Blade Inc Case
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产品单位中英文Acre英亩Ampere安培Bag袋Barrel桶Blade刀片Box箱Carat克拉Carton纸箱/纸盒Case箱、盒Centimeter厘米Chain链Combo套餐Cubic centimeter立方厘米Cubic Foot立方英尺Cubic Inch 立方英尺Cubic Meter立方米Cubic Yard 立方码Degrees Celsius摄氏度Degrees Fahrenheit华氏度Dozen打Dram打兰fluid ounce液盎司Foot 英尺Forty-Foot Container四十英尺集装箱Furlong弗隆(英国长度单位)Gallon加仑(容量单位)Gill及耳(容量单位)Grain粒Gram克Gross篓Hectare公顷Hertz赫兹(频率单位)Kiloampere千安培Kilohertz千赫兹Kiloohm千欧姆Kilovolt千伏Kilowatt千瓦Liter公升Long Ton英吨Megahertz兆赫metric ton 公吨milliampere毫安Milligram毫克Millihertz毫赫Milliliter毫升Millimeter毫米Milliohm毫欧Millivolt 毫伏Milliwatt毫瓦nautical mile海里Ohm欧姆Ounce盎司Pack包裹Pair一对、一副Pallet托盘、货板Parcel包裹、小包PerchPiece 块、件Pint品脱PlantPolePound磅Quart夸脱(容量单位)Quarter四分之一Rod杆Roll卷Set一套、一副Sheet张short ton 短吨、美吨stonestand串、股Tonne公吨Tray盘Unit。
Blade owner’s manualimportant safety informationgeneral care of your systemThank you for purchasing KEF Blade speakers. They have been designed to faithfully reproduce high qualitysound over many years of use and should provide realistic reproduction of music and speech. Please take a littletime to read these instructions prior to use.Y our KEF Blade speakers are tall, slim and extremely heavy. Installed correctly on a smooth, level surface, yourspeakers should be entirely safe to listen to and to live with.However, if you live with small children, large pets, the infirm, have uneven flooring or unusually thick carpetingin your home, then correct adjustment of the foot assemblies is imperative if safe, stable operation is tobe achieved.Warning: The metal tweeter dome has a protective wave guide at the centre of the Uni-Q® driver array;if this is compromised and the dome itself is dented, it will permanently impair performance.1. Read this manual carefully,especially the safety information,before attempting to assembleand operate the system.1. Avoid temperature extremes.2. Avoid damp.3. Avoid direct sunlight.4. Clean with the KEF cloth provided.5. Do not use spirit based cleaners.If you are at all uncertain about setting up, operating or caring for your system your dealer willbe pleased to assist you.4. Trailing cables are dangerous.Ensure all cables are secureand tidy.2. Follow the unpacking andassembly instructions on thecartons. Please note that liftingthe system requires twoable-bodied persons.3. Never connect the systemdirectly to the electricity supply.5. When stripping cables use onlytools designed specifically for thepurpose i.e. correct wire cuttersor cable strippers.AdjustmentCaution/WarningSwitch off appliancePositiveNegativeOption5Page 10 - unpacking, handling and after carePage 11 - adjusting the feet and/or spikesPage 12 - speaker placement and room acoustics Page 14 - amplifier tospeaker connectionsPage 15 - amplifier requirementsand power handlingPage 16 - single, bi-wireand bi-amp connectionsPage 19contentsInstallation and Operation Specifications7Adjust Lockunpacking, handling and after care adjusting the feet and/or spikes These Blade speakers are packedone speaker per carton. Prior tounpacking, please ensure that theserial numbers of the speakerssupplied match each other.Then, unpack the speakerscarefully following the instructionsprinted on the carton and inspectfor any sign of damage.Y our speakers left KEF in perfectcondition. If any damage isapparent, you should notify yourretailer or consultant immediately.Retain the packaging in case aneed arises for you to transportthe speakers at a later date.Y ou will notice that a special KEFcare pack is included with eachpair of speakers.Under normal circumstances your speakers will be commissioned by your retailer or consultant, who will have been trained in their installation by KEF.KEF strongly recommends that you do not attempt to level your speakers single-handedly.Recruit the assistance of another adult or consult an authorised KEF Blade outlet for assistance which may be chargeable if the purchase was not made through them originally.The spike/locking nut combination supplied is designed to provide small adjustments, not to compensate for seriously irregular floors.Each Blade speaker is supplied with KEF designed substantial spikes and locking nuts (also in the care pack). This enables fine adjustment of level, depending on your preferred location of the speakers whatever the floor covering, carpet, tile or block wood. In addition to the spikes and locking nuts each Blade also comes with pucks to protect wood floors.Often, you will find that the speaker is close to vertical, but rocks because one spike (or two spikes diagonally) seems too short.If the general stability is good, but the speaker is leaning to the left, right, backward or forward, then equal minor adjustments to the two spikes opposite to the direction of lean should be made. Installation and operation Installation and operation This pack contains a cleaning cloth and all the required accessories for connecting and positioning your speakers. The care pack also contains the unique product build certificate. This is a valuable document and guarantees the quality and craftsmanship of your speakers.The cabinets are finished in high gloss and should be treated with the same care with which you would treat fine furniture. A suitable cleaning cloth is included in the customer care pack to maintain the original finish and lustre. A spirit level is provided at the rear of the Blade to gauge when the speaker is perfectly level.A rigidly-sited speaker performs better than one that can move because it enables the cabinet to remain fixed while the drive units are allowed to move as determined by the source signal. Best results will be obtained if the speakers are level and stable. Check the general stability of each speaker by gently rocking it from side to side, front-to-back and diagonally.11speaker placement and room acousticsThe listening room is one of the most variable elements in the hi-fi chain and its effect cannot be emphasised too strongly, nor can its effect be reliably predicted. Spacing the speakers approximately 2m - 3m (6ft. -10ft.) apart will allow the stereo images to develop fully. Y ou should sit at a distance at least equal to, and preferably greater than, the distance betweenthe speakers.Be aware also that soft furnishingsnear to a speaker will deaden thesound - similarly, nearby reflectivesurfaces may brighten up thesound. Move the speakers untilyou are satisfied that the sound isright and that the stereo image iswell defined.Installation and operationPositioning the speaker in a corner or near to a side wall is not recommended as the significant bass boost caused by this position will affect the sound and cause the stereo image to deteriorate. It is best to place the speakers symmetrically within the room, relative to the walls, ceiling andfloor, where possible.13amplifier to speaker connectionsAll connections should be made with the amplifier switched OFF. Ensure the integrity of all connections prior to switching the amplifier ON.KEF Blade speakers are fitted with purpose designed silver-platedBi-wire/Bi-amp terminals which will accept bare wire, spade or4mm connectors.Most good quality speaker cables have some indication, such as colour coding or ‘ribbing’ on the insulating material, indicating which conductor is ‘+’ or positive. Connection to the speakers can then be made as follows:Bare wire connections are the simplest to achieve and involve stripping 12.5mm (0.5in.) of insulation to expose the speaker wire core. (Y ou should twist together, using clean fingers, the ends of each multi-stranded core prior to the next stage to ensure a good signal contact). Having unscrewed the lower terminal cap, push the wire through the exposed hole in the terminal body and screw the capdown tightly.Make sure that no stray strands come into contact with the opposite terminal; this could cause a short circuit between the terminals and may damage your amplifier.Be aware that a higher quality run of cable will always give a more rewarding presentation than multiple runs of an inferior cable.Installation and operationThe left channel amplifier output terminal marked ‘+’ or coloured RED connects to the left speaker terminal marked ‘+’. The left channel amplifier output terminal marked ‘-’ or coloured BLACK connects to the left speaker terminal marked ‘-’. Similarly, these instructions should be followed for making connections between the