The Antitrust Enterprise- Principle and Execution

《西方经济学》教学大纲课程名称：《西方经济学》 英文名称：《Economics》学分： 3 总学时：60实验（上机）学时： 无开课专业：财务管理专业一、课程性质、目的和培养目标：课程性质：学位课西方经济学是财务管理专业必修课程和学位课程之一。

通过本课程的学习要求学生掌握西方经济学的基本理论和观点，深刻认识市场经济的实质，把握反映市场经济运行的一般规律，全面认识市场经济运行的基本问题，了解当代世界经济的演变及其发展趋势，从而科学地认识社会主义市场经济发展的历史进程。

二、预修课程：高等数学三、课程内容和建议学时分配：章节内容学时Charper 1 TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS3课时1.1How People Make DecisionsPrinciple #1: People Face Tradeoffs;Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It;Principle #3: Rational People Think at the Margin;Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives。

1.2 How People InteractPrinciple #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off;Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize EconomicActivity;Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes1.3 How the Economy as a Whole WorksPrinciple #8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability toProduce Goods and Services; Principle #9: Prices Rise When theGovernment Prints Too Much Money;Principle #10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflationand UnemploymentCharper 2 THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST3课时2.1The Economist as ScientistEconomists follow the scientific method;Assumptions make the world easier to understand;Economists use economic models to explain the world around us;Our First Model: The Circular Flow Diagram;Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier;Microeconomics and Macroeconomics.2.2The Economist as Policy AdviserPositive Versus Normative Analysis2.3 Why Economists DisagreeDifferences in Scientific Judgments; Differences in Values;Perception Versus Reality.Charper 3 INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE GAINS FROM TRADE 3课时3.1 A Parable For the Modern EconomyProduction Possibilities3.2 The Principle of Comparative AdvantageAbsolute Advantage;Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage;Comparative Advantage and Trade3.3 Applications of Comparative AdvantageShould Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn?Should the United States Trade with Other Countries?Charper 4 THE MARKET FORCES OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 3课时4.1Markets and CompetitionCompetitive Markets; Competition: Perfect and Otherwise4.2 DemandThe Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and QuantityDemanded; Market Demand Versus Individual Demand;Shifts in the Demand Curve.4.3 SupplyThe Supply Curve: The Relationship between Price and QuantitySupplied;Market Supply Versus Individual Supply; Shifts in the SupplyCurve4.4 Supply and Demand TogetherEquilibrium; Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium4.5 Conclusion: How Prices Allocate ResourcesThe model of supply and demand is a powerful tool for analyzingmarkets; Supply and demand together determine the price of theeconomy's goods and services.Charper 5ELASTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION3课时5.1The Elasticity of DemandThe Price Elasticity of Demand and Its Determinants;Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand;The Midpoint Method: A Better Way to Calculate PercentageChanges and Elasticities.5.2 The Elasticity of SupplyThe Price Elasticity of Supply and Its Determinants;Computing the Price Elasticity of Supply;The Variety of Supply Curves.5.3 Three Applications of Supply, Demand, and ElasticityCan Good News for Farming Be Bad News for Farmers?Why Did OPEC Fail to Keep the Price of Oil High?Does Drug Interdiction Increase or Decrease Drug-Related Crime?Charper 6SUPPLY, DEMAND, AND GOVERNMENT POLICIES3课时6.1Controls on PricesHow Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes;How Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes;Evaluating Price Controls.6.2 TaxesHow Taxes on Buyers Affect Market Outcomes?How Taxes on Sellers Affect Market Outcomes?3课时Chapter 7CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND EFFICIENCY OFMARKETS7.1Consumer SurplusWillingness to Pay; Using the Demand Curve to Measure ConsumerSurplus; How a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplus;What Does Consumer Surplus Measure?7.2 Producer SurplusCost and the Willingness to Sell;Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus;How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus.7.3 Market EfficiencyThe Benevolent Social Planner;Evaluating the Market Equilibrium;7.4 Conclusion:Market Efficiency and Market FailurePerfectly competitive markets.No externalitiesChapter 8APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION3课时8.1The Deadweight Loss of TaxationHow a Tax Affects Market Participants;Deadweight Losses and the Gains from Trade8.2 The Determinants of the Deadweight LossCase Study: The Deadweight Loss Debate8.3 Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue as Taxes VaryCase Study: The Laffer Curve and Supply-Side EconomicsChapter 9APPLICATION: INTERNATIONAL TRADE3课时9.1The Determinants of TradeThe Equilibrium without TradeThe World Price and Comparative Advantage9.2The Winners and Losers from TradeThe Gains and Losses of an Exporting Country;The Gains and Losses of an Importing Country;The Effects of a Tariff;Life in Isoland ;The Effects of an Import Quota9.3The Arguments for Restricting TradeThe Jobs Argument;The National-Security Argument;The Infant-Industry Argument;The Unfair-Competition Argument;The Protection-as-a Bargaining-Chip Argument;CASE STUYChapter 10 EXTERNALITES 3课时10.1Externalities and Market InefficiencyWelfare Economics: A Recap;Negative Externalities;Positive Externalities;CASE STUDY10.2Private Solutions to ExternalitiesThe types of Private Solutions ;The Coase Theorem;Why Private Solutions Do Not Always Work10.3 Public Policies toward ExternalitiesRegulation;Pigovian Taxes and SubsidiesCASE STUDY;Tradeable Pollution Permits;Objections to the Economic Analysis of PollutionChapter 11 PUBLIC GOODS AND COMMON RESOURCES 3课时11.1 Public GoodsThe Free-Rider Problem;Some Important Public Goods;CASE STUDY;The Difficult Job of Cost-Benefit Analysis11.2 Common ResourcesThe Tragedy of the Commons;Some Important Commons Resources;CASE STUDYChapter 12 THE COST OF PRODUCTION 3课时12.1 What Are Costs?Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit;Costs as Opportunity CostsThe Cost of Capital as an Opportunity CostEconomic Profit versus Accounting Profit12.2 Production and CostsThe Production FunctionFrom the Production Function to the Total-Cost Curve12.3 The Various Measures of CostFixed and Variable Costs;Average and Marginal Cost;Cost Curves and Their Shapes;Typical Cost Curves12.4 Costs in the Short Run and in the Long RunThe Relationship between Short-Run and Long-Run;Average Total Cost;Economies and Diseconomies of ScaleChapter 13 FIRMS IN COMETITIVE MARKETS 2课时13.1 What Is a Competitive MarketsThe Meaning of Competition;The Revenue of a Competition Firm13.2 Profit Maximization and the Competitive Firm's Supply CurveA Simple Example of Profit Maximization;The Marginal-Cost Curve and the Firm's Supply Decision;The Firm's Short-Run Decision to Shut Down;Spilt Milk and Other Sunk Costs;The Firm's Long-Run Decision to Exit or Enter a Market;Measuring Profit in Our Graph for the Competitive Firm13.3 The Supply Curve in a Competitive MarketThe Short-Run: Market Supply with a Fixed Number of Firms;The Long Run: Market Supply with Entry and Exit;Why Do Competitive Firms Stay in Business If They Make ZeroProfit?A Shift in Demand in the Short Run and Long Run;Why the Long-Run Supply Curve Might Slope UpwardChapter 14 MONOPOLY 2课时14.1 Why Monopolies AriseMonopolyResources;CASE STUDY;Government-Created Monopolies;Natural Monopolies14.2 How Monopolies Make Production and Pricing DecisionsCompetition;versusMonopolyA Monopoly's Revenue;Profit Maximization;A Monopoly's Profit;CASE STUDY14.3 The Welfare Cost of MonopolyThe Deadweight Loss;The Monopoly's Profit: A Social Cost?14.4 Public Policy toward MonopoliesIncreasing Competition with Antitrust Laws;Regulation ;Public Ownership;Doing Nothing14.5 Price DiscriminationA Parable about Pricing;The Moral of the Story;The Analytics of Price Discrimination;Examples of Price DiscriminationChapter 15 MEASURING A NATION'S INCOME 2课时15.1 The Economy's Income and ExpenditureThe Circular-Flow Diagram15.2 The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product"GDP Is the Market Value"15.3 The Components of GDPConsumption; Investment; Government Purchases; Net Export15.4 Real versus Nominal GDPA Numerical Example;The GDP Deflator15.5 GDP and Economic Welfare-BeingCASE STUDY: International Difference in GDP and the Quality ofLife.CASE STUDY: Who Wins at the Olympics?Chapter 16 MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING 2课时16.1 The Consumer Price IndexHow the Consumer Price Index Is Calculated;Problems in Measuring the Cost of Living;The GDP Deflator versus the Consumer Price Index16.2 Correcting Economic Variables for the Effects of InflationDollar Figure from Different Times;Real and Normal Interest RatesChapter 17 PRODUCTION ADN GROWTH 2课时17.1 Economic Growth around the WorldRicherThan the Richest American?YouAreFYI:17.2 Productivity: Its Role and DeterminantsWhy Productivity Is So ImportantHow Productivity is determined;FYI: The Production FunctionCASE STUDY: Are Natural Resources a Limitation to Growth?17.3 Economic Growth and Public PolicyThe Importance of Saving and Investment;Diminishing Return and the Catch-Up Effect;Investment from Abroad;FYI: Promoting Human Capital;Education;Property Rights and Political StabilityFree Trade;Research and Development;Population GrowthChapter 18 SA VING, INVESTMENT AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM 2课时18.1 Financial System in the U.S.EconomyFinancial Markets; Financial Intermediaries; Summing Up18.2 Saving and Investment in the National Income AccountsSome Important Identities;The Measuring of Saving and Investment18.3 The Market for Loanable FundsSupply and Demand for Loanalbe Funds;Policy 1: Saving Incentives;Policy 2: Investment Incentives;Policy 3: Government Budget Deficits and SurplusesChapter 19 THE BASIC TOOLS OF FINANCE 2课时19.1 Present Value: Measuring the Time Value of MoneyFYI: The Magic of Compounding and the Rule of the 7019.2 Managing RiskAversion;RiskThe Market for Insurance;Diversification of Idiosyncratic Risk;The Tradeoff between Risk and Return19.3 Asset ValuationFundamental Analysis;The Efficient Market Hypothesis;Market IrrationalityChapter 20 UNEMPLOYMENT AND ITS NATURE RATE 2课时20.1 Identifying UnemploymentHow Is Unemployment Measured?Dose the Unemployment Rate Measure What We Want It To?How Long Are the Unemployed without Work?Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?20.2 Job SearchWhy Some Frictional Unemployment Is Incentable;Public Policy and Job Search;Unemployment Insurance20.3 Minimum-Wage LawsUnemployment From a Wage Above the Equilibrium Level20.4 Unions and Collective BargainingThe Economics of Unions;Are Unions Good or Bad for the Economy?20.5 The Theory of Efficiency wagesWorker Health; Worker Turnover; Worker Effort; Worker QualityChapter 21 THE MONETARY SYSTEM 2课时21.1 The Meaning of MoneyThe Functions of Money;The Kinds of Money;Money in the U.S.Economy;FYI: Credit Cards, Debit Cards, and Money;CASE STUDY: Where Is All the Currency?21.2 The Federal Reserve SystemThe Fed's OrganizationThe Federal Open Market Commitee21.2 Banks and the Money SupplyThe Simple Case of 100-Percent-Reserve Banking;Money Creation with Fractional-Reserve BankingThe Money Multiplier;The Fed's Tools of Money Control;Problems in Controlling the Money Supply;CASE STUDY: Bank Run and Money SupplyChapter 22 MONEY GROWTH AND INFLATION 2课时22.1 Money Supply, Money Demand, and Monetary EquilibriumThe Effects of a Money Injection;A Brief Look at the Adjustment Process;The Classical Dichotomy and Money Neotrality;Velocity and the Quantity Equation;The Fisher Effect22.2 The Costs of InflationA Fall in Purchasing Power? The Inflation Fallacy;Shoeleather Costs; Menu Costs;Relative-Price Variability and the Misallocation of ResourcesInflation-Induced Tax Distortions;Confusion and Inconvenience;A special Cost of Unexpected Inflation: Arbitrary Redistributions ofWealthChapter 23 AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY 2课时23.1 Three Key Facts about Economic FluctuationsFact 1: Economic Fluctuations Are Irregular and UnpredictableFact 2: Most Macroeconomic Quantities Fluctuate TogetherFact 3: As Output Falls, Unemployment Rises23.2 Explaining Short-Run Economic FluctuationsHow the Short Run Differs from the Long Run;The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations23.3 The Aggregate-Demand CurveWhy thr Aggregate-Demand Curve Slopes Downward;Why the Aggregate-Demand Curve Might Shift23.4 The Aggregate-Supply CurveWhy the Aggregate-Supply Curve Is Vertical in the Long RunWhy the Long-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might ShiftA New Way to Depict Long-Run Growth and InflationWhy the Aggregate-Supply Curve Slopes Upward in the Short RunWhy the Short-Run Aggregate-Supply Curve Might Shift23.5 Two Causes of Economic FluctuationsThe Effects of a Shift in Aggregate DemandThe Effects of a Shift in Aggregate SupplyFYI: The Origins of Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply2课时Chapter 24 THE INFLUENCE OF MONYTARY AND FISCAL POLICY ONAGGREGATE DEMAND24.1 How Monetary Policy Influences Aggregate DemandThe Theory of Liquidity PreferenceThe Downward Slope of the Aggregate-Demand CurveChanges in the Money SupplyThe Role of Interest-Rate Targets in Fed Policy24.2 How Fiscal Policy Influences Aggregate DemandChanges in Government PurchasesThe Multiplier EffectA Formula for the Spending MultiplierOther applications of the MultiplierThe Crowding-Out EffectChanges in TaxesFYI: How Fiscal Policy Might Affect Aggregate Supply24.3 Using Policy to Stabilize the EconomyThe Case for Active Stabilization PolicyAutomatic Stabilizers四、教材和参考书目：教材：[美]N.Gregory Mankiw 著：夏业良改编，梁小民审校：《Essentials of Economics》（第三版），高等教育出版社，2005年4月参考书目：1.[美]N.Gregory Mankiw 著：《Economics》（影印第三版），清华大学出版社，2006年2.[美]Paul A. Samuelson William D.Nordhaus 著：《Economics》（影印第十六版），机械工业出版社，1998年3.[美]William Baumol Alan Blinder著：《Economics-Principles and Policy》（影印第七版），机械工业出版社，1998年版五、课外学习要求：学生须做到课前阅读教材，课后阅读相关文献和资料，以加深对教材相关基本原理的理解，同时准备课堂提问。

