Biodegradable in situ gel-forming controlled drug delivery system

第7卷第5期 中国药剂学杂志Vol. 7 No. 5 2009年9月 Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutics Sep. 2009 p.365 文章编号：(2009)05-0365-07氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶的制备及体外释放行为的考察贾 强，王可可，韩 飞，刘洪卓，李三鸣(沈阳药科大学 药学院，辽宁 沈阳 110016)摘要：目的制备氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶并考察其体外释放行为。

方法通过对凝胶因子、抗凝剂的用量等因素的考察，制备氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶。

建立氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶的体外分析方法，考察凝胶中各组分对其释放的影响。

结果 制备了氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶，并确定氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶的最优处方。

抗凝剂的种类及用量是影响氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶体外释放的主要因素，凝胶因子的用量对氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶体外释放的影响不大。

结论氟比洛芬有机原位凝胶能延长药物的释放时间，是一种新型药物剂型。

关键词：药剂学；氟比洛芬；有机原位凝胶；制备；体外释放中图分类号：R94 文献标志码：A原位凝胶可分为聚合物原位凝胶和有机原位凝胶两大类。

目前研究较多的是温敏型的聚合物原位凝胶[1]，主要是由PLA/PLGA及其共聚物等聚合物和溶解聚合物的溶剂组成。

由于聚合物原位凝胶存在突释现象等缺点，可能会引起组织刺激性和全身毒性[2]，此外，聚合物降解产生的酸性代谢物也会影响药物的稳定性[3]，而有机原位凝胶可以避免上述情况的发生，它是以小分子有机化合物为凝胶因子，在很低的浓度下，通过氢键力、静电力、疏水力以及π-π相互作用使大多数有机溶剂凝胶化而形成原位凝胶。

