长沙理工大学汽车专业英语部分习题翻译

第二章内燃机** 工作原理使用煤气作燃料、成功地以四冲程工作循环进行工作的最早的内燃机由尼古拉斯·奥古斯特·奥托于1876年研制成功。

奥托是一位在道依茨公司（许多年来，一直是世界上最大的内燃机制造商）工作的自学成才的德国工程师。

奥托的助手之一戈特利布·戴姆勒后来研制成功了一台使用汽油的发动机，1885年的4315号专利对该发动机进行了描述。

戴姆勒首次将这种发动机用于汽车上。

汽油机将空气与汽油的可燃混合气吸入气缸，当这些混合气得到压缩后，通过一个定时的火花将可燃混合气点燃。

因此，这样的发动机有时也被称为点燃式（S.I.）发动机。

为了完成一个工作循环，这些发动机的活塞需要走过四个行程：离开气缸盖向外运动，从而吸入空气与燃油的进气行程；向里朝向气缸盖运动，从而使混合气得到压缩的压缩行程；向外运动的做功行程以及向里的排气行程。

进气行程。

进气门开启，排气门关闭。

活塞下行，离开气缸盖（见图2-1a）。

活塞沿着气缸的快速运动导致了压力降低或叫做低压。

在该行程完成三分之一时，此低压会达到低于大气压力约0.3巴的最大值。

实际上产生的低压将取决于发动机的转速和负荷，而一个典型的平均值为低于大气压力0.12巴。

这个低压会将按照10~17份空气与1份汽油的比例（重量比）进行混合的新鲜空气与雾化汽油的混合物吸入气缸。

一种利用缸内低压来实现进气的发动机被称为“通常进气”或“自然吸气”式发动机。

压缩行程。

进、排气门都关闭。

活塞开始上行，朝向气缸盖运动（见图2-1b）。

在活塞达到最内的位置时，进入气缸的混合气会被压缩到原始气缸容积的1/8~1/10。

这种压缩使空气和雾化的汽油分子会靠的更近，并且不仅提高了缸内气体压力，而且还提高了温度。

一般，在节气门全开、发动机运转在大负荷下，最大的气缸压缩压力范围在8~14巴之间。

做功行程。

进、排气门全关闭，并且就在活塞到达压缩行程的上止点之前，火花塞将浓可燃混合气点燃（见图2-1c）。

1.These parts can be grouped into four major categories; body, engine, chassis and electrical system.2.The internal combustion engine is most common; this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder.3.The chassis includes the power train, steering, suspension, and braking systems.4. A power train can include a clutch for manual transmission or a torque converter for automatic transmission, a transmission, a drive shaft, final driveand differential gears and driving axles.5.Basic types are: leaf springs, coil springs and torsion bars.6. A basic ignition system consists of the battery, low-lension cables, the ignition coil, distributor, coil high-tension cable, spark plug cables and sparkplugs.7.The operating strokes are: induction stroke, compression stroke, power stroke, exhaust stroke.8.The major parts of engine are engine block, engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves.9.These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubrication system and exhaust system.10.The dry clutch mechanism includes three basic parts: driving member, driven member and operating members.11.The spur gears are mounted on four shafts: primary shaft (input shaft), layshaft (countershaft), mainshaft, and reverse idler shaft.12.The three types of braking systems are in use today: service braking system, parking braking system and additional retarding-braking system.13.It has five basic parts: the receiver, expansion valve, evaporator, compressor, and condenser.14.The three normally adjustable angles are caster, camber, and toe.段落一．Elements of the Power TrainThe elements of the power train must meet the following requirements;1)enable driving away,2)convert torque and speed,3)enable different directions of rotation for driving forward and backward,4)transmit tractive and pushing forces,5)permit different rotational speeds of the drive wheels when cornering,6)guarantee optimum operation of the engine (or electric motor ) in terms of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions.Standstill, driving-away and power interruption are made possible by operation the clutch .During driving away, the clutch slips and bridges the difference in rotational speed between engine and power train. When different operating conditions call for a shift of gear, the clutch separates the power train during shifting.Engine torque and engine speed are converted in the transmission in accordance with the tractive-power demand of the vehicle. The transmission design is influenced by the position of the engine and driven axle. Overall conversion takes place usually in a manually shifted transmission with variable transmission ratios and in a final drive with a constant transmission ratio. Nowadays, positive-locking