AP微观经济学必备单词汇总三立为大家精心整理了AP微观经济学必备单词汇总，分享给大家，供大家参考，希望对大家有所帮助!1、经济学基础部分n Scarcity 稀缺性n Resources 资源: labor land capitaln Comparative advantage 比较优势, absolute advantage 绝对优势n opportunity cost机会成本n Production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界n an outward bow 向外弯曲n PPF上的点：Unattainable 不能达到的，efficient 有效率的n The Principle of Increasing Cost 机会成本递增规律n Specialization 专业化n Beneficial 有好处的n Command economy(socialism)计划经济n Market economy (capitalism)市场经济: buyers and sellers exchange(交易) goods and services on a voluntary basis(自愿基础上)n Equitable 公平的n Productive 有生产能力的n Fundamental 基础的n Adaptable 形容生产两种产品所需的资源差不多，如运动衣和衬衣。

n Constant 持续的，不变的2、供给和需求，弹性n Equilibrium Quantity / price 均衡数量/价格n increase/decrease 增加/减少n demand/supply 需求/供给n quantity demanded/quantity supplied 需求量/供给量n shift to the left 向左移动a movement along the curve 沿着曲线的移动n determinants 决定因素，影响因素n taste preference 口味，偏好n expectation of income 对未来收入的预期n substitute/complement 替代品/互补品n Necessity/Luxury 必需品/ 奢侈品n Normal goods/ inferior goods 收入增加购买增加的产品/ 收入增加购买反倒减少n Expenditure 消费，支出n tax/ subsidy 税/补助n shortage/surplus 供不应求/ 供大于求n Simultaneous 同时的n indeterminate 不确定的n Price ceiling/price floor 最高限价/最低限价n Gasoline 汽油steak 牛排n Input 投入n Below/above 在……下/在……上n Effective 有效的efficient 有效率的n Price Elasticity of Demand 需求价格弹性n Price Elasticity of Supply 供给价格弹性n Income Elasticity of Demand 收入需求弹性n cross elasticity of demand 交叉需求弹性n Proportion 比例3、剩余，税收，国际贸易n Trade 贸易n Tax税, tax revenue税收收入=T*Q, distribution of tax burden 税收负担的分配n a per-unit(an excise) sales tax 每卖出一件收取Tn a lump sum tax 无论盈利多少，固定收取T——可以理解成罚款n price without tax 不收税时的价格n price buyers pay 消费者支付价格price sellers receive 厂商得到的价格n Tariff 关税n Consumer/producer surplus,消费者生产者剩余deadweight loss无谓损失n Export出口, import进口n Domestic price 国内价格, world price世界价格n Net gain 净收益4、要素市场部分n derived demand 派生需求n Factors 要素：Labor 劳力capital 资本land 土地-------注意各要素之间的影响!! n MRP marginal revenue product 边际产量值n MP marginal (physical)product 边际产量n Wage taker 指企业只能接受市场工资水平n Immigration 移民-------使劳动供给增加n Productivity 生产能力n Leisure 休闲，闲暇n Lorenz curve曲线n Gini coefficient基尼系数-----一般不考，作为常识5、市场失灵，外部性，公共物品n Market failure 市场失灵n Negative 负positive 正n externality 外部性spillover effects 外溢效应n allocate resources efficiently 有效配置资源n Marginal Social Benefit 边际社会效益MSC 边际社会成本n Remedy 补救措施policy 政策action 措施n Internalize 内部化n Impose a tax 征税use subsidy 补贴n Public goods 公共物品private goods 私人物品n Prevent from doing 排除，阻止n Rival 竞争的n Excludable 排他的exclude排除n Free rider 搭便车的人，享用公共物品但不付费的人n Neither consumers nor producers，other than the buyers and sellers 消费者和厂商之外的群体n Chemical industry 化工企业Pollute the air 污染空气-----------见于负外部性n National defense 国防-------见于正外部性或公共物品n vaccine 疫苗disease 疾病-----------见于正外部性n firework 爆竹---------见于负外部性6、消费者选择n Income effect 收入效应n substitution effect替代效应n Total utility 总效用n Decreasing marginal utility边际效用递减-----例子：吃饼的故事n Budget constraint 消费者的预算约束n real income 收入的实际购买力--------见于价格变动时的收入效应7、成本和市场结构n Accounting profit会计利润，economic profit经济利润n Explicit costs显性成本，implicit costs隐性成本n Normal profit/ breaking even指的经济利润为0(但依然赚着会计利润)n total cost总成本, fixed cost固定成本, variable cost可变成本, production function生产函数n law of diminishing marginal returns/product 边际产量递减n efficient scale有效规模产量(ATC最小时)n economies of scale 规模经济diseconomies of scale 规模不经济, returns to scalen eventually 最终n Earn (zero) economic profit有经济利润或0利润n Incur a loss 导致损失n Profit maximization 利润最大化n Imperfect competition 非完全竞争n Price taker 企业只能接受市场定价price maker/ market power 企业可自行定价n Exit停业, shutdown退出, enter进入, entry进入(名词)n Patent专利, copyrights版权, natural monopoly自然垄断n price Discrimination 价格歧视n Antitrust policy反托拉斯法管制非完全竞争的企业n Excess Capacity 产能过剩(有多余产能没用上)n Product differentiation 产品差异化，advertising广告n Interdependent互相依赖, collusion 联盟，cartels卡特尔n Efficient, inefficient 有效的，无效的n Payoff matrix支付矩阵, dominant strategy占优策略game theory 博弈论n Fair return 需求曲线和AC曲线的交点, unregulated monopoly 没有管制下的垄断n No barriers to entry 没有进入壁垒n Different不同的, identical相同的n efficiency maximizing, socially optimal, allocatively efficient是一回事，P=MC 或说D与MC相交处以上就是三立为大家总结的AP微观经济学必备单词汇总。

