汽车专业英语(A篇)

汽车专业英语文章近些年,中国国内汽车生产量和消费量不断攀升,引起世界的关注,并使汽车产业成为中国经济发展的主导产业。

下面是店铺带来的汽车专业英语文章，欢迎阅读!汽车专业英语文章1 The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore.Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specification.Displacement indicates engine size.and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volumeThe term"stoke"is used to describe the movement of the piston within the cylinder.The operating cycle may require either two or four stroke to complete. Most automobile engines operate on the four stroke cycleThis type of engine is also know as Otto cycle,after the name of its inventor, Nikolaus Otto,who first applied the principle in 1876.In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action.It performs intake, compression,power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig.1-21.Intake strokeThe piston moves downward to the bottom dead center,a vacuum is created in the cylinder.The intake valve opens and air-fuel mixture comes into cylinder .To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10' before t.d.c.giving 20'overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50'after b.d.c.to take advantage of mixture.pression strokeThe air-fuel mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber.While the pressure rise to about 1MP, depending onvarious factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed.The spark plug is fired ignite the air-fule mixture prior to the piston being at the t.d.c..Note that both valves are closed.3.Power strokeThe air-fuel mixture expands, which creates the power to force the piston downward.The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.4.Exhaust strokeAs the piston starts to move upward, the exhaust valve is opened.The piston moving up force the exhaust gases out of the cylinder.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke.This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeated in every as long as the engine remains running.汽缸体的直径成为缸径。

Unit 1The Basic Structure of an AutomobileToday’s average automobile contains more than 15,000 separate parts that they must work together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: engine, body, chassis and electrical equipments. The layout of modern automobile is shown as Fig.1.1.Fig.1.1 Layout of a Modern Automobile✩EngineThe engine supplies the power for the vehicle. Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle and drive the wheels through a power train made up of gears, shafts, and other mechanical and hydraulic components. Most automotive vehicles are powered by a four-stroke-cycle internal combustion engine. The in-line four-cylinder engine and V-type six-cylinder engine are the most widely used, with V-8 engines are also common. Some passenger cars and trucks have diesel engines.✩BodyThe automobile body is the assembly of sheet-metal, plastic or composite material panels together with windows, doors, seats, upholstery and other parts.In older vehicle designs, the frame is a separate rigid structure; newer passenger-car designs have the frame and body structure combined into an integral unit.汽车专业英语✩SuspensionThe suspension supports the weight of the vehicle, absorbs road shocks, transmits brake-reaction forces, helps maintain traction between the tires and the road. The springs may be coil, leaf, torsion bar, or air. Most automotive vehicles have coil springs at the front and either coil or leaf springs at the rear.✩SteeringThe steering system enables the driver to turn the front wheels left or right to control the direction of vehicle travel. Steering systems are classified as either manual steering or power steering, with power assist provided hydraulically or by an electric motor.✩BrakeA brake is a device that uses a controlled force to reduce the speed or to stop a moving vehicle, or to hold the vehicle stationary.✩TransmissionThe transmission is the device in the power train that provides different forward gear ratios between the engine and drive wheels, as well as neutral and reverse. The two types of transmission are manual transmission, which the driver shifts by hand, and automatic transmission, which shifts automatically.In power train, the final drive is the speed-reduction gear set that drives the differential. The differential is the gear assembly between axle shafts that permits one wheel to rotate at a speed different from that of the other (if necessary), while transmitting torque from the final-drive ring gear to the axle shafts.✩Electrical EquipmentMost automotive engines have electronic fuel injection instead of a carburetor. A computer-controlled engine managing system automatically manages various emissions devices and engine operation, including the fuel injection and spark timing.NEW WORDS AND PHRASESautomobile[ ♦☜❍☜♌♓●] n. 汽车average [ ✌☜❒♓♎✞] adj. 平均的，普通的，一般的categories[ ✌♦✋♈☜❒♋✋] n. 种类，类别engine [ ♏⏹♎✞♓⏹] n. 发动机body[ ♌♎♓] n. 汽车车身2Unit 1 The Basic Structure of an Automobilechassis[ ☞✌♦♓] n. 底盘layout[ ●♏♓♋◆♦] n. 布局，安排power [ ☐♋◆☜] n. 动力, 功率automotive [ ♦☜❍☜◆♦♓] adj. 有关汽车的; 机动(车)的vehicle [ ♓♓●] n. 