transmissions with toothed gears as the most important elements are of even greater significance than non-positive friction-type transmissions.Two types of toothed-gear transmission are predominant: spur-gear transmissions of the countershaft type as manually shifted transmissions, and planetary-gear transmissions as power-shift transmissions. In addition, transmissions permit the different directions of rotation required for driving forward and backward.Final drive turns the drive through 90°and reduces the speed of the drive by a set amount to the vehicle.The differential provides for the equalization of the different axle and wheel speeds when cornering and for uniform distribution of the drive torque.二.The Hydrodynamic Coupling1. Hydrodynamic CouplingConventionally, the hydrodynamic coupling, also known as the Fötttinger coupling, has an impeller and a turbine wheel with vanes that usually extend in the radial direction. The impeller is often expanded to form a housing which surrounds the turbine. Since, due to the absence of an inner ring, there is no possibility of diverting the oil flow, the turbine torque is equal to the pump torque;公式Therefore 公式The index number depends on the design, the vane angle and the degree of filling of the coupling. The main working area of an hydrodynamic coupling is at v=0.9.2. Hydrodynamic ConverterThe hydrodynamic converter, also known as the Trilok or Fötttinger converter, is capable of operating in two phases: with torque increase in the first phase, and as a hydrodynamic coupling in the second phase. The usual design has three impellers:1) The pump, which is connected to the engine, acts like a centrifugal pump to produce the flow energy of a fluid.2) The turbine, which is connected to the transmission input, converts the flow energy back into mechanical energy.3) The reactor between turbine and pump diverts the flow of the fluid.Thus, the torque output is higher than the pump torque input from the engine. The torque increaseμμ=Mt/Mp is all the higher, the greater the speed difference (slip）between the pump and turbine. Withυ=0, i.e. with the turbine braked to a standstill (stall point, drive-away point), torque conversion reaches its maximum value and falls virtually linearly with rising turbine speed to a torque ratio of 1:1 at the coupling point. Above the coupling point, the reactor, which is supported on the housing by a one-way clutch, runs, torque-free, in the flow. Thus, the converter is now a clutch without torque conversion.For automobiles, the vane geometries are such that, at the drive-away point, the maximum torque increase μA is between 2 and 2.5. The hydraulic efficiencyηhydr=υμis similar in the conversion range to the speed ratioμand reaches values around 97% at high speed.Fluid couplings form the input element of automatic transmissions (in conjunction with planetary-gear trains, clutches, brakes and one-way clutches) and also of manually shifted transmissions in the form converter and clutch unit.三．Constant-mesh TransmissionFig.3-6 illustrates the flow of torque through a typical constant-mesh transmission. This type uses helical or double helical gears which are always in mesh. The mainshaft gear wheels are mounted on bearings and when a gear is required the mainshaft gear is locked to the shaft by a dog clutch.Although the mechanical efficiency is lower the helical gears are quieter and any damage resulting from a bad gear change occurs to the dog teeth instead of the actual gear teeth.元素的力量训练动力传动的要素必须符合下列要求;1)使开车逃走,2)把转矩和速度,3)使不同方向的旋转带动向前和向后,四)推进传送叶轮力量,5)允许不同转速时的驱动轮转弯时,六)保证了优化运行的引擎(或电机)从油耗和尾气排放。