总需求aggregate demand总供给aggregate supply企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image跨国公司cross-national corporation创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit外资企业foreign-funded enterprise猎头公司head-hunter假日经济holiday economy人力资本human capital航空和航天工业aerospace industry飞机制造工业aircraft industry电子工业electronic industry汽车制造工业car industry娱乐业entertainment industry信息产业information industry知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry博彩业lottery industry制造业manufacturing industry垄断行业monopoly industries市场多元化market diversification市场经济market economy市场监管market supervision购买力purchasing power熊市bear market牛市bull market城镇化urbanization房地产real estate首付down-payment业主home owner个人购房贷款individual housing loan经济全球化economic globalization经济特区special economic zones (SEZ)经济增长economic growth泡沫经济bubble economy 关税tariff纳税人tax payer宏观经济macro economy货币投放量the size of money supply流动性过剩excess liquidity经济过热overheated economy通货膨胀inflation抑制通货膨胀curb inflation注入流动性to inject liquidity贴现率discount rate存款准备金率reserve requirement ratio (RRR)公开市场业务open market operation (OMO)逆回购reverse repurchase agreement; reverse repo引导降低市场借贷成本to guide the market borrowing costs to a lower level 稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy微调货币政策to fine-tune monetary policy硬着陆hard landing软着陆soft landing二十国集团Group of Twenty (G2O)财政部长Finance Minister全年预期经济增长目标the expected growth target for the whole year经济活力economic vitality大规模经济刺激计划a massive economic stimulus package结构改革structural reform硬资产hard assets软资产soft assets有形资产tangible assets经济走廊economic corridor整顿市场秩序to rectify the market order反垄断antitrust; anti-monopoly定价浮动price fluctuations谋求利益最大化to maximize profit债务审计audit of debt地方性政府债务local government debt/liability公共财政体制改革an overhaul of the public finance system债务管理debt management信用支持credit support多元文化论cultural pluralism文化适应acculturation社会保障social security班车shuttle bus相定迁户a relocated unit or household大龄青年single youth above the normal matrimonial age独生子女the only child in a family单亲single parent福利彩票welfare lotteries家政服务household management service民工migrant laborers名人celebrity农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labor/laborers青春期puberty全民健身运动nationwide fitness campaign全国人口普查nationwide census社会保险social insurance暂住证temporary residence permit/card青少年犯罪juvenile delinquency性骚扰sexual harassment走私smuggling*性另歧视gender/sexual discrimination年龄歧视age discrimination工作歧视job discrimination享乐主义hedonism文盲illiteracy贫富分化disparity between the rich and the poor盗版pirated/illegal copies一国两制One Country, Two Systems三个代表the Three Represents Theory两会（人大、政协）Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 南南合作South-South Cooperation南北对话North-South Dialog人大常委会People’s Congress Standing Committee法制观念awareness of law法制国家a country with an adequate legal system改革开放reform and opening-up公务员civil servants官僚主义作风the bureaucratic style of work和谐并存harmonious coexistence计划生育family planning计划生育基本国策the basic state policy of family planning 4青才申文明建设the construction of spiritual civilization 居委会neighborhood committee科教兴国national rejuvenation through science and education可持续发展sustainable development廉洁高效honesty and high efficiency两岸关系cross-straits relations两岸谈判cross-straits negotiations领土完整territorial integrity民族精神national spirit普选制general election system求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences人大代表NPC member物质文明和精神文明material and spiritual civilization小康社会a well-off society小康水平a well-off standard一个中国原则the one-China principle与时俱进keep pace with the times综合国力overall national strength共同愿望common desire“走出去”（战略）going global不结盟non-alignment单边主义unilateralism多边政策multilateralism多极世界multipolar world人口老龄化aging of population人口出生率birth rate社区月服务community service道德法庭court of ethics盗用公款embezzlement成人夜校night school for adults在职进修班on-job training courses政治思想教育political and ideological education毕业生分酉己graduate placement; assignment of graduate充电update one’s knowledge初等教育elementary education大学城college town大学社区college community高等教育higher education高等教育“211 工程”the “211 Project”for higher education 高等学府institution of higher education综合性大学comprehensive university文科院校colleges of (liberal) arts理工科大学college / university of science and engineering师范学院teachers’college; normal college高分低能high scores and low abilities高考(university/college) entrance examination高校扩招the college expansion plan教育界education circle教育投入input in education九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools课外活动extracurricular activities必修课required/compulsory course选修课elective/optional course基础课basic courses专业课specialized courses课程表school schedule教学大纲teaching program; syllabus学习年限period of schooling学历record of formal schooling学分credit启发式教学heuristic teaching人才交流talent exchange人才战competition for talented people商务英语证书Business English Certificate (BEC)适龄儿重入学率enrollment rate for children of school age升学率proportion of students entering schools of a higher grade; enrollment rate硕博连读a continuous academic project that involves postgraduate and doctoral study 素质教育quality-oriented education填鸭式教学cramming method of teaching希望工程Project Hope走读生extern; non-resident student住宿生boarder研究生graduate student; post-graduate (student)应届毕业生graduating student; current year’s graduate校园数字化campus digitalization校园文化campus culture学汉语热enthusiasm in learning Chinese学历教育education with record of formal schooling学龄儿重school-ager学前教育preschool education学生减负alleviate the burden on students应试教育exam-oriented education职业道德work ethics; professional ethics爷己者招待会press conference国家教委State Education Commission国家统计局State Statistical Bureau职业培训job training职业文盲functional illiterate智力引进recruit/introduce (foreign) talents智商intelligence quotient (IQ)助学行动activity to assist the impoverished students网络世界cyber world网络文化cyber culture网络犯罪cyber crime网上购物online shopping高产优质high yield and high quality高科技园high-tech park工业园区industrial park火炬计划Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology) 信息港info port信息革命information revolution电子货币e-currency人工智能artificial intelligence (AI)生物技术bio-technology克隆cloning基因工程genetic engineering转基因食品genetically modified food (GM food)试管婴儿test-tube baby基因哭变genetic mutation网络出版e-publishing三维电影three-dimensional movie光谷optical valley虚拟银行virtual bank信息化informationization信息高速公路information superhighway新兴学科new branch of science; emerging discipline纳米nanometer个人数字助理personal digital assistant (PDA)生态农业environment-friendly agriculture技术密集产品technology-intensive product数码科技digital technology同步卫星geostationary satellite神舟五号载人飞船manned spacecraft Shenzhou V风云二号气象卫星Fengyun II meteorological satellite登月舱lunar module多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)多媒体短信服务Multimedia Messaging Service ( MMS)电子商务e-business; e-commerce电子管理e-management办公自动化Office Automation (OA)信息高地information highland信息检索information retrieval电话会议teleconference无土栽培soilless cultivation超级杂交水稻super-hybrid rice科技发展scientific and technological advancement重点项目key project国家重点工程national key projects南水北调South-to-North water diversion西电东送West-East electricity transmission project西气东输West-East natural gas transmission project网络造谣fabricating online rumors恶意侵害他人名誉maliciously harming the reputation of others 停止月服务closure/shutdown of service公司歇业closure of business道路封闭road closure人为操作差错man-made operational mistakes生态系统ecosystem森林生态系统forest ecosystem海洋生态系统marine ecosystem垄断价格to monopolize the price垄断市场to monopolize/forestall/captive/corner the market限购私用汽车to curb the purchase of vehicles for private use 汽车限购vehicle purchase restrictions汽车购买配额vehicle purchase quotas车牌摇号a lottery for license plates牌照单双号限行odd-even license plate system黑名单制度a blacklist system执业医师practicing physician; licensed doctors二代身份证2nd-generation ID cards防伪技术anti-forgery technology非法交易illegal transaction冒名顶替identification fraud洗钱money laundering挂失to report the loss补办to re-apply/post-register户籍household registration居住证residence permit山洪暴发flash floods水位water level低洼地区low-lying areas淹没农田to inundate crops大桥蜂塌bridge collapse最严重受灾地区worst-hit/worst-stricken area直接经济损失direct economic loss应急系统emergency response system闯红灯running red light遮挡、污损号牌blocking or defacing license plates 扣分处罚point penalty酒驾drunk driving终身禁驾lifetime ban from driving京剧Peking opera秦腔Qin opera功夫Kungfo太极Tai Chi口技ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏shadowplay折子戏opera highlights杂技acrobatics相声witty dialogue comedy刺绣embroidery苏绣Suzhou embroidery泥人clay figure书法calligraphy中国画traditional Chinese painting水墨画Chinese brush painting中国结Chinese knot中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针the compass青铜器bronze ware瓷器porcelain; china唐三彩tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty景泰蓝cloisonne秋千swing武术martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucian culture道教Taoism墨家Mohism法家Legalism佛教Buddhism孔子Confucius孟子Mencius老子Lao Tzu庄子Chuang Tzu墨子Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu象形文字pictographic characters文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study (brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone) 《大学》The Great Learning《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius《孟子》The Mencius《孙子兵法》The Art of War《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游爷己》Journey to the West《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》Historical Records《诗经》The Book of Songs《易经》The I Ching; The Book of Changes 《礼记》The Book of Rites《三字经》Three-character Scriptures八股文eight-part essay五言绝句five-character quatrain七言律诗seven-character octave旗袍cheongsam中山装Chinese tunic suit唐装Tang suit风水Fengshui; geomantic omen阳历Solar calendar阴历Lunar calendar闰年leap year十二生肖zodiac春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节the Mid-autumn Day重阳节the Double-ninth Day七夕节the Double-seventh Day春联spring couplets庙会temple fair爆竹firecracker年画（traditional) New Year pictures压岁钱New Year gift-money舞龙dragon dance元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯festival lantern灯谜lantern riddle舞狮lion dance踩高跷stilt walking赛龙舟dragon boat race胡同hutong山东菜Shandong cuisine川菜Sichuan cuisine粤菜Canton cuisine扬州菜Yangzhou cuisine月饼moon cake年糕rice cake油条deep-fried dough sticks豆浆soybean milk馒头steamed buns花卷steamed twisted rolls包子steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck拉面hand-stretched noodles馄饨wonton (dumplings in soup)豆腐tofu? bean curd麻花fried dough twist烧饼clay oven rolls皮蛋100-year egg; century egg蛋炒饭fried rice with egg糖葫芦tomatoes on sticks火锅hot pot长城the Great Wall of China烽火台beacon tower秦士台皇陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔Big Wild Goose Pagoda丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes华清池Huaqing Hot Springs五台山"Wutai Mountain九华山Jiuhua Mountain蛾眉山Mount Emei泰山Mount Tai黄山Mount Huangshan; the Yellow Mountain故宫the Imperial Palace天坛the Temple of Heaven午门Meridian Gate大运河Grand Canal护城河the Moat回音壁Echo Wall居庸关Juyongguan Pass九龙壁the Nine Dragon Wall黄帝陵the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi十三陵the Ming Tombs苏州园林Suzhou gardens西湖West Lake九寨沟Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace鼓楼drum tower四合院quadrangle; courtyard complex孔庙Confucius Temple乐山大佛Leshan Giant Buddha十八罗汉the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha喇嘛Lama转世灵重reincarnated soul boy 中药traditional Chinese medicine 《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi，s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine 《神农本草经》Shennong，s Herbal Classic《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica针灸acupuncture推拿medical massage切脉feeling the pulse五禽戏five-animal exercises旧石器时代the Paleolithic Age新石器时代the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age母系氏族社会matriarchal clan society封建的feudal朝代dynasty秦朝Qin Dynasty汉朝Han Dynasty唐朝Tang Dynasty宋朝Song Dynasty元朝Yuan Dynasty明朝Ming Dynasty清朝Qing Dynasty秦士台皇帝Emperor Qinshihuang; the First Emperor of Qin皇太后Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty 成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period文成公主Tang Princess Wencheng慈禧太后Empress Dowager Ci Xi皇帝，君主emperor; monarch诸侯vassal皇妃imperial concubine丞相，宰相prime minister太监court eunuch少数民族ethnic minority祭祀offer sacrifices西域the Western Regions战国the Warring States中华文明Chinese civilization文明的摇篮cradle of civilization秦始皇统一中国unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang 鸦片战争the Opium War太平天国the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌变法the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命the 1911 Revolution新民主主义革命New-democratic Revolution五四运动the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义Nanchang Uprising918 事变September 18th Incident长征the Long March西安事变Xi"an Incident南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre抗日战争the War of Resistance Against Japan毛泽东Mao Tse-tong孙中山Sun Yat-sen蒋介石Chiang Kai-shek国民党Kuomingtang中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China (PRC)满族Manchu蒙古人Mongol士大夫scholar-officials学者scholar诗人poet政治家statesman社会地位social status。

第五课关于希特勒入侵苏联的讲话温斯顿•邱吉尔________________________________________二十二日星期天早晨，我一醒来便接到了希特勒入侵苏联的消息。