这类凝胶因子在溶剂中能自发地聚集、组装成有序的结构，进而使整个体系凝胶化[4]。

有机原位凝胶可直接用于病变部位，延长药物释放周期，减少给药剂量，降低药物不良反应，避免植入剂开刀植入时的痛苦，而且工艺简单[5]。

本文作者合成了生物可降解性的氨基酸类衍生物凝胶因子，并以注射用大豆油为油相，辅以无水乙醇制成室温下为液态的原位凝胶。

Fabrication of high-viscosity biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/solid epoxy(SE)/carboxyl-ended polyester(CP)blendsHaibo Li,1Yu Luo,1Rongrong Qi,1Jie Feng,1Jian Zhu,1Yuzhuo Hong,1Zhengming Feng,1Pingkai Jiang21School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai200240,China2Shanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation&Thermal Aging,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai200240,China Correspondence to:R.Qi(E-mail:rrqi@)ABSTRACT:Expanding the applications of poly(butylene succinate)(PBS)in processing fields requiring high melt strength,PBS/solid epoxy(SE)/carboxyl-ended polyester(CP)blends with high melt viscosity were fabricated by the in-situ crosslinking reaction using SE and CP.The influence of SE/CP had been studied in terms of the rheological property,crystallization behavior,and mechanical property of PBS.The results showed that the melt viscosity of PBS could be enhanced significantly by three orders of magnitude, when the loading ratio of SE to CP was over15/15.Furthermore,it had also been found that SE/CP component had positive impact on the mechanical properties of PBS,inclusive of reduction of brittleness.V C2015Wiley Periodicals,Inc.J.Appl.Polym.Sci.2015,132, 42193.KEYWORDS:biodegradable;blends;mechanical properties;viscosity and viscoelasticityReceived26November2014;accepted16March2015DOI:10.1002/app.42193INTRODUCTIONWith the wide spread and huge consumption in the last few decades,engineering plastics have brought great convenience to our daily life.However,owing to the difficulty in degradation of plastics after disposal,using of plastics has given rise to a more serious problem of white pollution,threatening the envi-ronment.1Thus,there are a growing number of researches focusing on biodegradable polymer resins.Among them,the ali-phatic polyesters have received more attention and shown a brighter future according to their excellent biodegradability,bio-compatibility,and processibility.2,3Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS),as one kind of the aliphatic polyesters,possesses various advantages,including relatively higher melting point,good mechanical properties,and favorable nature for processing,over the other common biodegradable aliphatic polyesters such as poly(ethylene succinate),poly(ethylene adipate),and poly(buty-lene adipate)(PBA).4,5Besides,when exposed to the proper enzymes produced by various micro-organisms,plants,and ani-mals in nature,PBS can be readily decomposed into carbon dioxide and water.Moreover,PBS only degrades under the attack by micro-organisms but preserves its stability during usual storage and utilization.4With the continuous demanding for high-performance polymer materials,polymer modification has been a hotspot in polymer materials and engineering fields.For PBS,the low melt strength and melt viscosity resulting from the highly linear chain structure and weak intermolecular interaction limit its application,espe-cially in those areas that high melt viscosity is required for poly-mer melt,such as film blowing,foaming,and spinning.2,5,6The mechanical properties of pristine PBS are also not good enough. Thus,many efforts have been paid to improve PBS melt viscosity and to reinforce PBS.In general,the enhancement of PBS melt strength and melt viscosity can be realized by many methods.For example,chain extension using chain-extending agents to couple two polymer chains thus improving the PBS molecular weight;7–9 crosslinking of PBS via peroxide10,11or irradiation by electron-beam,12,13c-ray,14,15or ultraviolet;16copolymerization with a small amount of tri-functional monomer(e.g.,triols)to intro-duce long-chain branches to increase the entanglement among polymer chains in melt resulting in the improvement of melt vis-cosity;5,6,17,18stretched blown bottle,foamed films and fibrillated materials,and highly expanded foamed articles based on PBS have been successfully prepared after improving the melt strength of PBS.6,19As for the modification of PBS mechanical properties, natural cellulose filler(e.g.,wood flour,white straw and sisal-fiber20,21)and inorganic nanoparticles,including organoclay,22 carbon nanotubes,23and polysilsesquioxane(POSS)24have been found effectively to reinforce pristine PBS.In our previous study,we found that carboxyl-ended polyester (CP)and solid epoxy(SE)could effectively enhance the meltV C2015Wiley Periodicals,Inc.strength and melt viscosity of PLA through the in-situ crosslink-ing reaction investigated by rheological properties.25In light of the aliphatic polyesters of PBS and PLA,a similar viscosity improvement effect of SE/CP on PBS may be expected because of their similar chemical structure.Thus,SE and CP are used to improve the melt viscosity of PBS and fabricate PBS/SE/CP blends.The properties of PBS/SE/CP blends were carefully char-acterized,including rheological,thermal,mechanical property, and microscopic morphology.Furthermore,PBS foams were also successfully prepared by the PBS/SE/CP blends through a common compressing molding method.EXPERIMENTALMaterialsPBS with a melt flow index of30g/10min(190 C/2.16kg)and a density of1.26g/mL,was purchased from Anqing Hexing Chemicals,Anhui Province,China.CP(P5980;weight-average molecular weight53000determined by gel permeation chroma-tography)and SE(E903,epoxy equivalent5700g/mol obtained from the technical data sheet)were kindly supplied by DSM, Heerlen,Holland.Antioxidant1010and168were purchased from Ciba Specialty Chemicals,Shanghai,China.Preparation of PBS/SE/CP BlendsThe preparation of PBS/SE/CP blends is following our previous work.26PBS pellets were fed first on a two-roll mill at a temper-ature of$100 C for4min,then the other ingredients were uni-formly mixed with PBS according to the formulations in Table I for10min at the same temperature.After this blending process, the as-obtained resins were compressed into flat sheet with a thickness of1or3mm on a compressing-molding machine at a temperature of160 C and pressure10MPa for20min,and subsequently cooled at room temperature for5min. CharacterizationGel Content Measurement.The PBS/SE/CP blends were kept at 160 C for20min first,then the weight of the original sample was recorded as W1and the vacuum drying(60 C for24h) sample as W2after Soxhlet extraction by hot chloroform at a temperature of100 C for48h.Gel content was calculated by the following equation:Gel content5W2W13100%Rheological Properties.For the rheological behavior investiga-tion,samples were pressed into plates with thickness in1mm on the compressing-molding machine at160 C under a pressure of10MPa for about20min and subsequently cooled at room temperature for5min.The rheological measurement was car-ried out on a Gemini200Rheometer instrument(Malvern Instruments,Worcestershire,UK).Frequency sweep for the samples was performed under nitrogen atmosphere at160 C through a parallel plate of25mm in diameter and1mm in plate spacing.A strain sweep test was initially conducted to determine the linear viscoelastic region of samples.Afterward, testing was operated under the condition of strain at5%and angular frequency in the range of0.01–100rad/s.Finally,Gem-ini200software was used to analyze the data.Differential Scanning Calorimeter(DSC).DSC analysis was performed on a DSC-7(PerkinElmer,Waltham,MA).A total of 5–10mg of blends were weighed and sealed in an aluminum crucible.Then,under the atmosphere of N2,a sample was heated up from20to160 C at a rate of20 C/min and held for 3min to eliminate the thermal history.And then,the sample was cooled to20 C at a cooling rate of10 C/min(first scan) and finally reheated to160 C from20 C at a rate of10 C/min (second scan).The crystallization temperature(T c)and enthalpy of fusion (D H c)were determined from the DSC exotherm curves in first scan,whereas the melting temperature(T m)from endotherm curves in second scan.The degree of crystallinity of PBS(X c) was approximately calculated by below equation:X c5D H cv D H0m3100%D H c:the experimental crystallization enthalpy of PBS crystals; v:the weight fraction of PBS in PBS/SE/CP blends;andD H0m:D H0m5110J/g,the melting enthalpy of fusion for com-pletely crystalline PBS.6,27Polarized Optical Microscope(POM).Crystallization morphol-ogy of the specimens was studied by the POM(LEICA DM LP; Leica Microsystems GmbH,Wetzlar,Germany).All samples were first heated to180 C and kept for3min,and then cooled from melt to the selected crystallization temperature of$40 C at a rapid cooling rate.The PBS spherulites were observed after isothermal crystallization for30min.Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).To study the morphol-ogy of blends,SEM S-2150(Hitach,Tokyo,Janpan)was used to characterize the freezing fracture surface of PBS,and PBS/SE/Table I.Formulations for PBS/SE/CP BlendsSamples PBS(phr)SE(phr)CP(phr)1010(phr)168(phr)PBS100000.50.5100/5/5100550.50.5100/10/1010010100.50.5100/15/1510015150.50.5100/20/2010020200.50.5100/25/2510025250.50.5Table II.The Extraction Experiment Results of PBS/SE/CP BlendsSamples Composition Content ofSE/CP(%)Gelcontent(%)PBS10000.5 PBS/SE/CP100/5/59.0 6.7 PBS/SE/CP100/10/1016.714.5 PBS/SE/CP100/15/1523.123.8 PBS/SE/CP100/20/2028.630.1 PBS/SE/CP100/25/2533.335.9CP blends after being corrosive by chloroform to remove PBS component.Mechanical Properties.Tensile tests were performed on Instron 4465(Instron Corp,Norwood,MA)machine with a crosshead speed of 50mm/min according to the ASTM D638standard.The test values were the average values of at least five specimens for each sample.As to the notched Izod impact strength tests,the measurement were carried out on Universal Pendulum Impact Tester (RAY-RAY Test Equipment Ltd.,Warwickshire,UK)in accordance with GB/T 1843-2008standard.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSReaction Between PBS,SE,and CPPBS are usually synthesized via the polycondensation of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol,and some residual groups,such as hydroxyl,carboxyl groups may exist in the end of PBS chain segments as terminal groups which may facilitate PBS to react with other compounds containing hydroxyl,carboxyl or epoxy groups.7,8In our PBS/SE/CP system,three main types of reac-tions were likely to happen,namely crosslinking reaction between SE and CP ,transesterification of PBS and CP ,and con-densation reaction between PBS and SE.25We intended to investigate the probable reaction types in PBS/SE/CP system through FTIR.However,the overlapping of absorption band and complexity of spectrum made it too difficult to figure out what kind of reactions happened during processing.Thus,the Soxhlet extraction was performed to qualitatively state that reac-tions did exist between PBS,SE,and CP .Table II presents the extraction experiment results of PBS/SE/CP blends.With the increase of SE/CP content,the gel content rises all the time,even though it is not beyond the original con-tent of SE/CP until the content of SE/CP is more than 15/15.The result may be because the reaction extent between PBS,SE,and CP is affected by the content of SE/CP .When SE/CP con-tent is below 15/15,curing reaction is only partially finished because of the segregation of PBS chains hindering the cross-linking reaction.After more and more SE/CP is incorporated into PBS/SE/CP ,degree of curing reaction is improved gradu-ally,which means more complete reaction between SE and CP ,and even PBS taking into the curing reaction.From the discus-sion above,we believe that the crosslinking reaction carries out between multifunctional groups in PBS,SE,and CP .And the influence of SE/CP incorporation on PBS properties would be discussed in detail later.Rheological PropertiesAs mentioned above,the low melt strength and melt viscosity of pristine PBS imped its applications in processing fields in which high melt viscosity is usually necessary.In our previous research,the SE/CP was found to greatly improve the melt vis-cosity of PLA.25Similar to that study,we attempted to increase the melt strength of PBS by introducing SE/CP into PBS and the rheological property characterization was made to study the effect of SE/CP on the melt viscosity of PBS.Figure 1gives the curves of complex viscosity,g *,as a function of angular frequency,x .From Figure 1,one can clearly see that the complex viscosity of PBS/SE/CP blends has a significant increase (1–3orders of magnitude)compared with that of pris-tine PBS when the loading of SE/CP is only over 15/15.The fact is a little different from our results in PLA/SE/CP system before,in which the melt viscosity of PLA/SE/CP composites had been improved for all samples,even when the loading of SE/CP was rather low.25In PLA/SE/CP system,the curing reac-tion temperature of PLA,SE and CP was 180 C,20 C higher than that of PBS/SE/CP system.As discussed before,25the cross-linking reaction degree of SE/CP mainly depended on reaction temperature.On the contrary,the dispersion of CP and SE in PBS matrix is good,and this may weaken the interaction between CP and SE.The partially cured reaction for PBS/SE/CP in lower temperature could only be compensated by increasing the SE/CP content if the same melt viscosity is expected.Moreover,with the increase of angular frequency and SE/CP amount,the gradually obvious downward trend of complex vis-cosity g *over the entire testing frequency range in Figure 1reflected the improved sensitivity to frequency,which was an indication of pseudoplastic characteristics and non-Newtonian behaviors.5And the shear thinning behavior is similar to the influence of long chain branching on polypropylene (PP)com-plex viscosity reported by Su and Huang.28,29Together with the extraction experiment results,we could found that the melt vis-cosity of PBS/SE/CP blends was closely related to the gel con-tent of blends,which was determined by the SE/CP content.When the loading of SE/CP was below 15/15,the lower viscosity of PBS/SE/CP blends could be due to the plasticization of PBS by one of the uncured,low molecular weight components,CP or SE.25However,when the loading of SE/CP was above 15/15,the melt strength of PBS could be significantly enhanced because of the formation of complete cured network.ThismayFigure plex viscosity g *as a function of angular frequency x of PBS and PBS/SE/CP blends.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]be due to increased with the content of CP and SE,CP ,and SE collision probability increases,which makes crosslinking reac-tion easily to be completed.Based on the above results and dis-cussion,we believe the existed curing reaction between PBS,SE,and CP could be beneficial to improve the melt viscosity of PBS.Crystallization Behaviors of PBS and PBS/SE/CP BlendsPBS is a kind of semi-crystalline polymers,and the crystalliza-tion property affects its performances.Thus,DSC was first used to evaluate the influence of SE/CP on PBS crystallization prop-erty (Figure 2),and the results were summarized in Table III.From Figure 2(b)and Table III,it could be seen that the melt-ing temperature (T m )was almost independent of the incorpora-tion of SE/CP and remained constant at a temperature around of 105 C,in good agreement with the work of Wang et al .5However,the sluggish exothermal peaks in Figure 2(a)and change in crystallinity listed in Table III suggested that the crys-tallization behavior of PBS was definitely affected by the addi-tion of SE/CP .And the increasing of SE/CP content leads to a downtrend of the crystallinity of PBS.When the loading of SE/CP was over 15/15,a sharp drop of PBS crystallinity appeared.This inhibition effect of SE/CP on PBS crystallinity should be attributed to the gradually increasing curing reaction between SE,CP ,and PBS (Table II),thus hindering the crystallization process of PBS.The effect of SE/CP on the crystallization behavior of PBS could be further and directly reflected by polarized optical micrographs under crossed polarizer,as shown in Figure 3.For pure PBS,abundant spherulites with a typical Maltese Cross could be noticed,though they stacked with each other.The typical Maltese Cross was still obvious when the loading of SE/CP was below 15/15.However,once SE/CP content was above 15/15,the sharply weakened Maltese Cross and decreased spherulite numbers were much noticeable,as shown in Figure 3(c,d).When content of SE/CP was lower than 15/15,the incomplete reaction and partially cured particles of SE/CP failed to affect PBS crystallization process,thus the Maltese Cross in polarized optical micrographs almost unchanged.However,the crosslinking network as a consequence of the complete reaction between SE,CP ,and PBS would block the formation of crystal nucleus and growing process of PBS,which would lead to weaken Maltese Cross and decrease spherulite numbers in Fig-ure 3(d).5,25,30MorphologyTo further investigate the influence of SE/CP on the melt viscos-ity and crystallization property of PBS,the freezing fracture surfaces of PBS and PBS/SE/CP blends after being corrosive by chloroform to remove PBS were used to study the internal mor-phology change by SEM images (shown in Figure 4).In general,PBS should be removed and SE/CP particles were preserved after the corrosion of chloroform.However,Figure 4(a–c)shows that PBS appears as the continuous phase with cured SE/CP particles dispersed in PBS.With increasing the content of SE/CP to over 15/15,the phase structure firstly became a co-continuous structure [Figure 4(d–e)]from the sea-islandphaseFigure 2.DSC curves of PBS and PBS/SE/CP blends (a)the first cooling curves,(b)the second heating curves.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]Table III.The DSC Results of PBS and PBS/SE/CP Blends PBS/SE/CP blends T c ( C)᭝H c (J Ág 21)T m ( C)v c (%)100/0/069.7555.86105.6750.78100/5/559.2250.83105.7450.83100/10/1046.3645.52105.1849.66100/15/1548.9236.72104.1643.40100/20/2041.2727.93104.5935.55100/25/2538.933.44103.074.69structure [Figure 4(a–c)],and finally turned into a sea-island phase structure (the cured SE/CP became the continuous phase)again in Figure 4(f).This micro-phase structure transformation was the result of the increasing of SE/CP content and curing reaction degree,in which the curing reaction between SE/CP got more and more thoroughly after the content of SE/CP was over 15/15.Meanwhile,PBS was still etched by chloroform and relative content of PBS in PBS/SE/CP blends dropped with the increasing of SE/CP content.Thus,a co-continuous phase struc-ture appeared for PBS/SE/CP blends with higher SE/CP content.And when SE/CP content reached to 25/25,phase inversion occurred and cured SE/CP dominated the continuous phase with etched PBS holes dispersed in SE/CP ,as shown in Figure 4(f).In fact,the micro-phase structure transformation of the blends from sea-island structure to co-continuous structure and then to sea-island structure finally was also related to the viscosity change of system,determined by reaction degree between SE,CP ,and PBS.According to Vanoene’s model of dispersion in two components system,31the migration and stratification would happen to reduce the overall viscosity of blends.In our system,with the increasing content of SE/CP and degree of cur-ing reaction,the viscosity of SE/CP should go up all the time,as shown in Figure 1,thus a viscosity difference between SE/CP and PBS of which the viscosity kept constantly,and a phase separation behavior happened finally.Besides,the micro-phase structure transformation of the blends was in good agreement with the rheological property and DSC characterization.The increasing of melt viscosity and decreasing of degree of crystallinity were the results of complete curing reaction forming the network structure of blends at high load-ing of SE/CP .When content of SE/CP was below 15/15,the par-tially reacted SE/CP particles were well dispersed in PBS matrix and worked as “plasticizers”to decline the melt strength.Mechanical PropertiesIn our previous wok of high-viscosity PLA preparation,SE/CP was successfully used to improve the melt viscosity of PLA.However,the PLA/SE/CP was too brittle,of which the elonga-tion at break was only below 4%.25Similar to PLA,PBS is also a kind of fragile material and the modification for PBS with good strength and better toughness is in urgent need.Although graphene oxide (GO)was used to reinforce PBS in past years,and the tensile strength was improved to approximately 46MPaFigure 3.Polarized optical microscopy images of pristine PBS(a)and PBS/SE/CP blends of 100/5/5(b),100/15/15(c)and 100/25/25(d)after isothermal crystallization at 40 C for 30min.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]from 30MPa.32The PBS/GO composite was still too brittle for application because the elongation at break was below 20%.In this study,PBS was significantly toughed with a maximum elongation at break of 420.1%and its stress was relatively main-tained with a little drop,as shown in Figure 5and Table IV.The toughness effect of SE/CP on PBS could be ascribed to the plasticization and energy absorbing of partially cured SE/CP particles dispersed in PBS matrix in the case of low loading of SE/CP content.As discussed before,when the SE/CP loading was below 15/15,the partially reacted and well dispersed SE/CP particles in blends,as shown in Figure 4(a–c),could work as “plasticizers”to absorb the external energy.Meanwhile,the rela-tive high degree of PBS crystallinity,as presented in Table III,could compensate the yield strength drop for SE/CP “plasticization effect,”so the yield strength was not decreased too much.When the incorporation of SE/CP was over 15/15,the cured net-work hindered the crystallization process of PBS,and then enabled chain segment fixed in the crystalline before to respond the stress through the chain segment motion and conformation adjustment.Actually,the elongation at break and impact strength of PBS/SE/CP blends went up all the time with increasing SE/CP content and decreasing PBS crystallinity.However,the over cross-linking,just as in the case of 100/25/25PBS/SE/CP ,would increase the rigidity of chain segment and disable the motion of chain segment,thus a decline in elongation at break and impact strength.Moreover,for 100/15/15,100/20/20PBS/SE/CP systems,the elongation at break had been improved much dramatically compared with other PBS/SE/CP system.This might be attributed to the well developed co-continuous phase structure in these two systems,as shown in Figure 4(d,e).A synergistic effect might exist for the well dispersed and interpenetrated cured SE/CP particles and PBS to better absorb external energy and improve the tough-ness of PBS/SE/CPblends.Figure 4.SEM micrographs of freezing fracture surfaces of etched PBS(a)and PBS/SE/CP blends after corrosion:(b)100/5/5,(c)100/10/10,(d)100/15/15,(e)100/20/20,ands(f)100/25/25.Figure 5.Tensile stress–strain curves of PBS and PBS/SE/CP blends with various SE/CP content.[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue,which is available at .]CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOKIn this 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壳聚糖温敏凝胶的研究进展辛宝萍;李晓娟;郭亚可【摘要】壳聚糖温敏凝胶是一种pH中性,在室温或者低于室温时能够保持液体状态,当温度升高至生理温度(37℃)后,能够形成半固体凝胶,因其独特的特性被广泛应用于各个领域,尤其在医药方面成为研究的热点.本文主要介绍了目前常见的壳聚糖温敏凝胶及其在药物缓释体系和组织工程中的研究进展,为其在医药领域中应用提供一定的参考.【期刊名称】《广州化工》【年(卷),期】2017(045)024【总页数】4页(P47-49,78)【关键词】壳聚糖;温敏凝胶;药物缓释载体;组织工程【作者】辛宝萍;李晓娟;郭亚可【作者单位】石河子大学医学院第一附属医院药剂科,新疆石河子 832000;石河子大学,新疆石河子 832000;石河子大学医学院第一附属医院药剂科,新疆石河子832000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R917智能水凝胶是一种在水或者生物体液中能够溶胀且保持大量水分、不能溶解的交联高分子聚合物，其是智能高分子材料的一个重要分支。