第4章转向与悬架系统** 转向系统转向系统的设计目的是让驾驶员以最小的力将前轮向左或向右摆动，并且不能让转向盘有过大的运动量。

虽然驾驶员能轻松地使车轮摆动，但是道路的冲击却不被传递给驾驶员。

** 转向系统的基本组成基本的转向系统（见图4-1）可分为三个主要总成：·转向节转向臂总成；·连接转向臂和转向器的转向传动机构；·转向盘、转向轴和转向器总成。

图4-1 转向系统基本组成** 转向系统的类型转向系统可分为两种类型：人力转向系统与动力转向系统。

在人力转向系统中，驾驶员完成转动转向盘、转向器和车轮的全部工作。

而在动力转向系统中，利用液压动力辅助转向或电动动力辅助转向，来减小转动转向盘所需要操纵力。

目前使用的转向器有三种类型：循环球式转向器、蜗杆滚轮是转向器和齿轮齿条是转向器。

** 动力转向系统齿轮齿条式液压动力转向系统。

该系统的组成包括：机械式齿轮齿条转向器、液压工作缸和活塞、旋转滑阀、油泵、限压阀和储液罐（见图4-2）。

图4-2一种带有旋转滑阀的齿轮齿条式液压动力转向系统电控液压动力转向系统——Servotronic。

Servotronic是一种液压助力会随着行车速度而变化的的电子控制齿轮齿条动力转向系统。

在低速时，可获得最大助力。

随着车速的增加液压助力减小。

因此，Servotronic是一种速敏式动力转向系统。

Servotronic的组成部件有：车速表、ECU、齿轮传统式液压转向器、储液罐、电控液压变换器和油泵（见图4-3）。

图4-3 Servotronic——一种电控液压动力转向系统电动转向——Servoletric。

使用Servoletric电动转向系统（见图4-4），转向助力由电子控制的电动机所产生。

只有在需要时，才接通电动机。

通过一根带有力矩传感器的扭杆来测量驾驶员所加的转向力矩，另外还通过车速传感器来测量车速。

这两个信号被送往ECU。

ECU利用程序图计算所需的转向力矩和力的传递方向，然后给电动机发送相关输出信号。

第6章汽车电气与电子系统** 铅酸蓄电池与电路保护装置** 铅酸蓄电池铅酸蓄电池（见图6-1）是一种产生电压和输出电流的电化学装置。

蓄电池是今天的汽车所用的主要电能来源。

当充电时，蓄电池将电能转变成化学能。

当放电时，它将化学能转变成电能，从而产生电流。

图6-1 蓄电池的构造** 电路保护装置必须对电路进行保护，以防电路短路（意外触地）而导致线路烧毁。

还要对电气设备进行保护以防过载。

在电路中，电路保护装置必须与所要保护的电气设备或线路串联连接。

常见的电路保护装置有熔断器、易熔线和电路断电器，见表6-1。

所有的汽车熔断器通常都装在一个被称为熔断器盒或继电器盒（见图6-2和图6-3）的支架上。

一条电路可以用一个用作熔断器的特种导线来保护。

这根线被称为易熔线。

电路断电器通过双金属片和一组触点来电路的其他部分供电。

当电流超过断电器额定电流值时，双金属片就会发热并弯曲，从而将触点断开。

一旦冷却下来，电路断电器会将电路重新闭合。

继电器用来传导一个能使一只开关过热而损坏的大电流。

继电器是一些能使电路触点闭合的电磁开关。

大多数继电器通常都装在继电器盒或接线盒（J/B）内。

表6-1 丰田汽车电路图所用的电路保护装置Illustration 图Symbol 符号Name 名称Abbraviation缩写Fuse熔断器FuseMedium current fuseM-Fuse中电流熔断器High current fuseH-Fuse大电流熔断器Fusible linkFL易熔线Circuit breakerCB电路断电器Array图6-2 熔断器盒、继电器盒和接线盒在乘用车上的位置图6-3 一辆厢式车的熔断器盒、继电器盒和接线盒的位置** 充电系统充电系统利用发动机的转动来发电，以便给蓄电池充电和提供操作各种汽车电气系统所需的电能。