这就使原先意料中的事变成了无可怀疑的事实。

我完全清楚我们对此应该承担何种义务，采取何种政策。

我也完全清楚该如何就此事发表声明。

尚待完成的只不过是将这一切形成文字而已。

于是，我吩咐有关部门立即发表通告，我将于当晚九点钟发表广播讲话。

不一会儿，匆匆从伦敦赶到的迪尔将军走进我的卧室，为我带来了详细情报。

德国人已大规模入侵苏联，苏联空军部队有很大一部分飞机都没来得及起飞便遭到德军的突袭。

德军目前似乎正以凌厉的攻势极为迅猛地向前推进。

这位皇家军队总参谋长报告完毕后又补了一句，“我估计他们将会大批地被包围。

” 一整天我都在写讲稿，根本没有时间去找战时内阁进行磋商，也没有必要这样做。

我知道我们大家在这个问题上的立场是完全一致的。

艾登先生、比弗布鲁克勋爵，还有斯塔福德•克里普斯爵士——他是十号离开莫斯科回国的——那天也同我在一起。

那个周末值班的是我的私人秘书科维尔先生。

由他执笔记述的下面这段关于那个星期天里切克尔斯首相官邸发生的情况的文字，也许值得一提：“六月二十一日，星期六。

晚饭前我来到切克尔斯首相官邸。

怀南特夫妇、艾登夫妇和爱德华•布里奇斯等几位均在那儿。

晚饭席上，邱吉尔先生说，德国人人侵苏联已是必然无疑的了。

他认为希特勒是想指望博取英美两国的资本家和右冀势力的同情和支持。

不过，希特勒的如意算盘打错了。

我们英国将会全力以赴援助苏联。

维南特表示美国也会采取同样的态度。

晚饭后，当我同邱吉尔先生在槌球场上散步时，他又一次谈到了这一话题。

我当时问他，对于他这个头号反共大将来说，这种态度是否意味着改变自己的政治立场。

…绝非如此。

我现在的目标只有一个，即消灭希特勒。

这使我的生活单纯多了。

假使希特勒入侵地狱，我至少会在下议院替魔鬼说几句好话的。

英语汉语定义或例子a.a.r. 全险againt all risksa.p. 附加保险additional premiuma/c 账户short for accountAAR 承保一切险against all risksABA 美国银行家协会American Bankers Associatonabandonment 委付the act of relinquishing title to damaged or lost property by claiming a total lossabnormal returns 超常收益returns on an investment that are higher than those that would be expected for a particular type of investmentabsolute advantage 绝对优势the ability of a provider of goods or services to conduct business more profitably or efficiently than any competitoraccelerated benefits 提前给付payouts to the insured from a life insurance policy before death due to a terminal illnessacceleration coefficient 加速系数the ratio of change in capital investment to the change in consumer spending for a particular enterpriseacceptance 承兑a formal agreement by a debtor to pay a draft or bill of exchange when it becomes payableaccepting house 承兑所 a financial institution that guarantees bills of exchangeacceptor 承兑人somebody who accepts liability for a bill of exchange or other financial papersaccident insurance 意外保险"insurance against property damage, personal injury, or death caused by an accident"accident insurance 意外险“意外保险”的简称accidental death and dismemberment 意外身故及残疾 a provision of health or life insurance policy that pays a cash benefit if the insured person dies or suffers particular serious injuriesaccommodation 通融资金"a loan of money, especially by a financial institution as a favor to somebody before a formal credit arrangement is made"accommodation bill 通融汇票a bill of exchange cosigned by another party in order to give added securityaccommodation paper 通融票据"a negotiable instrument signed by a party as maker, drawer, acceptor, or endorser, without receiving value"account 账户an arrangement in which a customer keeps money in a bank etc and is offered financial services in exchangeaccredit 授信to grant a credit line toaccreditation 授信the act of granting a credit lineaccredited investor 合格投资者"a person or organization judged suitable to make an investment, based on criteria such as experience, net worth, and income levels"accreted value 依附价值"the current price of a bond, based on the assumption that interest rates will remain constant until its maturity"accrual bond 累积利息债券 a bond heavily discounted when sold and on which the interest is paid only at maturityaccrual of discount 应计贴现the increase in an organization's net worth representing thedifference between the cost of a bond bought at a discount and the lower of its par value or market valueaccrued market discount 应计市场折价"the increase in the market value of a bond that accrues as it comes closer to maturity, regardless of any change in interest rates"acct. 账户short for accountAcct. No. 账号"short for ""account number"""accumulated dividend 累计股利the amount owed to a holder of preferred stock but not yet paidACH 自动清算所automated clearing houseACM 安第斯共同市场Andeans Common Marketacquisition 收购the act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something active market 活跃的市场an individual security that is currently being bought and sold or an exchange in which there is current buying and sellingactivity rate 就业率the percentage of a country's population who are in employmentactual cash value 实际现金价值the replacement cost of sth. after deduction of depreciation that is claimable on insuranceactuarial 精算的relating to the statistical calculation of risk or life expectancy for insurance purposesactuarial science 精算学"the branch of statistics that deals with the calculation of risk, life expectancy, and insurance premiums"actuary 精算师"a statistician who calculates insurance premiums, risks, dividends, and annuity rates"ACU 亚洲货币单位Asian currency unitAD&D 意外身故及残疾accidental death and dismembermentadaptive expectation 适应性预期the model of expectations formation in which expectations adjust gradually towards observed values of the variable concerned ADB 亚洲开发银行Asian Development Bankadded 增加的extra to what is usual or expectedadded value 增加值"the contribution that a business makes by combining and processing materials, knowledge, etc. into products or services"additional hedge 额外避险 a way that a lender can protect against the risk that a prospective borrower will reject a mortgage quote during an agreed periodadditionality 附加性the principle that the EU contributes to the funding of a project in a member country provided that the latter also contributesadd-on method 加息平均法a means of discharging interest on a loan by adding interest to the normal principal repayment at given datesadequate 充足的Study on the Capital Adequate Ratio and Capital Management of Commercial Bankadjuster 理赔师"short for ""claims adjuster"""ADR 美国存托凭证American Depository Receiptadvance 放款to supply money on creditadvice 通知书formal or official information on somethingadvise 通知to tell somebody about somethingadvising bank 通知行the bank advising the arrival of a L/Caffordability 负担能力the ability to bear the expensesafter-hours trading 收盘后交易"dealing in securities outside normal working hours, chiefly by institutional investors through computer links"after-market 发行后市场the financial market for trading of securities that have already been issuedagency bond 机构债券由政府机构发行的债券agency theory 代理理论 a branch of economics relating to the behavior of principals (such as owners) and their agents (such as managers)agglomeration 集聚the act of agglomeratingaggregate 总额the total sumaggregate demand 总需求"the total spent in an economy by individuals, companies, and government during a particular period"agio 兑换费a fee charged for exchanging currenciesagio 贴水an allowance given when paying in a foreign currency to compensate for the costs of exchanging the currencyagio 扣头 a discount given when paying in a foreign currency to compensate for the costs of exchanging the currencyagiotage 金融投机"speculation in stocks, securities, or foreign currencies"agiotage 汇兑业务the business of exchanging currencies between countriesAGM 股东年会annual general meetingagreement account 协定账户存款按照约定可以在储蓄存款账户、支票存款账户和货币市场互助基金账户之间自动转账的账户allocate 配置to distribute resources etcallocation 配置 a distribution by allotting or apportioningall-or-none order 整批委托a buy or sell order to instruct the broker to fill the order completely or not at allallot 分配"to assign or distribute (shares, etc)"allotment 分配the act of allotting stocks etcall-purpose bank 综合性银行a universal bank engaged in commercial and investment services etc.Ambank 大马银行"the fifth largest banking group in Malaysia, with more than 200 branches and outlets"amendment 修改 a change or correction to somethingamends 赔偿 a sum of money paid in compensation for the loss or injuryAmerican Express 美国运通 a diversified global financial services company that is headquartered in New York CityAmerican Option 美式期权an option that can be exercised at any time before the final exercise dateAMEX 美国证券交易所American Stock Exchangeamortization 分期偿还repayment in a series of installmentsamortization schedule 分期偿还时间表 a table showing the repayment schedule of interest and principal necessary to pay off a loan by maturityamortize 分期偿还"to liquidate (a debt, mortgage, etc) by instalment payments or by periodic transfers to a sinking fund"analyst 分析师an expert who studies financial data and recommends appropriate business actionsanchoring 锚定the use of irrelevant information as a reference for evaluating or estimating some unknown value or informationannual fee 年费the annual charge paid for a card etcannual general meeting 年度股东大会"gathering of the directors and stockholders (shareholders) of every incorporated firm, required by law to be held each calendar year"annual report 年报"a document that outlines and analyzes the activities, esp financial dealings, of a company etc over the past year"annuity 年金a series of equal payments or receipts occurring over a specified number of periodsannuity due 期初年金an anuity of which payments or receipts occur at the beginning of each periodantedated 倒填日期的"refers to cheques which have been written by maker, and dated at some point in the past"anticipate 预支"to seize or use funds before they are legally available, esp from a trust fund"anticipation 预支"the seizure or use of funds before they are legally available, esp from a trust fund"antitrust 反托拉斯的"intended to oppose trusts and cartels, e.g. by preventing them from using monopolistic business practices to make unfair profits"appraisal rights 估价权"the rights of dissatisfied stockholders in a corporation involved in a merger to demand the payment of a fair share price, determined by an independent assessment"appreciate 升值"increase in value, especially over time"appreciation 升值"an increase in value, especially over time"appreciation of currency 货币升值a strengthening of the exchange rate of a particular currency that allows more units of a foreign currency to be bought for a unit of its own currency APT 套利定价理论arbitrage pricing theoryAPY 年收益率annual percentage yieldarbitrage 套利finding two assets that are essentially the same and buying the cheaper and selling the more expensivearbitrage pricing theory 套利定价理论a theory where the price of an asset depends on multiple factors and arbitrage efficiency prevailsarbitrageur 套利者somebody who engages in arbitrageARM 可调整利率抵押adjustable rate mortgageascending bottoms 上升型波谷"a graph showing a series of low points over time, e.g. in a security's price, with each low higher than the last, indicating a rising security or market"ASE 美国证券交易所American Stock ExchangeAsiadollar 亚洲美元 a U.S. dollar used in Asian banks and currency marketsAsia-Pacific 亚太的 a commercial region encompassing some of the countries of East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rimask size 卖单大小the number of shares offered for sale at the offer priceassented 同意调换的describes securities that are bought or held with the understandingthat proposed changes may affect their status or numberassented bond 同意调换的债券 a type of bond whose owners have agreed to reduced interest payments or a reduced repayment of principal on the basis of a reorganization or rescheduling planassess 评估to examine sth. to judge or evaluate itassessment 评估 a judgment about something based on an understanding of the situation assessor 公估人"somebody who calculates amounts to be paid, especially for insurance purposes"asset acquisition 资产收购"a method of purchasing a controlling interest in a company by buying key assets of the company, rather than its stock"asset conversion loan 资产转换贷款a loan that will be repaid once a particular asset has been converted into cashasset financing 资产融资 a method of borrowing money in which a loan is attached to assets that can be sold to discharge the loan in the event of defaultasset play 资产隙the difference between the current price of a stock and the assets held by the companyasset swap 资产互换an arrangement by which two companies agree to exchange ownership of particular assets in order to produce a cash flow profile from them that is better suited to each companyasset-backed security 资产担保证券a bond or note whose payments are primarily derived from income generated by a pool of assets that consist of debt obligations such as mortgage loans or credit card paymentsasset-based lending 资产保证型贷款a type of lending in which a particular asset or group of assets provides collateral in the event of defaultassignment fee 转让费a fee charged by the lender to transfer the beneficial interest from a company to anotherassignment of rents 租金转让a loan agreement by which a lender is given the right to a particular income stream belonging to the borrower in case of defaultassociate person 相联人somebody who is authorized and registered to transact business in the futures marketsassumable mortgage 可转让贷款a mortgage that permits payments to be taken over by a new buyerassumed bond 承继债券"a long-term debt issued in the name of one company, liability of payment for which is transferred to another company"assurance 保险"insurance against something that is certain to happen such as death, rather than something that might happen such as loss of property"astute 敏锐的"shrewd and discerning, especially where personal benefit is to be derived"ASX 澳大利亚股票交易所Australian Stock Exchangeasymmetric information 不对称信息"information about a transaction that is available to the parties involved in unequal degrees, resulting in an unfair exchange"at call 即时偿付的e.g. loan at callat one's own risk 自担风险(of risk) to be taken by oneselfat par 平价with a selling price equal to its face valueat the latest practicable date 于最后实际可行日期There were no corporate proposalsannounced as at the latest practicable dateat usance 按习惯期限e.g. payable at usanceATM 自动柜员机automatic teller machineattention economy 注意力经济a view of the economy in the late 20th century that suggests that people's attention to websites is a valuable and tradable commodity at-the-money 平价的(of a financial position) with no gain or loss if an option is exercised immediatelyat-the-money option 平价期权"an option with an exercise-price equal, or nearly equal, to the current price of the underlying asset"AUD 澳元Australian dollaraurar 奥拉a subunit of Icelandic currencyausterity 紧缩"thrift imposed as government policy, with restricted access to or availability of consumer goods"Austrian school 奥地利学派"a school of economics that emphasizes free markets, individual property rights, and freedom of association"autarchy 自给自足economic independence as a national policyautarky 自给自足不如“autarchy”常用authorized share 授权股份one of the stocks that has been authorized for issue by a