智能水凝胶具有轻度化学交联与分子链间相互缠绕的三维网络结构，使得亲水的小分子能够在水凝胶中扩散。

原位凝胶又称在位凝胶，其形成机制是通过pH、温度或离子强度等刺激聚合物，使聚合物在生理条件下发生分散状态或者空间构象的改变，从而由液态转变成半固体凝胶状态。

根据响应条件的不同，原位凝胶可以分为温度敏感型、离子敏感型、pH敏感型、光敏感型等，其中研究最广泛和成熟的是温度敏感型原位凝胶。

温敏凝胶(Thermosensitive hydrogel)是指以液体给药后，在用药部位因生理温度(37.0 ℃)变化刺激产生相应的物理结构或化学性质变化而形成非化学交联的半固体制剂，温敏凝胶在室温或者低于室温时能够保持液体状态，当温度升高至生理温度(37 ℃)后，能够形成半固体凝胶，因而被广泛用于体内药物缓释和生物组织工程等方面的研究[1-2]。

温敏凝胶不仅可以有效减少药物损失，延长药物作用时间，改善药物的生物利用度[3]，还可以填充组织缺损[4-5]，实现响应环境温度变化的智能化给药。

环境类常用词表A*A/O--anoxic and aerobic oxidation缺氧/好氧氧化*AAS-- atomic absorption spectrophotometry原子吸收光谱abiotic a.非生物的ABS--alkylbenzene sulfonate烷基苯磺酸盐abscissa n.横坐标*absorbance n.吸光度absorbate n.被吸收的物质absorbent n.吸收剂*absorption n.吸收作用accessory n.附属品，附件acclimation n.驯化accumulator n.蓄电池acet- 乙酰，次乙基acetamide n.乙酰胺*acetate n.乙酸盐acetenyl- 乙炔基*acetone n.丙酮*acetylene n.乙炔acidimetry n.酸量滴定法acrylic a.丙烯酸的activated adsorption n.活性吸附activated alumina n.活性氧化铝*activated carbon n.活性炭*activated sludge aeration 活性污泥曝气*activity n.活度acyl n.酰基*additive n.添加剂*adiabatic a.绝热的adsorbent n.吸附剂*adsorption n.吸附作用adsorption bar 吸附等压线adsorption isotherm 吸附等温线adverse a.不利的，有害的;逆的，相反的*adverse current 逆流aer(o)- 空气，气体*aerate v.曝气*aeration n.曝气*aerobic a.好氧的aerogel n.气凝胶aerogenic bacteria n.产气菌*aerosol n.气溶胶affinity n.亲合力*agar n.琼脂*agent n.试剂airborne dust n.飘尘airborne a.飞行空中的，空运的，空降的—al 醛*aldehyde n.醛*algae n.(pl.)海藻，藻类algicide n.杀藻剂，除藻剂* aliphatic a.脂肪的*alkali n.碱，强碱alkalic metal 碱金属*alkane n.烷*alkene n.烯烃alkyl n.烷基alkyl mercury n.烷基汞allyl n.烯丙基alum n.硫酸铝，明矾aluminum sulfate n.硫酸铝*ambient a.周围的，环境的n.环境，环绕空间*amide n.酰胺*amine n.胺*amino- 氨基*ammonia nitrogen n.氨氮ammonia-soda process 氨碱法*ammonium n.铵(NH4+)amphoteric a.两性的amyl- 戊基amylolysis n.淀粉水解amylopectin n.支链淀粉amylose n.直链淀粉*anaerobic a.厌氧的*anaerobic digestion n.厌氧消化*analytic balance n.分析天平-ane 烷（饱和）anhydride n.（酸）酐*aniline n.苯胺*anionic a.阴离子的anisotropic a.各向异性的annular a.环形的，轮形的*anoxic a.缺氧的antifoamer n.防沫剂，消泡剂apparatus n.仪器，装置appurtenance n.附属设备，附件aquatic a.水生的*aquifer n.蓄水层aquo- 水合－argon n.氩*aromatic a.芳香的aryl n.芳香基asbestos n.石棉asphalt n.沥青，柏油assay v./n. 化验，（药物）分析，检定assimilate v.同化*atmospheric boundary 大气边界层atmospheric dispersion model 大气弥散模式*atomizer n.雾化器autoclave n.高压釜*auto-exhaust 机动车排气autopurification n.自净作用* autotrophic a.自养的autotroph n.自养生物axial-flow pump n.轴流泵azeotrope n.共沸混合物，恒沸物azeotropic a.共沸混合物的azide n.叠氮化合物azo- 偶氮基*azo-dye n.偶氮染料azotize v.固氮B*back extraction 反萃取backup n.支持，备用设备backwashing n.反冲洗*baffle n.档板，折流板*bar rack 粗格栅base n.碱，强碱basic carbonate 碱式碳酸盐*batch n.一次的份量，一批beaker n.烧杯*bench-scale a.小型的，小试的，实验室规模的bentonite n.膨润土*benzo- 苯并－*benzoic a.安香息酸的，苯甲酸的benzoxy- 苯甲酸基*benzyl n.苯甲基*benzene n.苯bicarbonate n.酸式碳酸盐binary a.由两部分组成的，二进制的,二元的*bio- 生物的-*bioactivity n.生物活性bioassay n.生物鉴定*biochemical a.生化的*bioconcentration n.生物富集*biodegradable a.生物可降解的bio-disk system 生物转盘*biofilm n.生物膜*biological a.生物学的*biomass n.生物量biooxidation n.生物氧化*bioremediation n.生物法恢复补救biosphere n.生物圈biota n.生物群biotope n.群落生境*biouptake n.生物吸收blank test 空白试验blower n.鼓风机*BOD--biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量*boiler n.锅炉breakdown n.细目分类break-point chlorination 折点加氯*brine n.盐水，海水*BTEX--benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,xylene苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯*buffer n.缓冲，挡板*bulking n.膨胀*bulking sludge 污泥膨胀bumper n.缓冲器*buret n.滴定管but- 丁*butane n.丁烷butyl- 丁基by-product n.副产物C*calibrate v.标定，校准*calomel n.甘汞*capillary n.毛细管capsule n.容器；航天舱，密封舱；胶囊caption n.标题，（图片的）说明，解说词carbohydrate n.碳水化合物*carbolic a.（苯）酚的carbon mono(o)xide n.一氧化碳*carbonaceous a.碳的，含碳的*carbonyl n.羰基*carboxyl- 羧基*carboxylic a.羧基的carcinogenic a.致癌的*catalyst n.催化剂*cationic a.阳离子的*caustic a.苛性的cavernous a.多孔的celite n.硅藻土cellular a.细胞的cellulose n.纤维素center take off 中心出水*centrifugal a.离心的centrifuge n.离心机*centripetal a.向心的*chain reaction n.链式反应char n.煤焦charcoal n.木炭chelant n.螯合剂*chlorination n.氯化作用chlorine n.氯，氯气chloro- 氯－chlorobenzene n.氯苯*chlorofluorohydrocarbon n.氯氟烃*chloroform n.氯仿chloroplast n.叶绿体*chromatography n.色谱法，层析cinder n.煤渣，炉渣*cis- 顺－*clarifier n.澄清池，澄清剂claus process n.克劳斯二级脱硫法*CMR--combinative mixed reaction n.完全混和式反应器*coagulation n.凝结coal-tar n.煤焦油coating n.涂敷，涂布cocatalyst n.助催化剂cock n.考克，旋塞*COD--chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量*coefficient n.系数coke n.焦炭cold trap n.冷阱*coliform n.大肠杆菌collaboration n.合作，协作*colloidal a.胶状的*colorimeter n.比色计comminution n.粉碎*common-ion effect n.同离子效应comonomer n.共聚单体compartment n.隔板，间格，部分compatibility n.兼容性，配伍性*competitive adsorption n.竞争吸附complex n.络合物*complexation n.络合作用compleximetric a.络合滴定的composite n.合成物*compost n.堆肥*concentration n.浓度concentration solubility product 浓度溶度积condensation n.冷凝，浓缩*conduit n.导管conjugated acid n.共轭酸*conjugation n.共轭*consecutive reaction n.连串反应conservation n.保存，保护，守恒consistency n.连贯性，粘稠性*console n.控制台，仪表板constant rate pump n.恒流泵*constant temperature bath n.恒温浴*constituent n.成分*contaminant n.污染物*contour n.轮廓线，等值线，周道contractor n.立约人，承包商coprecipitate v.共沉淀correlate v.相关，使相互关联corrode v.腐蚀*corrosion n.腐蚀counter- 逆－countercurrent n.逆流courier n.信使，通信员*covalent a.共价的cracking n.裂解*cresol n.甲酚criteria n.规范，标准*crucible n.坩埚cryogenic a.低温的crystal n.晶体，水晶crystalline a.晶体的*culture n.培养液cure v.硫化，固化cyanide n.氰化物*cyclone n.旋风分离器cylinder n.汽缸Ddata processing 数据处理database n.数据库dec- 癸deca 十decantation n.倾析法*decibel n.分贝deep shaft reactor 深井曝气degenerate n.退化，变性，变质*degrit v.除砂*deplete v.耗尽，弄空*derivative n.衍生物desiccation n.干燥destructive distillation 干馏detention n.停留*detergent n.清洁剂，去垢剂deteriorate v.使恶化，损坏dew n.露*dextrorotatory a.右旋光的di- 二*dialysis n.渗析*diaphragm n.横隔膜diastase n.淀粉酶*diazo- 重氮基diazo salt 重氮盐*dichromate n.重铬酸盐*diesel n.柴油机，内燃机differential potentiometric titration 差示电位滴定*diffraction n.衍射diffraction analysis 衍射分析*diffuser n.扩散器digestion n.消化*diolefin n.二烯烃*dioxins n.二恶英dipole moment 偶极距*direct anodic stripping voltammetry 直接阳极溶出伏安法discrepancy n.误差，偏差discrete a.连续的，离散的*disinfect v.消毒disinfectant n.消毒剂disintegrator n.粉碎机*disposal v.处理，处置dissolved-air flotation 溶气浮选法*distillation n.蒸馏*diurnal a.白天的*DO--dissolved oxygen 溶解氧dosage n.剂量*drainage n.排水，排水设备droplet n.微滴dyes n.染料EE.coli.(escherichia coli) n.埃希氏大肠杆菌ebullating bed 沸腾床ECD--electron capture detector 电子捕获检测器*ecology n.生态学ecosystem n.生态系统*effluent n.出水，流出物*EIA--environmental impact assessment 环境影响评价*electrocapillarity n.电毛细管现象electrolyte n.电解质，电解液electronegativity n.电负性electromicroscope n.电子显微镜*electro-osmosis n.电渗透electroplate n.电镀*eluant n.洗提液empirical a.经验主义的*emulsion n.乳化液，乳浊液encapsulate v.密封endo- 内-*endogenous a.内源的*endrin n.异狄氏剂-ene 烯ennea 九个一组*enthalpy n.焓*entropy n.熵*environmental hormone 环境激素*enzyme n.酶EPA--environmental protection agency 环境保护局*epoxy a.环氧的n.环氧树脂epoxy- 环氧基*equivalent a.等当量的erode v.腐蚀erratic a.不稳定的,不规律的*ester n.酯类-ester 酯esterification n.酯化反应estuary n.河口eth- 乙*ether n.醚-ether 醚ethylene n.乙烯eutection a低共熔体的，易熔的eutrophic a.富营养化的eutrophication n.富营养化evaporation n.蒸发作用*exchange adsorption n.交换吸附excreta n.排泄物*exothermicity n.放热性exponent n.指数*extended aeration 延时曝气*extracellular enzyme 胞外酶*extraction n.萃取extrapolation n.外推法，推断Ffacilities n.设施factoring n.因式分解*facultative a.兼性的ferri- 铁－*ferric a.三价铁的ferrite n.铁素体，铁氧体*ferro- 亚铁－*ferrous a.亚铁的*filamentous n.丝状菌*filtrate n.滤液v.过滤filtration n.过滤flake n.薄片flame spectrophotometry 火焰光度法flap n.活盖，活板*flask n.烧瓶flex n.软管*flocculation n.絮凝*flotation n.气浮，浮选*flowrate n.流量，流速flue-gas desulfurization 烟气脱硫fluffy a.松散的，易碎的fluidized bed 流化床fluoride n.氟化物fluorimetry n.荧光计fluorine n.氟flush v.冲洗，水淹foliage n.植物，树叶*formaldehyde n.甲醛*formalin n.福尔马林*formic a.甲酸的fossil n.化石fractionation n.分馏，分凝free swimming ciliates 游泳型纤毛虫Freon n.氟利昂front-panel n.面板frothing n.起泡*FRP--fiberglass reinforced plastics 玻璃钢fugacity n.逸度full-scale n.实际尺寸a.大规模的fume n.难闻的的气味v.烟熏fungi n.真菌fungicide n.除菌剂G*GAC--granular activated carbon 颗粒活性炭galactose n.半乳糖galvanometer n.检流计*gasifier n.气化器*GC/MS--gas chromatography/mass spectrometry色质联用gel n.冻胶，凝胶generic a.属的，类的geothermal stream 地热流*glucose n.葡萄糖*glycerol n.甘油，丙三醇granular a.颗粒状的granulometry n.粒度分析grating n.光栅，格栅gravel n.砾石gravimetric a.测定重量的*greenhouse effect 温室效应grit n.粗砂，磨料gunite n.水泥砂浆层H*halide n.卤化物*halo- 卤－*halogen n.卤素handbook n.手册，指南*hazardous a.危险的，冒险的*headloss n.水头损失heat capacity at constant pressure 等压热容*heat capacity at constant volume 等容热容helical a.螺旋的helical agitator 螺旋式搅拌器hept- 庚hepta 七herbicide n.除草剂hetero- 杂－*heterogeneity n.不均匀性，异相性*heterotrophic a.异养的hex- 己hexa- 六hinder v.阻止，阻碍hood n.