right channel amplifier output and the right speaker. Correct polarity, or phase, is vital to the proper operation of the system.If the connections are not made correctly the sound will deteriorate giving poor bass output and a diffuse presentation of the soundstage.amplifier requirementsand power handlingIn KEF literature and in thespecification table within theseinstructions are listed a range ofamplifier power outputs to matchyour Blade speakers. Conditions ofuse (room size, type ofprogramme, preferred listeninglevel) and the nature of thespeaker/amplifier interface vary sowidely that it is not possible to laydown hard and fast rules aboutamplifiers and the speakersthey drive.KEF speakers are built to rigorousstandards of quality andconsistency and the upper limits ofthe amplifier requirements shownare those which the speaker inquestion should handle withoutdistress or damage when usedunder normal domestic conditions.Remember it is easier to damagethe speaker by using a smallamplifier driven into distortion bytoo much volume, possibly withbass and treble boost, than byusing a larger amplifier which haspower in reserve. If in doubt,ask the advice of your retaileror consultant. Installation and operationIf higher than specified amplifierpowers are used, great care shouldbe taken to avoid abnormalconditions such as switch-onsurges or gross distortion, eitherof the amplifier or the speaker,resulting in power peaks greatly inexcess of the ratings specified.Care should be taken as thepossibility still exists under certainconditions (such as excessive bassor treble boost caused by toneand/or loudness controls, graphicequalisers, etc.) that the speakerscan be overloaded and damaged.The lower limits of amplifierpower are those necessary to givea reasonable sound pressure levelunder domestic conditions.15single, bi-wire and bi-amp connectionsInstallation and operationThe left and right channel speaker cables should, wherever possible, be the same length otherwise there may be a perceptible change in output level between the speakers.17specifications19BladeDesign Three-way bass reflex, Single Apparent Sourcedriver configurationDrive units Uni-Q driver array:MF: 125mm (5in.) Li-Mg-Al /LCP hybrid coneHF: 25mm (1in.) Al domeBass units:LF: 4 x 225mm (9in.) with force cancellingFrequency response 40Hz - 35kHz +/- 3dB28Hz - 45kHz. +/- 6dBHarmonic distortion 2nd and 3rd harmonics (90dB/1m):<0.5% 40Hz - 100kHz<0.2% 200Hz - 10kHzCrossover frequencies 350Hz, 3kHzAmplifier requirements 50 - 400WSensitivity (2.83V/1m)90dBMaximum output (SPL)117dBNominal impedance 4 Ohms (3.2 Ohms min.)Weight 57.2 kg (126 lbs)Dimensions (H x W x D)1590 x 363 x 540 mm62.5 x 14.3 x 21.2in.Standard Finishes Gloss black or gloss whiteCustom Colours Garnet, sapphire, grigio, racing red, racing blue, palegold, orange sorbet, graphite, stardust, lemon sorbet,lime sorbet or snow white1590mm(62.5in.)363mm (14.3in.)540mm(21.2in.)K 290247EEmail:************Email:********************Email:***************Email:*******************Email:********************.hk E-mail:***********Email:********************.tw10Email:********************。
机械类翻译参考词汇表表一3dnow!(3d no waiting)alu(arithmetic logic unit,算术逻辑单元)agu(address generation units,地址产成单元)bga(ball grid array,球状矩阵排列)bht(branch prediction table,分支预测表)bpu(branch processing unit,分支处理单元)brach pediction(分支预测)cmos: complementary metal oxide semiconductor,互补金属氧化物半导体cisc(complex instruction set computing,复杂指令集计算机)clk(clock cycle,时钟周期)cob(cache on board,板上集成缓存)cod(cache on die,芯片内集成缓存)cpga(ceramic pin grid array,陶瓷针型栅格阵列)cpu(center processing unit,中央处理器)data forwarding(数据前送)decode(指令解码)dib(dual independent bus,双独立总线)ec(embedded controller,嵌入式控制器)embedded chips(嵌入式)epic(explicitly parallel instruction code,并行指令代码)fadd(floationg point addition,浮点加)fcpga(flip chip pin grid array,反转芯片针脚栅格阵列)fdiv(floationg point divide,浮点除)femms:fast entry/exit multimedia state,快速进入/退出多媒体状态fft(fast fourier transform,快速热欧姆转换)fid(fid:frequency identify,频率鉴别号码)fifo(first input first output,先入先出队列)flip-chip(芯片反转)flop(floating point operations per second,浮点操作/秒)fmul(floationg point multiplication,浮点乘)fpu(float point unit,浮点运算单元)fsub(floationg point subtraction,浮点减)gvpp(generic visual perception processor,常规视觉处理器)hl-pbga: 表面黏著,高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状矩阵封装ia(intel architecture,英特尔架构)icu(instruction control unit,指令控制单元)id:identify,鉴别号码idf(intel developer forum,英特尔开发者论坛)ieu(integer execution units,整数执行单元)imm: intel mobile module,英特尔移动模块instructions cache,指令缓存instruction coloring(指令分类)ipc(instructions per clock cycle,指令/时钟周期)isa(instruction set architecture,指令集架构)kni(katmai new instructions,katmai新指令集,即sse)latency(潜伏期)ldt(lightning data transport,闪电数据传输总线)local interconnect(局域互连)mesi(modified,exclusive,shared,invalid:修改、排除、共享、废弃) mmx(multimedia extensions,多媒体扩展指令集)mmu(multimedia unit,多媒体单元)mflops(million floationg point/second,每秒百万个浮点操作)mhz(million hertz,兆赫兹)mp(multi-processing,多重处理器架构)mps(multiprocessor specification,多重处理器规范)msrs(model-specific registers,特别模块寄存器)naoc(no-account overclock,无效超频)ni:non-intel,非英特尔olga(organic land grid array,基板栅格阵列)ooo(out of order,乱序执行)pga: pin-grid array(引脚网格阵列),耗电大post-riscpr(performance rate,性能比率)psn(processor serial numbers,处理器序列号)pib(processor in a box,盒装处理器)ppga(plastic pin grid array,塑胶针状矩阵封装)pqfp(plastic quad flat package,塑料方块平面封装)raw(read after write,写后读)register contention(抢占寄存器)register pressure(寄存器不足)register renaming(寄存器重命名)remark(芯片频率重标识)resource contention(资源冲突)retirement(指令引退)risc(reduced instruction set computing,精简指令集计算机)sec: single edge connector,单边连接器shallow-trench isolation(浅槽隔离)simd(single instruction multiple data,单指令多数据流)sio2f(fluorided silicon oxide,二氧氟化硅)smi(system management interrupt,系统管理中断)smm(system management mode,系统管理模式)smp(symmetric multi-processing,对称式多重处理架构)soi: silicon-on-insulator,绝缘体硅片sonc(system on a chip,系统集成芯片)spec(system performance evaluation corporation,系统性能评估测试)sqrt(square root calculations,平方根计算)sse(streaming simd extensions,单一指令多数据流扩展)superscalar(超标量体系结构)tcp: tape carrier package(薄膜封装),发热小throughput(吞吐量)tlb(translate look side buffers,翻译旁视缓冲器)uswc(uncacheabled speculative write combination,无缓冲随机联合写操作)valu(vector arithmetic logic unit,向量算术逻辑单元)vliw(very long instruction word,超长指令字)vpu(vector permutate unit,向量排列单元)vpu(vector processing units,向量处理单元,即处理mmx、sse等simd指令的地方)表二Acetyl||乙酰Acid-proof paint||耐酸涂料, 耐酸油漆Acrylic fiber||丙烯酸纤维Acrylic resin||丙烯酸树脂Active filler||活性填料Adapter assembly||接头组件Addition polyimide||加成型聚酰亚胺Addition polymer||加聚物Adjusting valve||调整阀,调节阀Adhersion assembly||粘合装配Adhersion bond||胶结Adjustable-bed press||工作台可调式压力机Adjuster shim||调整垫片Adjusting accuracy||调整精度,调校精度Admissible error||容许误差Admissible load||容许载荷Adsorbed layer||吸附层Advanced composite material||先进复合材料,高级复合材料Advanced development vehicle||试制车,预研样车AE(Automobile Engineering)||汽车工程技术Aeolotropic material||各向异性材料Aerated plastics||泡沫塑料, 多孔塑料Aerodynamic body||流线型车身Aft cross member||底盘/车架后横梁Air bleeder||排气孔Air clamp||气动夹具Air deflector||导流板;导风板,气流偏转板Air intake manifold||进气歧管Air servo||伺服气泵Air-tight joint||气密接头All-plastic molded||全塑模注的All polyster seat||全聚酯座椅Alligatoring||龟裂,涂膜皱皮,表面裂痕Amino resin||氨基树脂Angular test||挠曲试验Anti-chipping primer||抗破裂底漆(底层涂料)Apron||防护挡板Aramid fibre composites||芳胺纤维复合材料Assembly drawing||装配图Assembly jig||装配夹具Assembly part||装配件,组合件Autoclave forming||热压罐成型Autocorrection||自动校正Automatic compensation||自动补偿Automatic feed||自动进料Automobile instrument||汽车仪表板Automotive transmission||汽车传动装置,汽车变速器Auxiliary fasia console||副仪表板Axial strain||轴向应变Axle bushing||轴衬Axle fairing||底盘车桥整流罩A Stage||A 阶段(某些热固性树脂聚合作用的初期阶段)AAC(Auxiliary Air Control)||辅助空气控制ABC(Active Body Control)||主动式车身控制装置Abherent||阻粘剂Ability meter||测力计,性能测试仪ABL (Ablative)||烧蚀剂Ablation||烧蚀Ablative composite material||烧蚀复合材料Ablative insulative material||烧蚀绝热材料Ablative polymer||烧蚀聚合物Ablative prepreg||烧蚀性预浸料Ablative resistance||耐烧蚀性ABR(Acrylate Butadience Rubber)||丙烯酸丁二烯橡胶Abradant material||研磨材料,磨料Abrade||研磨;用喷砂清理Abrasion||磨耗Abrasion coefficient||磨耗系数Abrasion loss||磨耗量,磨损量Abrasion performance||磨耗性Abrasion-proof material||耐磨材料Abrasion resistant paint||耐磨涂料Abrasion test||磨损试验Abrasive blast system||喷砂清理系统Abrasive cloth||砂布</P< p>表三PCS Pieces 个(根,块等)PRS Pairs 双(对等)CTN Carton 卡通箱PAL Pallet/skid 栈板PO Purchasing Order 采购订单MO Manufacture Order 生产单D/C Date Code 生产日期码ID/C Identification Code (供应商)识别码SWR Special Work Request 特殊工作需求L/N Lot Number 批号P/N Part Number 料号表四A.1. abrasive