英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”couplet; 首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471):Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。

英语专八英美文学常识汇总3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

中古时期15世纪以前一、Anglo-Saxon Period 449-10661.Roman Conquest, Anglo-Saxon Conquest, Norman Conquest. Norman Conquest(1066) marked thebeginning of Medieval English literature, which ended around the end of the 15th century. chivalry骑士精神2.Old English: Language spoken by Anglo-Saxons Alliteration: the repetition of the initial sounds in poetry.Romance: 传奇故事,骑士Epic: long narrative poem adventures of hero3.Beowulf: alliterative epic头韵史诗, 民族史诗Pagan异教the tribal society部落社会、4.Caedmon:卡德蒙Caedmon’s Hymn或Anthem Cynewulf基涅武甫二、中古时期1066-14851. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士Middle English romance传奇→亚瑟王,圆桌骑士2. Thomas Marlory托马斯·马洛礼Le More D’Arthur亚瑟王之死散文→对亚瑟王,圆桌骑士的总结3. William Langland威廉·郎格兰Piers the Plowman耕者皮尔斯alliterative epic头韵长诗allegory寓言4. Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利•乔叟14世纪Age of Chaucer乔叟时代the father of English poetry英国诗歌之父the father of English fiction英国小说之父The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集realistic 八音节Octosyllabic 英雄双韵体Heroic CoupletThe House of Fame声誉之堂三、Ballad 民谣15世纪folk literature民间文学The Robin Hood Ballads罗宾汉民谣`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 文艺复兴时期The Renaissance Period 14世纪-17世纪中期Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体Each stanza has nine line前八行为五步抑扬格imabic pentameterNinth line of six iambic feet第九行为六步抑扬格押韵方式为ababbcbcc Sonnet十四行诗Thomas Wyatt托马斯·怀亚特the first introduce the sonnet into English literature一、诗歌Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞Poet’s Poet诗人中的诗人Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人The Faerie Queene仙后二、散文1.Thomas More托马斯·莫尔Utopia乌托邦 a ideal society2.Francis Bacon培根the first English Essayist Essays随笔(Of Studies论学习;Of Truth论真理)The Advancement of Learning学术的进展The New Instrument新工具The New Atlantis新大西岛三、戏剧1.Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛University Wits大学才子派Blank Verse首创无韵诗Tamburlaine帖木耳The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus浮士德博士的悲剧历史The Jew of Malta马耳他岛的犹太人2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚四大悲剧Hamlet哈姆雷特King Lear李尔王Othello奥赛罗Macbeth麦克白另:悲剧罗密欧与朱丽叶The Tempest暴风雨喜剧Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记Twelfth Night第十二夜历史剧historical plays: Henry Ⅳ亨利四世Henry Ⅴ亨利五世长诗Long poem: Venus and Adonis维纳斯和阿多尼斯The Rape of Lucrece露克丽丝受辱记3. Ben Jonson本·琼森satirical comedy讽刺喜剧Voipone狐狸`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` The Period of Revolution(Milton) and Restoration(Dryden) 资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期17世纪一、资产阶级革命时期诗人1. John Milton约翰·弥尔顿清教徒诗人Paradise Lost失乐园Paradise Regained复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙2. John Donne约翰·多恩Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌创始人Songs and Sonnets歌谣与十四行诗 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning分别:莫忧伤The Sun Rising日出The Holy Sonnets神圣十四行诗Death, Be Not Pround死神莫骄傲The Fle a跳骚3. George Herbert乔治·赫伯特Saint of the Metaphysical School玄学派诗圣The Altar 祭坛二、王朝复辟时期的散文家1. John Bunyan约翰·班扬The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程religious allegory宗教寓言Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners罪人受恩记The life and Death of Mr. Badman贝德曼先生的一生The Holy War圣战2. John Dryden约翰·德莱顿英国批评文学之父the father of English criticismThe forerunner of the English classical school of literature英国古典主义的先驱者Poet Laureate桂冠诗人,散文家,剧作家于一身An Essay of Dramatic Poesy论戏剧诗歌All for Love一切为了爱情Absalom and Achitophel押沙龙与阿齐托菲尔`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 启蒙运动时期The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪The Age of Reason理性时期Neo-classicism新古典主义Sentimentalism感伤主义一、新古典主义作家1. Alexander Pope蒲柏the first to introduce rationalism to England.An Essay on Criticism论批评Essay on Man人论The Rape of the Lock夺发记(讽刺史诗)2. Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾迪生The Tattler闲谈者The Spectator旁观者3. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊Lives of Poets诗人传The Dictionary of the English Language英语字典二、现实主义作家1. Danniel Defoe丹尼尔•迪福Father of English and European novels英国和欧洲小说之父Robinson Crusoe鲁宾孙飘流记Captain Singleton辛格顿船长Moll Flanders莫尔弗兰德斯A Journal of the Plague Year大疫年日记2. Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特an Irish master of satiresGulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议 A Tale of a Tub一只桶的故事3. Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 汤姆琼斯Joseph Andrews约瑟夫安德鲁斯Amelia阿米莉亚Jonathan Wild the Great大伟人乔纳森维尔德四、感伤主义作家Sentimental Tradtion1.Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔·理查逊Pamela帕美拉Clarissa Harlowe克拉丽莎Sir Charles Grandison格兰迪生2. Laurence Sterne劳伦斯·斯特恩Tristram Shandy项狄传3. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗·戈德史密斯The Deserted Village荒村The Vicar of Wakefield维克菲尔德牧师The Citizen of the World世界公民4.Thomas Gray托马斯·格雷The Graveyard School墓畔派Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌五、18世纪英国戏剧1. John Gay约翰·盖伊The Beggar’s Opera乞丐歌剧2. