打印本页[题目答案结合版]字体：大 中 小一、补全短文1、A Memory Drug? IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug. ____（1）____ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal. Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. ____（2）____ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors, more LTP, and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout, recognizing familiar objects, and recalling a fear-inducing shock. If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. ____（3）____ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life? ____（4）____ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory, such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities? Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t. The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience?____（5）____<1> 、A、Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.B、A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.C、What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?D、We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.E、There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything.F、The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.<2> 、A、Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.B、A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.C、What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?D、We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.E、There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything.F、The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.<3> 、A、Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.B、A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.C、What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?D、We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.E、There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything.F、The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.<4> 、A、Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.B、A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.C、What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?D、We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.E、There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything.F、The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.<5> 、A、Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.B、A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.C、What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?D、We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.E、There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything.F、The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor, which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.2、How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear Most people think of Beethoven’s hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf. This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. ____（1）____. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create newforms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played. ____（2）____. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn’t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing. After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs, to ‘ hear’ music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. ” How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant. ____（3）____. However, it might be possible to use the brain’s remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces. When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, “The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.” The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.____（4）____. He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ‘clarity’ to hearingin my head.” Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives. ____（5）____. Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.<1> 、A、No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B、When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.C、Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.D、Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.E、Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F、Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.<2> 、A、No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B、When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.C、Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.D、Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.E、Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F、Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.<3> 、A、No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B、When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.C、Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing isirrelevant.D、Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.E、Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F、Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.<4> 、A、No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B、When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.C、Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.D、Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.E、Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F、Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.<5> 、A、No man-made device could replace the ability to hear.B、When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.C、Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant.D、Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.E、Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.F、Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.3、Why Do People Shrink? Did you ever see the movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids? It’s about a wacky dad (who’s also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! ___（1）______. For older people, shrinking isn’t that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only an inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less). And this kind of shrinking can’t be magically reversed, there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. ____（2）_____. There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) takes hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. ____（3）_____. But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. ____（4）______. Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people —especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with — are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act, too? You aren’t as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That’s because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don’t worry, though. ____（5）______.<1> 、A、They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and becomeshorter.B、Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again!C、Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced.D、Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E、The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.F、But why does shrinking happen at all?<2> 、A、They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B、Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again!C、Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced.D、Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E、The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.F、But why does shrinking happen at all?<3> 、A、They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B、Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again!C、Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced.D、Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E、The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.F、But why does shrinking happen at all?<4> 、A、They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B、Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again!C、Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced.D、Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E、The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.F、But why does shrinking happen at all?<5> 、A、They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B、Once you get a good night’s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you’re standing tall again!C、Over time, bone is said to be lost because it’s not being replaced.D、Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E、The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying toget back to their normal size.F、But why does shrinking happen at all?4、The Bilingual Brain When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea’s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. ____（1）____ They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. ____（2）____. The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn’t speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain – Broca’s area, which is believed to control speech production, and Wernicke’s area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke’s area no matter what language they were speaking. ____（3）____ People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca’s areafor both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca’s area for their second language. ____（4）____ Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. ____（5）____<1> 、A、But their use of Broca’s area was different.B、One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C、How does Hirsch explain this difference?D、We use special parts of the brain for language learning.E、And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.F、Their work led to an important discovery.<2> 、A、But their use of Broca’s area was different.B、One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C、How does Hirsch explain this difference?D、We use special parts of the brain for language learning.E、And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.F、Their work led to an important discovery.<3> 、A、But their use of Broca’s area was different.B、One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C、How does Hirsch explain this difference?D、We use special parts of the brain for language learning.E、And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.F、Their work led to an important discovery.<4> 、A、But their use of Broca’s area was different.B、One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C、How does Hirsch explain this difference?D、We use special parts of the brain for language learning.E、And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.F、Their work led to an important discovery.<5> 、A、But their use of Broca’s area was different.B、One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C、How does Hirsch explain this difference?D、We use special parts of the brain for language learning.E、And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class.F、Their work led to an important discovery.5、Little Lady Starts Big War Harriet Beecher Stowe had poured her heart into her anti-slavery（反对奴隶制度）book Uncle Tom’s Cabin. ____（1）_____The publisher was so doubtful that he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him, and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dress. But when the first 5,000 copies were printed in 1852, they sold out in two days. In a year the book had sold 300,000 copies in the United States and 150,000 in England. _____（2）____Within six months of its release, a play was made from the book which ran 350 performances in New York and remained America’s most popular play for 80 years. It might appear that Uncle Tom’s Cabins was universally popular, but this was certainly not true. Many people during those pre-Civil War days - particularly defenders of the slavery system -condemned it as false propaganda（宣传）and poorly written melodrama（传奇剧作品）. Harriet did have strong religious views against slavery（When asked how she came to write the book, she replied: “God wrote it.”）, and she tried to convince people slavery was wrong, so perhaps the book could be considered propaganda. ____（3）_____ Though she was born in Connecticut in 1832, as a young woman she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when her father accepted the presidency（任期）of newly founded Lane Theological Seminary（神学院）. Ohio was a free state, but just across the Ohio River in Kentucky,Harriet saw slavery in action. She lived 18 years in Cincinnati, marrying Calvin Stowe, professor of a college. ____（4）_____ ___（5）_____Today some historians（历史学家）think that it helped bring on the American Civil War. In fact, when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet at the White House during the Civil War, he said, “So, this is the little lady who started this big war.”<1> 、______A、She had read a lot about the slavery system.B、Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.C、But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery.D、For a while it outsold every book in the world, except the Bible.E、But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success.F、In 1851, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book.<2> 、______A、She had read a lot about the slavery system.B、Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.C、But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery.D、For a while it outsold every book in the world, except the Bible.E、But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success.F、In 1851, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book.<3> 、______A、She had read a lot about the slavery system.B、Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.C、But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery.D、For a while it outsold every book in the world, except the Bible.E、But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success.F、In 1851, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book.<4> 、______A、She had read a lot about the slavery system.B、Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.C、But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery.D、For a while it outsold every book in the world, except the Bible.E、But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success.F、In 1851, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book.<5> 、______A、She had read a lot about the slavery system.B、Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system.C、But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery.D、For a while it outsold every book in the world, except the Bible.E、But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success.F、In 1851, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book.6、The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes," he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:__（1）__. A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he as just met.__（2）__. If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like himvery much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person.That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to at that way." __（3）__. We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. __（4）__. For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise duringtheir first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. __（5）__ that is at least as important as how much we know.<1> 、______A、In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B、Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends.C、In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D、Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E、He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F、He is eager to make friends with everyone.<2> 、______A、In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B、Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends.C、In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D、Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E、He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F、He is eager to make friends with everyone.<3> 、______A、In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B、Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends.C、In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D、Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E、He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F、He is eager to make friends with everyone.<4> 、______A、In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B、Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends.C、In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D、Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E、He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F、He is eager to make friends with everyone.<5> 、______A、In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B、Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends.C、In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D、Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E、He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F、He is eager to make friends with everyone.7、Financial Risks Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. __（1）__They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.__（2）__Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany.__（3）__The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility,。