通风橱*hopper n.漏斗hose n.胶管*HPLC--high performance liquid chromatography高压液相色谱*HRT--hydraulic retention time 水力停留时间*humus n.腐殖质*hybridism a.杂化的*hydration n.水合作用*hydraulic a.水力的*hydro- 氢化－*hydrocarbon n.碳氢化合物，烃类hydrochloric acid 盐酸*hydrolysis n.水解*hydrophilic a.亲水的*hydrophobic a.疏水的hydrosol n.水溶胶hydrostatic a.流体静力学的hydroxide n.氢氧化物*hydroxyl- 羟基－hygroscopic a.吸湿性的hyperbola n.双曲线*hypo- 次－*hypochlorite n.次氯酸盐hypothesis n.假设，前提-ic anhydride 酸酐IC--ion chromatography 离子色谱*imhoff a.双层的-imide 酰亚胺*-imine 亚胺immobilize v.使不动，使固定*immobilized enzyme 固定化酶*impeller n.叶轮*in situ n.现场incidence n.发生率*incinerate v.焚烧*incubation n.培养*indicator n.指示剂inert n.惰性inertia n.惯性*influent n.进水*inhalable a.可吸入的*inhibit v.约束，抑制insecticide n.杀虫剂*instrumental analysis 仪器分析intake n.摄入量*intermittent a.间歇式的，周期性的*intracellular enzyme n.胞内酶*intrinsic a.内在的，本质的，固有的*inventory n.（商品.物资等）清单，目录iodine n.碘*ion n.离子*ion exchanger 离子交换剂ionpair n.离子对*IP--inhalable particle 可吸入颗粒物iso- 异－isobutyl- 异丁基*isomer n.同分异构体*isopiestic a.等压的*isopropyl n.异丙基*isotope n.同位素*isotropy n.各向同性iterative method 迭代法Jjack n.起重机，千斤顶，插座K*ketone . n.酮*kinetic a.动力学的L*lactic a.乳酸的lactose n.乳糖*lagoon n.氧化塘*laminar a.层流的*landfill v.填埋LAS--linear alkyl benzene sulfonate 线性烷基苯磺酸盐lathe n.车床lattice n.晶格，点阵，网络结构*leachate n.渗出液，沥出液*lean phase n.贫相levorotatory a.左旋光的lift pipe 提升管*lignin n.木质素*lime n.石灰limestone n.石灰石*liner n.衬里litmus n.石蕊*loading n.负荷logarithmic a.对数的*LPG--liquified petroleum gas 液化石油气lyophilic a.亲液的lysimetric a.溶度的M*manifold n.歧管marsh gas 沼气mass balance 物料衡算*membrane n.膜*mercaptan n.硫醇mercury n.汞meteorological a.气象学的，气象的mesoscale n.中间尺度*meta- 偏－,间位*metabolism n.新陈代谢metallurgical a.冶金学的，冶金术的metasilicate n.硅酸盐metastable a.亚稳态的metathesis n.复分解作用*meth- 甲*methane n.甲烷methodology n.方法学，分类法*methyl- 甲基*microorganism n.微生物microscreening n.超滤*MLSS--mixed liquor suspended solid 混合液中悬浮固体*MLVSS- mixed liquor volatile suspended solid混合液中挥发性悬浮固体moiety n.部分，半个*molality n.(重量) 摩尔浓度molarity n.(体积) 摩尔浓度molecular adsorption 分子吸附moment n.矩mono- 单monome n.单体monophase a.单相的moving-bed reactor 移动床反应器*municipal a.市政的mutagenicity n.诱变性*MW--molecular weight 分子量N*n- 正*naphthalene n.萘，卫生球*napthene n.环烷烃*NDIR--nondispersive infrared method 非分散红外法nebulous a.模糊的neuston n.飘浮生物nitrosation n.亚硝化作用*nitrile n.腈*nitrite n.亚硝酸盐*nitro- 硝基－*nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮nitroso- 亚硝基－*NMHC--non-methane hydrocarbon compounds非甲烷总烃*NMR-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy核磁共振nocturnal a.夜晚的nomenclature n.术语non- 壬*normality n.当量浓度，正态性*nucleophilic a.亲核的O*oct- 辛octa 八octane number 辛烷值odor n.气味off-gas n.废气*off-line a.离线的oil refining 炼油，石油精制*-ol 醇*olephilic a.亲油的*olephobic a.疏油的olfactory a.嗅觉的-one 酮on-line analysis 在线分析*on-site a.在场的，就地的*ORP--oxidation reduction potential 氧化还原电位*ortho- 原－，邻位orthogonal a.直角的，正交的OTE－oxygen transfer efficiency 氧传输效率*OUR－oxygen utlization rates 氧利用效率outfall n.排水口overdraft n.透支，透支额*overflow n./v.溢流oxa- 氧杂－oxalate n.草酸盐oxalic acid 草酸oxidant n.氧化剂oxidase n.氧化酶oxidation n.氧化作用-oxide 氧*oxygen sag curve 氧垂曲线oxygen transfer coefficient 供氧系数-oyl 酰*ozone depletion 臭氧耗竭*ozonization n.臭氧化P*packing n.填料*PAC--powder activated carbon,polyaluminum chloride粉末活性炭，聚合氯化铝paddle n.桨*PAH--polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 多环芳烃PAM--polyacrylamide 聚丙烯酰胺*PAN--peroxy acetyl nitrate 过氧硝酸乙酰酯paper pulp n.纸浆*para- 对－，仲－*paraffin n.烷烃，石蜡particulate n.颗粒物pathogenic a.病原的，致病的*PCB--polychlorinated biphenyl 多氯联苯pent- 戊penta 五*peptide n.肽化合物per- 过－*percolate n.渗透液v.过滤percolation n.渗透perforated plate . 多孔板peristaltic pump 蠕动泵permeate v.渗透*peroxide n.过氧化物*peroxy- 过氧－*pesticide n.农药petroleum ether n.石油醚PFC--polyferric chloride 聚合氯化铁*PFR--plug flow reactor 活塞流反应器pharmaceutical a.制药的，药学的phase change 相变*phenol n.酚类phenolic a.酚的phenolic resin n.酚醛树脂*phenyl n.苯基phosgene n.光气phosphate n.磷酸盐（酯）phosphite n.亚磷酸盐（酯）phosphoric acid 磷酸phosphorus n.磷*photo- 光－*photochemical smog 光化学烟雾photoelectric a.光电的*photolysis n.光解photosensitize v.光敏化*photosynthesis n.光合作用*phreatic pump 潜水泵phthalate n.邻苯二甲酸盐（酯）*physicochemical a.物理化学的*phytoplankton n.浮游植物pigment n.颜料，色素pigmented flagellate n.有色鞭毛虫pilot-scale n.中试*pinene n.松萜,蒎烯pipeline n.管道，线路，管路*piston compressor 活塞压缩机pit n.坑，斗*plankton n.浮游生物*plasma n.等离子体plastifier n.增塑剂plate heat exchanger 板式换热器*plate-and-frame filter press 板框压滤机*plug-flow n.推流，活塞流PM--particulate matter 颗粒物*pneumatic a.气动的，气体的polarography n.极谱法poly- 聚－polyacrylamide n.聚丙烯酰胺polycondensation n.缩聚作用*polycyclic a.多环的polyester n.聚酯polyether n.聚醚polymer n.聚合体*polymeric a.聚合的，聚合物的polyol n.多元醇polysaccharide n.多糖polyurethane n.聚氨酯porcelain n.瓷，瓷器（总称）*porosity n.孔隙性，多孔性porous a.多孔的*potable a.可饮用的，饮用的*potassium n.钾*ppb--part per billion 十亿分之一*ppm-- part per million 百万分之一*ppt--part per trillion 万亿分之一pressurization n.加压*primary a.伯的，一级的prism n.棱镜probalistic a.概率的proceeding n.会刊，科研报告集processing wastewater 工艺废水prop- 丙propeller n.桨propynyl n.丙炔基prototype n.原型，样品*protozoan n.原生动物pseudo- a.伪的*pseudo-first order 伪一级反应pulp n.纸浆*pump head 泵压头*pump lift 泵扬程*PVC--polyvinylchloride 聚氯乙烯pyrene n.芘pyrx n.硼硅酸玻璃pyridine n.嘧啶*pyrolysis n.热解Q*qualitative a.定性的*quantitative a.定量的*quasi- 准*quaternary a.季的，四元的Rradial n.径向radial flow tank 辐流式沉淀池*radon n.氡*raffinate n.萃余液，残液*rainout n.雨洗*rake n.耙rasching ring n.拉西环rated horsepower 额定功率*RBC--rotating biological contactor 生物转盘*reagent n.试剂*recalcitrant a.难降解的，难对付的，难治理的recess n.凹槽*reciprocating a.往复的cystallization n.重结晶rectify v.精馏*reductase n.还原酶reduction gearbox 减速齿轮箱reflux n.回流*refractory a.难降解的refuse n.垃圾，废物，弃物regeneration n.再生regulatory a.调节的，调整的reluctance n.磁阻，阻抗replica n.复制品，拷贝residual analysis 残差分析*resin n.树脂retention n.保留，停留reversion extraction 反萃取*RFC--reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土rheology n.流变学rheological a.流变的*rim take off 周边出水*rising sludge 污泥上浮*roots blower 罗茨鼓风机rotifers n.轮虫*runoff n.地表径流Ssaccharide n.糖类salicylic a.水杨酸的salicylic acid 水杨酸salinity n.含盐量salting out 盐析，加盐分离saponification n.皂化sarcoidina n.肉足纲saturated a.饱和的SBR--sequential batch reactor 序批式反应器*scour v.冲刷*scraper n.刮泥机*screening n.滤余物，格栅*scrub v.洗涤*scum n.泡沫seal n.密封剂seam v.缝，接缝*secondary a.仲的，二级的*sedimentation n.沉淀*separation n.分离*septic tank 化粪池，厌氧处理槽*settle v.沉降*sewage n.污水，下水道*sewer n.下水道*sewerage n.污水工程，排水工程*shear a.剪切的n.剪力，切力sheath n.外皮，外罩，套，涂料shock load 冲击负荷*sieve n.筛silica gel 硅胶*silt n.淤泥，泥砂，泥浆*sink n.污水坑，洗涤槽，贮水池siphon n.虹吸*skimmer n.撇沫器*slime n.粘泥slit n.窄缝*sludge n.污泥slug n.冲击，强击*slurry n.泥浆，粘泥，淤浆sodium n.钠solubility product 溶度积*soluble a.可溶的solute n.溶质*solvent n.溶剂soot n.烟黑*sorption n.吸着*spare part 备件spatial a.空间的speciation n.形态分析*spectrophotometer n.分光光度计spectrum n.光谱，频谱spent a.剩余的，废液spherical valve 球阀spiral-flow n.螺旋流stalked ciliates 柄纤毛虫standard deviation 标准偏差starch n.淀粉*stearic a.硬脂的stereoisomer n.立体异构体*sterile a.无菌的stoichiometric a.化学当量的strapping pump 计量泵*stratification n.成层作用*stratosphere n.平流层*stripping n.气提strong solution 浓溶液*styrene n.苯乙烯sublimate v.升华*substrate n.基质sulfanilic a.苯磺酸的*sulfate n.硫酸盐*sulfite n.亚硫酸盐*sulfuric a.硫酸的*sulfurous a.亚硫酸的sump n.贮槽，污物贮存器surface aerator 表面曝气器surge tank 平衡池，缓冲罐，中间池suspended a.悬浮的SVI--sludge volume index 污泥体积指数symposium n.专题讨论会，专题论文集*syndet n.合成洗涤剂synthesize v.合成T*tandem n.串联*taper a.渐减的n.锥形，锥度*taper aeration 渐减曝气Telfon n.聚四氟乙烯temporal a.暂时的，时间的teratogenicity n.致畸性*tertiary a.叔的，第三代的，第三的tetra- 四tetrachloride n.四氯化物*thermal a.热的，热敏的*thermal decomposition 热分解thermal resistance 热阻thermistor n.热敏电阻，温度计*thermocouple n.热电偶*thermodynamic a.热力学的thermolysis n.热分解thio- 硫代thiosulfate n.硫代硫酸盐*titanium dioxide 二氧化钛*titration n.滴定TKN 总凯氏氮*TOC--total organic carbon 总有机碳*toluene n.甲苯*toxicity n.毒性transmittance n.透光度transpiration n.蒸腾*treatment n.处理tri- 三*trickling a.滴流的triol n.三元醇*trophicity n.营养度*troposphere n.对流层*trough n.槽turbidimeter n.浊度计*turbidity n.浊度U*UASB--upflow anaerobic sludge bed 上流式厌氧污泥床ultrafiltration n.超滤*ultrasonic a.超声的*ultraviolet n.紫外线*urea n.尿素V*valve n.球形阀valve tray 浮阀塔板variance analysis n.方差分析varnish n.清漆*Venture n.文丘里vinyl- 乙烯基viscometer n.粘度计vitreous a.玻璃状的，透明的*VOC--volatile organic compounds 挥发性有机物*void fraction 空隙率*volatile a.挥发性的volumetric flask 容量瓶*vortex n.漩涡，涡流vulcanize v.硫化W*WAO--wet air oxidation 湿式空气氧化warehouse n.仓库，货栈*washout n.洗脱*watershed n.水域weak acid 弱酸wedge n.楔形weighted average 加权平均值*weir n.堰worm condenser 旋管冷凝器xerogel n.固溶胶*xylene n.二甲苯*xylose n.木糖*yeast n.酵母-yne 炔Z*zeolite n.沸石*zoogloea n.菌胶团*zwiiter-ion n.两性离子。