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德·谢立丹The School for Scandal造谣学校The Rivals情敌`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 浪漫主义时期The Age of Romanticism1798 Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集beginning1832 the death of the last Romantic writer Walter Scott end一、前浪漫主义诗人1. James Thomson詹姆斯·汤姆森The Seasons四季歌2. William Blake布莱克Songs of Innocence 天真之歌Songs of Experience经验之歌3. Robert Burns彭斯the national poet of Scotland苏格兰民族诗人A Red, Red Rose一朵红红的玫瑰My Heart’s in the Highlands我的心在高原Auld Lang Syne昔日时光The Tree of liberty自由树二、湖畔诗人(新一代浪漫主义诗人)1. William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯桂冠诗人Poet LaureateLyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集与柯勒律治合著I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我似流云天自游T he Prelude序曲To the Cuckoo致布谷鸟An Evening Walk黄昏漫步Lucy Poems露西组诗The Solitary Reaper孤寂的刈麦女2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治Lyrical Ballads中The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏The Fall of the Bastille巴士底狱的倒塌Kubla Khan忽必烈Christabel克里斯塔贝尔3.Robert Southey骚塞桂冠诗人三、第二代浪漫主义诗人1. George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦Byronic Hero拜伦式英雄Don Juan唐璜Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage恰罗德·哈罗德游记She Walks in Beauty她在美中行Hebrew Melodies希伯菜歌曲When We Two Parted昔日依依别2. Percy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Ode to the West Wind/a Skylark西风颂Ode to the a Skylark云雀颂 A Defence of Poetry诗辩The Necessity of Atheism无神论的必然3. John Keats约翰·济兹Beauty is truth, truth beauty.Ode on a Grecian Urn希腊古瓮颂Ode to a Nightingale夜莺颂Dde To Autumn秋颂四、浪漫主义时期的散文家1. Charles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆Tales from Shakespeare莎士比亚故事集Old China古旧的瓷器Essay of Elia伊利亚散文集2. William Hazlitt威廉·哈兹利特Table Talk桌边文谈The Characters of Shakespeare’s Plays莎士比亚戏剧中的人物Lectures on the English Poets论英国诗人The Spirit of the Age时代精神3. Thomas De Quincey托马斯·德·昆西The Confession of an English Opium-Eater一个抽鸦片人的自白五、浪漫主义时期小说1. Walter Scott瓦尔特·司各特西欧历史小说之父Ivanhoe艾凡赫Waverley威弗利The Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border苏格兰边区歌谣集The Lady of the Lake湖上夫人Rob Roy罗布罗伊2. Jane Austin简•奥斯丁the first English woman novelistPride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见(Darcy达西)Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Emma爱玛Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德公园Northanger Abbey诺桑觉寺Persuasion劝导`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 维多利亚时期The Victorian Period 1836-1901 Critical Realism批判现实主义一、批判现实主义小说家1. Charles Dickens狄更斯Oliver Twist雾都孤儿The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club匹克威克外传The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店Dombey and Son董贝父子;David Copperfield大卫·科波菲尔American Notes美国札记A Tale of Two Cities双城记Bleak House荒凉山庄Hard Times艰难时世Great Expectation远大前程2. William Makepeace Thackeray萨克雷Vanity Fair名利场The Virginians弗吉尼亚人The Newcomes纽克姆一家3.勃朗特三姐妹Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂·勃郎特the forerunner of the feminism and the feminism lirerature女权主义Jane Eyre简爱Professor教师Shirley雪丽Emily Bronte爱米丽·勃郎特Wuthering Height呼啸山庄Anne Bronte安妮·勃郎特Agnes Grey艾格尼斯·格雷4. Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell盖斯凯尔Mary Barton玛丽巴顿Life of Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃郎特传5. George Eliot乔治·爱略特Adam Bede亚当·比德The Mill on the Floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊6. Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代 a transitional writer Tess of D’Urbervilles德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣Under the Greenwood Tree绿茵下二、维多利亚时期的诗歌Tennyson, Browning, Arnold→The Big Three of Victorian poets1. Alfred Tennyson丁尼生Poet of the People人民的诗人Poems of Two Brothers两兄弟诗集The Princess公主In Memoriam 悼念Crossing the Bar过沙洲Idylls of the King国王叙事诗Ulysses尤利西斯Break, Break, Break拍吧,拍吧,拍吧2. Robert Browning 罗伯特·勃朗宁Dramatic monologues戏剧独白My Last Duchess我的前公爵夫人Pippa Passes皮帕走过了Men and Women男男女女The Ring and the Book指环与书Meeting at Night月夜相会3. Matthew Arnold马修·阿诺德Dover Beach多佛海滩`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 现代主义时期The Modern Period一、小说家1. John Galsworthy高尔斯华绥The Forsyte Saga福尔塞世家(三部曲)(The Man of Property有产业的人In Chancery骑虎难下To Let出租2. Katharine Mansfield凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德Bliss幸福二、剧作家playwrights1. Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德The Picture of Dorain Gray道林·格林的画像The Happy Prince and Other Tales快乐王子故事集2. George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳获诺贝尔文学奖Pygmalion皮革玛丽翁Man and Superman人与超人Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Quintessence of Ibsenism易卜生主义精华Widower’s Houses鳏夫的房产Mrs Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业Heartbreak House伤心之家Saint Joan圣女贞德3. John Osborne约翰·奥斯本Look Back in Anger愤怒的回顾4. Samuel Beckett塞缪尔·贝克特Waiting for Godot等待戈多获诺贝尔文学奖三、诗人1. William Butler Yeats叶芝获诺贝尔文学奖The Tower古堡The Land of Heart’s Desire心愿之乡Leda and the Swan丽达与天鹅The Second Coming基督再临Sailing to Byzantium驶向拜占庭2. T homas S tearns Eliot艾略特获诺贝尔文学奖The Waste Land荒原The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock阿尔弗雷德普鲁夫洛克的情歌Four Quarters四个四重奏The Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会四、心理小说Psychological Fictions1. D avid H erbert Lawrence劳伦斯Sons and Lovers儿子与情人The Rainbow虹Women in Love恋爱中的女人The White Peacock白孔雀Lady Chatterley’s Lovers查泰莱夫人的情人2. James Joyce乔伊斯意识流的先驱Dubliners都柏林人Ulysses尤利西斯 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像Finnegans