现代汽车充电系统的组成包括发电机和电压调节器（见图6-4和图6-5）。

图6-4 典型的交流发电机图6-5 一台典型的交流发电机（带电压调节器）零件分解图** 起动系统现代内燃机都利用电起动机来起动。

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汽车工程专业英语全文翻译一当今的汽车一般都由15000多个分散、独立且互相配合的零部件组成。

这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气设备。

Body：车身Engine：发动机Brakes：制动器Power train：传动系Steering：转向系Electrical：电器及电子设备Suspension：悬架Layout of a passenger car：乘用车总布置Layout of a commercial vehicle：商用车总布置1.1 车身汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳发动机发动机作为动力装置。

最常见的发动机气缸的排列方式称为发动机配置。

直列式发动机的汽缸呈一列布置。

这个设计创造了一个简单的发动机缸体铸造。

在车辆应用中，汽缸数一般是2-6缸，汽缸中心线与程度面垂直。

当汽缸数增多时，发动机尺寸和曲轴就成为一个问题。

解决这个问题的方法就是采用V形〔汽缸呈两列布置，且两列气缸之间夹角为V形〕发动机。

这个设计使发动机尺寸和曲轴都变得更短且更坚硬。

前置发动机纵向安装，既可前轮驱动也可后轮驱动。

后置发动机是将发动机安装在后轮后面。

发动机可横置或纵置，一般情况下为后轮驱动。

1.4 电气系统电气系统为起动机、点火系统、照明灯具、取暖器提供电能。

该电平由一个充电电路维护。

1.4.1 充电充电系统为所有汽车电子元件提供电能。

充电系统主要包括：蓄电池，交流发电机，电压调节器，即通常是交流发电机上不可或缺的，充电警告或指示灯和金属丝连成一个完好电路。

蓄电池为起动提供电能,然后发动机工作，交流发电机就为所有的电子元件提供电能。

同时也给蓄电池充电即用来使发动机起动。

电压调节器有过充保护作用。

1.4.2 起动起动系统包括：蓄电池、电缆、起动机、飞轮和换向器。

起动时，有两个动作同时运行，该起动机齿轮与飞轮齿圈啮合，并起动电机，然后运行传输到发动机曲轴。

起动机电机将起动机安装在发动机缸体上并由电池供电。

第一单元轿车简述Exercise 11. F2. F3. T4. T5. T.Exercise 21.小旅行车2. original cost3. 中型轿车4. gas mileage5. 维修费用6. maintenance access7. 四门轿车Exercise 31. financial2. compact3. wheelbase4. approximately5. back seats6. crash-protection7. economy-minded8. trade-off9. trunk 10. powerfulExercise 41. have been developed into many different body styles befitting their varied uses.2. provide the best handling and easiest maneuvering and parking3. usually have 4-cylinder engine4. superior to the full-size models5. vary from region to regionExercise 51. 可变气门相位和升程电子控制装置2.上止点3.每分钟转数4.单顶置凸轮5. 双顶置凸轮6. 下止点Exercise 61. D2. F3. A4. G5. I6. B7. H8. K9. C10. M 11. E 12. N 13. J 14. O 15. LExercise 71. C2. E3. A4. J5. B6. H7. D8. F9. G 10. IExercise 81. high2. transmission3. idle speed4. out of adjustment第二单元汽车发动机介绍Exercise 11. T2. T3. F4. F5. FExercise 21.内燃机2. ignition coil3. 做功冲程4. intake and exhaust valve5. 气门座6. air-fuel mixture7. 气缸体8. compression stroke9. 活塞环10. insulated wireExercise 31. engine2. Cylinder heads3. Crankshaft4. fuel5. the combustion6. An engine block7. wheel8. Piston9. automobile 10. flywheelExercise 41. supply power for an automobile2. is the most complicated3. is the fastest developing industry4. the engine burns the fuel within the cylinders5. the first person to successfully build the type of engineExercise 51.代用燃料汽车2.高科技汽车3.混和动力电动车4. 在节气门上方5. 发动机控制系6. 