生物材料英语单词生物材料biomaterial 生物材料natural biomaterial 天然生物材料biomedical Material 生物医学材料tissue engineering material 组织工程材料bionic material 仿生材料intelligence materials 智能材料nanoposite纳米复合材料drug delivery material药物缓释材料carrier material载体材料dialysis membrane material透析膜材料nanomaterial纳米材料e*tracellular matri* material细胞外基质材料bio-derived scaffold生物衍生支架blood patible biomaterial血液相容性材料soft-tissue patible material软组织相容性材料hard-tissue patible material硬组织相容性材料biodegradable material生物降解材料polymer drug高分子药物autologous material自体材料allogeneic material同种异体材料artificial synthetic material人工合成材料biomedical polymer material医用高分子材料inorganic nonmetallic material无机非金属材料组织工程tissue engineering组织工程tissue engineered bone组织工程骨tissue engineering corneal epithelium组织工程角膜上皮vascular tissue engineering血管组织工程tissue engineering heart valve组织工程瓣膜tissue Engineered Medical Products组织工程医疗产品nerve tissue engineering神经组织工程tissue engineered cartilage组织工程软骨nanofiber scaffolds for liver tissue engineering肝脏组织工程纳米纤维支架vascularized tissue-engineered scaffold血管化组织工程骨支架tissue-engineered epidermis containing melanocyte含黑色素细胞的组织工程表皮tissue engineering models for cardiac muscle心肌组织的组织工程模型tissue-engineered tracheal epithelial cells组织工程化气管上皮细胞tissue-engineering skin scaffold material组织工程化皮肤支架材料fibers Tissue engineering scaffold纤维组织工程支架种子细胞seed cell种子细胞salivary gland seed cell颌下腺种子细胞interstitial seed cell间质种子细胞cartilage seed cell软骨种子细胞seed cell bank种子细胞库tendon seeding cell肌腱种子细胞embryonic stem cell胚胎干细胞nerve stem cell神经干细胞adult Stem Cell成体干细胞cancer stem cell肿瘤干细胞adipose-derived stem cell脂肪干细胞bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell骨髓间充质干细胞hepatic stem cell ; liver stem cell肝干细胞hematopoietic stem cell造血干细胞peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation外周血造血干细胞移植pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell多能造血干细胞multipotential hematopoietic stem cell全能造血干细胞umbilical cord blood transplantation脐带血造血干细胞移植induced pluripotent stem cell诱导多能干细胞endothelial progenitor cell皮祖细胞材料表征方法rapidlyquenching快速凝固法severe(intense)plasticdeformation强烈塑性变形法amorphoussolidcrystallization非晶晶化法in-situposite原位复合法intercalationhybrids插层复合法microemulsion微乳液法templatesynthesis模板合成法self-assembly自组装法graphitearcdischarge石墨电弧放电法rapidlyquenching快速凝固法passivatingtreatment稳定化处理gas-condensatin method气体冷凝法liquid-phase method液相法solid-phase method固相法glucose-Fe ple* coating糖铁络合物涂层surface modification外表修饰改性layer-by-layer self-assembly层层自组装inert gas deposition惰性气体沉积法high energy ball mill高能球磨法freeze drying冷冻枯燥法hydrothermal synthesis水热合成法radiation chemical synthesis辐射化学合成法材料特性检测方法：field ion microscopy (FIM)场离子显微法magnetic force microscopy (MFM)磁力显微法laser interferometer激光干预仪laser diffraction and scattering激光衍射/散射法centrifugal sedimentation离心沉降法*-ray diffractometry (*RD)* 射线衍射法scanning probe microscopy (SPM)扫描探针显微镜infrared absorption spectroscopy红外吸收光谱法*-ray diffractometry line broadening (*RD-LB) * 射线衍射线宽化法small angle *-ray scattering (SA*S) * 射线小角度散射法raman spectrometry拉曼光谱法mossbauer spectrometry穆斯堡尔谱法photon correlation spectroscopy光子相关谱法mercury porosimetry压汞仪法nano impress纳米压痕仪scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STM)扫描隧道电子显微法scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM)扫描近场光学显微法atomic force microscopy (AFM) 原子力显微法scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM)扫描电容显微法scanning thermal microscopy (STHM)扫描热显微法材料特性fle*ural strength抗折强度tensile strength抗拉强度pressive strength抗压强度hyperelastic 超弹性finite element 有限元biopatibility生物相容性biomechanics生物力学缓释slow release；controlled-release缓释slow release inde*缓释指数sustained release pellet缓释丸sustained release sponge缓释明胶hydro*ycamptothecin Sustained-released Tablet羟基喜树碱缓释片sustained Release PLGA Microsphere PLGA生物可降解缓释微球slow-release pound Acidifier缓释复合酸化剂drug sustained-release hydrogel film水凝胶药物缓释膜脱细胞支架decellularized scaffold脱细胞支架acellular scaffolds matri*脱细胞支架材料homograft collagenous scaffold同种生物脱细胞支架decellularized scaffold of artery脱细胞动脉支架acellular vascular scaffold脱细胞血管支架cellularized nerve scaffold脱细胞神经支架acellular dermal scaffold脱细胞真皮支架decellularized vascular bioscaffold血管脱细胞生物支架acellular cartilage material脱细胞软骨支架材料detergent-e*tracted muscle scaffold脱细胞骨骼肌支架acellular spinal cord scaffold脱细胞脊髓支架移植transplantation移植organ transplantation器官移植transplanted organ移植器官kidney transplant肾脏移植heart transplant心脏移植transplant rejection移植排斥liver transplantation肝移植*enoplastic transplantation异种移植autoplastic transplantation自体移植bone transplantation骨移植corneal transplant角膜移植tissue transplantation组织移植fat transplantation脂肪移植graft-versus-host disease移植物抗宿主病transplantation antigen移植抗原纳米材料nanophase material纳米材料niobium-o*ide Nano-material铌氧化物纳米材料conductive Nano-material导电纳米材料one-dimensional nanomaterial一维纳米材料nanoposite复合纳米材料nano material Engineering 纳米材料工程nanometer material science; nanometer scale materials; Nanometer scale materials; nanometer materials science纳米材料科学functional nano material; functional nanomaterials功能纳米材料semiconductor nanomaterial; nano sized semiconductor material; nanometer-sized semiconductor materials; semiconductor nano-material 半导体纳米材料inorganic nano-material; inorganic nanometer material; nano-inorganic material; inorganic nano-material无机纳米材料nano materials Chemistry纳米材料化学进展doped nano materials掺杂纳米材料nanotechnology 纳米技术nanoparticle纳米颗粒nanocristal纳米晶体nano Zinc o*ide纳米氧化锌nanospheres纳米球nano-selenium纳米硒nanocrystalline纳米晶nanoscience；nanometer science纳米科学微球microsphere；microparticle微球micro-solder ball微锡球biological microcapsule生物微胶球micro-sphere target微靶球hollow glass micro-spheres空心玻璃微球球壳PLA microsphere聚乳酸微球Immunomagnetic Microsphere; Immuno-magnetic bead免疫磁性微球microspherolitic微球粒状的carbon microsphere碳微球β-Cyclode*trin Polymer Microsphere β-环糊精聚合物微球anion starch microsphere阴离子淀粉微球chitosan Microsphere壳聚糖微球octafluoropropane albumin microsphere八氟丙烷白蛋白微球polyelectrolyte posite Microsphere聚电解质复合微球gelatin microsphere明胶微球alginate microsphere海藻酸钙微球magnetic posite polymer microsphere复合型磁性高分子微球gelatin/ Hydro*yapatite posite Microsphere明胶/羟基磷灰石复合物微球porous Magnetic posite Microsphere多孔磁性复合微球magnetic polyvinyl acetate microsphere磁性聚醋酸乙烯酯微球支架scaffold支架bio-derived scaffold生物衍生支架decellularized scaffold去细胞化支架bio-derived scaffold生物衍生支架biomaterial scaffold 生物支架biological scaffold material生物支架材料 ;PLG scaffold PLG生物支架decellularized vascular bioscaffold血管脱细胞生物支架the creature valves frame生物瓣支架biodegradable stent生物降解支架biological carrier生物载体支架bioactive porous scaffold生物多孔支架胶原collagen胶原e*tracellular matri* 细胞外基质interstitial collagen 间质胶原basement membrane collagen 基膜胶原type I collagen I型胶原type Ⅱ collagen Ⅱ型胶原type Ⅲ collagen Ⅲ型胶原type Ⅴ collagen Ⅴ型胶原type Ⅺ collagen Ⅺ型胶原collagen fiber胶原纤维ceramide胶原因子soluble collagen可溶性胶原collagen Peptide胶原肽collagen casing胶原肠衣collagen synthesis胶原合成collagenases胶原酶类collagen sugar胶原糖bovine-based collagen牛胶原mature collagen fibrils 成熟胶原纤维collagen disease胶原性疾病collagen Biomineralization Reation胶原生物矿化反响collagen sheet胶原敷料collagen/ Chitosan posite Dispersion胶原/壳聚糖复合溶胀液biological collagen fiber生物胶原纤维e*ogenous collagen membrane异种胶原生物膜壳聚糖chitosan壳聚糖chitin 甲壳素sulfonated chitin 磺化甲壳素sulfonated carbo*ymethyl chitin 磺化羧甲基甲壳素hydro*yethyl chitosan 羟乙基壳聚糖acetylated Chitosan 乙酰化壳聚糖carbo*ymethyl chitosan 羧甲基壳聚糖iodine chitin 碘代甲壳素hydrolyzed chitosan 水解壳聚糖calciumphosphate∕chitosan coatings钙磷/壳聚糖涂层oligo-chitosan壳低聚糖chitooligosaccharide壳寡聚糖oligochitosan-Cu壳低聚糖铜配合物chitooligosaccharide-cysteine壳低聚糖-半胱氨酸衍生物chitosan film壳聚糖膜glycol chitosan乙二醇壳聚糖chitosan conduit壳聚糖导管chitosan/ tricalcium phosphate壳聚糖-磷酸三钙复合材料natural Rubber/ Carbo*ymethyl-Chitosan Antibacterial posite天然橡胶/羧甲基壳聚糖抗菌复合材料chitosan-alginate microcapsule壳聚糖-海藻酸钠微囊chitosan derivation壳聚糖衍生物quaternized Chitosan壳聚糖季铵盐pH-sensitive chitosan/ gelatin hydrogel pH敏感性壳聚糖/明胶水凝胶pva/ water-soluble chitosan/ glycerol hydrogel聚乙烯醇/水溶性壳聚糖/甘油水凝胶polycation-modified Chitosan Material多聚阳离子修饰壳聚糖材料chitosan nanoparticle壳聚糖纳米粒thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogel壳聚糖温敏性水凝胶多糖polysaccharide多糖capsular polysaccharide荚膜多糖core polysaccharide核心多糖acid polysaccharide酸性多糖tremella polysaccharides银耳多糖fungus polysaccharides食用菌多糖polysaccharides 