tooth wear 齿面研磨磨损2. absolute tangential velocity 绝对切向速度3. accelerometer 加速表4. addendum 齿顶高5. addendum angle 齿顶角6. addendum circle 齿顶圆7. addendum surface 上齿面8. adhesive wear 粘着磨损9. adjustability 可调性10. adjustability coefficients 可调系数11. adjusting wedge 圆盘端铣刀的可调型楔块12. allowable stress 允许应力13. alternate blade cutter 双面刀盘14. angular backlash 角侧隙15. angular bevel gears 斜交锥齿轮16. angular displacement 角移位17. angular pitch 齿端距18. angular testing machine 可调角度试验机19. approach action 啮入20. arbor 心轴21. arbor distance 心轴距22. arc of approach 啮入弧23. arc of recess 啮出弧24. attraction 收紧25. average cutter diameter 平均刀尖直径26. axial displacement 轴向位移27. axial factor 轴向系数28. axial locating surface 轴向定位面29. axial pitch 轴向齿距30. axial plane 轴向平面31. axial rakeangle 轴向前角32. axial thrust 轴向推力33. axle testing machine 传动桥试验机B.1. back angle 背锥角2. Back angle distance 背角距(在背锥母线方向)3. Back cone 背锥4. Back cone distance 背锥距5. Back cone element 背锥母线6. Backlash 侧隙7. Backlash tolerance 侧隙公差8. Backlash variation 侧隙变量9. Backlash variation tolerance 侧隙变量公差10. Bandwidth 频带宽11. Base circle 基圆12. Base diameter 基圆直径13. Base pitch 基节14. Base radius 基圆半径15. Base spiral angle 基圆螺旋角16. Basic rack 基本齿条17. Bearing 轴承18. Bearing preload 轴承预负荷19. Bearing spacing/spread 轴承间距20. Bending fatigue 弯曲疲劳21. Bending stress 弯曲应力22. Bevel gears 锥齿轮23. Bias 对角接触24. Bias in 内对角接触25. Bias out 外对角接触26. Blade angle 刀齿齿廓角27. Blade edge radius 刀尖圆角半径28. Blade letter 刀尖凸角代号29. Blade life 刀尖寿命30. Blade point width 刀顶宽31. Blank offset 毛坯偏置距32. Bland position 毛坯位置33. Bottom land 齿槽底面34. Boundary lubrication 界面润滑35. Breakage 破裂36. Bridged contact pattern 桥型接触斑点37. Broach 拉刀38. Burnishing 挤齿C.1. Case crushing 齿面塌陷2. CBN 立方氮化硼3. chamfer 倒角4. chordal addendum 弦齿高5. chordal thickness 弦齿厚6. chuck 卡盘7. circular broach 圆拉刀8. circular face-mill 圆盘端面铣刀9. circular peripheral-mill 圆盘铣刀10. circular pitch 周节11. circular thickness 弧齿厚12. circular thickness factor 弧齿厚系数13. clearance 顶隙14. clearance angle 后角15. coarse pitch 大节距16. coast side 不工作齿侧17. combination 组合18. combined preload 综合预负荷19. complementary crown gears 互补冠状齿轮20. completing cycle 全工序循环21. composite action 双面啮合综合检验误差22. compressive stress 压应力23. concave side 凹面24. concentricity 同心度25. concentricity tester 同心度检查仪26. cone distance 锥距27. cone element 锥面母线28. conformal surfaces 共型表面29. coniskoid 斜锥齿轮30. conjugate gears 共轭齿轮31. conjugate racks 共轭齿条32. contact fatigue 接触疲劳33. contact norma 接触点法线34. contact pattern (tooth contact pattern) 轮齿接触斑点35. contact ratio 重合度36. contact stress 接触应力37. continuous index 连续分度38. control gear 标准齿轮,检验用齿轮39. convex side 凸面40. coolant 冷却液41. corrosive wear 腐蚀性磨损42. corrugated tool 阶梯刨刀43. counter forma surfaces 反法向表面44. cradle 摇台45. cradle test roll 摇台角46. cross 大小端接触47. crossing point 交错点48. crown 齿冠49. crown circle 锥齿轮冠圆50. crowned teeth 鼓形齿51. crown gear 冠轮52. crown to back (轮冠距)轮冠至安装定位面距离53. crown to crossing point 轮冠至相错点距离54. cutter 刀盘55. cutter axial 刀盘的轴向位置56. cutter axial plane 刀盘轴向平面57. cutter axis 刀盘轴线58. cutter diameter 刀盘直径59. cutter edge radius 刀刃圆角半径60. cutter head 刀盘体61. cutter number 刀号62. cutter parallel 刀盘平垫片63. cutter point diameter 刀尖直径64. cutter point radius 刀尖半径65. cutter point width 刀顶距66. cutter spindle 刀盘主轴67. cutter spindle rotation angle 刀盘主轴转角68. cutting distance 切齿安装距69. C.V. testing mashing 常速试验机70. cyclex 格里森粗铣精拉法圆盘端铣刀71. cylindrical gears 圆柱齿轮D.1. Datum tooth 基准齿2. Debur 去毛刺3. Decibel (CB) (噪音)分贝4. Decimal ratio 挂轮比值5. Dedendum 齿根高6. Dendendum angle 齿根角7. Dedendum surface 下齿面8. Deflection 挠曲9. Deflection test 挠曲试验10. Deflection testing machine 挠曲试验机11. Depthwise taper 齿高收缩12. Design data sheet 设计数据表13. Destructive pitting 破坏性点蚀14. Destructive wear 破坏性磨损15. Developed setting 试切调整16. Dial indicator 度盘式指示表17. Diametral pitch 径节18. Diamond 菱形接触19. Dinging ball check 钢球敲击检查20. Disc-mill cuter 盘铣刀21. Dish angle 凹角22. Displacement 位移23. Displacement error 位移误差24. Double index 双分度25. Double roll 双向滚动26. Down roll 向下滚动27. Drive side 工作齿侧28. Duplete 双刃刀29. Duplex 双重双面法30. Duplex helical 双重螺旋法(加工方法之一)31. Duplex spread blade 双重双面刀齿(加工/磨齿方法)32. Duplex taper 双重收缩齿33. Durability factor 耐久系数34. Dynamic factor 动载荷系数E。
A1 abrasive tooth wear 齿面研磨磨损2 absolute tangential velocity 绝对切向速度3 accelerometer 加速表4 addendum 齿顶高5 addendum angle 齿顶角6 addendum circle 齿顶圆7 addendum surface 上齿面8 adhesive wear 粘着磨损9 adjustability 可调性10 adjustability coefficients 可调系数11 adjusting wedge 圆盘端铣刀的可调型楔块12 allowable stress 允许应力13 alternate blade cutter 双面刀盘14 angular backlash 角侧隙15 angular bevel gears 斜交锥齿轮16 angular displacement 角移位17 angular pitch 齿端距18 angular testing machine 可调角度试验机19 approach action 啮入20 arbor 心轴21 arbor distance 心轴距22 arc of approach 啮入弧23 arc of recess 啮出弧24 attraction 收紧25 average cutter diameter 平均刀尖直径26 axial displacement 轴向位移27 axial factor 轴向系数28 axial locating surface 轴向定位面29 axial pitch 轴向齿距30 axial plane 轴向平面31 axial rakeangle 轴向前角32 axial thrust 轴向推力33 axle testing machine 传动桥试验机B1 back angle 背锥角2 Back angle distance 背角距(在背锥母线方向)3 Back cone 背锥4 Back cone distance 背锥距5 Back cone element 背锥母线6 Backlash 侧隙7 Backlash tolerance 侧隙公差8 Backlash variation 侧隙变量9 Backlash variation tolerance 侧隙变量公差10 Bandwidth 频带宽11 Base circle 基圆12 Base diameter 基圆直径13 Base pitch 基节14 Base radius 基圆半径15 Base spiral angle 基圆螺旋角16 Basic rack 基本齿条17 Bearing 轴承18 Bearing preload 轴承预负荷19 Bearing spacing/spread 轴承间距20 Bending fatigue 弯曲疲劳21 Bending stress 弯曲应力22 Bevel gears 锥齿轮23 Bias 对角接触24 Bias in 内对角接触25 Bias out 外对角接触26 Blade angle 刀齿齿廓角27 Blade edge radius 刀尖圆角半径28 Blade letter 刀尖凸角代号29 Blade life 刀尖寿命30 Blade point width 刀顶宽31 Blank offset 毛坯偏置距32 Bland position 毛坯位置33 Bottom land 齿槽底面34 Boundary lubrication 界面润滑35 Breakage 破裂36 Bridged contact pattern 桥型接触斑点37 Broach 拉刀38 Burnishing 挤齿C1 Case crushing 齿面塌陷2 CBN 立方氮化硼3 chamfer 倒角4 chordal addendum 弦齿高5 chordal thickness 弦齿厚6 chuck 卡盘7 circular broach 圆拉刀8 circular face-mill 圆盘端面铣刀9 circular peripheral-mill 圆盘铣刀10 circular pitch 周节11 circular thickness 弧齿厚12 circular thickness factor 弧齿厚系数13 clearance 顶隙14 clearance angle 后角15 coarse pitch 大节距16 coast side 不工作齿侧17 combination 组合18 combined preload 综合预负荷19 complementary crown gears 互补冠状齿轮20 completing cycle 全工序循环21 composite action 双面啮合综合检验误差22 compressive stress 压应力23 concave side 凹面24 concentricity 同心度25 concentricity tester 同心度检查仪26 cone distance 锥距27 cone element 锥面母线28 conformal surfaces 共型表面29 coniskoid 斜锥齿轮30 conjugate gears 共轭齿轮31 conjugate racks 共轭齿条32 contact fatigue 接触疲劳33 contact norma 接触点法线34 contact pattern (tooth contact pattern) 轮齿接触斑点35 contact ratio 重合度36 contact stress 接触应力37 continuous index 连续分度38 control gear 标准齿轮,检验用齿轮39 convex side 凸面40 coolant 冷却液41 corrosive wear 腐蚀性磨损42 corrugated tool 阶梯刨刀43 counter forma surfaces 反法向表面44 cradle 摇台45 cradle test roll 摇台角46 cross 大小端接触47 crossing point 交错点48 crown 齿冠49 crown circle 锥齿轮冠圆50 crowned teeth 鼓形齿51 crown gear 冠轮52 crown to back (轮冠距)轮冠至安装定位面距离53 crown to crossing point 轮冠至相错点距离54 cutter 刀盘55 cutter axial 刀盘的轴向位置56 cutter axial plane 刀盘轴向平面57 cutter axis 刀盘轴线58 cutter diameter 刀盘直径59 cutter edge radius 刀刃圆角半径60 cutter head 刀盘体61 cutter number 刀号62 cutter parallel 刀盘平垫片63 cutter point diameter 刀尖直径64 cutter point radius 刀尖半径65 cutter point width 刀顶距66 cutter spindle 刀盘主轴67 cutter spindle rotation angle 刀盘主轴转角68 cutting distance 切齿安装距69 CV testing mashing 常速试验机70 cyclex 格里森粗铣精拉法圆盘端铣刀71 cylindrical gears 圆柱齿轮D1 Datum tooth 基准齿2 Debur 去毛刺3 Decibel (CB) (噪音)分贝4 Decimal ratio 挂轮比值5 Dedendum 齿根高6 Dendendum angle 齿根角7 Dedendum surface 下齿面8 Deflection 挠曲9 Deflection test 挠曲试验10 Deflection testing machine 挠曲试验机11 Depthwise taper 齿高收缩12 Design data sheet 设计数据表13 Destructive pitting 破坏性点蚀14 Destructive wear 破坏性磨损15 Developed setting 试切调整16 Dial indicator 度盘式指示表17 Diametral pitch 径节18 Diamond 菱形接触19 Dinging ball check 钢球敲击检查20 Disc-mill cuter 盘铣刀21 Dish angle 凹角22 Displacement 位移23 Displacement error 位移误差24 Double index 双分度25 Double roll 双向滚动26 Down roll 向下滚动27 Drive side 工作齿侧28 Duplete 双刃刀29 Duplex 双重双面法30 Duplex helical 双重螺旋法(加工方法之一)31 Duplex spread blade 双重双面刀齿(加工/磨齿方法)32 Duplex taper 双重收缩齿33 Durability factor 耐久系数34 Dynamic factor 动载荷系数E1 Ease-off 修正、失配2 Eccentric 偏心3 Eccentric angle 偏心角4 Eccentricity 偏心度5 Edge radius 刀尖圆角半径6 Effective bearing spacing 轴承有效间距7 Effective face width 有效宽度(有效齿宽)8 Elastic coefficient 弹性系数9 Elastic deformation 弹性变形10 Elastic limit 弹性极限11 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication 弹性液压润滑12 Element 母线、要素13 End movement 轴向移动14 Endrem 修内端凸轮、导程凸轮15 Endurance life 