发动机控制模块Exercise 61. C2. E3. I4. A5. H6. J7. B8. G9. D 10. F 11. L 12.KExercise 71. D2. G3. A4. J5. B6. H7. C8. F9. E 10. IExercise 81.D2. A3. F4. H5. B6. I7. G8. C9. E第三单元润滑和冷却系统Exercise 11. F2. T3. F4. F5. TExercise 21. 润滑系统2. oil filter3.滤油网4. pressure regulator valve5. 滤料，过滤介质6. engine oil7. 机油泵/油泵8. drain plug9. 油底壳10. worm gearExercise 31. lubrication system2. pressure-regulator valve3. gears4. Engine oil5. oil filter6. oil pump7. filter media8. oil screen9. oil pans 10.splashing oilExercise 41. deliver clean oil at the correct temperature and pressure to every part of the engine2. makes the engine oil circulate through the engine3. Without engine oil4. cools the engine5. removes the particulates and crudExercise 51. 传统点火系统2.电子点火系统3.点火4. 点火上止点5. 直接点火6. 无分电器点火Exercise 61. C2. E3. G4. A5. F6. J7. B8. M9. D 10. K11. N12. H 13. I 14. LExercise 71. D2. C3. G4. A5. B6. I7. E8. F9. J 10. H Exercise 81. gauge2. water pump3. thermostat4. twice第四单元传动系介绍Exercise 11.T2.F3.T4. T5.FExercise 21.后传动轴2. drive wheel3. 传动系4. oil pressure5. 离合器踏板6. torque converter7. 低速档，低档8. ring gear9. 变速杆10. planet gearExercise 31. Power2. drive wheels3. automatic4. clutch pedal5. shift valve6. Manual7. hydraulic systems8. low range9. gear 10. sun gear Exercise 41. transmits power from the engine to the drive wheels2. you have to shift the gears yourself3. all working together in perfect harmony4. all remaining in constant mesh5. allows the gears to spinExercise 51.前轮驱动2. 后轮驱动3. 四轮驱动4. 输出功率5. 动力传动系控制模块6. 动力分配装置Exercise 61. C2. E3. G4. A5. H6. B7. K8. D9. L 10. F 11.I 12. JExercise 71. E2. G3. A4. J5. C6. B7. I8. D9. F 10. H 11. L 12. K Exercise 81. out of alignment2. weak3. steering linkage4. worn第五单元自动点火系统Exercise 11. T2.F3.F4.T5.FExercise 21. ignition system2.次级电路3. high voltage4. 火花塞5. firing order6.分电器触点7. ignition switch8. 点火线圈初级绕组9. connecting wiring 10. 磁场Exercise 31.spark plug.2. responsible for3. negative terminal4. designed to5. distributor6. nothing more than7. ignition wires8. ignition switch9. electronic ignition system10. distributor capExercise 41. jump across the gap of a spark plug2. triggering the ignition coil to generate a spark3. which also must be insulated from each other.4. endure the heat of a running engine5. be routed to the correct cylinder.Exercise 51.顶置双凸轮轴2. 顶置单凸轮轴3. 顶置气门4. 电子控制装置5. 三菱新气门相位和升程电子控制装置6. 智能可变气门相位7. 智能可变气门相位和升程电子控制装置 8. 可变气门升程Exercise 61. D2. F3. A4. H5. B6. I7. K8. C9. J 10. E 11. G Exercise 71. C2. F3. A4. I5. B6. D7. J8. E9. G 10. H Exercise 81. repaired2. be tightened3. parts4. rubbing column。