聚多糖Polysaccharide Nano-particle聚多糖纳米粒natural Polysaccharide天然聚多糖high molecular weight polysaccharide高分子量聚多糖water-soluble Polysaccharose水溶性接枝聚多糖proteoglycans from the e*tracellular matri*细胞外基质蛋白聚多糖polysaccharide nanocrystals modified material聚多糖纳米晶改性材料natural gather cationic biological polysaccharide天然的聚阳离子多糖polyanion mucopolysaccharide聚阴离子粘多糖polygalacturonase多聚半乳糖醛酸酶水凝胶hydrogel; aquogel; lyogel 水凝胶aquagel fiber水凝胶纤维thermo-sensitive hydrogel温敏水凝胶PVA/ Glutin/ Startch Hydrogel PVA/明胶/淀粉水凝胶physical Cross-linking Polyurethane Hydrogel 物理交联型聚氨酯水凝胶polyacrylamide gel 聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶hydrogel bolster水凝胶衬垫poly ( N-acryloylglycine) hydrogels 聚N-丙烯酰基甘氨酸水凝胶pH-sensitive hydrogel pH值敏感的水凝胶thermosensitive Chitosan Hydrogel壳聚糖温敏性水凝胶smart hydrogel; Intelligent hydrogel智能水凝胶pH and Temperature Sensitive Starch Hydrogel pH值/温度双重敏感淀粉水凝胶polymeric hydrogel聚合水凝胶nanogel纳米水凝胶biodegradable pH-and temperature-sensitive hydrogel温度和pH双重敏感性可生物降解水凝胶AAm/ Ac hydrogel丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸水凝胶supramolecular hydrogel超分子水凝胶silicone hydrogel 硅水凝胶聚乳酸polylactic acid 聚乳酸poly-L-lactic acid聚左乳酸poly(lactide-co-glycolide)聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)poly(lactic acid-co-aspartic acid)聚(乳酸-天冬氨酸)polylactic acid fiber聚乳酸纤维poly(L-lactide) nano-fiber scaffold聚乳酸纳米纤维支架材料polylactic resin聚乳酸树脂金属材料metallic material金属材料biomedical metallic material生物医用金属材料Zr-Based Biomedical Alloy Zr基生物医用金属材料high property alloy steel 高性能合金钢Al-Li alloy铝锂合金magnesium alloy镁合金superalloy高温合金biodegradable metallic material可生物降解性金属材料stainless steel 不锈钢nickel-cobalt alloy镍钴铬合金carbon/ metal nanoposite纳米金属/碳复合材料the knitted medical e*pandable metallic stent针织医用金属支架biomedical porous metal生物医用多孔金属材料nickel titanium shape memory alloy镍钛形状记忆合金生物瓷biological ceramic生物瓷piezoelectric bioceramics压电生物瓷hydro*yapatite Bioceramics羟基磷灰石生物瓷biodegradable ceramics降解性生物瓷bioactive ceramics活性生物瓷absorbable bioceramics可吸收生物瓷bioinert ceramics惰性生物瓷bioceramic coatings生物瓷涂层bioceramics生物瓷学aluminium o*ide bioceramic氧化铝生物瓷电纺丝electrospining电纺丝electrospinning setups电纺丝设备blow-electro spinning气-电纺丝electrospinning technique电纺丝技术electrospinning installation电纺丝装置ABC-spinning高速气电纺丝electrospinning classification电纺丝分类coa*ial electrospraying(electrospinning)同轴电雾化(电纺丝)spinning machine spindle纺丝电锭electrospun silk fibroin/ poly(ε-caprolactone) ultrafine fiber membrane 电纺丝素蛋白/聚己酯超细纤维膜electrospun fibers drug formulation电纺丝超细纤维药物剂型electrospun fiber电纺丝纤维electrospun ultrafine fiber电纺丝超细纤维continuous Spinning of Piezoelectric PZT Ceramic Fibers PZT压电瓷纤维连续纺丝electrospinning solution 电纺丝液海藻酸alginic acid 海藻酸ammonium alginate海藻酸铵calcium alginate gel海藻酸钙凝胶sodium alginate海藻酸钠alginate potassium海藻酸钾alginate calcium海藻酸钙alginate lyase海藻酸裂解酶algin ink海藻酸钠墨水modified calcium alginate gel改性海藻酸钙凝胶alginate-chitosan microcapsule海藻酸钙-几丁聚糖微胶囊Ca alginate immobilized yeast海藻酸钙固定化酵母DEET-calcium alginate microsphere避蚊胺-海藻酸钙微球PVA-alginate gel PVA-海藻酸盐凝胶barium alginate microcapsule海藻酸钡微囊antibacterial alginate/ gelatin blend fiber抗菌海藻酸/明胶共混纤维poly-ornithine alginate microcapsule多聚鸟氦酸/海藻酸微囊alginate-chitosan-alginate Ion海藻酸-壳聚糖-海藻酸离子聚已酯polycaprolactone聚已酯polycarpolaction聚已酸酯 PCL ; ; polycaprolactonepolycaprolactone glycol聚已酯乙二醇poly (caprolactone)聚ε-已酯chitin-polycaprolactone bone plate甲壳素聚已酯接骨板chitin-polycaprolactone bone plate甲壳素-聚已酯接骨板poly(L-lactic acid)-block-poly(ε-caprolactone)(PLLA-b-PCL)左旋聚乳酸/聚已酯chitin-polycaprolactone bone plate甲壳素—聚已酯接骨板polycaprolactone/polyethylene glycol/polylactide (PCEL) Tri-ponent copolymer聚已酯/聚乙二醇/聚乳酸三元共聚物micropore polycaprolactone membrane微孔聚已酯膜poly(ε-caprolactone)/ poly ( ethylene glycol) block copolymer端氨基聚乙二醇-聚已酯二嵌段共聚物fibre/ polycaprolactone position竹纤维/聚已酯复合化聚羟基乙酸polyglycolic acid；PLGA聚羟基乙酸poly lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer聚羟基乙酸共聚物poly lactic-co-glycolic acid乳酸-聚羟基乙酸polyglycolic acid scaffold聚羟基乙酸支架collagen-polyglycolic acid scaffold without cells无细胞的胶原-聚羟基乙酸支架polyglycolic acid collagen carrier聚羟基乙酸-胶原载体poly ( glycolic acid) grafted starch copolymer聚羟基乙酸接枝淀粉共聚物injectable PLGA microspheres loading estradiol注射用雌二醇聚乳酸羟基乙酸缓释微球丝素蛋白silk fibroin丝素蛋白regenerated fibroin protein再生丝素蛋白wild antheraea pernyi silk fibroin柞蚕丝素蛋白silk fibroin protein solution丝素蛋白溶液acrylic fibre silk protein丝素蛋白腈纶porous silk fibroin多孔丝素蛋白silk fibre丝素蛋白纤维PLA/丝素蛋白 PLA/silk fibroin石墨烯graphene石墨烯graphene transistor石墨烯晶体管graphite o*ide film氧化石墨烯膜chemically reduced graphene o*ide原氧化石墨烯graphene quantum dot石墨烯量子点single layer graphene层石墨烯graphene paper石墨烯纸low Pt loading graphene posite低载铂量的铂/石墨烯〔Pt/RGO〕复合材料graphene/ carbon nanotube石墨烯/碳纳米管photoluminescent graphene荧光石墨烯Ni-Fe layered double hydro*ide/ graphene镍-铁层状双氢氧化物／石墨烯titanate/ o*ide grapheme/ polyurethane posite钛酸钠／石墨烯／聚氨酯复合材料聚丙烯酰胺polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺polyacrylamide gel聚丙烯酰胺凝胶hydrolyzed polyacrylamide水解聚丙烯酰胺methene polyacrylamide甲叉聚丙烯酰胺potassium salt of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide聚丙烯酰胺钾盐amphoteric polyacrylamide两性聚丙烯酰胺polyacrylamide for medical use；medical polyacrylamide医用聚丙烯酰胺polyacrylamide aqueous solution聚丙烯酰胺水溶液low-molecular weight cationic polyacrylamide低相对分子质量阳离子聚丙烯酰胺modified polyacrylamide grouting material改性聚丙烯酰胺灌浆材料polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳chitosan-graft-polyacrylamide 壳聚糖-聚丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物cationic-type polyacrylamide emulsion 阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺乳液聚乙烯Polyethylene 聚乙烯polyvinyl聚乙烯基polyethylene film聚乙烯膜porous polyethylene多孔聚乙烯polyethylene pipe聚乙烯管linear polyethylene 线性聚乙烯low pressure polyethylene低压聚乙烯polyvinyl resin聚乙烯树脂polyvinyl ether聚乙烯醚polythene strip聚乙烯片cellular polyethylene泡沫聚乙烯polyethylene paper聚乙烯纸chlorosulfonated polyethylene e*ternal coating氯磺化聚乙烯防腐层short-chain branched polyethylene短链支化聚乙烯high-density polythylene高密度聚乙烯ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene超高分子量聚乙烯polyethelene debris cytokine聚乙烯微粒细胞因子polyethylene wa* micropowder聚乙烯蜡微粉polythene and carbon black posite material聚乙烯炭黑复合导电材料聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethylene；PTFE聚四氟乙烯teflon seal聚四氟乙烯油封epo*y teflon环氧聚四氟乙烯teflon asbestos聚四氟乙烯石棉polytetrafluoroethylene resin聚四氟乙烯树脂PTFE microporous membrane聚四氟乙烯微孔薄膜e*panded polytetrafluoroethylene mesh膨体聚四氟乙烯补片e*pansible polytetrafluoroethylene膨体聚四氟乙烯聚乙烯亚胺polyethyleneimine聚乙烯亚胺polyethyleneimine resin聚乙烯亚胺树脂polyethylene imine fractionation聚乙烯亚胺沉淀modified polyethyleneimine改性聚乙烯亚胺polyethyleneimine nanoparticles as gene delivery system聚乙烯亚胺纳米基因载体hyperbranched and linear polyethylenimine超支化及线性聚乙烯亚胺纤维蛋白fibrin纤维蛋白fibrinogen纤维蛋白原fibrin glue纤维蛋白胶plasma fibrinogen血纤维蛋白原fibrinolysin纤维蛋白溶酶fibrin adhesive纤维蛋白粘着剂fibrinopeptide纤维蛋白肽myofibrillar protein肌原纤维蛋白fibrin glue stand纤维蛋白胶支架fibrin sealant纤维蛋白封闭剂modified fibrinogen posite scaffold改进纤维蛋白原支架fibrin-targeted contrast agent纤维蛋白靶向比照剂明胶gelatin明胶gelatin sponge明胶海绵gelatin medium明胶培养基hydrolyzed gelatin水解明胶animal gelatin动物明胶photogelatin ; photographic gelatin照相明胶gelatin particle明胶微粒gelatin agar明胶琼脂 TTGA ;edible glutin食用明胶bone matri* gelatin骨基质明胶silver halide sensitized gelatin hologram卤化银明胶全息图gelatin/ chitosan posite film明胶-壳聚糖复合膜dichromated gelatin重铬酸盐明胶polyvinyl alcohol-gelatin esterified hydrogel聚乙烯醇明胶酯化水凝胶gelatin/ β-tricalcium phosphate porous posite microsphere明胶/β-磷酸三钙多孔复合微球gelatin/ hydro*yapatite posite microsphere明胶/羟基磷灰石复合物微球nano-hydro*yapatite/ chitosan-gelatin posite scaffold纳米羟基磷灰石/壳聚糖-明胶复合支架材料one side anti-static gelatine coating substrate单面涂布防静电明胶底层gelatin nanoparticle纳米明胶gelatin-network gel method明胶网络凝胶法zedoary turmeric oil gelatin microsphere莪术油明胶微球自组装肽self-assembling peptide自组装肽self-assembly peptide hydrogels自组装肽水凝胶nanofiber self-assembly peptide纳米自组装肽self-assembling peptide nanotube自组装环肽纳米管self-assembly oligopeptide自组装寡肽self-assembling peptide sequence自组装短肽序列self-assembling cyclic peptide membrane环肽自组装单层膜3D打印three-dimensional printing，3D printing 3D打印3D printer 3D打印机bioprinting生物打印bio-printer生物打印机bioprinted skin生物打印的皮肤。