耐久寿命16 Endurance limit 耐久极限17 Engine torque 发动机扭矩18 Enveloping 包络19 EP lubricant, EP 极压润滑剂20 EPG check, “EPG” 检查21 Equal addendum teeth 等齿顶高齿22 Equicurv 等高齿大轮成形法23 Equidep 等高齿24 Equiside 等边25 Equivalent fear ratio 当量传动比26 Equivalent number of teeth 当量齿数27 Equivalent pitch radius 当量节圆半径28 Equivalent rack 当量齿条29 Expander 涨胎30 Expanding arbor 可张心轴31 Extreme pressure lubricant 极压润滑剂F1 Face acvance 斜齿轮扭曲量2 Face angle 顶锥角(面锥角)3 Face angle distance 顶锥角距4 Face apex 顶锥顶5 Face apex beyond crossing point 顶锥顶至相错点距离6 Face cone 顶锥7 Face cone element 齿顶圆锥母线,面锥母线8 Face contact ratio 齿长重合度,轴向重合度(圆柱齿轮)9 Face line 齿面与轴面交线10 Face width 齿宽11 Factor of safety 安全系数12 Fatigue breakage 疲劳破裂13 Fatigue failure 疲劳失效14 Fatigue test 疲劳测试15 Feed cam 进给凸轮16 Feed gears 进给齿轮17 Fillet 齿根圆角18 Fillet curve 齿根过渡曲线19 Fillet radius 齿根圆角半径20 Film strength 液膜强度21 Filter (electronic) (电子的)滤波器22 Filter (mechanical) (机械的)滤波器23 Fine pitch (小模数)细径节24 Finisher 精切机床25 Fishtail 鱼尾形26 Fixed setting 固定安装法27 Flank 下齿面28 Flanking 下齿面加工29 Formarc 加工齿轮用的曲线齿廓刀具30 Formate 成形法31 Former 齿廓样板,靠模32 Forming 成型,在磨具内挤压成型33 Form tool 成形刀34 Fourier analysis 傅里叶分析35 Frequency 频率36 Friction load 摩擦负荷37 Front angle 前角38 Front cone 前锥39 Front crown 前锥齿冠40 Front crown to crossing point 前锥齿冠至交错点41 Full-depth teeth 全齿高齿42 Fundametal 基频G1 Gable 山形齿沟底面2 Gear 齿轮3 Gear axial displacement 齿轮轴向位移4 Gear axial plane 齿轮轴向平面5 Gear axis 齿轮轴线6 Gear center 齿轮中心7 Gear combination 齿轮组合8 Gear cone 大轮锥距9 Geared index 齿轮系分度10 Gear finisher 成形法齿轮精切机床11 Gear manufacturing summary 齿轮加工调整卡12 Gear marking compound 检查齿轮啮合涂色剂13 Gear member 大轮14 Gear planer 成型刨齿机15 Gear ratio 齿数比16 Gear rougher 齿轮粗切机床17 Gears 齿轮组18 Gear tipping 齿轮倾斜19 Generated gear 展成法齿轮20 Generating cam 展成凸轮21 Generating gear 展成齿轮22 Generating pressure angle 产形轮压力角23 Generating train 展成传动键24 Generation 展成25 Generator 展成齿轮加工机床26 Geneva index 星形轮分度,槽轮分度27 Geometry factor-durability 齿面接触强度几何系数28 Geometry factor0-strength 强度几何系数29 G-flow 格里森制金属件的商标,采用冷挤压成形法30 G-form 采用热锻成形法制造31 GLE-sine 砂轮内外压力角正弦波进行修整用机构32 G-plete 全工序法33 Gradeability 托曳力34 Grinding cracks 磨削裂纹35 G-spin 精密主轴的机床36 G-trac 圆柱齿轮的无端链式机床的商标H1 Hand of cutter 刀盘方向2 Hand of spiral 螺旋方向3 Hand-rolling tester 手动滚动试验机4 Hardac 镶篇淬硬刀体精切刀盘5 Hard finishing 硬齿面精加工6 Hardness ratio factor 硬度比系数7 Harmonic 谐振8 Harmonic search 谐振追踪9 Harmonic sweep 谐振扫描10 Heel 轮齿大端11 Heel pattern 大端接触12 Helical duplex 双重螺旋法13 Helical motion 螺旋运动14 Helixact 螺旋运动法15 Helixform 螺旋成形法16 Hertz (Hz) 赫兹17 Hook angle 断面前角18 Horizontal displacement 水平位移19 Horizontal offset 水平偏置20 HRH 高减速比准双曲面齿轮(大于10:1的减速比)21 Hunting tooth combination 大小齿轮齿数无公因数的齿轮副22 Hudrodynamic lubrication 液压润滑23 Hupermesh 超配合24 Hypoid gears 准双曲面齿轮25 Hypoid offset 准双曲面齿轮偏置距I1 Imaginary generating gear 假想成形法2 Incremental index 逐齿分度3 Index gears 分度齿轮4 Index interval 分度跳跃齿齿数5 Index plate 分度盘6 Index tolerance 分度公差7 Index variation 分度变化量8 Indicator anchorage 指示表支撑座9 Inertia factor 惯量系数10 Initial pitting 初期点蚀11 Inner addendum 小端齿顶高12 Inner cone distance 小端锥距13 Inner dedendum 小端齿根高14 Inner slot width 小端槽宽15 Inner spiral angle 小端螺旋角16 Inserted blade cutter 镶片刀盘17 Inside blade 内切刀齿18 Inside point diameter 内切刀尖直径19 Instantaneous contact pattern 瞬时接触斑点20 Interference 干涉21 Interference point 干涉点22 Interlocking disc-mill cutters 交错齿盘形铣刀23 Intermittent index 间断分度24 Internal bevel gear 内锥齿轮25 Inverse gear ratio 反齿数比26 Involute 渐开线27 Involute gear 渐开线齿轮28 Involute interference point 渐开线干涉点29 Involute spiral angle 渐开线螺旋角30 Involute teeth 渐开线齿J1 Jet lubrication 喷射润滑L1 Lame 顶根接触2 Lapping 研磨3 Lead cam 导程凸轮4 Length of action 啮合长度5 Lengthwise bridge 纵向桥型接触6 Lengthwise mismatch 纵向失配7 Lengthwise sliding velocity 纵向滑动速度8 Life factor 寿命系数9 Lift 垂直位移10 Limit point width 极限刀顶距11 Limit pressure angle 极限压力角12 Linear displacement transducer 线性位移传感器13 Line of action 啮合线14 Line of centers 中心线15 Line of contact 接触线16 Load sharing ratio 负荷分配比17 Localized tooth contact 齿局部接触18 Locating surface 定位表面19 Long-and-short-addendum teeth 高变位齿轮20 Long-toe-short-heel 小端长,大端短接触21 Lubricant 润滑剂22 Lubrication 润滑23 Lubricity 润滑性M1 Machine center 基床中心点2 Machine center to back 机床中心至工件安装基准面3 Machine plane 机床切削平面4 Machine root angle 毛坯安装角5 Marking compound 检查齿轮啮合型情况使用的涂色剂6 Master blade 标准刀齿7 Master gear 标准齿轮8 Mean addendum 中点齿顶高9 Mean cone distance 中点锥距10 Mean dedendum 中点齿根高11 Mean diametral pitch 中点径节12 Mean measuring addendum 中点测量齿顶高13 Mean measuring depth 中点测量齿高14 Mean measuring thickness 中点测量厚度15 Mean normal base pitch 中点法向基节16 Mean normal diameter pitch 中点法向径节17 Mean normal module 中点法向模数18 Mean point 中点,平均点19 Mean radius 中点半径20 Mean section 中点截面21 Mean slot width 中点齿槽宽22 Mean spiral angle 中点螺旋角23 Measuring addendum 测量齿顶高24 Measuring tooth thickness 测量齿厚25 Member 齿轮,元件26 Mesh point 啮合点27 Minimum slot width 最小槽宽28 Mismatch 失配29 Miter gears 等齿数整角锥齿轮副30 Mixed lubrication 混合润滑31 Modified contact ratio 修正总重合度32 Modified roll 滚修正比33 Module 模数34 Motion curves 运动曲线35 Motor torque 电机扭矩36 Mounting distance 安装距37 Mounting surface 安装面N1 Narrow-tow-wide-heel 小端窄大端宽接触2 No load 空载3 Nominal 名义4 Non-generated gear 非展成大轮5 Normal 法向,法线,法面6 Normal backlash 法向侧隙7 Normal backlash tolerance 法向侧隙公差8 Normal base pitch 法向基节9 Normal chordal addendum 法向弦齿高10 Normal chordal thickness 法向弦齿厚11 Normal circular pitch 法向周节12 Normal circular thickness 法向弧齿厚13 Normal contact ratio 法向重合度14 Normal diametral pitch 法向径节15 Normal direction 法线方向16 Normal (perpendicular) load 法向(垂直)负载17 Normal module 法向模数18 Normal plane 法向平面19 Normal pressure angle 法向压力角20 Normal section 法向截面21 Normal space-width taper 正常齿槽宽收缩22 Normal thickness taper 正常齿厚收缩23 Normal tilt 法向刀倾24 Normal wear 正常磨损25 No-roll roughing 无滚动粗切26 Number of teeth 齿数O1 Octoid teeth 锥齿轮的“8”字啮合2 Offset 偏置距3 Operating load 工作负荷4 Operating pressure angle 工作压力角5 Operating torque 工作扭矩6 Outer addendum 大端齿顶高7 Outer cone distance 外锥距8 Outer dedendum 大端齿根高9 Outer slot width 大端槽宽10 Outer spiral angle 大端螺旋角11 Outside blade 外切刃点12 Outside diameter 外径,大端直径13 Outside point diameter 外切刀尖直径14 Outside radius 齿顶圆半径15 Outside surface 外表面16 Overhung mounting 双支承安装17 Overload breakage 超负荷破裂18 Overload factor 超负荷系数P1 Path of action 啮合点轨迹2 Path of contact 接触迹3 Peak load 峰值负荷4 Peak torque 峰值扭矩5 Pedestal bearings 安装差速器壳的架座轴承6 Performance torque 性能扭矩7 Perim-mate 研磨锥齿轮和准双面齿轮用的全齿面研磨法8 Pinion 小轮9 Pinion axial displacement 小轮轴向位移10 Pinion cone 小轮锥距11 Pinion front bearing 小轮前端轴承12 Pinion head bearing 小轮后端前轴承13 Pinion rear bearing 小轮后端后轴承14 Pinion rougher 小轮粗切机15 Pinion offset 小轮偏置距16 Pitch 节距,齿距17 Pitch angle 节锥角18 Pitch apex 节锥顶19 Pitch apex beyond crossing point 节锥顶超出至相错点20 Pitch apex to back 节锥顶至安装端面21 Pitch apex to crown 节锥顶至轮冠22 Pitch circle 节圆23 Pitch cone 节锥24 Pitch curve 节面曲线25 Pitch diameter 节径26 Pitch element 节面母线27 Pitch line 节线28 Pitch-line chuck 节圆夹具29 Pitch-line runout 节线跳动30 Pitch plane 节面31 Pitch point 节点32 Pitch radius 节圆半径33 Pitch surfaces 节曲面34 Pitch tolerance 齿距公差35 Pitch trace 节线36 Pitch variation 齿距变化量37 Pitting 点蚀38 Plane of action 啮合平面39 Plane of rotation 旋转平面40 Planning generator 展成法刨齿机41 Plastic deformation 塑性变形42 Plastic flow 塑性流动43 Plate index 分度盘44 Point diameter 刀尖直径45 Point of contact 接触点46 Point radius 刀尖半径47 Point width 刀顶距48 Point width taper 刀顶距收缩49 Pressure lubrication 压力润滑50 Prime mover torque 原动机扭矩51 Profile angle 齿廓角52 Profile bridge 齿廓桥形接触53 Profile contact ratio 齿廓重合度54 Profile mismatch 齿廓啮合失配55 Profile radius of curvature 齿廓曲率半径56 Proof surface 检测基准面Q1 Quality measurement system 质量检测系统2 Quenching cracks 淬火裂纹3 Quenching die 淬火压模4 Quenching press 淬火压床R1 Rack 齿条2 Radial 径向刀位3 Radial load 径向负荷4 Radial locating surface 径向定位表面5 Radial rake angle 径向前角6 Ratio control roughing 变滚比粗切7 Ratio gears 滚比挂轮8 Ratio of roll 滚比9 Ratio of roll gears 滚比挂轮10 Recess action 啮出11 Relative displacement 相对位移12 Relative movement 相对运动13 Relative radius of curvature 相对曲率半径14 Residual stress 残余应力15 Revacycle 直齿锥齿轮圆拉法用机床及刀具16 Revex 直齿锥齿轮粗拉法17 Ridg-AC 镶片圆盘端面粗铣刀18 Ridging 沟条变形19 Ring gear 大轮,环形齿轮20 Rippling 振纹21 Roll centering 滚动定心22 Roll queching 滚动式淬火压床23 Roll gears 摆角挂轮24 Rolling 滚轧25 Rolling velocity 滚动速度26 Root angle 根锥角27 Root angle tilt 齿根角倾斜28 Root apex 根锥顶29 Root apex beyond crossing point 根锥顶至相错点的距离30 Root apex to back 根锥顶至安装基准面距离31 Root circle 齿根圆32 Root cone 根锥33 Root diameter 根圆直径34 Root line 齿根线35 Root radius 根圆半径36 Root surface 齿根曲面37 Roughac 弧齿锥齿轮粗切刀38 Rougher 粗切机39 RSR 弧齿锥齿轮条形刀齿铣刀盘40 Runout 径向跳动41 Runout tolerance 径向跳动公差S1 Scoring 胶合2 Scoring index 胶合指数3 Scuffing 胶合4 Sector 扇形齿/齿弧5 Segment 扇形齿/体6 Segmental-blade cutter 大轮精切刀7 Separation 分离间隙8 