companyautomated teller machine 自动柜员机an electronic machine that enables customers to withdraw paper money or carry out other banking transactions on insertion of an encoded plastic cardautonomous consumption 自主消费consumer expenditure that is not dependent on disposable incomeaverage down 摊低买入成本"to purchase more shares of a stock when its price is falling, in the hope of reducing costs and increasing profits"average effective maturity 平均有效到期期限 a measure of a bond's likely life taking into account the possibility that the lender will call and repay it before its maturity date average nominal maturity 平均名义到期期限the average time taken by a bond or group of bonds to mature if any attached clauses such as early redemptions or prepayments are not exercisedaverage option 平均期权 a financial instrument whose terminal value depends on the average value of the asset it is attached to over the life of the instrumentaverage propensity to consume 平均消费倾向the proportion of disposable or national income that is actually spentaverage propensity to save 平均储蓄倾向"the proportion of disposable or national income that is saved, determined by the ratio of savings to income"average up 提高平均利润"to purchase more shares of a stock when its price is rising, in hope of increasing profits"average weighted maturity 平均加权到期期限"the expected period of time that a group of securities will take to mature, based on emphasizing the expiration dates of the most valuable securities in the group"B/D 银行汇票bank draftB/P 押汇bill purchasedbaby bond 小额债券"a bond issued for an amount lower than $1,000, usually between $25 and $500"back bond 反担保"a bond given by one to a surety, to indemnify such surety in case of loss"back month 远期月份"in futures and options trading, any month in the future beyond the nearest one when a contract is due to expire"back stop 最后担保"a guarantee by a company to purchase shares of another company in a securities offering, if the shares are not purchased by any other investor by the end of the offering"backdoor listing 借壳上市acquisition and merger with a listed company by an unlisted company in order to gain a listing on a securities exchangeback-end load 后端费用"a sales charge or commission paid when an individual sells an investment, such as a mutual fund or an annuity, intended to discourage withdrawals"back-of-the-envelope assessment 简单评估a common method for venture capitalback-to-back 背对背的denoting a credit arrangement in which a finance house acts as an intermediary to conceal the identity of the seller from buyerBack-to-Back Loan 背对背贷款两家位于不同国家的公司向对方借贷相同金额的对方国家货币贷款，目的在于对冲货币波动的风险back-up facility 备用贷款 a bank line of credit used to provide back-up liquidity should an issuer be unable to fund outstanding commercial paperbackwardation 现货升水the amount by which the price of goods for immediate delivery differs from the price of goods for delivery at a future timebaht 泰铢the main unit of Thai currencybailout 财务援助an intervention by a person or company to help another person or company out of financial difficultiesbalance 差额the amount by which one quantity is greater or smaller than anotherbalance of payments 国际收支差额the difference between the amount paid by a national government to other countries and the amount it receives from thembalance of trade 贸易差额the difference between the value of the total imports and total exports of a country as assessed over a fixed periodbalanced fund 平衡基金 a mutual fund investing in stocks and bonds to provide both income and growthballoon loan 大额尾付贷款"a long-term loan, often a mortgage, that has one large payment (the balloon payment) due upon maturity"balloon maturity 大额尾付还款期限方案 a repayment scheme with a debt in which the bulk of the principal is due at the end of the loan termballoon mortgage 大额尾付抵押贷款a mortgage that is paid off in a series of regular payments with one much larger payment at the endballoon payment 大额尾付"a large, lump-sum payment scheduled at the end of a series of considerably smaller periodic payments"Baltic Exchange 波罗的海交易所"a commodity market in the City of London that deals in international trade, especially international bulk shipping"BAN 预期债券票据bond anticipation notebancassurance 银行保险指通过银行既有的分销渠道销售保险bank 银行a business offering financial servicesbank card 银行卡 a credit or debit cardbank draft 银行汇票"draft drawn by one bank against its account in another bank, authorizing the second bank to pay to the individual named in the draft"Bank for International Settlements 国际清算银行a bank in Basel that provides a forum for the world's central banks to meet and consultbank holding company 银行持股公司直接或间接地控制若干家银行25%以上表决权股份的公司bank investment contract 银行投资合约a contract issued by a commercial bankbank line 银行授信额度an agreement for present and future borrowing from a bankBank of Canada 加拿大银行the federal central bank of CanadaBank of East Asia 东亚银行the largest independent local bank and the third largest bank in Hong KongBank of England 英格兰银行the central bank of England and Walesbank outlet 银行网点The bank outlet has helped students get cash and take care of financial mattersbank paper 银行票据"negotiable instruments issued by financial institutions in order to borrow money, rather than those issued by companies, governments, or other organizations"bank receipt 水单“汇款底单”的俗称bank receipt 汇款底单由银行出具的客户汇款受理凭证bank run 挤兑the concerted action of depositors who try to withdraw their money from a bank because the think it will failbank statement 银行对账单a document showing all the transactions in a bank account over a specific period of timebank term loan 银行定期贷款a bank loan with a fixed maturitybank wire 银行电报系统the electronic system used to transfer large sums of money between major banksBanka 邦加岛不如“Bangka”常用bankable 银行可承兑的readily and legally acceptable to a bankbankbook 存折不如“passbook”常用banker 银行家someone who owns or runs a bankbanker's acceptance draft 银行承兑汇票汇票汇付人为银行，由该银行在汇票上承兑的远期汇票banker's draft 银行汇票不如“bank draft”常用banker's order 定期支付指示不如“standing order”常用banking 银行业务the business engaged in by a bankbanknote 钞票 a piece of paper money issued by a bank that may be freely exchanged for goods or servicesbarbell strategy 杠铃策略the strategy of investing in bonds with short-term and very long-term investment rates while investing almost nothing in bonds that mature in the medium termbarren money 不生息资金funds on which no interest is being earnedbarrier 壁垒"anything that prevents or obstructs passage, access, or progress"barrier option 障碍期权option guaranteeing the right to buy or sell that is created orcanceled when underlying security price reaches a particular levelbarter 物物交换trade by the exchange of goodsbase coin 劣币a counterfeit coin made of cheap metalbase currency 基础货币 a currency used by a business for accounting purposes that may not be the currency of the country where the company operatesbase interest rate 基准利率不如“benchmark interest rate”常用base period 基期a neutral period used as a standard for comparison in constructing an index when assessing financial or economic database year 基年the year that is used as the basis of comparison for the level of a particular economic indexbasis contract 期货标准合同"a contract that fixes the difference between the price of a particular futures contract and the cash price of the underlying commodity, though not the actual price level"basis point 基点"one hundredth of one percent, used to express interest rates and bond yields"basis price 基价the cost of a bond in terms of its percentage yield to maturity rather than the price actually paidbasket of currencies 一揽子货币a group of currencies of which the average value is used as a basis for comparison with another currencyBEA 东亚银行Bank of East Asiabear 空头somebody who sells stocks or commodities in anticipation of falling pricesbear hug 熊抱 a warning given by one company to another of its intention to assume control of the otherbear market 熊市"a prolonged period in which investment prices fall, accompanied by widespread pessimism"bear raid 空头袭击"an attempt to lower a stock or commodity price by selling large numbers of shares, usually in order to buy them back at a lowered price"bear spread 熊市套利the buying or selling of options that will result in a gain under circumstances which make the value of the underlying asset fallbear squeeze 轧空头an official intervention by central banks in foreign exchange markets to force speculators short selling currency to cover positionsbearer 持有人somebody holding a financial instrumentbearer bond 不记名债券 a bond payable to the party that presents itbearer check 不记名支票 a check without the name of the entity (its payee) to whom it is to be paidbearer instrument 不记名票据"a negotiable instrument which is payable on demand to the holder, regardless of whom it was originally issued to"bearer stock 无记名股票securities ownership certificates that are not registered in a namebearish 看跌的anticipating unfavorable business conditionsbearish 卖空的conducive to or characterized by selling rather than buying stocks or commodities in anticipation of falling pricesbehindhand 拖欠的in arrears for payment of a debtBeige Book 黄皮书"one of the regular reports on regional economic conditions, publishedby the Federal Reserve banks"benchmark interest rate 基准利率a threshold interest rate below which investors will not commit fundsbeneficiary bank 收款银行"a bank that receives money, especially from another bank"Benelux 比利时荷兰卢森堡"Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg"bequest savings motive 储蓄的遗产动机the desire to leave money to descendants as a reason for savingBerkshire Hathaway 伯克希尔·哈撒韦"a conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, USA"best ask 最低卖价the lowest price for a security acceptable to a sellerbest bid 最高买价the highest price for a security acceptable to a buyerBest Efforts 尽力推销承销商就担任发行公司及投资者之间代理人的承销协议BEY 债券等值收益率bond equivalent yieldBIA 英国保险协会British Insurance AssociationBIC 银行投资合约Bank Investment Contractbid 出价to offer an amount of money for something at an auctionbid price 买价the price that a dealer on the stock exchange will pay for a securitybidder 出价人someone who makes a bid at an auctionbidding 出价"the act of making bids, as in auction"bid-offer spread 买卖价差the difference between the highest price that somebody is willing to pay for a currency or security and the price being soldbid-to-cover ratio 认购比率"the proportion of bids that are accepted, especially in an auction of Treasury bonds"bilateral monopoly 双边垄断a market situation in which there is just one seller and one buyerbilateral trade 双边贸易 a trading relation between two countries that try to balance their trade with each otherbill 钞票 a piece of paper moneybill 票据 a signed agreement promising payment of a sum of money on demand or at a specific timebill broker 票据经纪人somebody whose job is to buy and sell bills of exchangebill of exchange 汇票a document setting out an instruction to pay a particular person a fixed sum of money on a particular date or when the person requestsbimetallism 复本位制"a monetary system used in 18th- and 19th-century Europe that was based on the use of two metals, usually gold and silver, with a fixed ratio to each other"BIN 银行识别号bank identification numberbinary option 两值期权an option that pays a predetermined amount if the underlying asset's price moves as the buyer expects and nothing if it does notBIPS 银行互联网支付系统bank Internet payment systemBIS 国际清算银行Bank for International Settlementsblack economy 黑色经济"a part of economy that consists of unofficial or illegal, and therefore untaxed, earnings"black knight 黑武士 a company which makes a hostile takeover bid on a target company black market 黑市all commerce on which applicable taxes and/or regulations of trade arebeing avoidedBlack Tuesday 黑色星期二"Oct. 29, 1929, the day of the New York stock market crash that led to the Great Depression"blackwork 黑工work in the black economy that is paid for in cash and evades attention of tax authoritiesblank check 空白支票a signed check that has not yet had the amount payable filled in blank endorsement 空白背书an endorsement on a bill of exchange that does not name a payee and so may benefit the bearerblanket bond 总括保证保险an insurance contract providing a financial institution with cover against losses resulting from employee dishonesty or theftblind trust 保密信托a legal arrangement in which a trustee manages funds for the benefit of somebody who has no knowledge of the specific management actions taken by the trustee block trade 大额交易"a trade that is usually at least 10,000 shares of a stock or $200,000 of bonds"blue chip 蓝筹股"a stock selling for a high price because it belongs to a company considered to be well established, highly successful, and reliable"blue-chipper 蓝筹公司a blue-chip companyblue-sky 无价值的not worth very much moneyblue-sky law 蓝天法"a state law regulating the sale of securities, designed to protect investors from being sold stocks or bonds with no real value"BOB 玻利维亚诺Bolivian BolivianoBOC 交通银行Bank of Communicationsbolivar 玻利瓦尔the main unit of Venezuelan currencybond 债券 a certificate issued by an enterprise promising to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest on a specified datebond anticipation note 预期债券票据a short-term bond intended to be withdrawn when replaced by a larger long-term bondbond circular 债券传单 a disclosure document detailing a forthcoming bond issuebond covenant 债券契约 a clause in a bond agreement that either requires or forbids some actbond equivalent yield 债券等值收益率the percentage yield for discounted bonds so that they can be compared with nondiscounted interest-bearing bondsbond fund 债券基金 a mutual fund that invests in various bondsbond indenture 债券契约 a contract that specifies the rights and obligations of the buyers and sellers of particular bondsbond indexing 债券指数化the strategy of investing in a collection of bonds that follows the performance of the bond market as a wholebond swap 债券互换sale of one bond issue ahead of its maturity followed by the immediate purchase of anotherbond value 债券价值the value of a bond to its owner when compared with the value of other bonds taking into account factors such as changing interest rates and yield to maturity bonded 以债券作保证的secured by or operating under a bondbondholder 债券持有人an owner of government or company bondsbonus issue 派送红股Bonus issue offer of free additional shares to existing shareholders。

