考博英语真题 (2)

考博英语（语法）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. GrammarGrammar1．That grand-sized pine tree______the horizon.(北京大学2005年试题)A．stands up well againstB．stands out good toC．stands out well againstD．stands up good to正确答案：C解析：stand out against sth．的意思是“突出，显眼”，符合题意。

stand up against 的意思是“抵抗，反对，同……对抗”；stand out to sth．无此搭配；stand up to sth．的意思是“经得起磨损”。

本题是说巨大的松树突出地显现在地平线上。

因此C项为正确答案。

2．“The effect of this medicine______by midnight,”the doctor told Emma, “You had better not try to read tonight. “(北京大学2005年试题)A．will wear offB．wears offC．will have worn offD．will be worn off正确答案：B解析：当表示普遍规律时应用一般现在时，因此B项为正确答案。

3．______, the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to give the lecture.(北京大学2005年试题)A．Being shown around the campusB．Having shown to the campusC．After been shown around the campusD．Having been shown around the campus正确答案：D解析：因为在was ushered into the auditorium hall之前就发生了be shown aroundthe campus这一动作，所以应用完成时的被动语态。

考博士英语试题及答案一、词汇和语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The word "innovate" is most closely related to which of the following?A. CreateB. ImitateC. DuplicateD. Annihilate答案：A2. Which sentence is grammatically correct?A. She has been working here since she graduated.B. She has been working here since she graduated from university.C. She has been working here since she graduated university.D. She has been working here since she was graduated.答案：B3. The correct usage of the word "subsequent" is demonstrated in which sentence?A. The subsequent event was unexpected.B. The subsequent events were unexpected.C. The subsequent event was not expected.D. The subsequent events were not expected.答案：B4. What is the antonym of "abundant"?A. ScarceB. AbundantC. PlentifulD. Ample答案：A5. The phrase "at the mercy of" means:A. To be in a position of power.B. To be controlled by someone or something.C. To show mercy to someone.D. To be in a state of uncertainty.答案：B...二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇阅读5题，每题2分）Passage 1[文章内容略]6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]8. The author's attitude towards the subject can be best described as:A. SkepticalB. OptimisticC. NeutralD. Pessimistic答案：[正确答案]9. What does the term "paradigm shift" refer to in the context of the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]10. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案][其他Passage及问题略]三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）[文章内容略]11. The blank [ ] should be filled with:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]12. The word that best completes the sentence is:A. [选项A]B. [选项B]C. [选项C]D. [选项D]答案：[正确答案]...四、翻译（共20分，每题5分）13. Translate the following sentence into English: [中文句子]答案：[英文翻译]14. Translate the following sentence from English to Chinese: [英文句子]答案：[中文翻译]...五、写作（共10分）15. Write an essay of about 300 words on the topic "The Impact of Technology on Education".[写作指导略][学生作文略]注意：以上试题及答案仅为示例，实际考试内容会有所不同。

考博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. 阅读下列短文，然后根据短文内容回答问题。

（每题2分，共10分）[短文内容略](1) What is the main idea of the passage?(2) What does the author suggest about the future of technology?(3) Why are some people hesitant to adopt new technologies?(4) What is the role of education in technological advancement?(5) How can individuals contribute to the development of technology?2. 阅读以下文章，然后根据文章内容选择最佳答案。

（每题2分，共10分）[文章内容略](1) A(2) B(3) C(4) D(5) E3. 阅读以下文章，并根据文章内容回答问题。

（每题3分，共20分） [文章内容略](1) What is the primary purpose of the article?(2) How does the author describe the impact of globalization?(3) What are some of the challenges faced by developing countries?(4) What solutions does the author propose to address the issues?(5) What is the author's conclusion regarding the futureof globalization?二、词汇与语法（共30分）1. 根据句子意思，选择正确的词汇填空。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．As skies fill with millions of migrating birds, European scientists say the seasonal miracle appears to depend on a seeming______: The fatter the bird, the more efficiently it flies.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．interruptionB．descriptionC．qualificationD．contradiction正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：interruption“中断”；description“描述”；qualification “资格”；contradiction“矛盾”。

contradiction一词总结了原句中解释性分句表达的意思。

所以，正确答案是D。

2．The party leader justified his subsequent re-election______that he had brought political stability and economic development to his country.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．in the wayB．by no meansC．on the groundsD．to the extent正确答案：C解析：在给出的选项中：in the way“在路上”；by no means“绝不”；on thegrounds“基于”；to the extent“到……程度”。