Separating factor 分离系数9 Separating force 分离力10 Set-in 补充切入,进刀11 Set-over 补充转角,调整转换12 Shaft angle 轴转角13 Shot peening 喷丸强化14 Sidebank 边频15 Side movement 侧向位移16 Side rake angle 侧前角17 Single cycle 单循环法18 Single roll 单滚动19 Single setting 单面调整法20 Single side 单面精切法21 Single-side taper 齿槽收缩22 Size factor 尺寸系数23 Skew bevel gears 斜直齿锥齿轮24 Skip index 跳齿分度25 Slide-roll ratio 单位滑滚比,比滑26 Sliding base 床鞍,滑座27 Sliding base setting 床鞍调整,滑座调整28 Sliding velocity 滑动速度29 Slip-chip 直齿锥齿轮一次成形刀30 Slip torque 滑移扭矩31 Slotting tool 切槽刀32 Slot width 槽宽33 Slot-width taper 槽宽收缩34 Small cutter development 小刀盘试切,能产生接近渐开线的刀具35 Solid cutter 整体刀盘36 Sound test 噪声试验37 Space-width taper 齿距收缩38 Spacing tolerance 齿距公差39 Spacing variation 齿距变动量40 Spalling 剥落41 Specific sliding 单位滑动比42 Speed gears 速度挂轮43 Spherical involute teeth 球面渐开线齿44 Spherica limacon teeth 球面钳线齿45 Spindle rotation angle 主轴旋转角46 Spiral angle 螺旋角47 Spiral bevel gears 弧齿锥齿轮48 Splash lubrication 飞溅润滑49 Split profile 齿型中断50 Spread blade 双面刀51 Spread blade 双面刀渐缩52 Standard depthwise taper 标准深锥度53 Standard taper 正常收缩54 Standard thickness 正常齿厚收缩55 Stock allowance 毛坯加工流量56 Straddle cutter 双列刀齿刀盘57 Straddle mounting 跨装58 Straight bevel gears 直齿锥齿轮59 Strength factor 强度系数60 Stress concentration factor 应力集中系数61 Stub teeth 短齿62 Subsurface initiated fatigue breakage 金属表面斜层初始疲劳破裂63 Summary of machine settings 机床调整卡64 Sump lubrication 油槽润滑65 Sum velocity 总速度66 Surface asperities 表面粗糙度67 Surface condition factor 表面条件系数68 Surface deformation 表面变形69 Surface durability 表面耐久度70 Surface fatigue 表面疲劳71 Surface initiated fatigue breakage 表面初始疲劳破裂72 Surface of action 啮合面73 Surface of revolution 回转面74 Surface treatment 表面处理75 Swinging base 回转底座76 Swing pinion cone 摆动小轮节锥法77 Swivel 刀转78 Swivel angle 刀转角79 Symmetrical rack 对称齿条80 Symmetrical rack proportions 对称齿条比例T1 Tangential load 切向负荷2 Tangent plane 切平面3 Tanline 小轮夹具4 Tanruf 双联粗切刀,85模数一下5 Tan-tru 用在加工1016-2540mm的锥齿刀具6 Taper roughing 具有刀顶距收缩的大小轮粗切过程7 Temperature factor 温度系数8 Testing machine 试验机9 Thickness taper 齿厚收缩10 Tilt 刀倾11 Tilt angle 刀倾角12 Tilted rootline taper 倾斜齿根收缩13 Tip radius 齿顶圆角半径14 Toe 轮齿小端15 Toe pattern 小端接触16 Tool 刀具17 Tool advance 刀具进刀18 Tool edge radius 刀刃圆角半径19 Tool point width 刀顶距20 Tooth angle 齿角21 Tooth bearing 齿支撑面,轮齿接触面22 Tooth contact analysis 轮齿接触分析23 Tooth contact pattern 轮齿接触斑点24 Tooth horizontal 齿水平面25 Tooth layout 轮齿剖面图26 Tooth-mesh frequency 齿啮合频率27 Tooth number 齿数28 Tooth profile 齿形,齿廓29 Tooth spacing testing 齿距检查仪30 Tooth spiral 齿螺旋线31 Tooth surface 轮齿表面32 Tooth taper 轮齿收缩33 Tooth-to-tooth composite tolerance 一齿度量中心距公差34 Tooth-to- Tooth composite variation 一齿度量中心距变量35 Tooth trace 齿线36 Tooth vertical 齿垂直面37 Top 齿顶38 Topland 齿顶面39 Topland width 齿顶面宽度40 Topping 修顶41 Top relief angle 顶刃后角42 Toprem 修根刀片43 Toprem angle 刀齿突角角度44 Top slope angle 刀齿顶刃倾角45 Total composite tolerance 总综合公差46 Total composite variation 总度量中心距变动量47 Total contact ratio 总重合度48 Total index tolerance 总分度公差49 Total index variation 总分度变动量50 Tractive effort torque 牵引力扭矩51 Transverse circular pitch 端面周节52 Transverse circular thickness 端面弧齿厚53 Transverse contact ratio 端面重合度54 Transverse diametral pitch 端面径节55 Transverse module 端面模数56 Transverse plane 端平面57 Transverse pressure angle 端面压力角58 Transverse space-width taper 端面槽宽收缩59 Transverse thickness taper 端面齿厚收缩60 Tredgold’s approximation 背锥近似法61 Tribology 润滑与磨损学62 Triplex 三面刃圆盘端铣刀63 Two-tool generator 双刀展成加工机床U1 Undercut 根切2 Undeveloped settings 试切前调整3 Uniform roll 匀速滚动4 Uniform velocity tester 匀速试验机5 Uni-spand 大轮心轴6 Unit load 单位负荷7 Unitool 曲面镶片刀8 Up-roll 向上滚动V1 V and H check 锥齿轮啮合的VH检查2 Variable roll 变滚动3 Velocity factor 速度系数4 Versacut 弧齿锥齿轮加工多用刀盘5 Vers-grip 卡紧小齿轮用的卡盘(商标名称)6 Vertical direction 垂直方向7 Vertical displacement 垂直位移8 Vertical factor 垂直系数9 Vertical force 垂直力10 Vertical offset 垂直偏置距11 Vertical plane 垂直面12 Virtual number of teeth 当量齿数13 Virtual pitch radius 当量节圆半径14 Viscosity 粘度15 V-tool V型刀具W1 Waveform 波形2 Wear 磨损3 Webless-type gear 无幅板式齿轮4 Web-type gear 幅板式齿轮5 Wheel slip torque 车轮打滑扭矩6 Whole depth 齿全高7 Workhead 工件头座8 Workhead offset 垂直轮位9 Workholding equipment 工件夹具10 Working depth 工作齿高11 Working stress 工作允许应力12 Work tests roll 检验工件主轴转角X1X-pandisk 大轮蝶形,涨胎心轴Z1 Zero depthwise taper 等齿高2 Zerol 零度锥齿轮。
产品单位中英文Acre英亩Ampere安培Bag袋Barrel桶Blade刀片Box箱Carat克拉Carton纸箱/纸盒Case箱、盒Centimeter厘米Chain链Combo套餐Cubic centimeter立方厘米Cubic Foot立方英尺Cubic Inch 立方英尺Cubic Meter立方米Cubic Yard 立方码Degrees Celsius摄氏度Degrees Fahrenheit华氏度Dozen打Dram打兰fluid ounce液盎司Foot 英尺Forty-Foot Container四十英尺集装箱Furlong弗隆(英国长度单位)Gallon加仑(容量单位)Gill及耳(容量单位)Grain粒Gram克Gross篓Hectare公顷Hertz赫兹(频率单位)Kiloampere千安培Kilohertz千赫兹Kiloohm千欧姆Kilovolt千伏Kilowatt千瓦Liter公升Long Ton英吨Megahertz兆赫metric ton 公吨milliampere毫安Milligram毫克Millihertz毫赫Milliliter毫升Millimeter毫米Milliohm毫欧Millivolt 毫伏Milliwatt毫瓦nautical mile海里Ohm欧姆Ounce盎司Pack包裹Pair一对、一副Pallet托盘、货板Parcel包裹、小包PerchPiece 块、件Pint品脱PlantPolePound磅Quart夸脱(容量单位)Quarter四分之一Rod杆Roll卷Set一套、一副Sheet张short ton 短吨、美吨stonestand串、股Tonne公吨Tray盘Unit。
常见风电叶片问题及风电叶片检查方案目录catalog 01常见叶片问题及检查方法Blade inspection methods02介绍及案例展示CobotAI-B1 introduce and inspection case风电叶片容易受到强风、雷击、疲劳的影响,引起风电叶片结构损伤;且由于出厂质量影响,有些缺陷长期存在,影响叶片的可靠性。
Wind turbine blades easily affected by strong winds, lightning, fatigue, caused blades damage ; And because of the influence of the factory quality, some defects exist for a long time, the influence on the reliability of the blade随风机运行时间增长,叶片维修需求增加,但普通叶片检查只能查出表面缺陷,存在隐患,所以需要开展叶片无损内部检测。
Grow along with the running time, blade repair demand increases, but blade visual inspection only can be found surface defect, so need for a nondestructive internal inspection.分类人为检测仪器检测检测方式Inspectionway人工目测、敲击、单反相机远距拍照visual inspect , knock, take picture超声无损检测Ultrasonic红外无损检测infrared特点Feature 简单,直接,易于操作,成本较低。
叶片成型前缺陷及人不可及处缺陷无法检测,人为因素影响检验结果Simple, direct, easy tooperate, low cost . Blade moldingdefects and the person before andcannot detect flaw, human factors affectthe test result在工厂针对断层和缺胶检查,目前无法实现风场实时检测In view of thefaults and short ofglue in the factoryinspection, at presentcan't wind field real-time detection检测灵敏度高、检测速度快,检测缺陷范围广,实时成像,能够实现风场实时检测。
阀门中英文对照Valve 阀门General valve 通用阀门cascade 叶栅;栅;级;串、串联cascade of blade 叶栅;栅;级;串联finite cascade 叶栅case 有限叶栅bottom case 箱;柜;框;架;盒;罩;情况shielding case 下壳casing 保护罩casing of side channel pump 壳体;盒;套;包装casing with transfer passages 侧流道泵壳;旋涡泵泵体annular casing 侧流道泵壳;旋涡泵泵体circular casing 环形壳体;环形压水室delivery casing 上壳(井泵);吐出段discharge casing 上壳(井泵);吐出段gear casing 齿轮箱stage casing 中段泵壳;中段stage casing with bleed off 有抽关的中段suction casing 吸入室(壳)前段volute casing 涡形体;涡壳casting 铸件;铸造chill casting 冷硬铸件compression casting 压铸(件)die casting 压铸件;压铸法gravity die casting 压铸件;重力压铸法pressure casting 压铸steel casting 铸钢casualty 事故;损坏catalog(ue) 目录;一览表catcher 收集器;捕捉器;制动装置dust catcher 除尘器grease catcher 脂油收集器oil catcher 集油器(盘)cathode 阴极cavitation 汽蚀initial cavitation 初生汽蚀cavity 空腔vortex cavity 旋涡区celluloid 赛璐珞cementite 渗碳体;碳化三铁centering 定心;中心调整centi-bar 厘巴(压力测量单位)centistokes 厘斯托克斯;厘沲(运动粘度单位)中心centre 中心centre of curvature 曲率中心centre of mass 质量中心dead centre 死点;滞点centreline 中线;中心线ceramics 陶瓷chain 链;系统driving chain 传动链chair 座位;椅pipe chair 管托chamber 室air chamber (空气)室balancing chamber 平衡室bearing cooling chamber 轴承冷却室dust chamber 除尘器gas-separation chamber 气体分离室high pressure chamber 高压腔overflow chamber 溢流室still-water chamber 静水室suction chamber 吸入室volute chamber 涡室chamfer 倒角;槽;倒圆chamfret 倒角;倒圆channel 渠道;流道;管道;风洞channel of approach 吸水流道approach channel 吸水流道contracted channel 收缩流道contracting channel 收缩流道convergent-divergent channel 收缩-扩散流道curved channel 弯曲流道divergent channel 扩散流道driving channel 引水渠道expanded channel 扩散流道headrace channel 引水渠道open channel 明渠spiral channel 涡形道vane channel 叶片间流道vaned return channel 叶片式反向流道varying area channel 变截面流道characteristic 特性(曲线)cold performance characteristics 冷态特性曲线combined characteristic 综合特性曲线complete characteristic 全性能曲线discharge characteristic 流量特性dropping characteristic 下降特性dynamic characteristic 动力特性external characteristic 外特性friction(al) characteristic 摩擦特性hot performance characteristic 热态特性曲线internal characteristic 内特性metering characteristics of nozzle 喷嘴的流量特性reverse speed characteristic 反转特性shut-off characteristic 关死特性surge characteristic 波动特性;冲击特性system characteristic 管路系统特性transient characteristic 瞬态特性;过滤特性zero torque characteristic 零转矩特性曲线chart 图表alignment chart 诺模图;列线图表conversion chart 换算图表flow chart 程序框图;框图nomographic chart 诺模图;列线图viscosity correction chart 粘度修正图check 检查;防止chest 柜;室;盒;箱high pressure chest 高压腔steam chest 蒸汽室valve chest 阀箱chlorate 