Unit Oneinternational business exports/importsexporter/importerpatentstrademarkscopyrightsinternational trade transportationtourismbankingadvertisingconstructionretailing/wholesaling insuranceeducationmass communication specializationabsolute advantage comparative advantageinput/outputopportunity cost opportunity cost ratios exchange rateoperating costsbank credit agreements clearing arrangementstrade in goodstrade in servicesvisible goods/invisible goods international investments balance of paymentsforeign direct investment (FDI)manufactured goodscultural conflicts negotiationmarketingbusiness administration business public relations businessman businesspeoplesubsidiary/subsidiariesjoint venturesaffiliated businessesgeneral manager executivesCEOcommercial riskfinancial riskspolitical risksregulatory riskstax risksantitrust lawsdouble taxationcommercial creditcommercial lendingpurchased merchandise onaccountadvances on salescommercial billa qualified lenderbank loanscurrent ratiocash assetsoutstanding indebtednesscollateralcredit historyfinancial profilethe commodity economyindustry capitalbusiness enterprisespersonal creditcreditorsliensinternational businessmanagementcreative consciousnessthe capacity of working onone’s ownglobal economic integrationinternationalizationWTOUruguay RoundGATTNegotiation forumDoha Development Agendatrade rulesside-effectswell-beingtrade disputesagriculturetextiles and clothingtelecommunicationsgovernment purchasesgovernment procurementindustrial standardsproduct safetyfood sanitation regulationsintellectual propertytrade without discriminationGATSTRIPs Agreementmost-favored-nation(MFN)customs duty ratecustoms dutiestariffsnational treatmenttransparencyTrade Policy ReviewMechanismannexpredictable and growingaccess to marketsfree-tradeimport bansquotaspredictabilitythe bound ratestransition economiesfair competitiondumpingsubsidieseconomic reformthe least-developed countriesUnit Twointernational tradeworld tradeoverseas tradeindustrializationadvanced transportationglobalizationtransnational corporationstrade restrictionsgovernmental quotasexport tariffs1trade barriersraw materialscapital-intensive products land-intensive productslabor-intensive commodities heavy construction equipment industrial machinery consumer goodslabor costsproduction facilitiesfarming technologymass productioneconomic benefitsdomestic marketnatural resources technology resources human resourcescost of productionpolitical strengthtastespreferencesconsumption patternsre-export/re-import favorable trade balance active trade balanceexport surplustrade surplusunfavorable trade balance adverse trade balanceimport surplustrade deficitexport trade, import trade and transit tradedirect trade, indirect trade and entrepot tradetangible trade and intangible tradebarter trade and free-liquidation tradedirect transit trade and indirect transit tradethe bonded warehousethe domestic transportation linewarehouse charges transshipment processorIncotermsCISGUCP600bargainingan intervening mediumcash tradeterms and conditionsbusiness correspondenceletters, telexes, cables, faxes,e-mails, etc.inquiry/enquiry, offer,counter-offer, acceptance andconclusion of a contractdocumentary creditshipment documentssettlementanalytical studycredit standingcapacityspecificationstrade termsFOB, FCA, FAS, CFR, CPT,CIF, CIP, EXW, DAF, DDU,DDP, DES, DEQ,L/Cshipping spacecharter a shipimport entryimport inspectionsmarket research, creditinquiry, making contactscontractual termsMOFTECChinese Embassyforeign trade corporationschambers of commerceinquiry agenciesbusiness connectionsinquirera bank referencetrader, dealertrade shows, direct sales,direct mail, manufacturer’srepresentatives, wholesalersand distributorsthe consulate officeICCannual sales volumebusiness culturebusiness negotiationbusiness talksinternational fairsthe China ExportCommodities Fairthe export sales contractforce majeuretile documentsthe total volume of tradepractitionersan essential conditionthe mandatory supervisionthe prerequisitecustoms formalitiesa certificate of qualitytraditions and practicesUNCTADairfreight, sea freightopen accountaccuracy, completeness,conciseness and promptnessgovernment controldocumentscommercial documentstransportation documentsinsurance documentsfinancial documentsgeneral useimport licenseforeign exchange licenseexport licensecertificate of origininspection certificateconsular invoicecustoms invoicethe licensing authoritiescentral bankscustoms clearanceeconomic sanctionsa notary publicthe country of destintionpreferred import status2the place of manufacturethe Import and Export Commodity Inspection BureauChina Council for Promotion of International Tradethe Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)EUpreferential import duties Certificate of Origin of Textile ProductsExport Licenses of Textile ProductsShipment Certificate of Textile ProductssurveyorInspection Certificate of QualityInspection Certificate of WeightInspection Certificate of QuantityInspection Certificate of Health and Veterinary Inspection Certificate Inspection Certificate of QuarantineAQSIQthe importing countrythe exporting countrypro forma invoice commercial invoicequality certificateweight certificate preliminary invoicea quotationan irrevocable letter of credit consular documents Buyer’s referenceOrder number/indent number Invoice number and date Export or import license numberMethod of dispatch Shipment terms Names and addresses of theseller and the buyerCountry from which theshipment is madeDescription of the goodsRebate or similar incentivesSignature of the exporterapplication form forinternational money transferdrafts (bills of exchange)banker’s draftcommercial draftsight drafttime draft (usance draft)application for documentaryletter of credit and letter ofcreditcash in advanceremitterdrawer/draweepayor, payer/payeethe payment instrument30 days sight50 days after sight90 days after the date of thisdraft30 days after the bill of ladingMethod of adviceDate of expirybeneficiaryadvising/paying/confirmingbankpartial shipmentsport of shipmentairport/port of dischargeairport/port of loadinga payment undertakingshipping notepacking listbill of ladingrail/road consignment noteair waybill (AWB)parcel post receiptcombined transportdocumentsarrival notificationon board his vessela delivery or receipt notea Mate’s Receiptthe on-board bill of ladinga supplimentary documentinsurance claimsclaim settlementsconsignor/consigneeplace of deliveryshipping markscontainer numbercarriershipperbulk cargocubic measurementgross weightthe notified partyrail transportthe departure/destinationstationtransferable or negotiablean instruciton sheeta straight or non-negotiablebill of ladingright of disposalthe shipping brokerthe insurer (insurancecompany), underwriterthe insuredan indispensable adjunctinsurance policyinsurance certificateopen policyinsurance coveragePICCmutual consentlegal avoidancebreach of contractcargo readinesscustomary packagesseaworthy shipment packingCISGsole ownershipindustrial property rightL/Cfund shortage3market fluctuationpayment routelate shipmentthe amendment notification the shipping orderdelivery documentsworking fundsshipping operationtaking deliveryinspection reportUnit Threebusiness negotiationsocial interaction consultationbargainingmediationarbitrationlitigationwin-win principle/integrative bargaining/interest-based bargainingequality principlesincere cooperationkeep it flexible and fluid positional bargainingmutual success convergence of interests equality and mutual benefit law statusnegotiation strategies and tacticsthe negative effects preparation for negotiation the negotiating team gathering of informationthe negotiation briefan essential preconditionthe factual requirementinner depletionextra expensework-loadproduction organizaiton investment distributiona development project an engineering projectthe chief negotiatortechnologistfinancial expertlegal specialistbackup onespublic relationscontingency abilitiescapital guaranteethe power of the collectivethe optimal effectexplicit responsibilitiesthe cooperation of negotiatorsa clear job-divisionthe cooperation betweenon-stage people and out-stageonesrepresentatives and deputiesfavorable moral charactersnecessary psychologicalmakingsnecessary professionalknowledgefavorable language skillsfavorable polical makingsthe physical factors (thetempo, intensity, flexibility,stability and so on )sanguine peoplebilious peoplephlegmatical peopledepressed peoplethe factual needsgeneralistscommercial warsbilateral and multilateralcommunicationidentifying issuesissues and objectivesa competitive negotiationa noncompetitive negotiationa responsible sourcea contract priceinfrastructurelogistics systemsub-contractorsbusiness scopeannual sales volumespaybacka feasibility studypolitical and socialbackgroundsocial and economic analysisdetailed analysislocation and sitemain costsmanpowerschedul implementationfinancial and economicevaluaitonalternative approachesthe basic components andimplicationsplant capacitymarket demandoverhead costsadministrative overheadsa timeframefixed investmentsnet working capital estimatesnegotiating brief andnegotiating planmemoranduman invitation to offeran invitation to make a bidpromotional communicationsales literatureofferor/offereeselling offer/buying offeroffer with engagementoffer without engagementfirm offerirrevocable offercommon practicea usual practicequotation sheetsfinal confirmationa contractual relationshippurchase contractagency arrangementexclusive sales agreementabsence of feedback4satisfactionself-reinforcementtwo human biasesthe confirmation bias egocentrismmediocrityself-esteemseparate people from the problemfocus on interests not positionsbe well preparedbe patience and integrity legitimate concerns personal attacksblue-eyed weakness offensive and defensivea defensive-offensive stance a neutral stanceoutright acceptanceoutright rejectionqualified rejectiona nimble attackthe barrier of language cooperative language style competitive language stylea longstanding relationship one-off contractsan all-purpose excuse deceptive strategiesjargonacronymscontractionstechnical termslanguage principles courtesy, conciseness, clarity, correctness, constructiveness and concessiontrade-offdeadlockmulti-nationsmulti-nationalitiescultural analysissub-cultural dynamics intercultural communication breakdown intergroupencode and decodecultural literacycultural implicationsgeneral guidelinesverbal/nonverbalfacial expressonseye contactgesturesbody movementsposturephysical appearancespacebody languageorientationmonochronic and polychronicdominant culture settingssocioeconomic classcultural conflictsbusiness normsa sophisticated protocolguest-host relationshipunwritten rulesa fallback positionlinear communicationUnit FourInternational trade termsa price/export quotationsincidental chargesa foreign trade merchantIncoterms2000the price of commoditythe unit pricea name of currency, a unitprice, a measuring unit, atrade term, and a name ofdestination or shipping placemiscellaneous expensesinternational rules andpractices on trade termsWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Revised American ForeignTrade Definition 1941The American Chamber ofCommercethe National ImportersAssociationthe American Foreign TradeAssociationthe US Export Quotations andAbbreviations in 1919EX-point of originEx Factory, Ex Mill, Ex Minenamed inland carriernamed inland of departurenamed point of destinationnamed place of destinationnamed port of destinationnamed port of shipmentnamed point of exportationnamed point of importationnamed point/placenamed inland point in countryof importationFreight Prepaid ToFreight Allowed ToC&F, EX-DOCKthe ship’s railthe risk of loss or of damagesales contractthe mode of transportmulti-modal transportsea or inland waterwaytransport/transportationmarine insuranceobtain insurance only onminimum coverthe buyer’s/seller’sobligationsthe export/import permit andexport/import traxthe loading/unloading costthe insurance premiumthe sea freightthe seller’s/buyer’s premisescustomary packing/mannera contract of carriageMT(metric ton)subsequent carriersthe first carrier5at the disposal of the buyer basic/special packingthe loading berthib/IBa land frontierwarehouseterminaltransport stationcommon misconceptions property rightsvariants of Incotermsunder tackleliner termsFOB trimmed/towedentry feeUnit Fivepricingpricing principlesprice and unit pricethe accompanying services the pulse of the marketsthe price of commodity, the unit price: a nature of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a trade term and a name of destination or shipping placecost structurecosts of production, selling and delivery costs, and customs dutiesancillary costthe factory pricefixed costsvariable costs commissionssales trip expensespricing methodslong-term objectiveshort-term objective profitabilitymarket shareannual budgetssales volume cost-based pricingbreak-even pricingmarginal cost pricingmargin of profit, profit margintarget costingthe break-even point (BEP)FC, P, VCtotal fixed pricemortgage interest/paymentsreal estate taxesmarginal costthe direct coststhe variable overheadsmoney of accountmoney of paymenthard currencysoft currencyvehicle currencyforeign exchange ratesforeign exchange riskfloating exchange ratesexposurehedgeforward marketforward ratespot marketbrokerage housesforward contractintermediary servicequantity discountcash discountspecial discountnet pricepricing strategiesthe marketing mixfollowing-the-leader pricingpenetration pricingcost-oriented pricingdemand-oriented pricingretail pricingthe break-even pointmarketerscomponent partsutilitiessuppliersoperating expensesadvertising campaignsmanufacturersfranchise marketersthe U.S Small BusinessAdministration (SBA)government regulationsload weightsspeed limitsa unit price: currency unit,unit price figure,measurement unit anddelivery termsinitial priceUnit Sixinternational transportationocean transportrail transportationair transportationcontainer transportinternational multi-modaltransportationsea portscarrying capacityliner transportcharter transport / tramptransportthe four fixed: fixed sailingdate, fixed route and fixedports to call at, and relativelyfixed freight rateconsignor/consigneethe intermediate portsfreight: basic freight +surchargesthe basic freight ratethe tariff of freight rateW, M, W/M, Ad Val., W/M orAd Val.per metric tonweight tonper cubic metermeasurement tonfreight toncharge surcharges6transshipment surchargesfuel surchargesoverweight and overlength surchargesa charter party: the charterer and the ship ownerbulk cargocrude oilraw timbertime chartervoyage charterthe loading/unloading rate demurragedispatch moneyliner term, free out (FO), free in (FI), free in and out (FIO) scheduled airliners chartered planes consolidated consignments by freight forwardersFull Container Load (FCL) Less than Container Load (LCL)a door to door servicedesk-to-desk serviceport to port shipmentthe Container Freight Sation (CFS)the point of originthe place of destinationa multi-modal transport operatorthe general carrier conveyancesub-carriersmarine bills of lading seaway billsairway bills (AWB) or air consignment notes combined transport documentsinland transport way bills(road waybill or CMR consignment note and railway bill or cargo receipt)courier receipt or post parcel receiptsshippingthe bill of lading (B/L)a traded objecta contract of carriagea receipt of goodsa title documentin apparent good orderparties of a bill of lading: thecarrier and the shipper/theconsignor, the consignee, thenotify party and the transferee/the endorsee /holderdifferent ordersdemonstrative orderrestrictive orderbearer order“to order” and “to the order ofthe shipper”“to the order of the issuingbank”“to the order of the importer”“to bearer”under collectionnon-paymentnon-commercial transactionsbe left blank“to the named consignee(importer)”blank endorsementspecial endorsementthe shipping company (thecarrier)the charting vesselthe voyae numberthe port of receipt/the port ofloading/the port of shipmentthe port of destination/the portof discharge/the port ofdeliverythe premises of theimporter/exportermarks and numbersboxes/cartons/casesbe prepaid or collectedfreight prepaid/freight collectoriginal B/L, copiestypes of bill of ladingon board B/L (or shipped B/L)and a received for shipmentB/Lin one’s custodyclean (or unclaused) B/L andunclean (or foul) B/Lnegotiable B/L (order B/L andbearer B/L or open B/L) andstraight B/L (ornon-negotiable B/L or anamed consignee B/L)direct B/L and transshipmentB/Llong form B/L and short formB/Lliner B/L and chartered B/Lon deck B/Lstale B/Lante-dated B/L & advancedB/Lcontainer B/Lcontents leaking, packagingspoiled by contents,packaging broken / holed /torn / damaged, packagingcontaminated, goods damaged/ scratched, packaging badlydented, packaging damagedand contents exposed,insufficient packing, casesshort shipped, goodsunprotected / unboxed /partial protected, etc.Combined TransportDocument (CTD)Combined Transport Operator(CTO)the estimated date ofdeparture (ETD)the estimated time of arrival(ETA)forwarderNVD: no value declaredThe flight date7CMR, CIMadditional protocolEMS, DHL, UPS, FedExthe post officea courieran expedited delivery service expedite (a.) servicesperils and lossesperils of the sea, maritime losses , maritime expenses lightergeneral perils of the sea and extraneous risksnatural calamities (vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami, earthquake, flood, etc.)fortuitous accidentsgeneral extraneous risks and special extraneous risks theft, pilferage, contamination, leakage, breakage, sweating and/or heating, taint of odor, rusting, hook damage, fresh and/or rain water damage, short-delivery and non-delivery, shortage in weight, clashing, etc. political or military affairs or administrative ruleswar, strike, heightened duty, rejection, etc.total loss and partial loss actual total loss and constructive total loss general average (G. A.) and partial average (P. A. )sue and labor expenses salvage chargesmarine insurance clausesthe acope of cover, exclusions, commencement and termination of cover, duty of the insured, time of validity of a claim, etc.basic insurance and additional insurancebasic marine insurancecoverage: FPA (Free FromParticular Average), WPA andAll risksadditional risksgeneral risks and special risksCIC (China InsuranceClauses)warehouse to warehouseclause11 general additional risks:theft, pilferage andnon-delivery risk (TPND),fresh water and/or raindamage risk (FWRD), clashand breakage risks, leakagerisk, shortage risk,intermixture andcontamination risks, taint ofodor risk, sweat an heatingrisks, rust risk, breakage ofpacking risk, hook damagerisk8 special additional risks: warrisk, strike risk, failure todelivery risk, import duty risk,on deck risk, rejection risk,aflatoxin risk, fire riskextersion clause for storage ofcargo at destination in HongKong, including Kowloon, orMacao (FREC)import and export cargoinsurance practicesinsurance amount andpremiumclaim for lossesadvice of lossesshipping clause(transportation clause )time of shipmenttime of deliverythe port/place of shipment anddestinationpartial shipment / shipment byinstallmentstime policy, voyage policyand mixed policyinsurance policy, insurancecertificate, combinedcertificate and open policyunvalued policy and valuedpolicy8。