注射用原位温敏凝胶在肿瘤内给药方面的应用摘要】癌症在人类死亡的病症原因中居高不下，瘤内给药为肿瘤治疗提供一种新颖的渠道。

原位温敏凝胶具有可注射性，凝胶转变条件温和，生物相容性良好，生物可降解等优点，是一种可以提供药物缓慢释放的优良局部给药载体。

本文按照结构类型的不同列举出目前常研究的五种凝胶，解构凝胶的形成机理，分析作为药物载体的优缺点，为进一步研究提供全方面，概述性的引导。

【关键词】原位凝胶；温度敏感；水环境；瘤内给药；缓释 1.瘤内给药在世界范围内，癌症是一种导致死亡的主要病症之一。

治疗实体瘤的手段主要包括手术切除、化学药物治疗、放射治疗、基因治疗、免疫疗法等[1]。

化药治疗通过选取对癌症细胞有较大杀伤力的化合物输入体内，但水溶性低，毒副作用强限制了大部分活性化合物的使用。

瘤内注射（Intratumor Delivery）是一种局部给药方式。

肿瘤内给药使肿瘤部位聚集更多的药物浓度，提高药物递送效率，降低其余组织器官不必要的药物蓄积，减低化疗毒性；减少药物的剂量，提高生物利用度[2, 3]；瘤内给药按照制剂类型可分为两种，一种为液态纳米制剂，如脂质体，纳米粒等，另一种为可形成药物贮库的制剂，如植入剂，原位水凝胶等。

