 19954:224). It can be noted that “functional equivalence” is a flexible concept with different degrees of adequacy.Dynamic EquivalenceA term introduced by Nida(1964) in the context of Bible translation to describe one of two basic orientations found in the process of translation (see also Formal Equivalence). Dynamic equivalence is the quality which characterizes a translation inwhich “the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors”(Nida & Taber 1969/1982:200, emphasis removed). In other words, a dynamically equivalent translation is one which has been produced in accordance with the threefold process of Analysis, Transfer and Restructuring (Nida & Taber 1969/1982:200); formulating such a translation will entail such procedures as substituting TL items which are more culturally appropriate for obscure ST items, making lingguistically implicit ST information explicit, and building in a certain amount of REDUNDANCY(1964:131) to aid comprehension. In a translation of this kind one is therefor not so concerned with “matching the receptor-language message with the source-laguage”; the aim is more to “relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture” (Nida 1964:159). Possibly the best known example of a dynamically equivalent solution to a translation problem is seen in the decision to translate the Biblical phrase “Lamb of God” into and Eskimo language as “Seal of God”: the fact that lambs are unkown in polar regions has here led to the substitution of a culturally meaningful item which shares at least some of the important features of the SL expression (see Snell-Hornby 1988/1955:15). Nida and Taber argue that a “high degree” of equivalence of response is needed for the translation to achieve its purpose, although they point out that this response can never be identical with that elicited by the original(1969/1982:24). However, they also issue a warning about the limits within which the processes associated with producing dynamic equivalence remain valid: fore example, a comparison with the broadly simialr category of LinguisticTranslaton reveals that only elements which are linguistically implict in TT-rather than any additional contextual information which might benecessary to a new audience—may legitimately be made explicit in TT. The notion of dynamic equivalence is of course especially relevant to Bible translation, given the particular need of Biblical translations not only to inform readers but also to present a relevant message to them and hopefully elicit a response(1969/1982:24). However, it can clearly also be applied to other genres, and indeed in many areas ( such as literary translation) it has arguably come to hold sway over other approaches (Nida 1964:160). See also Fuctional Equivalence. Further reading: Gut 1991; Nida 1964,1995: Nida & Taber 1969/1982.奈达（Nida）（1964）在《圣经》翻译中所采用的术语，用来描述翻译过程的两个基本趋向之一（另见Formal Equivalence[形式对等]）。
奈达翻译理论简介（一）奈达其人尤金?奈达（EugeneA.Nida）1914年出生于美国俄克勒荷马州，当代著名语言学家、翻译家和翻译理论家。
也是西方语言学派翻译理论的主要代表，被誉为西方“现代翻译理论之父”。
尤金是当代翻译理论的主要奠基人，其理论核心是功能对等。
尤金先后访问过90个国家和地区，并著书立说，单独或合作出版了40多部书，比较著名的有《翻译科学探索》、《语言与文化———翻译中的语境》等，他还发表论文250余篇，是世界译坛的一位长青学者。
他还参与过《圣经》的翻译工作。
他与塔伯合著的《翻译理论与实践》对翻译界影响颇深。
此书说明了中国与西方译界人士思维方式的巨大差别：前者是静的，崇尚“信、达、雅”，讲究“神似”，追求“化境”；后者是动的，将语言学、符号学、交际理论运用到翻译研究当中，提倡“动态对等”，注重读者反应。
中国译论多概括，可操作性不强；西方译论较具体，往往从点出发。
他在该书中提到了动态对等，详细地描述了翻译过程的三个阶段：分析、转换和重组，对于翻译实践的作用是不言而喻的。
（二）奈达对翻译的定义按照奈达的定义：“所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体（风格）在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现源语的信息。
”其中，“对等”是核心，“最切近”和“最自然”都是为寻找对等语服务的。
奈达从社会语言学和语言交际功能的观点出发，认为必须以读者的反应作为衡量译作是否正确的重要标准。
翻译要想达到预期的交际目的，必须使译文从信息内容、说话方式、文章风格、语言文化到社会因素等方面尽可能多地反映出原文的面貌。
他试图运用乔姆斯基的语言学理论建立起一套新的研究方法。
他根据转换生成语法，特别是其中有关核心句的原理，提出在语言的深层结构里进行传译的设想。
奈达提出了词的4种语义单位的概念，即词具有表述事物、事件、抽象概念和关系等功能。
这4种语义单位是“核心”，语言的表层结构就是以“核心”为基础构建的，如果能将语法结构归纳到核心层次，翻译过程就可最大限度地避免对源语的曲解。