Wake芬尼根的觉醒3. Virginia Woolf沃尔芙意识流女作家Stream of ConsciousnessMrs Dalloway达洛威夫人To the Lighthouse到灯塔去Orlando奥兰多The Waves浪A Room of One’s Own自己的房间Three Guineas三个基尼John Fowles约翰·福尔斯The French Lieutenant’s Woman法国中尉的女人`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` 美国文学`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` Colonial 1607-1765 and Revolutionary 1765-18c末Period （17世纪-18世纪末）一、Colonial writers1. John Smith (约翰·史密斯) “ the first autho r” in American literatureA True Relation of Virginia 关于佛吉尼亚的真实叙述“ the first book” in American literature2. William Bradford the first governor of Plymouth 普利茅斯3. John Winthrop A Model of Christian Charity 基督教之爱清教徒主义作家Anne Bradstreet The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America 最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will 论意志自由The Nature of True VirtueThe Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended 罪人在愤怒的上帝手中二、启蒙时期和独立战争时期1. Benjamin Franklin 启蒙运动代表人物one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America Poor Richard’s Almanac ( 格言历书) 代表作：The Autobiography 早期美国梦的反映2. Roger Williams Puritanical dissenter 清教反对者3. Thomas Paine the Father of American Revolution美国独立之父The Common Sense the greatest of the Revolutionary pamphletsThe Age of Reason The Rights of Man支持了法国革命The American Crisis鼓励殖民地抵抗英国军队4.Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺the Father of American Poetry美国诗歌之父 a poet of the American Revolution革命诗人The Rising Glory of America美洲光辉的兴起The Wild Honey Suckle 野金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人的殡葬地首次创造the Noble Savage 高贵的野蛮人5.Thomas Jefferson 美第三任总统Agrarians 重农主义代表人物Declaration of Independence`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` American Romanticism (提倡个人主义) 美国的文艺复兴18世纪末---19世纪中后期一、早期浪漫主义1. Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文the Father of American Literature美国文学之父indigenous humour The Sketch Book marked the beginning标志美国浪漫主义的开始第一个赢得国际声誉包括：The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷传说Rip Van Winkle The Alhambra等7部A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty纽约外史诙谐杰作2. James Fennimore Cooper 费尼莫尔·库伯西进运动边疆小说Leatherstocking Tale皮袜子故事集5部曲about the frontier life of American settlers包括：The Pioneers拓荒者The Last of Mohicans最后的莫西干人（Natty Bumpoo班波）、The Prairie草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者The Spy 间谍The Pilot 领航者二、超验主义作家1. Ralph Waldo Emerson New England TranscendentalismNature论自然the manifesto of American Transcendentalism超验主义宣言超验主义理论的圣经The American Scholar美国学者指出美学者应创造自己的文学风格，不应盲从Self-Reliance论自立2. Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖超验主义作品Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑human soul symbolism象征主义大师The Scarlet Letter红字代表作Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇The Marble Faun玉石雕像Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗Herman Melville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸Typee泰比Omoo欧穆诗人1. Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼the father of Free VerseLeaves of Grass草叶集(标志浪漫主义截止) American Epic美国史诗Democratic Bible共和圣经Song of Myself自我之歌O Captain！My Captain2.Emily Dickinson 迪金森美国女诗人Because I Could Not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You我是无名小卒,你是谁This Is My Letter to the World I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died埃德加·爱伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe 短篇小说大师first writer of detective story侦探小说The Raven乌鸦The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌The Poetic Principle诗歌原理The Philosophy of Composition创作哲学Murders in the Rue Morgue莫各街谋杀案三、炉边诗人1. William Cullen Bryant 布莱恩特To a Waterfowl致水鸟Thanatopsis死亡随想The Yellow Violet黄色的堇香花2.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 朗佛罗native themesA Psalm of Life人生礼赞The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌Evangeline伊凡吉林`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` Realistic Period 现实主义时期19世纪中期----20世纪初诱因American industrialization 马克·吐温→The Gilded Age镀金年代Gold Rush淘金热Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特·比彻·斯托废奴主义者Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋一、现实主义作家1. William Dean Howells霍威尔斯The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹 A Modern Instance一个现代的例证A Hazard of New Fortunes新财富的危害2. Henry James亨利·詹姆斯世态小说novel of mannersThe Potrait of a Lady贵妇人的肖像Daisy Miller黛西·米勒The Ambassadors大使The Wings of the Dove鸽翼The Golden Bowl金碗Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术二、乡土文学作家Local Literature1. Mark Twain马克·吐温(Samuel Longhorne Clemens) critic colloquial style localismThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记现代美国文学起源The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索亚历险记Life on the Mississippi密西西比河上The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记The Gilded Age镀金时代The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿The;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人Roughing It苦行记2. Hamlin Garland哈姆林·加兰德Main Traveled Road大路条条三、自然主义作家Naturalism自然主义1. Stephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩Magie: A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章The Open Boat海上扁舟2. Frank Norris弗兰克·诺里斯The Octopus章鱼3. Theodore Dreise r西奥多·德莱塞An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘The Genius天才Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（The Financer金融家The Titan巨人The Stoic斯多葛）4. Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人5. Jack London杰克·伦敦Marti Eden马丁·伊登The Son of the Wolf狼之子The Sea-wolf海狼The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤White Fang白獠牙The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们The Iron Heel铁蹄What Life Means to Me生命对我意味着什么Love of Life热爱生命The Mexican墨西哥人Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下The Law of Life 生活的法则6. Upton Sinclair厄普顿·辛克莱尔The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）Oil石油Spring and Harvest春天与收获;O．Henry (William Sidney Porter) the father of the modern short story美国现代短篇小说之父The Cop and the Anthem警察与赞美诗The Gift of Magi麦琪的礼物The Last Leaf最后一片叶子`````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````` American Modernism 现代主义时期一、二战前诗歌1. Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德The father of modern American poetry美国现代诗歌创始人Imagism意象主义The father of Imagist poetry意象派诗歌之父Cathay华夏集(英译中国诗) The Cantos诗章In a Station of the Metro地铁站里 A Pact协约2. Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特New England poetA Boy’s Wish少年心愿North of Boston波士顿之北Mending Wall修墙Fire and Ice火与冰Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening雪夜林边小驻After Apple-picking摘苹果之后The Road Not taken未选择的道路West-running Brook西流的溪流New Hampshire新罕布什尔3. Wallace Stevens华莱士·史蒂文斯Harmonium风琴The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人Sunday Morning星期天早晨The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦Collected Poems诗集二、二战前小说1. Francis Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德表现一战后年轻一代美国梦的破灭The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比The Side of Paradise人间天堂Tender is the Night夜色温柔The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们The Last Tycoon最后的巨头The Crack-up崩溃2. Ernest Hemingway海明威(“迷惘的一代”的代表人物) 老人与海获Pulitzer Prize和Noble Prize The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起Farewell to Arms永别了,武器For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣In Our Time在我们的年代里The Torrents of Spring春潮Men Without Women没有女人的男人Death in the Afternoon死在午后3. Sinclair Lewis辛克莱·刘易斯(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖) Main Street大街Babbitt巴比特4. William Faulkner福克纳Soldiers’ Pay兵饷The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动As I lay dying在我弥留之际Light in August八月之光Absalom, Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙The Hamlet村子Go Down, Moses去吧，摩西 A Rose for Emily给艾米丽小姐的玫瑰5. John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄Tortilla Flat煎饼房In Dubious Battle胜负未定The Pearl珍珠Of Mice and Men鼠和人The Moon is Down月亮下去了6. Sherwood Anderson舍伍德·安德森The Triumph of the Egg鸡蛋的胜利三、二战前戏剧Eugene O’neil 尤金·奥尼尔Beyond the Horizon天边外The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了The Long Days Journey Into Night长夜漫漫路迢迢The Hairy Ape毛猿Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望Pearl S. Buck 赛珍珠The Good Earth大地四、二战后1945后The Beat Generation垮掉的一代Black Humor黑色幽默1. Ralph Ellison拉尔夫·埃里森Invisible Man隐形人2. Saul Bellow索尔·贝娄Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人Seize the Day勿失良机3. J D Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·塞林格The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者4. John Updike Rabbit Series 兔子系列5. Joseph Heller 约瑟夫·海勒Catch-22第22条军规黑色幽默代表作6. Arthur Miller阿瑟·米勒剧作家The Death of a Salesman推销员之死7. Tennessee Williams 田纳西·威廉姆斯 A Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车8. Allen Ginsberg 艾伦·金斯堡Howl嚎叫9. Edward Albee爱德华·阿尔比The Zoo Story动物园的故事Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf10. Jack Kerouac 杰克·克鲁亚克On the Road在路上11. William Styron 威廉·斯泰伦Sophie’s Choice苏菲的选择。

Old English Literature 古英语文学（450-1066年）Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic中世纪英语文学（1066-1500）Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture“英国文学之父”William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》.文艺复兴（16-17世纪）William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》Shakespeare’s greatest works:greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》.18世纪文学和新古典主义Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class peopleHenry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones.Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver’s Travels《格列佛游记》.Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners.Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）.Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》)Thomas Gray (托马斯•格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in aCountry Churchyard（《墓畔哀歌》）, writer of sentimentalism感伤派.