2.原位温敏凝胶的种类水凝胶是一类由物理或化学交联形成，具有三维网状结构，能够贮存大量水的天然或人工合成聚合物[4]。

其中，原位凝胶一般指常温下为液态，在注射部位由于环境响应立即转化为凝胶态的一类水凝胶[5]。

可注射性与良好的生物相容性减少了对机体的伤害，同时材料具有的生物可降解性使它在药物递送方面有着明显的优势。

原位温敏凝胶转变条件温和，近年来被广泛应用于组织工程以及药物递送领域。

原位温敏凝胶的种类分类如下： 2.1壳聚糖壳聚糖是一种聚阳离子多糖，在自然界中来源广泛。

壳聚糖在体内被酶解后产生无毒的低聚糖，随后被分泌或结合到糖胺多糖和糖蛋白中。

壳聚糖的多氨基结构导致其仅在弱酸条件氨基质子化后可溶解。

间充质干细胞-透明质酸-多聚赖氨酸治疗脊髓损伤的实验研究Raynald;李延滨;郭牧遥;黄华;张涵;于昊;李海龙;崔福斋;安沂华【摘要】目的研究间充质干细胞-透明质酸-多聚赖氨酸复合物治疗脊髓损伤的可行性,评价其治疗效果并探讨其可能机制.方法从人骨髓中分离、培养人骨髓间充质干细胞(human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell,hBMSC)；制作大鼠脊髓半横断模型,按照实验分组分别将hBMSC、透明质酸-多聚赖氨酸(hyaluronic acidpoly-L-lysine,HA-PLL)、hBMSC-HA-PLL复合物注入损伤区域,单纯损伤组作为对照.术后按照不同时间点评价损伤和移植后的大鼠运动功能.8周后杀死大鼠,观察不同移植组体内轴突和血管生长的情况,对不同细胞、材料及复合物移植对大鼠脊髓损伤修复效果进行评估.结果 hBMSC移植组和hBMSC-HA-PLL移植组的大鼠运动功能的改善显著好于单纯损伤及HA-PLL移植组.电镜结果证实复合物移植组可显著促进轴突和血管生长,新生的轴突和血管结构较为完整.结论 hBMSC具有促进神经功能恢复的作用,将其与HA-PLL相结合,可以促进大鼠脊髓损伤修复,其机制可能包括材料框架作用和hBMSC在体内对大鼠神经细胞的营养作用以及促进微血管的生成.%Objective To investigate the feasibility of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell ( hBMSC) transplantation combined with hyaluronic acid poly-1-Iysine (HA-PLL) to treat spinal cord injury. Methods hBMSC were extracted from human bone marrow and were cultured and expanded in vitro. The spinal cord of rat was hemi-transected, hBMSC, HA-PLL or hBMSC plus HA-PLL were transplanted alternatively after the injury. The motor function was assayed at different time points. Eight weeks later rats were sacrificed, the growth of axons and micro-blood vessels of different groups were checked, the therapeutic effect of cells, materialsand the combination were assayed. Results The progression of rat locomotor function examined by BBB score showed that both groups of hBMSC transplant and hBMSC combined with HA-PLL have better recovery than hemi-transection group and HA-PLL group. Electron microscopy showed combination of hBMSC and HA-PLL can promote axonal and vascular growth. Conclusions hBMSC can promote neurological function recovery. Combination of stem cells and HA-PLL may get better effect. Based on these results, we deduced that the mechanism included the framework supporting effect of materials, the neurotrophic and angiogenesis effect of hBMSC.【期刊名称】《中国比较医学杂志》【年(卷),期】2012(022)005【总页数】5页(P18-21,后插4)【关键词】间充质干细胞;脊髓损伤;组织工程学;移植【作者】Raynald;李延滨;郭牧遥;黄华;张涵;于昊;李海龙;崔福斋;安沂华【作者单位】首都医科大学,北京市神经外科研究所,北京100050;首都医科大学,北京市神经外科研究所,北京100050;清华大学材料科学与工程系,北京100084;首都医科大学,北京市神经外科研究所,北京100050;首都医科大学,北京市神经外科研究所,北京100050;首都医科大学,北京市神经外科研究所,北京100050;首都医科大学,北京市神经外科研究所,北京100050;清华大学材料科学与工程系,北京100084;首都医科大学,北京市神经外科研究所,北京100050【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R318.19;R332脊髓损伤是一种严重危害人类健康的中枢神经系统疾病，可导致感觉和运动功能丧失，目前对其后遗症缺乏有效的治疗手段。

p(N-MAM-co-DMAA)智能水凝胶的制备及其药物缓释作用杨性坤;李超;马雪梅【摘要】以N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺(N-MAM),N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAA)为聚合单体,过硫酸钾为引发剂,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,通过自由基水溶液聚合法制备了p(N-MAM-co-DMAA)智能水凝胶.研究了凝胶对温度、pH值、离子浓度敏感性能和对核黄素药物的缓释性能.实验表明,凝胶的溶胀度随温度升高和盐浓度增加而逐渐降低,随溶液pH值的增大先增大后逐渐减小,在中性、酸性和碱性环境中的核黄素累积释放量分别是68％,51％和42％.【期刊名称】《合成树脂及塑料》【年(卷),期】2016(033)001【总页数】4页(P53-56)【关键词】智能水凝胶;N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺;N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺;温度敏感性;pH 敏感性;核黄素;药物缓释【作者】杨性坤;李超;马雪梅【作者单位】信阳师范学院化学化工学院,河南省信阳市464000;信阳师范学院化学化工学院,河南省信阳市464000;信阳师范学院化学化工学院,河南省信阳市464000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ316.6药物运载系统（DDS）是一门新型药物释放系统，随着经典化学和现代生物科技而迅速发展起来，目前是国内外药剂学领域的一个重要研究课题［1-3］。

传统的给药系统（注射剂、胶囊剂、颗粒剂）具有药物释放快、疗效快等优点，但需多次频繁给药以提高血液药物有效浓度，具有一定的毒副作用。

而DDS系统则是将药物运载体通过包埋、吸附等手段与药物完美结合，运送到机体的病患部位，在特定的时间以恒定的浓度进行释药，来达到治疗疾病的目的。

与传统的给药系统相比，DDS具有能够提高局部药物浓度和药物利用率，延长局部药物停留时间，降低药物的全身毒副作用，提高治疗效果和病人的生活质量。

水凝胶表面对细胞的黏附性小，合成材料大部分无毒，具有一定的生物可降解性和生物相容性，因而水凝胶在药物缓释载体中备受青睐［9-10］。

原位凝胶剂的研究概况韩胜男1，李喜香2△，闫治攀2，张志瑞21甘肃中医药大学药学院，甘肃兰州730000；2甘肃省中医院［摘要］从不同类型原位凝胶的制备及质量标准进行概述，指出原位凝胶是一种具有给药方便、靶向性强、良好的药物缓控释性能等优点的新型给药方式，但基质的刺激性和毒性还未十分明确，其制备方法及质量控制缺乏严格、统一的标准，制备工艺多样化，质量不可控，所以国内外应加大研究力度，尽快达成原位凝胶质量标准共识，以期更多的原位凝胶剂能够成功研发上市并让广大患者受益。

［关键词］原位凝胶；制备工艺；质量标准；综述［中图分类号］R944［文献标识码］A［文章编号］2096-9600（2021）01-0153-05Research Overview of In-situ GelHAN Shengnan1,LI Xixiang2△,YAN Zhipan2,ZHANG Zhirui21School of Pharmacy,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine,Lanzhou730000,China;2Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineAbstract In-situ gel is a new drug delivery method with the advantages of convenient delivery,strong targeting,good sustained and controlled drug release through surveying the preparations and quality standard of different types of in-situ gels.However,the irritation and toxicity of matrix were not clear,its preparation method and quality control lacked strict and unified standards,the preparation technology was diverse,the quality was uncontrollable,therefore,more efforts should be made at home and abroad to reach a consensus on the quality standard of in-situ gel as soon as possible,in the hope of making more successful researches,development of the product and benefiting from most of patients.Keywords in-situ gel;preparation technology;quality standard;review原位凝胶是一种新型给药系统，其与用药部位接触前呈液态，与用药部位接触后立即发生相转变，由液态转化成半固体状。

摘要海藻酸钠是一种从海藻中提取出的多糖钠盐，具有良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性。

海藻酸钠与钙离子交联形成凝胶的特性，也使得海藻酸钠有着比一般环境友好高分子更多的应用环境。

海藻酸钠在生物医药、食品和日用化工方面都有着广泛的应用，是一种良好的环境友好高分子材料。

关键词：海藻酸钠；凝胶；环境友好高分子1前言近几年，随着世界的发展，人们对于石油资源的需求越来越大，随之而来的资源短缺和环境污染等问题也凸显出来。

自然而然的，人们开始将目光转向了地球上巨大的宝库——海洋。

海洋占了地球71%的面积，人类还远远没有开发出其中巨大的价值，但就现有的一些发现，就给人们带来了极大的帮助。

海藻酸盐就是其中之一。

海藻酸是从海带或海藻中提取的一种天然多糖类化合物，是β-D-甘露糖醛酸(M)和α-L-古罗糖醛酸(G)通过糖苷键连接形成的一类线性无规链状阴离子聚合物[1]，结构式如图1所示。

海藻酸中羧基上的氢易被Na+、a2+等金属阳离子所取代，形成相应的海藻酸钠、海藻酸钙等等。

其中海藻酸钠（Sodium alginate，SA）由于其良好的生物相容性和可加工性能，在海藻酸盐中的应用最为广泛。

图1 海藻酸结构式2海藻酸钠的性质及制备工艺2.1 海藻酸钠的理化性质海藻酸钠溶液是一种典型的高分子电解质溶液，在纯水中，低浓度的海藻酸钠Nsp/C值将随海藻酸钠浓度的降低而升高，所以在测定其特性粘数[η]时需要加入无机盐类保持一定的离子强度，国内不同厂家生产的海藻酸钠[η]值从4.386~6.865不等，平均相对分子质量从(2.19~3.43)x105不等，G/M值从0.2~1.0不等，动力黏度从35±0.7到103±12(n=4)不等，海藻酸钠溶液的浓度和黏度没有线性关系，而黏度取对数后与浓度作线性回归，线性关系较好[2]。

钙离子浓度对海藻酸钠溶液的特性粘数有影响，高分子电解质溶液的黏度特性与非电解质高分子溶液的黏度也有所不同，浓度较小时，电离度大，大分子链上电荷密度增大，链段间的斥力增加，电离度下降，斥力减小，分子链蜷曲，黏度也就下降。