氯酸盐calcium chlorate 氯酸钙potassium chlorate 氯酸钾sodium chlorate 氯酸钠chloride 氯化物ammonium chloride 氯化铵barium chloride 氯化钡calcium chloride 氯化钙magnesium chloride 氯化镁polyvinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯potassium chloride 氯化钾sodium chloride 氯化钠chlorobenzene 氯苯chloroform 氯仿;三氯甲烷chloronorgutta 聚氯丁烯;氯丁橡胶chord 弦;弦长mean blade chord 叶片平均翼弦wing chord 翼弦chromate 铬酸盐sodium chromate 铬酸钠chroming 镀铬chronometer 计时器churning 造涡;涡度;涡流形成circlip 弹性卡环;锁紧环;弹性锁紧环circuit 回路;循环;流程closed circuit 封闭回路;闭式回路cold test circuit 冷态试验回路hydraulic circuit 液压回路;液压系统short circuit 短路test circuit 试验回路circulation 环量;环流;循环forced circulation 强迫环流ideal circulation 理想环流secondary circulation 二次环流;次级环流circumfluence 绕流;回流;环流cistern 水箱;水槽water cistern 水箱cladding 敷层;镀层clamp 卡头;夹板;夹钳clap 敲击class 级;类;等级accuracy class 精度等级classification 分类claw 爪;把手;齿adjusting claw 调整爪cleaning 清理clearance 游隙;间隙;许可证axial clearance 轴向间隙running clearance 运转间隙working clearance 运转间隙clearing 清除;消除clearing of fault 故障排除clock 钟表clogging 堵塞clutch 离合器dog clutch 爪形离合器jaw clutch 爪形离合器pawl clutch 爪形离合器ratch(et) 爪形离合器coat 涂敷;镀;涂层;镀层first coat 底漆coating 涂层;包覆层metallic coating 金属包覆(镀层)protective coating 保护涂层cock 旋塞;开关air release cock 放气旋塞drain cock 放水旋塞;排水开关injection cock 注水旋塞pet cock 小活栓;小旋塞priming cock 注水旋塞vent cock 排气旋塞code 代码;规范;程序;符号;指令command code 指令码instruction code 指令码test code 试验规范;试验规程coefficient 系数coefficient of contraction 收缩系数coefficient of discharge 流量系数coefficient of expansion 膨胀系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of heat-transfer 传热系数coefficient of leakage 泄漏系数coefficient of nozzle loss 喷嘴损失系数coefficient of resistance 阻力系数coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数area coefficient 面积系数capacity coefficient 流量系数cavitation coefficient 汽蚀系数contraction coefficient 收缩系数conversion coefficient 转换系数correction coefficient 修正系数critical pressure coefficient 临界压力系数discharge coefficient 流量系数drag coefficient 阻力系数dynamic coefficient of viscosity 动力粘性系数efflux coefficient 流出系数;流速系数;出流系数;流量系数expansion coefficient 胀膨系数filter coefficient 过滤系数flow coefficient 流量系数head coefficient 扬程系数induced drag coefficient 诱导阻力系数induction coefficient 诱导系数;感应系数kinematic coefficient of viscosity 运动粘性系数leakage coefficient 泄漏系数orifice-metering coefficient 流量计系数penetrating coefficient 穿透系数;漏损系数pressure coefficient 压力系数resistance coefficient 阻力系数roughness coefficient 粗糙系数skin-friction coefficient 表面摩擦系数sound-absorption coefficient 吸音系数surface pressure coefficient 表面压力系数temperature coefficient 温度系数thrust(force) coefficient 推力系数transmission coefficient 穿透系数;传导系数transparency coefficient 透明系数viscosity coefficient 粘性系数coil 盘管;线圈;螺(旋)管;蛇形管coincidence 符合;重合;一致collar 圈;环;箍;环状物locating collar 定位缘套loose(shaft) collar 轴肩挡圈protecting collar (U.S.A)轴肩挡圈;防护罩shaft collar 轴肩挡圈thrust collar 止推环collector 收集器dust collector 除尘器oil collector 集油器collision 碰撞;冲击random collision 不规则碰撞;随机碰撞column 柱;列discharge column 扬水柱管liquid column 液柱mercury column 水银柱support column 支承柱管water column 水柱command 指令compensation 补偿clearance compensation 间隙补偿error compensation 误差补偿compensator 胀缩件;补偿器sterting compensator 起动补偿器;起动自耦变压器complex-velocity 复(数)速度component 分量;部件;成分component of force 分力force component 分力normal volocity component 法向分速度;垂直分速度 tangential component 切向分量;圆周分量velocity component 速度分量composition 合成;成分;合成物composition of forces 力的合成compressibility (可)压缩性computation 计算hydrodynamic computation 流体动力计算performance computation 性能计算computer 计算器;计算机digital computer 数字计算机electronic computer 电子计算机concentration 集中(度);浓度;浓缩stress concentration 应力集中concentricity 同心度condenser 冷凝器condition 状态;条件condition of testing 试验条件boundary condition 边界条件critical condition 临界状态cut-off condition 截止状态;关死状态equilibrium condition 平衡状态normal condition 标准状态;正常状态operating condition 运行工况;运行条件;工作状态pump operating condition 泵工况simulated condition 模拟状态;模拟条件testing condition 试验条件turbine operating condition 水轮机工况conduction 传导;导电性;传导率conduction of heat 热传导conductivity 传导性;传导率heat conductivity 导热率thermal conductivity 导热率conduit 管道;导管open conduit 明渠cone 圆锥;锥体;锥形delivery cone 吐出锥管;排出锥管discharge cone 吐出锥管;排出锥管throat cone 喉部锥管configuration 外形;形状connection 连接;接头;联接;连接机构delta connection 三角形接线法star connection 星形接线法;Y形连接法ster-delta connection 星形-三角形接线法connector 连接器;接头;接线柱console 控制台control console 控制台constant 常数capacity constant 出口轴面速度系数;流量系数circular speed constant 圆周速度系数integration constant 积分常数meter constant 计量仪表常数speed constant 速度系数constantan 铜镍合金;康铜construction 构造;结构coasunption 消耗contactou 接触器content 容量;容积;含量;内容contour 轮廓;略图;等高线contraction 收缩;缩短;收敛abrupt contraction 突然收缩。
英语基础词汇1.fuse 保险丝,熔化2.infuse 注射,注入3.confuse 混淆4.transfuse 输血5.deserted 荒凉的6.表示“事儿”的几种单词:case 小事儿accident 事故(意外的事故)incident事故(蓄意的事故)affair事务invent事件(公众性的事件)7.scandal丑闻8.scan 扫描,浏览9.emergency紧急情况,紧急事件10.argency紧急情况,紧急事件11.crisis危机12.access to 1)享有……权利2)接近13.表示“评价”的几种单词:estmate 无理由评价assessment 无理由评价evaluate 无理由评价judge 评判judger 评委(名词)judgement评判(名词)14.pass通过bypass小路,旁路15.re表示“往回,往反方向”resort to 求助,诉诸于reinforce to增援,支援16.enforce强迫17.surgical procedure 外科手术外科的手术18.process 程序,进程progress 进步19.preserve保护pretect 保护20.blade 刀锋,刀刃21.edge 悬崖22.adapt 收养23.regular规律24. manage 管理Regulate 管制,调节Disc ip line discipline(1)管制(强制想的管制)光驱网址网线(2)纪律pete 竞争v.competition 竞争n.25.repete 重复v.repetition 重复n.26.合作col labor ate collaborate v.劳动力27.竞争contestTo be a labor 分娩Hard labor 苦力28. 屈服subdueSubjugate29. 引导dueduceduct30.conduct n. 领导,售票员,乐队指挥,列车长31. de duct 减去,减法subtract 减少,减去32. deduce 推论seduce 诱导induce 劝导33. desperate 是某人绝望34. spire 气apire 氧气的努力的上进的inspire 鼓励某人35. aspiration v.渴望36. expire 与公司解约37.conspire 谋划38. accu mu late accumulate 积蓄,堆积39. assembly 集结号assemble 集合,装配gather 集合concentrate 集中,浓缩condense 浓缩v.dense adj. 密的density n. 密度40. condensed milk 炼乳Compline 编译Compress 压缩41. inquire 询问,调查,文明,查究Survey 调查(问卷调查)Investigate 调查(最常用的)42. ascribe 归因于,归罪于Devote+to 献身,致力于某事Declicate+to 献身,致力于某事43. 选举elect v.candidate n.候选人,考生44.attraction 吸引力tract 拉“拉”的词根:tact lact tractAttract 吸引Ascinate 吸引Ascinating 令人神魂颠倒的45.range n.范围array 排列ray射线n.align 排队,排列queue 队伍排列assumption 假定假设sump 是结束停止的词根46. 总而言之:to sum upAll in allIn all简而言之:in short一言以蔽之:in a word。
Ch11. What are the advantages Blades could gain from importing from and/or exporting to a foreign country such as Thailand?ANSWER: The advantages Blades, Inc. could gain from importing from Thailand include potentially lowering Blades’ cost of goods sold. If the inputs (rubber and plastic) are cheaper when imported from a foreign country such as Thailand, this would increase B lades’ net income. Since numerous competitors of Blades are already importing components from Thailand, importing would increase Blades’ competitiveness in the U.S., especially since its prices are among the highest in the roller blade industry. Furthermore, since Blades is considering longer range plans in Thailand, importing from and exporting to Thailand may present it with an opportunity to establish initial relationships with some Thai suppliers. As far as exporting is concerned, Blades, Inc. could be one of the first firms to sell roller blades in Thailand. Considering that Blades is contemplating to eventually shift its sales to Thailand, this could be a major competitive advantage.2. What are some of the disadvantages Blades could face as a result of foreign trade in the short run? In the long run?ANSWER: There are several potential disadvantages Blades, Inc. should consider. First of all, Blades would be exposed to currency fluctuations in the Thai baht. For example, the dollar cost of imported inputs may become more expensive over time if the baht appreciates even if Thai suppliers do not adjust their prices. However, Blades’ sales in Thailand would also increase in dollar terms if the baht appreciates, even if Blades does not increase its prices. Blades, Inc. would also be exposed to the economic conditions in Thailand. For example, if there is a recession, Blades would suffer fromdecreased sales to Thailand.In the long run, Blades should be aware of any regulatory and environmental constraints the Thai government may impose on it (such as pollution controls). Furthermore, the company should be aware of the political risk involved in operating in Thailand. For example, the likelihood of expropriation by the Thai government should be assessed. Another important issue involved in Blades’ long-run plans is how the foreign subsidiary would be monitored. Geographical distance may make monitoring very difficult. This is an especially