浪漫主义（18世纪末19世纪初）William Blake (1757 –1827) was an English poet, best known for his poetical collections of Song of Innocence 《天真之歌》and Song of Experience《经验之歌》.William Wordsworth (1770-1850),a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their 1798 joint publication, Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》.Wordsworth‘s magnum opus is generally considered to be The Prelude《序曲》.Samuel Taylor Coleridge(柯勒律治, 1772 –1834) was an English poet who was, along with his friend William Wordsworth, one of the founders of the Romantic Movement in England and one of the Lake Poets. He is probably best known for his poems The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子颂》and Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》George Gordon Byron (拜伦，1788—1824 )was a English poet and a leading figure in Romanticism.Amongst Byron‘s best-known works are his narrative poems Childe Harold‘s Pilgrimage 《哈罗尔德游记》and Don Juan《唐璜》Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792—1822) was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He is perhaps most famous for Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》, To a Skylark《致云雀》, Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》.Mary Shelley (玛丽• 雪莱1797 –1851) was a British novelist best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》, considered as first science fictionJohn Keats ( 济慈, 1795—1821) was an English poet who became one of the principal poets of the English Romantic movement. His masterpieces such as Ode on a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》and Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》浪漫主义时期小说家Jane Austen (1775—1817) , was an English novelist. Her major novels include Sense and Sensibility (《理智与情感》), Pride and Prejudice (《傲慢与偏见》), Emma (《爱玛》). Walter Scott (司各特, 1771---1832), a prolific Scottish historical novelist . His major works is Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》Realism 现实主义时期（Victorian Age 维多利亚时期1837-1901）Bronte sisters 勃朗宁姐妹, Charlotte (夏洛蒂, 1816 – 1855), Emily (艾米丽, 1818 – 1848) and Anne (安妮, 1820 – 1849), were English writers of t he 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte‘s Jane Eyre 《简爱》, Emily’s Wuthering Heights 《呼啸山庄》and Anne's Agnes Grey《艾格妮斯·格雷》are masterpieces of English literature.George Elliot (乔治-爱略特，1819—1880 ) was an English novelist. She was one of the leading writers of the Victorian era. Her novels, largely set in provincial England. Her major novels include:The Mill on the Floss《佛洛斯河上的磨坊》Middlemarch《米德尔玛契》.Charles Dickens (1812–1870)：one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》,Oliver Twist 《奥利弗退斯特》,David Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔德》, Great Expectation 《远大前程》, Hard Times 《艰难时世》William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷，1811—1863) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair《名利场》Mrs. Gaskell (盖斯凯尔夫人, 1810-1865)was an English novelist during the Victorian era. Her major novels include: Mary Barton 《玛丽• 巴顿》Thomas Hardy(哈代, 1840 – 1928) ,an English novelist of the naturalism自然主义. His major novels include: Tess of the d‘Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》Jude the Obscure. 《无名的裘德》Most of his novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）.现实主义时期诗歌Robert Browning (布朗宁, 1812–1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues戏剧独白, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.Alfred Tennyson (丁尼生，1809 – 1892) was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom and remains one of the most popular English poets. Tennyson excelled at penning short lyrics, including "Break, break, break"Oscar Wilde (王尔德, 1854 – 1900)playwright and one novel, known for his aestheticism唯美主义(art for art’s sake为了艺术而艺术). His major plays include The Importance of Being Earnest《不可儿戏》; His major novel is The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林-格雷的画像》20世纪和现代主义Bernard Shaw (萧伯纳, 1856-1950), an Irish playwright, the greatest dramatist in English literature in the 20th century. He adhered to the tradition of realism, writing plays as a way to discuss social problems. He won Nobel Prize for literature in 1925. His major plays include, Mrs Warren’s Profession《华伦夫人的情人》, Major Barbara《芭芭拉少校》, Pygmalion 《皮革马力翁》and Saint Joan《圣女贞德》John Galsworthy (高尔斯华绥, 1867-1933) one of the most important novelists in the Early 20th century，a Nobel Prize winner. His major works is Forsyte Saga 《福尔赛世家》which comprises three novels:The Man of Property《有产业的人》, In Chancery《衡平法院》To Let 《出租》Joseph Conrad (康拉德, 1857-1932)Conrad was born in Poland and an English novelist. His major novels include Lord Jim 《吉姆爷》and The Heart of Darkness《黑暗的心》.James Joyce (乔伊斯, 1882-1941):An Irish born novelist, known for the technique of the stream of consciousness. His main works: Ulysses 《尤利西斯》;A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ; 《青年艺术家的肖像》Finnegan’s Wake; 《芬尼根彻夜祭》Dubliners《都柏林人》E. M. Forster （福斯特, 1879-1970）an English novelist, A Passage to India 《印度之行》T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.David Herbert Lawrence (D.H.劳伦斯, 1885-1930),an English novelist. His most important novels are, Rainbow 《彩虹》and Sons and Lovers《儿子与情人》. He is the founder of stream of consciousness意识流.William Butler Yeats (叶芝, 1865-1939)an Irish poet and awarded Nobel Prize for literature in 1923. His major poems include Sailing to Byzantium《驶向拜占庭》and Leda and Swan《利达和天鹅》.Samuel Beckett (贝克特，1906-1989), an Irish dramatist and Nobel Prize winner for Literature. His masterpiece is Waiting for Godot《等待戈多》. He is the exponent of the theatre of the absurd 荒诞派戏剧.Iris Jean Murdoch (默多克, 1919-1999), English female novelist, her major novels include Black Prince《黑王子》, The Sea, the Sea《大海啊，大海》and Unicorn 《独角兽》Doris Lessing (莱辛, 1919--) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature.Muriel Spark （斯帕克, 1918-2006）English female novelist, best known for her novel The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961) 《布罗迪小姐的青春》Virginia Woolf (伍尔夫, 1882-1941)Woolf is an exponent of modernism and one of the most important female novelists. Her major works include Mrs. Dalloway《达洛威夫人》, To the Lighthouse 《向灯塔去》.