所以，正确答案是C。

3． A leading British scholar has proposed translating Shakespeare into contemporary English______young audience who are confused by jokes which are 400 years out of date.(浙江大学2010年试题)A．in memory ofB．at the cost ofC．on behalf ofD．for the benefit of正确答案：D解析：在给出的选项中：in memory of“纪念”；at the cost of“以某种代价”；onbehalf of“代表”；for the benefit of“为了某人的利益”。

医学考博英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题1分）1. The new drug is reported to be effective in treating_______.A. hypertensionB. hypotensionC. hyperactivityD. hypoactivity答案：A2. The patient's condition has been stable since the _______ of the medication.A. administrationB. admissionC. communicationD. commutation答案：A3. The doctor advised the patient to avoid _______ foods.A. allergenicB. allergicC. allergenD. allergy答案：A4. The _______ of the surgery was successful, but thepatient's recovery was slow.A. executionB. implementationC. performanceD. operation答案：D5. The _______ of the disease is influenced by genetic factors.A. progressionB. regressionC. transmissionD. transition答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每篇5分）Passage 1Recent studies have shown that a balanced diet can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease. Experts recommend consuming a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. It is also important to limit the intake of salt, sugar, and saturated fats.5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a balanced dietB. The role of fruits and vegetables in heart healthC. The dangers of salt, sugar, and saturated fatsD. The benefits of lean proteins and healthy fats答案：A6. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT recommended for heart health?A. Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesB. Eating whole grainsC. Limiting the intake of salt and sugarD. Eating large amounts of saturated fats答案：DPassage 2The use of electronic health records (EHRs) has increased significantly in recent years. EHRs provide a comprehensive view of a patient's medical history, which can improve the quality of care. However, the implementation of EHRs also presents challenges, such as ensuring data privacy and security.7. What is the main advantage of EHRs mentioned in the passage?A. They provide a complete medical historyB. They improve patient-doctor communicationC. They reduce medical errorsD. They lower healthcare costs答案：A8. What challenge is associated with the use of EHRs?A. Ensuring data privacy and securityB. Training medical staff to use the systemC. Maintaining the hardware for the systemD. Complying with legal regulations答案：A三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing medical care to patients in remoteareas. This approach allows doctors to consult with patients via video conference, 9. which can save both time and money. Telemedicine can also 10. provide access to specialized care that may not be available locally.9. A. therebyB. moreoverC. howeverD. otherwise答案：A10. A. potentiallyB. actuallyC. certainlyD. occasionally答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题15分）将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。

医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。

上海交通大学2012年考博英语真题阅读理解试题及参考答案(Two)Passage TwoGround-level ozone is an air pollutant that causes human health problems even at very low levels. It also damages crops and other vegetation. It is a key ingredient of urban smog. :Goof ozone” occurs naturally in the stratosphere approximately 10 to 30 miles above the earth’s surface and forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun’s harmful rays.“Bad ozone” is formed in the earth’s lower atmosphere , near ground level, when pollutants emitted by cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other sources react chemically in the present of sunlight. Ozone pollution is a concern during the summer, months when the weather conditions needed to form ground-level ozone-lots of sun, hot temperatures-normally occur. The length of ozone season varies from one area of the United States to another. Southern and southwestern states may have an ozone season that lasts nearly the entire year.Ozone can irritate lung airways and cause inflammation much like sunburn. Other symptoms include wheezing, coughing, pain when taking it deep breath, and breathing difficulties during exercise of outdoor activities. People with respiratory problems are most vulnerable, but even healthy people who are active outdoors can be affected when ozone levels are high. Repeated exposure to ozone pollution for several moths any cause permanent lung damage. Anyone who spends time outdoors in the summer is at risk, particularly children and other people who are active outdoors. Even at very low levels, ground-level ozone trigger a variety of problems including aggravated asthma, reduced lung capacity, and increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses like pneumonia and bronchitis.Ozone damage can occur without any noticeable signs. People who love in areas where ozone levels are frequently high may find that their initial symptoms go away overt time--particularly when exposure to high ozone levels continues for several days. Ozone continues to cause lung damage even when the symptoms have disappeared.46. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. “Bad zone” comes into existence in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.B. “Good zone” appears in the Earth’s lower atmosphere, near ground level.C. “Bad zone” only damages crops and other vegetation.D. Ground-level ozone is made up of pollutants emitted by cars,power plants, and so on.47. It can be learned from the passage that __________.A. Urban smog mainly consists of “good ozone”B. “Bad ozone” protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet raysC. Ozone pollution is especially harmful to people’s health in summerD. The states in the North and Northwest of the U.S may have the longest ozone season48. What does the word “vulnerable” (Line 16, Pare, 4) most probably mean?A. Hard to deal withB. Harmful and dangerousC. Easy to be hurt or affectedD. Hot in temper and hard to calm down.49. According to the passage, ground-level ozone causes the fallowing health problem EXCEPT__________.A.stomach cancerB. more serious asthmaC. decreased lung capacityD. pneumonia and bronchitis50. We can see that the passage is mainly about __________.A. “good ozone” and its function of protecting peopleB. ozone pollution and its effects on people’s healthC. the measures that Southern states of the U.S. Should take against ozone pollutionD. how people with respiratory problems should protect themselves from ozone pollution参考答案解析Passage Two【文章大意】本文主要讲述了地水准（基态）臭氧的形成和影响。