important point since Thai managers may conform to goals other than the maximization of shareholder wealth.3. Which theories of international business described in this chapter apply to Blades, Inc. in the short run? In the long run?ANSWER: There are at least three theories of international business: the theory of comparative advantage, the imperfect markets theory, and the product cycle theory. In the short run, Blades would like to import from Thailand because inputs such as rubber and plastic are cheaper inThailand. Also, it would like to export to Thailand to take advantage of the fact that few roller blades are currently sold in Thailand. Both of these factors suggest that the imperfect markets theoryapplies to Blades in the short run. In the long run, the goal is to possibly establish a subsidiary in Thailand and to be one of the first roller blade manufacturers in Thailand. The superiority of itsproduction process suggests that the theory of comparative advantage would apply to Blades in thelong run. However, the product cycle theory also applies to Blades, since its U.S. sales are declining and Blades feels that it must eventually establish a subsidiary in Thailand in order to preserve its competitive advantage over Thai competitors.4. What long-range plans other than the establishment of a subsidiary in Thailand are an option for Blades and may be more suitable for the company?ANSWER: Since Ben Holt is very unfamiliar with international business, and since Blades has never operated outside the United States, establishment of a subsidiary in Thailand is probably not the best way for Blades, Inc. to gain a foothold in Thailand in the long run. Blades should initiallyconsider a joint venture with Thai firms that manufacture roller blades. The advantage would be access to Thai distribution channels, familiarity of the Thai firm with customs and ethics in Thailand, and an established market. Of course, since Blades’ production process is unique, a joint venture would provide the Thai subsidiary with knowledge of the production purposes, which it mayduplicate after the joint venture terminates.Ch21.How could a higher level of inflation in Thailand affect Blades (assumeU.S inflation remains constant)?ANSWER: A high level of inflation in Thailand relative to the United States could affect Bladesfavorably. Generally, if a country’s inflation rate increases relative to the countries with which ittrades, consumers and corporations within the country will most likely purchase more goodsoverseas, as local goods become more expensive. Consequently, Blades’ sale s to Thailand mayincrease2.How could competition from firms in Thailand and from U.S firmsconducting business in Thailand affect Blades?ANSWER: Blades would be favorably affected relative to Thai roller blade manufacturers and relative to other U.S. roller blade manufacturers with operations in Thailand. Both groups of firms will likely be forced to raise their prices if they want to maintain the same profit margin should inflation inThailand increase. This is especially true if both groups of firms source their supplies directly from Thailand, so that the prices of these supplies are subject to the higher inflation in Thailand.Conversely, Blades’ cost of goods sold incurred in Thailand is relatively small. Consequently, costs will not be subject to the higher level of inflation in Thailand to a great extent and Blades willprobably not have to raise its prices to the same extent as Thai roller blade manufacturers or U.S.manufacturers with operations in Thailand.3.How could a decreasing level of national income in Thailand affectBlades?ANSWER: At first glance, it would appear that a decreasing level of national income in Thailandcould hurt Blades financially, as Thai consumers will have less money to spend. Furthermore, thiseffect may be magnified because Blades manufactures a leisure product, which is probably one ofthe first products Thai consumers will stop buying. The arrangement Blades has with its primaryThai importer mitigates this effect somewhat, since the latter has committed himself to the purchase of a certain number of “Speedos” annually. Nevertheless, the importer may not offer to renew thisarrangement in excess of the original three years if the Thai economy does not improve.4.How could a continued depreciation of the Thai baht affect Blades? Howwould it affect Blades relative to U.S exporters invoicing their rollerblades in U.S dollars?ANSWER: A continued depreciation of the Thai baht would hurt Blades, especially because the firm invoices its roller blades in baht. A continued depreciation of the baht means that the baht-denominated revenue in Thailand will convert to fewer U.S. dollars. Blades also has some expenses in baht, but this amount is less than the revenue denominated in baht.Although Blades would be hurt by a depreciating baht because its exports are denominated in baht, the demand for Blades’ products may increase relative to that of its U.S. competitors exporting toThailand. This is because most of the U.S. firms exporting roller blades to Thailand invoice their products in U.S. dollars. If the baht depreciates, Thai importers will have to convert more baht to dollars in order to pay for the dollar-denominated exports.5.If Blades increases its business in Thailand and experiences seriousfinancial problem, are there any international agencies that thecompany could approach for loans or other financial assistance?ANSWER: An agency extending direct loans to corporations involved in international trade is theInternational Financial Corporation (IFC). Besides extending loans, the IFC may also purchase stock in a corporation, thereby becoming part ownerCh31.One point of concern for you is that there is a tradeoff between higherinterest rates in Thailand and the delayed conversion of Baht intodollars. Explain what this means?ANSWER: If the net baht-denominated cash flows are converted into dollars today, Blades is not subject to any future depreciation of the baht that would result in less dollar cash flows.2.If the net Baht received from the Thailand operations are invested inThailand, how will US operations be affected? (Assume that Blades iscurrently paying 10% on dollar borrowed and needs more financing for its firm)ANSWER: If the cash flows generated in Thailand are all used to support U.S. operations, then Blades will have to borrow additional funds in the U.S. (or the international money market) at an interest rate of 10 percent. For example, if the baht will depreciate by 10 percent over the nextyear, the Thai investment will render a yield of roughly 5 percent, while the company pays 10percent interest on funds borrowed in the U.S. Since the funds could have been converted intodollars immediately and used in the U.S., the baht should probably be converted into dollarstoday to forgo the additional (expected) interest expenses that would be incurred from this action.3. Costruct a spreadshhet to compare the cash flows rsulting from 2plans.For this question assume that allaa baht denominated cash flows are due pare the choice of investing the funds versus usingthe funds to provide needed financing to the firm?ANSWER: (See spreadsheet attached.) If Blades can borrow funds at an interest rate below 8percent, it should invest the excess funds generated in Thailand at 8 percent and borrow funds at the lower interest rate. If, however, Blades can borrow funds at an interest rate above 8 percent (as is currently the case with an interest rate of 10 percent), Blades should use the excess fundsgenerated in Thailand to support its operations rather than borrowing.Plan 1–Ben Holt's PlanCalculation of baht-denominated revenue:Price per pair of "Speedos" 4,594× Pairs of "Speedos" 180,000= Baht-denominated revenue 826,920,000Calculation of baht-denominated cost of goods sold:Cost of goods sold per pair of "Speedos" 2,871× Pairs of "Speedos" 72,000= Baht-denominated expenses 206,712,000Calculation of dollar receipts due to conversion of baht into dollars:Net baht-denominated cash flows now (826,920,000 – 206,712,000) 620,208,000Interest earned on baht over a one-year period (15%) 93,031,200Baht to be converted in one year 713,239,200× Expected spot rate of baht in one year $ 0.022= Expected dollar receipts in one year $ 15,691,262Plan 2—Immediate ConversionCalculation of baht-denominated