美国文学殖民地革命时期Benjamin Franklin (富兰克林, 1706-1790): one of American founding fathers (建国之父) Major works: Autobiography《自传》Poor Richard’s Almanack《穷人理查历书》Jonathan Edwards (爱德华兹，1703 –1758) was a colonial theologian and writer. His work is often associated with the Puritan heritage. His famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,"《落在忿怒之神手中的罪人》is credited for starting the First Great Awakening.Thomas Pain (潘恩, 1737-1809):British pamphleteer. Major works: Common Sense《常识》（1776）Federalists’ Papers《联邦党人文集》:Alexander Hamilton汉密尔顿John Jay杰伊James Madison曼迪逊浪漫主义时期Romantic Period（1790-1865）：Earlier Romantic Period (1790-1830)Romantic Heyday (1830-1865)Earlier Romantic Period:Washington Irving (1783-1859)Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Washington Irving (华盛顿• 欧文, 1783-1859):American romantic novelist. He was best known for his short stories “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”, both of w hich appear in his book The Sketch Book《见闻札记》. Irving is the first American writer who gained international fame.James Fenimore Cooper (库珀, 1789-1851):American romantic novelist , best remembered for his Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事》(The Pioneer《拓荒者》, Deer Slayer《猎鹿者》, Pathfinder《探路人》, Prairie《大草原》, The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫西干人》) featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo.2) Romantic Heyday (1830-1865):Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanEmily DickinsonNathaniel HawthorneHerman MelvilleHarriet Beecher StoweEdgar Allan PoeTranscendentalists（超验主义）:Waldo Ralph EmersonHenry David ThoreauWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman (惠特曼，1819-1882): American romantic poet, father of free verse(自由诗) , best known for his collection of poems Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》Waldo Ralph Emerson (爱默生，1803-1882): leader of the transcendentalism, his essay Nature 《论自然》is the manifesto of transcendentalism. his another essay The American Scholar《美国学者》is considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence”.Henry David Thoreau (梭罗, 1817–1862) : American romantic writer best known for his book Walden《瓦尔登湖》, a reflection upon simple living.Herman Melville (麦尔维尔, 1819–1891) : American novelist, best known for his novel Moby-Dick《白鲸》Nathaniel Hawthorne (霍桑, 1804–1864): American novelist, best known for his four romances(传奇小说):The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖尖角的房子》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石人像》Emily Dickinson (狄金森，1830–1886) American poetess, whose poetry are concerned with life, death and immortality.Harriet Beecher Stowe (斯托尔夫人, 1811–1896 American female novelist, whose novel Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (1852) 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》attacked the cruelty of slavery.)Realism 现实主义Mark Twain (马克•吐温1835 –1910), American novelist. most noted for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer （《汤姆索亚历险记》）and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 《哈克贝恩历险记》Life on the Mississippi River《密西西比河上的生活》Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur‘s Court 《亚瑟王朝的康涅狄克州的美国佬》The Gilded Age 《镀金时代》Henry James (亨利•詹姆斯1843-1916), American realist novelist, founder of international novel（国际题材小说）Important works:The American 《美国人》The Europeans 《欧洲人》The Portrait of a Lady 《贵妇画像》The Wings of the Dove 《鸽冀》The Ambassadors 《大使》The Golden Bowl 《金碗》O. Henry 欧亨利was the pen name of American novelist William Sydney Porter (1862 – 1910). O. Henry‘s short stories are well known for his short stories such as Cop and Anthem (《警察和赞美诗》) and Gift of Magie (《麦琪的礼物》)William Dean Howells (豪威尔斯, 1837 –1920) was an American realist novelist and literary critic. Major works include The Rise of Silas Lapham 《赛拉斯• 拉帕姆的发迹》Theodore Dreiser (德莱塞, 1871–1945) American novelist and journalist. He pioneered the naturalist school and is known for his novels Sister Carrie 《嘉莉妹妹》and An American Tragedy 《美国悲剧》and his desire trilogy《欲望三部曲》:The Financier 《金融家》The Titan 《巨头》The Stoic 《斯多葛》American Naturalist （自然主义）1) Stephen Crane 克莱恩2) Frank Norris 诺里斯3) Jack London 杰克-伦敦1) Stephen Crane (克莱恩, 1871–1900) was an American novelist. He won international acclaim for his 1895 Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage《红色的英勇勋章》.2) Frank Norris (诺瑞斯1870–1902) American novelist. His notable works include McTeague 《麦克提格》, The Octopus《章鱼》3) Jack London (杰克• 伦敦, 1876–1916) American novelist, known for his novel Martin Eden 《马丁• 伊登》, The Call of the Wild 《野性的呼唤》.20世纪和现代主义-诗歌T.S. Eliot (T.S.