交通工具, 车辆power train 传动系gear [♈♓☜] n. 齿轮，传动装置; vt. 齿轮传动；vi.换挡shaft [☞♐♦] n. 轴mechanical[❍♓✌⏹♓●] adj. 机械学的; 力学的hydraulic[♒♋♓♎❒●♓] adj. 液力的，液压的combustion [ ☜❍♌✈♦♦☞☜⏹] n. 燃烧stroke[♦♦❒☜◆] n. 冲程cylinder [ ♦♓●♓⏹♎☜] n. 汽缸passenger [ ☐✌♦♓⏹♎✞☜] n. 乘客truck[♦❒✈] n. 卡车, 载重汽车diesel[ ♎♓☜●] n. 柴油composite[ ❍☐☜♓♦ ♋♓adj. 复合的，合成的♦]material[❍☜♦✋☜❒✋☜●] n. 材料panel[ ☐✌⏹●] n. 仪表板；控制板；面板upholstery[✈☐♒☜◆●♦♦☜❒♓] n. 车身衬里，内饰frame[♐❒♏♓❍] n. 车架rigid[ ❒♓♎✞♓♎] adj. 刚硬的integral[ ♓⏹♦♓♈❒☜●] adj. 完整的, 整体的suspension[♦☜♦☐♏⏹☞☜⏹] n. 悬挂transmit[♦❒✌⏹❍♓♦] vt. 传送brake-reaction force 制动作用力maintain[❍♏⏹♦♏♓⏹] vt. 保持traction[ ♦❒✌☞☜⏹] n. 驱动力tire[ ♦♋♓☜] n. 轮胎spring[♦☐❒♓☠] n. 弹簧coil[ ♓●] n. 线圈，螺旋(弹簧)leaf[●♓♐] n. 叶片torsion[ ♦☞☜⏹] n. 扭转rear[❒♓☜] n. 后部steering[ ♦♦♓☜❒♓☠] n. 转向装置manual[ ❍✌⏹◆☜●] adj. 手动操作的；n. 手册transmission[♦❒✌⏹❍♓☞☜⏹] n. 传动装置, 变速器3汽车专业英语ratio[ ❒♏♓☞♓☜◆] n. 比；传动比neutral[ ⏹◆♦❒☜●] adj. 空挡的reverse[❒♓☜♦] adj. 相反的, 反向的automatic[ ♦☜❍✌♦♓] adj. 自动的automatically [ ♦☜❍✌♦✋●✋] adv. 自动地final drive 主减速器speed-reduction 减速装置differential[ ♎♓♐☜❒♏⏹☞☜●] n. 差速器axle[ ✌♦●] n. 轴，车桥torque[♦] n. 力矩electronic fuel injection 电子燃油喷射carburetor [ ♌☜❒♏♦☜☎❒✆] n. 化油器spark[♦☐] n. 火花timing[ ♦♋♓❍♓☠] n. (点火、喷油等)正时emission[♓❍♓☞☜⏹] n. 排放NOTES TO THE TEXT1. Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle and drive the rear wheels through a power train made up of gears, shafts, and other mechanical and hydraulic components.大多数汽车发动机位于汽车的前部，通过传动系驱动车轮，动力传动系是由齿轮、轴和其他的机械与液压元件组成的。

Spin control for carsStability control systems are the latest in a string of technologies focusing on improved diriving safety. Such systems detect the initial phases of a skid and restore directional control in 40 milliseconds, seven times faster than the reaction time of the average human. They correct vehicle paths by adjusting engine torque or applying the left- or-right-side brakes, or both, as needed. The technology has already been applied to the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe.Automatic stability systems can detect the onset of a skid and bring a fishtailing vehicle back on course even before its driver can react.Safety glass, seat belts, crumple zones, air bags, antilock brakes, traction control, and now stability control. The continuing progression of safety systems for cars has yielded yet another device designed to keep occupants from injury. Automatic stability systems can detect the onset of a skid and bring a fishtailing vehicle back on course even before its driver can react. Stability control systems help drivers recover from uncontrolled skids in curves, thus avoiding spinouts and accidents.Using computers and an array of sensors, a stability control system detects the onset of a skid and restores directional control more quickly than a human driver can. Every microsecond, the system takes a "snapshot," calculating whether a car is going exactly in the direction it is being steered. If there is the slightest difference between where the driver is steering and where the vehicle is going, the system corrects its path in a split-second by adjusting engine torque and/or applying the cat's left- or right-side brakes as needed. Typical reaction time is 40 milliseconds - seven times faster than that of the average human.A stability control system senses the driver's desired motion from the steering angle, the accelerator pedal position, and the brake pressure while determining the vehicle's actual motion from the yaw rate (vehicle rotation about its vertical axis) and lateral acceleration, explained Anton van Zanten, project leader of the Robert Bosch engineering team. Van Zanten's group and a team of engineers from Mercedes-Benz, led by project manager Armin Muller, developed the first fully effective stability control system, which regulates engine torque and wheel brake pressures using traction control components to minimize the difference between the desired and actual motion.Automotive safety experts believe that stability control systems will reduce the number of accidents, or at least the severity of damage. Safety statistics say that most of the deadly accidents in which a single car spins out (accounting for four percent of all deadly collisions) could be avoided using the new technology. The additional cost of the new systems are on the order of the increasingly popular antilock brake/traction control units now available for cars.The debut of stability control technology took place in Europe on the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe this spring. Developed jointly during the past few years by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz AG, both of Stuttgart, Germany, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC). in Bosch terminology, or the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), as Mercedes calls it, maintains vehicle stability in most driving situations. Bosch developed the system, and Mercedes-Benz integrated it into the vehicle. Mercedes engineers used the state-of-the-art Daimler-Benz virtual-reality driving simulator in Berlin to evaluate the system under extreme conditions, such as strong crosswinds. They then put the