新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典专题索引亚当·斯密的“有效需求” "Effectual Demand", in Adam Smith自回归综合移动平均模型ARIMA Models不在地主Absentee绝对地租Absolute Rent绝对的和可交换的价值Absolute and Exchangeable value国际收支的开支吸收分析法Absorption Approach to the Balance of Payments 吸收能力Absorptive Capacity节欲Abstinence抽象劳动与具体劳动Abstract and Concrete Labour加速原理Acceleration Principle会计学与经济学Accounting and Economics私人和社会会计Accounting, Private and Social资本的积累Accumulation of Capital非循环性Acyclicity适应性预期Adaptice Expectation总额相符问题Adding-up Problem调整的成本Adjustment Cost调整过程与稳定性Adjustment Processes and Stability有管理的价格Administered Prices预付Advances逆选择Adverse Selection广告Advertising顾问Advisers人口老化Ageing Populations代理费Agency Costs生产要素Agents of Production总需求理论Aggregate Demand Theory总需求和总供给分析Aggregate Demand and Supply Analysis总供给函数Aggregate Supply Function加总问题Aggregation Problem经济关系的总和Aggregation of Economic Relations农业经济学Agricultural Economics农业增长和人口变化Agricultural Growth and Population Change农产品供给Agricultural Supply农业与经济发展Agriculture and Economic Development农业与土地Agriculture and Land异化Alienation阿莱悖论Allais Paradox阿尔蒙滞后Almon Lag利他主义Altruism美国经济协会American Economic Association摊销Amortization类比Analogy无政府主义Anarchism反托拉斯政策Antitrust Policy适用技术Appropriate Technology套利Arbitrage套利定价理论Arbitrage Pricing Theory仲裁Arbitration军备竞赛Arms Races阿罗定理Arrow's Theorem阿罗-德布勒一般均衡模型Arrow-Debren Model of General Equilibrium资产定价Asset Pricing资产与负债Assets and Liabilities指派问题Assignment Problems非对称信息Asymmetric Information原子状竞争Atomistic Competition拍卖者Auctioneer拍卖Auctions奥地利经济学派Austrian School of Economics自给自足Autarky自发支出Autonomous Expenditures自回归和移动平均时间序列过程Autoregressive and Moving-average Time-series Processes 平均成本定价Average Cost Pricing阿弗奇一约翰逊效应Averch-Johnson effect公理化理论Axiomatic Theories交割延期费Backwardation落后性Backwardness贸易差额理论史Balance of Trade, History of The Theory平衡预算乘数Balanced Budget Maltiptier平衡增长Balanced Growth中央银行利率Bank Rate银行学派,通货学派,自由银行学派Banking School, Currency School, Free Banking School 讨价还价(议价) Bargaining物物交换Barter物物交换和交易Barter and Exchange基本品和非基本品Basics and Non-Basics基点计价制Basing Point System杂牌凯恩斯主义Bastard Keynesianism贝叶斯推断Bayesian Inference以邻为整Beggar-the-neighbor行为经济学Behavioral Economics有偏和无偏的技术进步Biased and Unbiased technological Change出价Bidding双边垄断Bilateral Monopoly复本位制Bimetallism生物经济学Bioeconomics经济学在生物学中的应用Biological Applications of Economics伯明翰学派Birmingham School生死过程Birth-and-death Processes债券Bonds有限理性论Bounded Rationality资产阶级Bourgeoisie贿赂Bribery泡沫状态Bubbles预算政策Budgetary Policy缓冲存货Buffer Stocks内在稳定器Built-in Stabilizers金银本位主义的争论Bullionist Controversy束状图Bunch Maps公债负担Burden of The Debt官僚制度Bureaucracy经济周期Business Cycles不变替代弹性生产函数CES Production Function变分法Calculus of Variations官房经济学派Cameralism资本资产定价模型Capital Asset Pricing Model资本预算的编制Capital Budgeting资本外逃Capital Flight资本的收益与损失Capital Gains and Losses资本品Capital Goods资本的反常现象Capital Perversity资本理论Capital Theory资本的理论：争论Capital Theory: Debates资本理论：悖论Capital Theory: Paradoxes固定资本利用程度Capital Utilization作为一种生产要素的资本Capital as A Factor of Production作为一种社会关系的资本Capital as a Social Relation资本、信贷和货币市场Capital, Credit and Money Markets资本主义Capitalism资本主义的与非资本主义的生产Capitalistic and Acapitalistic Production 卡特尔Cartel交易学Catallactics突变论Catastrophe Theory赶超Catching-up因果推理Causal Inference经济模型中的因果关系Causality in Economic Models删截数据模型Censored Data Models中央银行业务Central Banking中心地区理论Central Place Theory中央计划Central Planning波动重心Centre of Gravitation确定性等价Certainty Equivalent如果其他条件不变Ceteris Paribus偏好的改变Changes in Tastes宪章运动：宪章的条款Chantism: the point of the Charter物品特性Characteristics宪章运动Chartism低息借款Cheap Money芝加哥学派Chicago School技术选择与利润率Choice of Technique and the Rate of Profit 牟利学(理财) Chrematistics基督教社会主义Christian Socialism循环流动Circular Flow流通资本Circulating Capital阶级Class古典经济学Classical Economics古典增长模型Classical Growth Models古典货币理论Classical Theory of Money历史计量学Cliometrics社团Clubs合作社Co-operatives科斯定理Coase Theorem柯布-道格拉斯函数Cobb-Douglas Function蛛网定理Cobweb Theorem共同决定和利润分享Codetermination and Profit-sharing同族学科Cognate Displines柯尔培尔主义Colbertism集体行动Collective Action集体农业Collective Agriculture劳资集体谈判Collective bargaining合谋Collusion殖民主义Colonialism殖民地Colonies联合Combination组合论Combinatorics命令经济Command Economy商品拜物教Commodity Fetishism商品货币Commodity Money商品储备货币Commodity Reserve Currency公共土地Common Land习惯法Common Law公共财产权Common Property Rights通讯Communications共产主义Communism社会(公共)无差异曲线Community Indifference Curves比较利益Comparative Advantage比较静态学Comparative Statics补偿需求Compensated Demand补偿Compensation补偿原理Compensation Principle竞争Competition竞争政策Competition Policy竞争与效率Competition and Efficiency竞争与选择Competition and Selection国际贸易竞争Competition in International Trade奥地利学派的竞争理论Competition: Austrian Conceptions古典竞争理论Competition: Classical Conceptions马克思学派的竞争理论Competition: Marxian Conceptions竞争性市场过程Competitive Market Processes一般均衡的计算Computation of General Equlibria集中比率Concentration Ratios冲突与解决Conflict and Settlement冲突与战争Conflict and War拥挤Congestion综合性大企业Conglomerates推测均衡Conjectural Equilibria炫耀性消费Conspicuous Consumption不变资本和可变资本Constant and Variable Capital制度经济学Constitutional Economics耐用消费品Consumer Durables消费者剩余Consumer Surplus消费者支出Consumers, Expenditure消费函数Consumption Function消费集Consumption Sets消费税Consumption Taxation消费与生产Consumption and Production可竞争市场Contestable Markets或有商品Contingent Commodities经济历史的连续性Continuity in Economic History连续和离散时间模型Continuous and Discrete Time Models连续-时间随机模型Continuous-time Stochastic Model连续时间随机过程Continuous-time Stochastic Processes矛盾Contradiction资本主义的矛盾Contradictions of Capitalism经济活动的控制与协调Control and Coordination of Economic Activity 趋向性假说Convergence Hypothesis凸规划Convex Programming凸性Convexity合作均衡Cooperative Equilibrium合作对策Cooperative Games核心Cores谷物法Corn Laws谷物模型Corn Model公司经济Corporate Economy公司Corporations社团主义Corporatism对应原理Correspondence Principle对应Correspondences成本函数Cost Functions成本最小化和效用最大化Cost Minimization and Utility Maximization 成本和供给曲线Cost and Supply Curves生产成本Cost of Production成本-效益分析Cost-benefit Analysis成本推动型通货膨胀Cost-push Inflation反向贸易Counter Trade反设事实Counterfactuals抗衡力量Countervailing Power蠕动钉住汇率Crawling Peg创造性破坏Creative Destruction信贷Credit信贷周期Credit Cycle信贷配给Credit Rationing犯罪与处罚Crime and Punishment危机Crises关键路径分析Critical Path Analysis挤出效应Crowding Out累积的因果关系Cumulative Causation累积过程Cumulative Processes通货Currencies通货委员会Currency Boards关税同盟Customs Unions周期Cycles社会主义经济的周期Cycles in Socialist Economies技能退化De-skilling高息借款Dear Money销路理论Debouches, Theorie des分权Decentralization决策理论Decision Theory衰落产业Declining Industries人口下降Declining Population国防经济学Defence Economics赤字财政Deficit Financing赤字支出Deficit Spending垄断程度Degree of Monopoly效用程度Degree of utility需求管理Demand Management需求价格Demand Price需求理论Demand Theory货币需求：经验研究Demand for Money: Empirical Studies货币需求：理论研究Demand for Money: Theoretical Studies需求拉动型通货膨胀Demand-pull Inflation人口转变Demographic Transition人口统计学Demography依附Dependency折耗Depletion折旧Depreciation萧条Depressions派生需求Derived Demand决定论Determinism发展Development发展经济学Development Economics发展计划Development Planning辩证唯物主义Dialectical Materialism辩证推理Dialectical Reasoning微分对策Differential Games获得的困难Difficulty of Attainment生产的难易程度Difficulty or Facility of Production技术扩散Diffusion of Technology经济量的维数Dimension of Economic Quantities直接税Direct Taxes直接非生产性寻利活动Directly Unproductive Profit-seeking (DUP) Activities 离散的选择模型Discrete Choice Models歧视性垄断Discriminating Monopoly歧视Discrimination非均衡分析Disequilibrium Analysis隐蔽性失业Disguised Unemployment反中介行动Disintermediation扭曲Distortions分配Distribution占典分配理论Distribution Theories: Classical凯恩斯主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Keynesian马克思主义的分配理论Distribution Theories: Marxian新古典分配理论Distribution Theories: Neoclassical分配伦理Distribution, Ethics of分配规律Distribution, Law of分配公平Distributive Justice多样化经营Diversification of activities分段的总体和随机模型Divided Populations and Stochastic Models股息政策Dividend Policy迪维西亚指数Divisia Index劳动分工Division of Labour经济学说Doctrines土地调查清册Domesday Book家务劳动Domestic Labour复式簿记Double-entry Bookkeeping二元经济Dual Economies二元性Duality虚拟变量Dummy Variables倾销Dumping双头垄断Duopoly动态规划和马尔可夫决策过程Dynamic Programming and Markov Decision Process 经济增长和发展的动力学Dynamics, Growth and Development东西方经济关系East-west Economic Relations伊斯特林假说Easterlin Hypothesis经济计量学Econometrics经济人类学Economic Anthropology社会主义经济的经济计算Economic Calculation in Socialist Economies经济自由Economic Freedom经济增长Economic Growth经济和谐Economic Harmony经济史Economic History经济一体化Economic Integration历史的经济学解释Economic Interpretation of History经济法则Economic Laws经济人Economic Man经济组织Economic Organization经济组织与交易成本Economic Organization and Transaction Costs经济科学与经济学Economic Science and Economics经济剩余与等边际原理Economic Surplus and the Equimarginal Principle经济理论与理性假说Economic Theory and The Hypothesis of Rationality国家的经济理论Economic Theory of the State经济战Economic War经济和社会人类学Economic and Social Anthropology经济和社会史Economic and Social History经济学图书馆与文献的使用Economics Libraries and Documentation规模经济与规模不经济Economies and Diseconomies ofScale经济计量学Economitrics有效需求Effective Demand实际保护Effective Protection有效配置Efficient Allocation有效率市场假说Efficient Market Hypothesis国际收支的弹性分析方法Elasticities Approach to the Balance of Payments弹性Elasticity替代弹性Elasticity of Substitution就业理论Employment, Theories of空匣Empty Boxes内生性与外生性Endogencity and Exoyeneity内生货币与外生货币Endogenous and Exogenous Money能源经济学Energy Economics强制执行Enforcement恩格尔曲线Engel Curve恩格尔定律Engel's Law英国历史学派English Historical School权利Entitlements企业家Entrepreneur熵Entropy进入与市场结构Entry and Market structure包络定理Envelope Theorem环境经济学Environmental Economics妒忌Envy国民历代大事记或民族精神编年史Ephemerides du Citoyen ou Chronique de I'esprit National 经济学中的认识论问题Epistemological Issues in Economics均等利润率Equal Rates of Profit平等Equality交易方程Equation of Exchange均衡：概念的发展Equilibrium: Development of The Concept均衡：一个预期性的概念Equilibrium: an Expectational Concept公平Equity遍历理论Ergodic Theory变量误差Errors in Variables估计Estimation欧拉定理Euler's Theorem欧洲美元市场Eurodollar Market事前与事后Ex Ante and Ex Post过度需求与供给Excess Demand and Supply交换Exchange外汇管制Exchange Control汇率Exchange Rate可能竭资源Exhaustible Resources一般均衡的存在性Existence of General Equilibrium退出和进言Exit and Voice预期Expectations预期效用假说Expected Utility Hypothesis预期效用及数学期望Expected Utility and Methematical Expectation消费支出税Expenditure Tax经济学中的实验方法(i) Experimental Methods in Economics(i)经济学中的实验方法(ii) Experimental Methods in Economics(ii)剥削Exploitation展延家庭Extended Family扩展型对策Extensive Form Games粗放与集约地租Extensive and Intensive Rent外债External Debt外在经济External Economies外在性Externalities费边经济学Fabian Economics因子分析Factor Analysis要素价格边界Factor Price Frontier公平分配Fair Division公平性Fairness下降的利润率Falling Rate of Profit家庭Family计划生育Family Planning饥荒Famine法西斯主义Fascism生育力Fecundity人口出生率Fertibity封建主义Feudalism法定不兑现纸币Fiat Money虚拟资本Fictitious Capital信用发行Fiduciary Issue最终效用程度Final Degree of Utility最终效用Final Utility金融Finance金融资本Finance Capital融资和储蓄Finance and Saving金融危机Financial Crisis金融中介Financial Intermediaries金融新闻业Financial Journalism金融市场Financial Markets微调Fine Tuning厂商理论Firm, Theory of The财政联邦主义Fiscal Federalism财政态势Fiscal Stance发展中国家的财政和货币政策Fiscal and Monetary Policies in Developing Countries 渔业Fisheries固定资本Fixed Capital固定汇率Fixed Exchange Rates不变生产要素Fixed Factors不动点定理Fixed Point Theorems固定价格模型Fixprice Models浮动汇率Flexible Exchange Rates强制储蓄Forced Saving预测Forecasting对外援助Foreign Aid国外投资Foreign Investment对外贸易Foreign Trade对外贸易乘数Foreign Trade Multiplier森林经济Forests欺骗Fraud自由银行制度Free Banking自由处置Free Disposal免费物品Free Goods免费午餐Free Lunch自由贸易和保护主义Free Trade and Protection充分就业Full Employment充分就业预算盈余Full Employment Budget Surplus完全及有限信息方法Full and Limited Information Methods泛函分析Functional Analysis功能财政Functional Finance根本性失衡Fundamental Disequilibrium可替代性Fungibility期贷市场、套头交易与投机Futures Markets, Hedging and Speculation 期货交易Futures Trading模糊集合Fuzzy Sets贸易收益Gains from Trade对策论(博奕论) Game Theory不完全信息对策Games With Incomplete Information赌博合同Gaming Contracts度规函数Gauge Functions资本搭配Gearing性别Gender一般均衡General Equilibrium一般系统理论General System Theory德国历史学派German Historical School吉布拉定律Gibrat's Law吉芬悖论Giffen's Paradox赠品Gifts吉尼比率Gini Ratio经济理论中的整体分析Global Analysis in Economic Theory金本位Gold Standard黄金时代Golden Age黄金律Golden Rule货物与商品Goods and Commodities政府预算约束Government Budget Restraint图论Graph Theory重力模型Gravity Models格莱辛定律Gresham's Law总替代品Gross Substitutes群(李群)论Group(Lie Group)Theory增长的核算Growth Accounting增长与周期Growth and Cycles经济增长与国际贸易Growth and International Trade哈恩问题Hahn Problem汉密尔顿体系Hamiltonians哈里斯-托达罗模型Harris-Todaro Model哈罗德-多马增长模型Harrod-Domar Growth Model霍金斯一西蒙条件Hawkins-Simon Condition卫生经济学Health Economics赫克歇尔-俄林贸易理论Heckscher-Ohlin Trade Theory套头交易Hedging享乐函数和享乐指数Hedonic Functions and Hedonic Indexes享乐主义Hedonism黑格尔主义Hegelianism赫芬达尔指数Herfindahl index异方差性Heteroskedasticity隐蔽活动，道德风险与合同理论Hidden Action, Moral Hazard and Contract Theory 等级制度Hierarchy讨价还价Higgling健全货币与货币基础High-powered Money and The Monetary Base历史成本会计Historical Cost accounting历史人口统计学Historical Demography经济思想及学说史History of Thought and Doctrine齐次函数和位似函数Homogeneous and Homothetic Functions国际游资Hot Money家庭预算Household Budgets家庭生产Household Production家务劳动Housework住房市场Housing Markets人力资本Human Capital人类资源Human Resources虚构的生产函数Humbug Production Function持猎和采集经济Hunting and Gathering Economies恶性通货膨胀Hyperinflation假设检验Hypothesis TestingIS-LM分析IS-LM Analysis理想指数Ideal Indexes理想产出Ideal Output理想类型Ideal Type识别Identification意识形态Ideology贫困化增长Immiserizing Grow尽早消费偏好Impatience不完全竞争Imperfect Competition不完全模型Imperfectionist Models帝国主义Imperialism默认契约Implicit Contracts进口替代和出口导向型增长Import Substitution and Export-Led Growth 派算Imputation剌激的协调性Incentive Compatibility刺激性合同Incentive Contracts收入Income收入-支出分析Income-Expenditure Analysis收入政策Incomes Policies不完全合同Incomplete Contracts不完全市场Incomplete Markets规模报酬递增Increasing Return to Scale指数Index Numbers指数化证券Indexed Securities指导性计划Indicative Planning指标Indicators无差异定律Indifference, Law of间接税Indirect Taxes间接效用函数Indirect Utility Function个人主义Individualism不可分性Indivisibilities归纳Induction产业组织Industrial Organization劳资关系Industrial Relations产业革命Industrial Revolution工业化Industrialization不等式Inequalities不平等Inequality国家之间的不平等Inequality between Nations人与人的不平等Inequality between Persons性别的不平等Inequality between The Sexes工资的不平等Inequality of Pay新生工业Infant Industry婴儿死亡率Infant Mortality通货膨胀Inflation通货膨胀会计Inflation Accounting通货膨胀与增长Inflation and Growth通货膨胀预期Inflationary Expections通货膨胀缺口Inflationary Gap非正规经济Informal Economy信息论Information Theory继承Inheritance继承税Inheritance Taxes创新Innovation投入-产出分析Input-output Analysis制度经济学Institutional Economics工具变量Instrumental Variables保险Insurance整数规划Integer Programming需求的可积性Integrability of Demand智力Intelligence相依偏好Interdependent Preferences利率Interest Rate利息和利润Interest and Profit多种利益Interests代际模型Intergenerational Models内部经济Internal Economies国内移民Internal Migration内部收益率Internal Rate of Return国际资本流动International Capital Flows国际金融International Finance国际收入比较International Income Comparisons 国际债务International Indebtedness国际清偿能力International Liquidity国际移民International Migration国际货币经济学International Monetary Economics 国际货币体制International Monetary Institutions 国际货币政策International Monetary Policy国际贸易International Trade。