艾略特, 1888-1965)：American poet, best known for his poem The Waste Land 《荒原》, 1948 Nobel Prize winner for literature.Ezra Pound（庞德）: American imagist poet意象派诗人, major poems include Cantos 《诗章》, Hugh Selwyn Maubery (莫伯里), Cathay (《华夏》translation of ancient Chinese poems) Robert Frost (弗罗斯特, 1874–1963)American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life in New England and his command of American colloquial speech. His work was first recognized in England and then in America.Wallace Stevens（斯蒂文斯, 1879-1955）American poet, best known for his poem Anecdote for the Jar and his emphasis on Imagination.Allen Ginsberg (金斯伯格, 1926-1997), American poet of Beat Generation (垮掉的一代), best known for his poem “Howl”《嚎》Ernest Hemingway (海明威, 1899—1961)American novelist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation". He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Major works:The Sun also Rises 《太阳照样升起》A Farewell to Arms 《永别了-武器》The Old Man and the Sea《老人与海》For Whom the Bell Tolls《丧钟为谁而鸣》“Meditation XVII”, an essay by metaphysical poet John Donne 多恩“any man's death dim inishes me, because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.”Fitzgerald (菲茨杰拉德, 1896–1940) American writer of novels, whose works are evocative of the Jazz Age. Fitzgerald is considered a memb er of the “Lost Generation“. Most important worksis The Great Gatsby 《了不起的盖茨比》which represents the destruction of American dream. Lost Generation迷惘的一代:The 'Lost Generation' is a phrase made popular by American author Ernest Hemingway in his first published novel The Sun Also Rises. Figures identified with the "Lost Generation" include authors and poets Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, John Dos Passos.William Faulkner 福克纳: American novelist, winner of Nobel Prize for literature. Most of his works was set in an imaginary location named Yoknapatawpha. Major works include:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》Sartoris《家族小说》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，莫西》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Sanctuary 《圣地》John Steinbeck (斯坦贝克, 1902–1968) American novelist, Nobel Prize winner. He is known for his novel The Grapes of Wrath《愤怒的葡萄》Saul Bellow（贝缕, 1915-2005）American novelist, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his novel such as The Adventures of Augie March,《奥吉•玛其历险记》Herzog, Seize the Day, Humboldt's GiftJames Baldwin （鲍德温, 1924-1987）, black American novelist, best known for his novel Go Tell It on the Mountain 《向苍天呼吁》.Ralph Ellison （艾里森, 1913-1994）, black American novelist, best known for his The Invisible Man 《看不见的人》Alex Harley (1936-1969), black American novelist, best known for his Roots 《根》Toni Morrison(莫里森, 1931-)Toni Morrison is a Nobel Prize-winning female American novelist. among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye《最蓝的眼睛》and Beloved《宠儿》.20世纪戏剧家Eugene O‘Neil （尤金-奥尼尔, 1888-1953）American playwright, Nobel Prize winner, best known for his Long Day’s Journey Into Night《长夜漫漫路迢迢》, Beyond the Horizon 《天边外》，The Hairy Ape 《毛猿》Arthur Miller （亚瑟-米勒,1915-2005 ）, American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman《推销员之死》Edward Albee (阿尔比1928---) is an American playwright best known for Who‘s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?(《谁怕弗吉尼亚伍尔夫》). His early works reflect a Americanization of the Theatre of the Absurd 荒诞派that found its peak in works by Irish playwrights such as Samuel Beckett贝克特.。

英国文学(English Literature)450-1066 Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 古英语（或盎格鲁—撒克逊）时期1066-1500 Middle English Period 中古英语时期1500-1660 1516-1578 1578-1625 1625-1660The Renaissance 文艺复兴1) The beginning of the Renaissance2) The flowering period3) The epilogue of the Renaissance1660-1785 The Neoclassical Period 新古典主义时期1785-1830 The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期1832-1901 The Victorian Period 维多利亚时期1901-1914 The Edwardian Period 爱德华时期1910-1936 The Georgian Period 乔治五世时期1914 - The Modern Period 现代时期1945 - Postmodernism 后现代主义一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: C aedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”；首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作) * William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads:Thomas Malory (1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly(黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱: the first true English prose classic the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea.英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。

?the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters.?迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。

"the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain.?1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。

?gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands.?盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。

?the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.?英格兰脊梁：指的是山脉的背脊。

?lead ore: british lead ores have been worked since pre-roman times. it contains silver.?铅矿：自前罗马时代开始，英国的铅矿就被开发了。