system through its paces on the slick ice of Lake Hornavan near Arjeplog, Sweden. Work is currently under way to adapt the technology to buses and large trucks, to avoidjack-knifing, for example.Stability control systems will first appear in mid-1995 on some European S-Class models and will reach the U.S. market during the 1996 model year (November 1995 introduction). It will be available as a $750 option on Mercedes models with V8 engines, and the following year it will be a $2400 option on six-cylinder $1650 of the latter price is for the traction control system, a prerequisite for stability control.Bosch is not alone in developing such a safety system. ITT Automotive of Auburn Hills, Mich., introduced its Automotive Stability Management System (ASMS) in January at the 1995 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. "ASMS is a quantum leap in the evolution of antilock brake systems, combining the best attributes of ABS and traction control into a total vehicle dynamics management system," said Timothy D. Leuliette, ITT Automotive's president and chief executive officer."ASMS monitors what the vehicle controls indicate should be happening, compares that to what is actually happening, then works to compensate for the difference," said Johannes Graber, ASMS program manager at ITT Automotive Europe. ITT's system should begin appearing on vehicles worldwide near the end of the decade, according to Tom Mathues, director of engineering of Brake & Chassis Systems at ITT Automotive North America. Company engineers are now adapting the system to specific car models from six original equipment manufacturers. Company engineers are now adapting the system to specific car models from six original equipment manufacturers.A less-sophisticated and less-effective Bosch stability control system already appears on the 1995 750iL and 850Ci V-12 models from Munich-based BMW AG. The BMW Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system uses the same wheel-speed sensors as traction control and standard anti-lock brake (ABS) systems to recognize conditions that can destabilize a vehicle in curves and corners. To detect such potentially dangerous cornering situations, DSC measures differences in rotational speed between the two front wheels. The DSC system also adds a sensor for steering angle, Utilizes an existing one for vehicle velocity, and introduces its own software control elements in the over allantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-control system.The new Bosch and ITT Automotive stability control systems benefit from advanced technology developed for the aerospace industry. Just as in a supersonic fighter, the automotive stability control units use a sensor-based computer system to mediate between the human controller and the environment - in this case, the interface between tire and road. In addition, the system is built around a gyroscopelike sensor design used for missile guidance.BEYOND ABS AND TRACTION CONTROLStability control is the logical extension of ABS and traction control, according to a Society of Automotive Engineers paper written by van Zanten and Bosch colleagues Rainer Erhardt and Georg Pfaff. Whereas ABS intervenes when wheel lock is imminent during braking, and traction control prevents wheel slippage when accelerating, stability control operates independently of the driver's actions even when the car is free-rolling. Depending on the particular driving situation, the system may activate an individual wheel brake or any combination of the four and adjust engine torque, stabilizing the car and severely reducing the danger of an uncontrolled skid. The new systems control the motion not only during full braking but also during partial braking, coasting, acceleration, and engine drag on the driven wheels, circumstances well beyond what ABS and traction control can handle.The idea behind the three active safety systems is the same: One wheel locking or slipping significantly decreases directional stability or makes steering a vehicle more difficult. If a car must brake on a low-friction surface, locking its wheels should be avoided to maintain stability and steerability.Whereas ABS and traction control prevent undesired longitudinal slip, stability control reduces loss of lateral stability. If the lateral forces of a moving vehicle are no longer adequate at one or more wheels, the vehicle may lose stability, particularly in curves. What the drive"fishtailing" is primarily a turning or spinning around the vehicle's axis. A separate sensor must recognize this spinning, because unlike ABS and traction control, a car's lateral movement cannot be calculated from its wheel speeds.SPIN HANDLERSThe new systems measure any tendency toward understeer (when a car responds slowly to steering changes), or over-steer (when the rear wheels try to swing around). If a car understeers and swerves off course when driven in a curve, the stability control system will correct the error by braking the inner (with respect to the curve) rear wheel. This enables the driver, as in the case