Unit 1 Development History of AutomobileExercises1. Questions to the Text.1) How many stages have the birth of the car experienced?The birth of the car have experienced three stages.2) Who invented the internal combustion engine?In 1866, Count Nicholas Otto put forward the famous working cycle theory of internal combustion engine, namely "Otto cycle".3) Which country is the birthplace of modern cars?Germany is the birthplace of modern cars.4) What is the new direction for the development of automotive applications?New energy, especially electric energy, has become the most likely application development direction of automotive industry in recent years.2. Translate the Following Words into Chinese.1) ve hicle 汽车2) environment 环境3) standardized 标准化4) enterprise 公司5) monopoly垄断6) electric energy电能3. Translate the Following Sentences into Chinese.1) In 21 Century, human beings are facing more serious problems such as resource shortage, energy shortage, and environmental pollution and so on. Energy conservation, environmental protection and safety have become the eternal theme of the development of the automobile industry.进入21世纪，人类面临着资源短缺、能源短缺、环境污染等更为严重的问题。

Photo courtesy Honda Motor Co., Ltd.Double-wishbone suspension on Honda Accord 2005 Coupe.When people think of automobile performance, they normally think of horsepower, torque and zero-to-60 acceleration. But all of the power generated by a piston engine is useless if the driver can't control the car. That's why automobile engineers turned their attention tothe suspension system almost as soon as they had mastered the four-stroke internal combustion engine.The job of a car suspension is to maximize the friction between the tires and the road surface, to provide steering stability with good handling and to ensure the comfort of the passengers. In this article, we'll explore how car suspensions work, how they've evolved over the years and where the design of suspensions is headed in the future.If a road were perfectly flat, with no irregularities, suspensions wouldn't be necessary. But roads are far from flat. Even freshly paved highways have subtle imperfections that can interact with the wheels of a car. It's these imperfections that apply forces to the wheels. According to Newton's laws of motion, all forces have both magnitude and direction. A bump in the road causes the wheel to move up and down perpendicular to the road surface. The magnitude, of course, depends on whether the wheel is striking a giant bump or atiny speck. Either way, the car wheel experiences a vertical acceleration as it passes over an imperfection.Without an intervening structure, all of wheel's vertical energy is transferred to the frame, which moves in the same direction. In such a situation, the wheels can lose contact with the road completely. Then, under the downward force of gravity, the wheels can slam back into the road surface. What you need is a system that will absorb the energy of the vertically accelerated wheel, allowing the frame and body to ride undisturbed while the wheels follow bumps in the road.照片由本田汽车有限公司，双横臂悬架在本田雅阁2005跑车。

汽车专业英语课文翻译汽车专业英语是一门涵盖广泛的学科，它涵盖了汽车工程学、汽车设计学、汽车制造学、汽车维修学等多个领域。

学习汽车专业英语是非常有必要的，因为这是一个国际化的语言，同时也是在汽车行业工作所必要掌握的技能之一。

下面是一篇汽车专业英语课文，通过对其进行翻译，可以更好地理解其中的内容。

原文：Car Engine LubricationThe importance of lubrication in the engine of a car cannot be overemphasized. Without proper lubrication, the moving parts of anengine would grind agnst each other, causing unnecessary wear and tearon the engine and ultimately leading to its premature flure.Lubrication is accomplished by an oil pump that circulates oil throughout the engine. The oil serves as a lubricant between the moving parts, reducing friction and preventing metal-to-metal contact. The oil also acts as a cooling agent, carrying away heat generated by the engine.Oil filters are used to remove impurities from the oil, which can cause damage to the engine if not removed. Over time, the oil in an engine becomes contaminated and loses its viscosity, or thickness. It is important to regularly change the oil in a car to ensure that it continues to provide proper lubrication and cooling.Synthetic oils are becoming increasingly popular for use in car engines. Synthetic oils are engineered to provide superior lubrication and are more resistant to breaking down and losing their viscosity overtime. They also provide better protection agnst wear and tear and can improve fuel efficiency.Overall, proper lubrication is essential for the longevity and performance of a car engine. Regularly changing the oil and using high-quality synthetic oils can help to ensure that a car engine remns in top condition.译文：汽车发动机润滑汽车发动机的润滑问题不可忽视。