英美文学知识第一节英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学 (约499-1066)Alliteration – Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- national epicCaedmon (开德蒙)Anthem《赞美诗》1. 诗歌Cynewulf(基涅武甫)Dream of the Rood《十字架之梦》Bede (比德)Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum《英吉利人教会史》2. 散文King Alfred(阿尔弗雷德大帝)Wessex – Father of English Prose (“英国散文之父”);Anglo-Saxon Chronicle《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》二、中古英语时期的英国文学 (14世纪 – 15世纪)1. Allegory – Romance – Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》2. Ballad – The Robin Hood Ballads《罗宾汉民谣集》3. William Langland (威廉•兰格伦)The Vision Concerning Piers the Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯的幻想》4. Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里•乔叟)Father of English Poetry (“英国诗歌之父”); The Canterbury Tales《坎特布雷故事集》;- octosyllabic & heroic couplet (八音节英雄双韵体)5. Sir Thomas Malory(托马斯•马洛礼)Le Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学 (15世纪末 – 17世纪中期)1. Humanism – classic culture2. Thomas More (托马斯•莫尔)Utopia《乌托邦》; The Painful Life of Edward V; Historie of Richard the Third《理查德三世传》3. Thomas Wyatt (托马斯•怀亚特), Henry Howard (亨利•霍华德) – Sonnet4. Philip Sidney (菲利浦•锡德尼)Arcadia《阿卡迪亚》-第一篇田园生活的传奇,“现代长篇小说的先驱”;The Defence of Poesie / Apology for Poetry《诗辩》-人文主义文学的宣言,开创近代英国的文学批评5. Edmund Spencer (埃德蒙•斯宾塞)poet’ poet – Spencerian stanza – 9行(ababbcbcc)8 iambic pentameter + 1 iambic hexameter; The FaireQueene 《仙后》被誉为英国文艺复兴时期“最杰出的史诗” nationalism, humanism, puritanism 6. Christopher Marlowe(克里斯托弗•马娄)Tamburlaine 《帖木耳大帝》; The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士的悲剧历史》7. William Shakespeare2首长诗, 154首十四行诗, 37部戏剧长诗Venus and Adonis 《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》;The Rape of Lucrece 《露克丽丝受辱记》十四行诗iambic pentameter – 14 (abab cdcd efef gg)3 quatrains + 1 couplet = Shakespearean sonnet悲剧Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, Macbeth喜剧 A Midsummer Night’s Dream ; The Merchant ofVenice ; As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》; TwelfthNight历史剧Henry VI, Henry IV, Richard III(威廉•莎士比亚)戏剧传奇剧Pericles 《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》;Cymbeline 《辛白林》; The Winter’s Tale ;Tempest 《暴风雨》8. Ben Jonson (本•琼森)comedy of manners (风俗喜剧的奠基人);Every Man In His Humor 《人性互异》9. John Donne (约翰•多恩)Metaphysical Poems (“玄学派”诗歌创始人);Songs and Sonnets 《歌曲与十四行诗》10. George Herbert (乔治•赫伯特)the saint of the Metaphysical school(“玄学派诗圣”);The Temple 《神殿》11. Andrew Marwell (安德鲁•马韦尔)诗风结合了玄学派和古典主义的创作特点;To His Coy Mistress 《致他的娇羞女友》12. Francis Bacon (弗朗西斯•培根)Materialism; Essays 《随笔》(Of Study, OfTruth );The Advancement of Learning 《学术的推进》;The New Instrument 《新工具》四、资产阶级革命及启蒙时期的英国文学 (17世纪末，18世纪 )1. the Enlightenment: liberty, equality, democracy前30年：neo-classicism (崇尚古典文学的创作及美学原则)40年代到80年代：realism2. 18世纪的英国文学80年代以后：sentimentalism & pre-romanticism (崇尚情感)3. John Milton (约翰•弥尔顿)Defence of the English People 《为英国人民而辩》;Second Defence of the Englishpeople 《为英国人民再辩》;Paradise Lost (blank verse, 旧约); Paradise Regained(新约);Samson Agonistes 《力士参孙》(poetical drama, closet73. Tennessee Williams (田纳西·威廉斯)The Glass Menagerie《玻璃动物园》; A Street car Named Desire《欲望号街车》; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof《热铁皮屋顶上的猫》74. Arthur Miller (阿瑟·米勒)All My Sons《都是我的儿子》; The Death of a Salesman《推销员之死》75. Edward Albee (爱德华·阿尔比)The Zoo Story《动物园的故事》; Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 《谁害怕弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫》76. Sylvia Plath (西尔维亚·普拉斯)自白派; The Colossus and Other Poems《巨人》。

精心整理英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C,a.~ 14th C,*b. 15th C,二、1) 诗歌b. Sir《为诗辩护》2) Prosea.b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。

英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期(449-1066)a. pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报b. religious poetry: Caedmon(凯德蒙610-680): the first known religious poet; the father of English songCynewulf(基涅武甫9C): The Christc. 8th C, Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735); Alfred the Great(848-901)2) The Medieval Period中世纪(1066-ca.1485 / 1500):a. Romance中世纪传奇故事(1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌无名诗人- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 lines~ 14th C,Age of Chaucer:* Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟1340-1400): 文风：vivid and exact language, his poetry is full of vigor and swiftnessthe father of English poetry; the father of English fiction; 首创“双韵体”;首位用伦敦方言写作英国作家The Canterbury Tales:pilgrims stories 受Boccaccio(薄伽丘) - Decameron《十日谈》启发The House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》(译作)* William Langland(朗兰1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》: 普通人眼中的社会抗议b. 15th C, English ballads: Thomas Malory (1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴(1500-1660): humanism十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗，伊丽莎白戏剧1) 诗歌Henry Howard(霍华德1516-1547)a. Thomas Wyatt (怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想- “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella; Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc.Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poet; non-dramatic poet of伊丽莎白时代- long allegorical romance文风：a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination. The Shepherd CalendarThe Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) Prose 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里1553-160，剧作家&小说家)：EupheusEuphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根1561-1626)：英国首位散文家，中世纪至现代欧洲时期; 近代唯物主义哲学奠基人和近代实验科学先驱the trumpeter of a new age;Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classic3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe(马洛1564-1593): University Wits 大学才子派Edward II；The Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》first made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。