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

北京师范大学考博英语模拟试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionJapanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case; Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies. Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.1．The primary purpose of the passage is to______.A．present the major steps of a processB．clarify an ambiguityC．chronicle a disputeD．correct misconceptions正确答案：D解析：主旨题。

考博英语-613(总分98.5,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅱ V ocabulary1. By dint of much practice, he became ______ and was able to sign his name with either hand.A. practicalB. trickyC. ambiguousD. ambidextrous2. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).A. roamB. lingerC. wonderD. browse3. His inability to learn foreign languages was a(n) obstacle to his career.A. barrierB. excessC. carrierD. impulse4. Because he is ______ , we cannot predict what course he will follow at any moment.A. incoherentB. quietC. capriciousD. harmful5. How are we going to ______ the Party's birthday?A. celebrateB. appreciateC. concentrateD. praise6. Some people criticize family doctors for ______ too many medicines for minor illnesses.[A] prescribing [B] ordering [C] advising [D] delivering7. It is the first of several agreements United States hopes to reach as it attempts to reduce, labor costs by $5.8 billion and ______ bankruptcy.A. dispelB. revertC. transferD. avert8. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.[A] in [B] at [C] for [D] on9.10. There has been an increase in attendance at lectures ______ by the World Affairs Council, which brings international issues to public attention.A. developedB. sponsoredC. advancedD. promoted11. She claims to be very learned in biochemistry, but in fact ______ she knows about it is all sadly out of date.A. so littleB. that muchC. what littleD. how much12. ______ **ing Thursday, it will be too late to enroll of the course.A. As ofB. As forC. As toD. As on13. Digging the garden with a spade is a very ______ task. I am exhausted after such two-hour's work.A. industriousB. manualC. conscientiousD. laborious14. The retired engineer plunked down $50,100 in cash for a midsize Mercedes as a present for his wife—a purchase______with money made in the stock the week before.A. paid offB. paid throughC. paid outD. paid for15. No one **e up with an easy solution to the government's predicament—labor ______ which is caused by the wars.[A] decline [B] vacancy [C] rarity [D] shortage16. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women ______ this field is climbing.A. shammingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing17. The school authority ______ against students' smoking both in the classrooms and at home.A. resolvedB. determinedC. bannedD. prohibited18. She______his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A. inclinedB. declinedC. deniedD. disinclined19. Mr. White brought a countercharge against you because you had______ him for smuggling several pieces of antiques and cultural relics.A. chargedB. indictedC. accusedD. prosecuted20. No other newspaper columnist has managed as yet to rival Ann Landers' popularity in terms of readership.A. thoughB. in spite of thisC. evenD. so far21. It is strictly ______ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A. securedB. forbiddenC. regulatedD. determined22. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______ a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. there having beenC. there wasD. should there be23.24. He likes to swim ______.A. and playing footballB. and he also likes playing footballC. and to play footballD. and he likes to play football25.26. If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater ______ to produce.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. instructionD. instinct27.28. The prison guards were armed and ready to shoot if ______ in any way.[A] incurred [B] provoked [C] poked [D] intervened29.30. The official was arrested for inability to ______ all his fortune he has enjoyed.A. clarifyB. intensifyC. verifyD. justifyPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live.So remote is this "real" table--and most of the other "realities" with which science deals--that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the color purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us. And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may he.We may, if we like, speak of consequence, as certain mystics love to do, of the different levels or orders of truth. We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which, so we may insist, have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science. But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps, at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it ; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusionswhich science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.31. According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being ______.A. a solid motionless objectB. certain characteristic vibrations in "ether"C. a form fixed in space and timeD. a mass of atoms on motion32. By "objective reality" the author means ______.A. scientific realityB. a phenomenon we can directly experienceC. reality colored by emotionD. a symbolic existence33. The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions, the reader should ______.A. try to rid himself of his world of illusionB. accept his world as being one of illusionC. apply the scientific methodD. establish a truth of correspondence34. The topic of this selection is ______.A. the distortion of reality by scienceB. the confusion caused by emotionsC. Platonic and contemporary views of truthD. the place of scientific truth in our lives35. Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is ______.A. a humanistB. a pantheistC. a nuclear physicistD. a doctorPassage TwoThe multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. "The most worrisome development is a culture of drag-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著), "said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998.The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. "Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle, "the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). "Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasionto mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of 'recreational' drug use," it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars-including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. "In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household," the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues-especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization-which encourages, rather than prevents, drug abuse. "Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive," says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. "Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drags," he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, he says, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.36. Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A. The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B. The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond the boundaries of the country.C. No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D. The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.37. The italicized phrase "under fire" (Par. 1, sentence 1) means ______.A. in an urgent situationB. facing some problemsC. being criticizedD. quite popular38. Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A. They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B. They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C. They try to confront the deadly effect of "recreational" drug use.D. They may stop abusing the drugs.39. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A. The spreading of pop music.B. The media.C. Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D. The low price of some drugs,40. The pop music ______.A. has a great influence on young people of most culturesB. only appeals to a small number of young peopleC. is not a profitable industryD. is the 0nly culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage Three**. airlines could slash 70,000 more jobs if there were war with Iraq and the U.S. government did not give the industry, more help, the biggest domestic carriers said on Tuesday.The Air Transport Association, which represents major airlines, said in a report on airline finances that its members would take aggressive steps to counter any sharp drop in travel demand and an increase in costs caused by an Iraqi war.Big airlines are seeking government assistance to stem rising fuel costs and ease taxes that are contributing to losses that soared to more than $10 billion in 2002.The industry outlined a "most likely" scenario if war broke out, saying that reduced demand and higher costs due to a conflict lasting 90 days would cost it $4 billion in lost revenue. Without a conflict, losses would still be expected to reach almost $7 billion for the year."The nation's air carders will continue to do all we can, but we fear that the consequences of this war will be severe," James May, president and chief executive of the air transport group, told a news conference.May restated the industry's belief that war could prompt more bankruptcies or force some financially fragile carders into liquidation. Recovery would take several years and ticket prices would have to fall further to spur demand.US Airways Group Inc. and UAL Corp's United Airlines are in Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and some industry experts believe that AMR Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carrier could follow later this year.Airlines expect overall traffic volume during a second Gulf conflict would fall more sharply than it did during the 1991 war, when it declined 8 percent after fighting began.The airlines based their assessment on a slide of more than 20 percent in advance bookings for overseas travel after the U. S. government elevated its domestic terror alert status from yellow to orange in early February.Jet fuel has more than doubled in price from a year ago to, $1.30 a gallon recently. Fuel is the second-largest expense after labor for an airline. An increase of one penny a gallon costs the industry an estimated $180 million annually.41. U.S. airlines would have to suffer the following losses if there were war with Iraq except that ______.A. the industry would have to lose $180 million revenue each year with one gallon of jet fuel increasing one penny on saleB. the overall traffic volume is expected to drop at least over eight percent, which took place during the first gulf warC. the U. S. government refuses to give the main **panies any essential financial sup- portonce the war broke outD. it would take a few years to get the prewar ticket prices resumed and then to spur the passengers' riving demand42. The countermeasures the nation's main air carriers would take to prevent any sharp drop in travel demand may include ______.