revenue:Price per pair of "Speedos" 4,594× Pairs of "Speedos" 180,000= Baht-denominated revenue 826,920,000Calculation of baht-denominated cost of goods sold:Cost of goods sold per pair of "Speedos" 2,871× Pairs of "Speedos" 72,000= Baht-denominated expenses 206,712,000Calculation of dollar receipts due to conversion of baht into dollars:Net baht-denominated cash flows to be converted (826,920,000 – 206,712,000) 620,208,000 × Spot rate of baht now $ 0.024= Dollar receipts now $ 14,884,992Interest earned on dollars over a one-year period (8%) 1,190,799= Dollar receipts in one year $ 16,075,791Calculation of dollar difference between the two plans:Plan 1 $ 15,691,262Plan 2 16,075,791Dollar difference $ (384,529)Thus, the cash flow generated in one year by Plan 1 exceed those generated by Plan 2 by approximately $384,529. Therefore, Ben Holt's plan should not be implemented.Ch41.What is the relationship between the exchange rates and relative inflation levels of the two countries?How will this relationship affect Blades’ Thai revenue and costs given that the baht is freely floating?What is the net effect of this relationship on Blades?ANSWER: The relationship between exchange rates and relative inflation rates is summarized by the purchasing power parity (PPP) theory. When one country’s inflation rate rises relative to that of another, the demand for the former country’s currency declines as its exports decline (due to its higher prices). Furthermore, consumers and firms in the country with higher inflation tend to increase their importing. Thus, the absolute form of PPP states that prices of similar products of two different countries should be equal when measured in a common currency. The relative form of PPP states that prices of similar products of different countries will not necessarily be the same when measured in a common currency because of market imperfections. However, it states that the rate of change in the prices of products should be similar. Both forms of the theory suggest that the currency of the country with the higher level of inflation should depreciate to offset the inflation differential.Since the baht has become a freely floating currency, the currency should be expected to depreciate due to the high inflation levels prevailing in Thailand. Blades’ revenue generated in Thailand will be negatively affected by PPP. Because of Blades’ export arrangement, it is unable to increase its prices in line with Thai levels of inflation. However, since Blades’ exports are denominated in baht, adepreciation of the baht will result in a conversion of baht into fewer dollars. Blades’ cost of goods sold generated in Thailand will increase as Thai exporters adjust their prices according to Thaiinflation rates. However, the high prices resulting from high levels of inflation in Thailand may be somewhat offset by a depreciation of the baht.Since Blades generates net cash inflows from its Thai operations, it will be negatively affected by PPP.2.What are some of the factors that prevent PPP from occurring in the short run? Would you expectPPP to hold better if countries negotiate trade arrangements under which they commit themselves to the purchase or sale of a fixed number of goods over a specified time period? Why or why not?ANSWER: PPP may not hold because exchange rates are affected by other factors in addition to the inflation differential between two countries, such as relative interest rates, national income levels, and government controls. Furthermore, certain goods may not be affected by PPP because nosuitable substitutes are available in the home country. Thus, the trade relationships between two countries for these goods may not be affected by inflation rate differentials in the manner suggested by PPP.Arrangements whereby firms with differing inflation commit themselves to the purchase of a fixed number of goods over a specified period of time will cause PPP not to hold, at least in the short run.This is because contractual agreements are not easily terminated, causing a delayed impact ofinflation rates on trade relationships and, consequently, exchange rates.3.How do you reconcile the high level of interest rates in Thailand with the expected change of thebaht-dollar exchange rate according to PPP?ANSWER: High levels of real interest rates in a given country may increase the demand for that country’s currency as foreign investors can earn higher rates of return in the foreign country than may be available domestically. This would place upward pressure on the currency of the country with the higher level of real interest rates. However, the high level of nominal interest rates in Thailand are primarily the result of high expected levels of Thai inflation. Therefore, according to the international Fisher effect (IFE), the Thai baht should depreciate by an amount sufficient to offset the nominal interest rate differential between Thailand and the U.S.4.Given Blades’ future plans in Thailand, should the company be concerned with PPP? Why or why not?ANSWER: Although PPP may not hold well in the short run, it has been found to hold reasonably well in the long run. Since Blades is under a three-year export arrangement with Entertainment Products, Inc. and since it is considering the expansion into Thailand, the company should be concerned with PPP; in the long run, the relatively high level of Thai inflation may result in a depreciation of the baht sufficient to offset the inflation differential. Yet, Blades will be able to renegotiate its arrangement once the three-year period for the existing arrangement is over.5.PPP may hold better for some countries than for others. Given that the Thai baht has been freelyfloating for only a short period of time, how do you think Blades can gain insight into whether PPP will hold for Thailand?ANSWER: One possible way to determine whether PPP holds between two countries is to regress historical exchange rate changes on the inflation differential between two countries. However, this form of testing whether PPP holds is not appropriate for Thailand, since the baht has only been freely floating for a short period of time; when the baht was pegged to the dollar, the baht-dollar exchange rate was not affected by the inflation rates in the two countries.One possible alternative is to investigate, via regression analysis, whether PPP holds between the U.S.and a country similar to Thailand in terms of inflation rates, other economic characteristics, and trade relationships with the U.S. The regression results could then be used to assess how the baht-dollar exchange rate may be affected by the inflation differential between the U.S. and Thailand in the future.1.How percentage changes are measured?An exchange rate measures the value of one currency in units of another currency. A decline in currency value is often referred to as depreciation. The increase in currency value is referred as appreciation and it is measured as:Percentage change in currency:= S-St-1St-1= (.026-.022)/.022= 18.18%S represents recent and S t-1 represents earlier spot ratePositive change reflects appreciation in Thai baht2.Basic factors that determine value of currency? What is relationship in equilibrium?Demand and Supply are two basic factors that determine the value of a currency. Cycle can be analyzed as:Change In Economic FactorsChange in Trade-flows/Capital-flowsChange in Demand/supplyChange in EquilibriumAt equilibrium exchange rate demand for currency (₤) is equal to supply of currency (₤) against any other currency (i-e $).3.How high level of inflation and interest rates will effect Thai bat's value?•High Inflation will likely reduce baht's value•High Interest rates are expected to Increase baht‘s value.4.How lack of Confidence in baht's will effect Blades ?•Blades CGS will reduce and GP will increase.•Blades Revenue will decrease due to fixed price and quantity of Speedos.Assumptions:•We assume here that US and Thailand are mainly invloved in trading say 60% so to some extent it will and should depreciate relative to US $.•Supplier doesn’t increase prices of inputs i-e they remain the same5.How Thai Central Bank Can reduce outflow of funds using interest rates ?Thai Bank can increase interest rate to make investment in Thailand attractive than any other countries.Assumptions:•If other central banks don’t make same adjustments at same time.。