The Ten Fundamental Principles of Economics Economics is a social science that examines how individuals, organizations, and societies allocate limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants. The field of economics is built upon ten fundamental principles that shape our understanding of economic behavior. In this article, we will explore these ten principles.Principle 1: People Face Trade-offsIn economics, the concept of trade-offs refers to the necessity of making choices between alternatives. Resources are scarce, and therefore, individuals, businesses, and governments must make trade-offs. For example, to increase funding for education, a government may need to reduce expenses in other areas such as defense or healthcare.Principle 2: The Cost of Something is What You Give Up to Get ItThis principle, known as opportunity cost, highlights that when making a decision, individuals must consider the value of the next best alternative that they are giving up. For instance, if a student decides to spend their time studying for an exam, they are giving up the opportunity to engage in other activities such as socializing or exercising.Principle 3: Rational People Think at the MarginRational individuals make decisions by evaluating the additional benefits and costs of an action. This process is known as thinking at the margin. For example, a hotel manager will consider the additional revenue from renting one more room against the additional costs of providing services for an additional guest.Principle 4: People Respond to IncentivesIncentives play a crucial role in shaping human behavior. When individuals are faced with favorable incentives, they are more likely to take certain actions. For example, demanding higher wages can provide workers with the incentive to work more hours or acquire new skills.Principle 5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better OffTrade allows individuals and countries to specialize in what they do best and mutually benefit from exchanging goods and services. By engaging in trade, individuals can consume a greater variety of products at lower costs. International trade also fosters global economic growth and cooperation.Principle 6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic ActivityMarkets, where buyers and sellers interact, are efficient in allocating resources. They determine the prices of goods and services based on supply and demand, leading to an efficient allocation of resources. Additionally, markets promote competition, innovation, and consumer satisfaction.Principle 7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes Although markets are generally efficient, there are instances where government intervention can enhance market outcomes. Governments can correct market failures, such as monopolies or negative externalities, through regulations and policies. For example, antitrust laws ensure fair competition, and environmental regulations mitigate pollution.Principle 8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and ServicesThe standard of living in a country is determined by its productivity, which is the amount of goods and services produced per unit of resource. Higher productivity enables individuals to enjoy higher incomes, better healthcare, and improved living conditions. Investments in education, technology, and infrastructure are vital for increasing productivity.Principle 9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money Inflation occurs when there is too much money in the economy relative to the available goods and services. When the government prints excessive amounts of money, the value of each unit of currency decreases, leading to higher prices. Central banks aim to maintain stable prices through monetary policies.Principle 10: Society Faces a Short-Run Trade-off between Inflation and UnemploymentThis principle, known as the Phillips curve, states that there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the short run. Policies that reduce unemployment typically lead to higher inflation, while policies that reduce inflation may result in higher unemployment. Achieving a balance between these two variables is a challenge for policymakers.In conclusion, these ten fundamental principles provide a framework for understanding the complexities of economics. They illustrate the decision-making processes of individuals and societies and offer insights into how economies function. By studying these principles, economists can contribute to the development of policies that promote economic growth, efficiency, and individual well-being.。