Ⅰ. seeking government financial assistanceⅡ. asking for low tax rateⅢ. promoting more bankruptcies and forcing some weak **panies into liquidationA. ⅠonlyB. Ⅰand ⅡC. Ⅰand ⅢD. Ⅱand Ⅲ43. The sentence "... AMR, Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carder, could follow later this year" ( Paragraph 7) can best be restated as ______.A. it would also seek bankruptcy protectionB. it would have to spur its passengers' demand for ticketsC. it would have to take aggressive steps to avoid bankruptcyD. it would call for more financial subsidy from the government for its survival44. The phrase "force some financially fragile carries into liquidation" (Paragraph 6 ) may probably mean ______.A. compel them to reduce their flightB. make them do nothing but to declare bankruptcyC. push them to be destroyedD. bring them into a liquid state45. From the passage we can conclude that ______A. the writer intends to show his strong anti-war positionB. the writer tells what the American air transportation industry would have to worry about in facing the war against IraqC. the writer shows deep sympathy for the sufferings the war would bring to Iraqi peopleD. the writer wants to show indignation against George Bush' s position on Iraqi problem Passage FourCharm is the ultimate weapon, the supreme seduction, against which there are few defenses. If you've got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (41) It is a gift, only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact.Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.(42) You recognize charm by the felling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it, too? Probably, you can't, because it's a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or it's something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes. (43)Such signs, to the nervous, are ominous warnings which may well send him streaking for cove. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have, and which care can nourish.But in a study of charm, what else does one look for? Apart from the ability to listen-rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness-apart form warmth, sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible? (44) A generosity, I suppose, which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains which doesn't hold itself back till you've filled up a test-card making it clear that you've worth the trouble. Charm can't withhold, but spends itself willingly on young and old alike, on the poor, the ugly, the dim, the boring, on the last fat man in **er. (45) It reveals also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenity of mind. Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow, he is also a social healer.46.47.48.49.50.Passage FiveA number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"? What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor".Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local studentsseems to be a fruitful area of research.In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation.Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.51. In Paragraph 2 "learner variables" and "strategies" are defined by reference to other writers ______.A. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important conceptsB. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitionsC. because the present author is not sure what these terms meanD. because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area52. The main point of Paragraph 2 is ______.A. to define technical termsB. to define terms and scope of the studyC. to outline the main sections of the reportD. to summarize the area to be covered in the article53. In Paragraph 3 the writer uses the phrase "to the best of my knowledge..." because ______.A. she has good knowledge of this areaB. she is not sure if the area has been researched in Hong KongC. she thinks the area has been researched in Hong KongD. she does not wish to take responsibility for any omissions in the bibliography54. The reference to "Naiman and his colleagues (1978)" in Paragraph 4 is made ______.A. to point out the advantages of an analytical approachB. to point out that language learning strategies can be identifiedC. to point out that different learners learn differentlyD. to point out the uniqueness of language learning situations55. The main point of Paragraph 5 is ______.A. to describe the existing research in the fieldB. to point out the limits of research in this areaC. to describe learning strategies identified as soD. to summarize the scope of the present article56. According to this passage, research in this area is characterized as ______.A. empirically observableB. often impossible to observe directlyC. poorly defined in the research literature to dateD. easier to theorize about than to carry out directlyPart Ⅳ ClozeIn the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes (24) , the learn ing that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best (26) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considera bly (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behav ior. For example, biologists once thought **municated with others purely (33) in stinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could **municate effec tively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learn ing rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, gen erally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodali reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young.57. A. than B. before C. when D. after58. A. on B. with C. in D. within59. A. appropriated B. substituted C. assigned D. distributed60. A. varied B. deviated C. differed D. altered61. A. fashioned B. modified C. influenced D. affected62. A. may B. should C. must D. can63. A. by B. out of C. from D. through64. A. prove B. make C. turn D. create65. A. otherwise B. still C. yet D. even66. A. assumed B. adopted C. believed D. surmised67. A. considerate B. considered C. considerable D. considering68. A. statues B. statuses C. statutes D. statures69. A. What's more B. Hence C. But D. However70. A. not B. only C. but D. solely71. A. clarifies B. classifies C. defines D. outlinesPart Ⅴ Translation72. “我的英语有多好?”对任何学习英语的人来说是最重要的一个问题。