of ABS, to approach the locking limit of the road-tire interface without losing control of the vehicle. The stability control system may reduce the vehicle's drive momentum by throttling back the engine and/or by braking on individual wheels. Conversely, if the hteral stabilizing force on the rear axle is insufficient, the danger of oversteering may result in rear-end breakaway or spin-out. Here, the system acts as a stabilizer by applying the outer-front wheel brake. The idea behind the three active safety systems is the same: One wheel locking or slipping significantly decreases directional stability or makes steering a vehicle more difficult. If a car must brake on a low-friction surface, locking its wheels should be avoided to maintain stability and steerability.The influence of side slip angle on maneuverability, the Bosch researchers explained, shows that the sensitivity of the yaw moment on the vehicle, with respect to changes in the steering angle, decreases rapidly as the slip angle of the vehicle increases. Once the slip angle grows beyond a certain limit, the driver has a much harder time recovering by steering. On dry surfaces, maneuverability is lost at slip-angle values larger than approximately 10 degrees, and on packed snow at approximately 4 degrees.Most drivers have little experience recovering from skids. They aren't aware of the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road and have no idea of their vehicle's lateral stability margin. When the limit of adhesion is reached, the driver is usually caught by surprise and very often reacts in the wrong way, steering too much. Oversteering, ITT's Graber explained, causes the car to fishtail, throwing the vehicle even further out of control. ASMS sensors, he said, can quickly detect the beginning of a skid and momentarily activate the brakes at individual wheels to help return the vehicle to a stable line.It is important that stability control systems be user-friendly at the limit of adhesion - that is, to act predictably in a way similar to normal driving.The biggest advantage of stability control is its speed - it can respond immediately not only to skids but also to shifting vehicle conditions (such as changes in weight or tire wear) and road quality. Thus, the systems achieve optimum driving stability by changing the lateral stabilizing forces.For a stability control system to recognize the difference between what the driver wants (desired course) and the actual movement of the vehicle (actual course), current cars require an efficient set of sensors and a greater computer capacity for processing information.The Bosch VDC/ESP electronic control unit contains a conventional circuit board with two partly redundant microcontrollers using 48 kilobytes of ROM each. The 48-kB memory capacity is representative of the large amount of "intelligence" required to perform the design task, van Zanten said. ABS alone, he wrote in the SAE paper, would require one-quarter of this capacity, while ABS and traction control together require only one half of this software capacity.In addition to ABS and traction control systems and related sensors, VDC/ESP uses sensors for yaw rate, lateral acceleration, steering angle, and braking pressure as well as information on whether the car is accelerating, freely rolling, or braking. It obtains the necessary information on the current load condition of the engine from the engine controller. The steering-wheel angle sensor is based on a set of LED and photodiodes mounted in the steering wheel. A silicon-micromachine pressure sensor indicates the master cylinder's braking pressure by measuring the brake fluid pressure in the brake circuit of the front wheels (and, therefore, the brake pressure induced by the driver).Determining the actual course of the vehicle is a more complicated task. Wheel speed signals, which are provided for antilock brakes/traction control by inductive wheel speed sensors, are required to derive longitudinal slip. For an exact analysis of possible movement, however, variables describing lateral motion are needed, so the system must be expanded with two additional sensors - yaw rate sensors and lateral acceleration sensors.A lateral accelerometer monitors the forces occurring in curves. This analog sensor operates according to a damped spring-mass mechanism, by which a linear Hall generator transforms the spring displacement into an electrical signal. The sensor must be very sensitive, with an operating range of plus or minus 1.4 g.YAW RATE GYROAt the heart of the latest stability control system type is the yaw rate sensor, which is similar in function to a gyroscope. The sensor measures the speed at which the car rotates about its vertical axis. This measuring principle originated in the aviation industry and was further developed by Bosch for large-scale vehicle production. The existing gyro market offers two widely different categories of devices: $6000 units for aerospace and navigation systems (supplied by firms such as GEC Marconi Avionics Ltd., of Rochester, Kent, U.K.) and $160 units for videocameras. Bosch chose a vibrating cylinder design that provides the highest performance at the lowest cost, according to the SAE paper. A large investment was necessary to develop this sensor so that it could withstand the extreme environmental conditions of automotive use. At the same time, the cost for the yaw rate sensor had to be reduced so that it would be sufficiently affordable for vehicle use.The yaw rate sensor has a complex internal structure centered around a small hollow steel cylinder that serves as the measuring element. The thin wall of the cylinder is excited with piezoelectric elements that vibrate at a frequency of 15 kilohertz. Four pairs of these piezo elements are arranged on the circumference of the cylinder, with paired elements positioned opposite each other. One of these pairs brings the open cylinder into resonance vibration by applying a sinusoidal voltage at its natural frequency to the transducers; another pair, which is displaced by 90 degrees, stabilizes the vibration. At both element pairs in between, so-called vibration nodes shift slightlydepending on the rotation of the car about its vertical axis. If there is no yaw input, the vibration forms a standing wave. With a rate input, the positions of the nodes and antinodes move around the cylinder wall in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation (Coriolis acceleration). This slight shift serves as a measure for the yaw rate (angular velocity) of the car.Several drivers who have had hands-on experience with the new systems in slippery cornering conditions speak of their cars being suddenly nudged back onto the right track just before it seems that their back ends might break away.Some observers warn that stability controls might lure some drivers into overconfidence in low-friction driving situations, though they are in the minority. It may, however, be necessary to instruct drivers as to how to use the new capability properly. Recall that drivers had to learn not to "pump" antilock brake systems.Although little detail has been reported regarding next-generation active safety systems for future cars (beyond various types of costly radar proximity scanners and other similar systems), it is clear that accident-avoidance is the theme for automotive safety engineers. "The most survivable accident is the one that never happens," said ITT's Graber. "Stability control technology dovetails nicely with the tremendous strides that have been made to the physical structure and overall capabilities of the automobile." The next such safety system is expected to do the same.。

汽车专业英语 pdfThe automotive industry is a vast and ever-evolving field that encompasses the design, manufacture, and maintenance of vehicles. As the industry continues to grow and become more technologically advanced, the need for specialized knowledge and communication skills in the automotive field has become increasingly important. One crucial aspect of this is the understanding and mastery of automotive English, which is the focus of this essay.Automotive English refers to the specific vocabulary, terminology, and language used in the automotive industry. This includes terms related to vehicle components, systems, and technologies, as well as the processes and procedures involved in the design, production, and repair of vehicles. Proficiency in automotive English is essential for a wide range of professionals working in the industry, from engineers and technicians to sales and customer service personnel.One of the primary reasons for the importance of automotive English is the global nature of the automotive industry. Vehicles are manufactured, sold, and serviced around the world, and the industryrelies on effective communication and collaboration across international borders. Automotive English serves as a common language that allows professionals from different countries and backgrounds to effectively communicate and share information.Another key reason for the significance of automotive English is the rapid technological advancements in the industry. As vehicles become more complex and incorporate advanced features and technologies, the language used to describe and discuss these developments has become increasingly specialized and technical. Mastering automotive English is essential for staying up-to-date with the latest trends and developments in the industry.In addition to the technical language, automotive English also encompasses a range of other communication skills that are essential for professionals in the industry. This includes the ability to effectively present technical information to non-technical audiences, such as customers or management, as well as the ability to write clear and concise technical reports and documentation.One of the primary ways that professionals in the automotive industry can develop their proficiency in automotive English is through the use of specialized educational resources, such as textbooks, online courses, and industry-specific training programs. These resources provide a comprehensive overview of theterminology, concepts, and communication skills that are essential for success in the automotive field.For example, many automotive engineering programs at universities and technical schools offer courses that focus specifically on automotive English, covering topics such as vehicle systems, repair procedures, and technical writing. These courses often include hands-on activities and simulations that allow students to apply their knowledge in real-world scenarios.In addition to formal educational programs, there are also a variety of other resources available for professionals looking to improve their automotive English skills. This includes industry-specific publications, such as trade magazines and technical journals, as well as online forums and discussion groups where automotive professionals can share knowledge and best practices.One particularly useful resource for developing proficiency in automotive English is the use of automotive English PDF documents. These documents, which are widely available online, provide a comprehensive overview of the terminology, concepts, and communication skills that are essential for success in the automotive industry. They often include detailed explanations of key terms and concepts, as well as exercises and practice activities to help reinforce the material.Overall, the importance of automotive English cannot be overstated. As the automotive industry continues to evolve and become more globally interconnected, the ability to effectively communicate in the specialized language of the field has become a critical skill for professionals at all levels. Whether you are an engineer, technician, or sales representative, mastering automotive English can open up a world of opportunities and help you to excel in your chosen career.。

班级： 姓名： 学号：一、Translate the following phrases int Chinese or English （每题2分）1、往复式发动机 reciprocating engine2、 空调装置 air conditioning device3、valve train 气门机构 4 、distributorcontact point 分电器触点5、自动变速器 automatic transmission6、盘式制动器 the disk brake7、suspension system 悬架系统 8、steering arm 转向臂9、机油滤清器 oil filter 10、侧气囊 side airbag二、Fill in the blanks with the suitable words or phrases given below,changing the form where necessary.（每题2分）1、 A diesel engine compresses its cylinder air on its compression stroke before any fuel enters the cylinder.2、 The internal combustion engine is the one most commonly used in the automotive field.3、 According to the fuel energy used,the internal combustion engines are also divided into gasoline engines,and diesel engines .4、 The piston converts the potential energy of the fuel into the kinetic energy.In a reciprocating engine, a diesel engine, convert ... into, electric motor, diesel engine, four-stroke cycle,internal combustion engine,engine班级：姓名：学号：5、The power production cycle consists of four strokes of the position in a reciprocating engine .6、The engine is generally considered the "heart" of an automobile.7、This four-stroke cycle of piston within the cylinder is repeated time and again to push the vehicle forward.8、There are actually various types of engines such as electric motors ,steam engines,and internal combustion engines.三、Match the following English phrases in Column A equivalents in ColumnB.（每题2分）A B1.Transmiss ion B2.Parking D3.Start A4.Battery E5.Braking C A.To set into motion,operation,or activityB.An automotive assembly of gears by which power is transmitted from the engine to a driving axleC.To reduce the speed of with or as if with a brakeD.To put or leave (a vehicle) for a time in a certain locationE.A single cell,such as a dry cell,that produces an electric current四、Translate the Chinese given in the brackets into English.（每题2分）1、The tappets are to transmit the force from the camshaft to the班级：姓名：学号：pushrods (把凸轮轴的力传递倒推杆上).2、 The intake valves heat less during operation (进气门在发动机运转中产生的热量较少),since they are cooled by the incoming air or fuel-air mixture on the intake stroke.3、 The valve spring provides the force necessary to close the valve (汽门弹簧产生用来关闭气门的弹力) and hold it tightly against its seat.4、To keep the engine in good working trim, the valve train should undergo regular maintenance (配气机构应该进行定期保养).5、The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for each revolution (每转的做功形成就越长).五、Translate the following brands into corresponding Chinese.（每题2分）1、ROLLS ROYCE 劳斯莱斯2、BUICK 别克3、Cadillac 凯迪拉克4、Jaguar 捷豹Mustang 野马 6、Ford 福特 7、SKODA 斯柯达六、Translate the abbreviations into corresponding Chinese terms.(10分)1、TDC 上止点2、DOHC 双凸轮轴顶置3、OHV 顶置气门4、VVL 可变气门升程班级：姓名：学号：5、EIS 电子点火系统七、Translate the English to Chinese.(20 分)The power train serves two functions:it transmits power from the engine to the drive wheels,and it varies the amount of torque.The power train includes:1 engine:that produces power,2 transmission:either manual or automatic;3 clutch:used only on manual transmission,or torque converter:used only on automatic transmission;4 drive shaft:that transmits the power from transmission to differential;5 differential:that carries the power to the two wheel axles.传动系有两个作用：一、它把发动机的动力传给驱动轮，二、改变扭矩。